Hygiene Occupational-health-hazards

OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDSHEALTH HAZARDS

CHEMICAL HAZARD

PHYSICAL HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

ERGONOMIC HAZARD

HAZARD AND RISKHAZARD AND RISK HAZARD

- any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work.

RISK- the chance or

probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.

WORKPLACE HAZARDSWORKPLACE HAZARDSSafety Hazards

working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate and violent nature

result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, etc.

the harm results in some kind of injury to the worker

associated with poorly guarded or dangerous equipment and machinery

Health Hazards

working conditions which result in an illness

exposure to dangerous substances or conditions, such as chemicals, gases, dusts, noise etc.

often, latency between exposure and disease

CHEMICAL HAZARDSCHEMICAL HAZARDS

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsRoutes of entry into the body

Inhalation

Ingestion

Skin Contact

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsRoutes of excretion

Gastro-intestinal (feces)

Renal (urine) Respiratory (exhalation)

Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsClassification of Toxic Effects

Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact

Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many organ systems

Acute toxicity-Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure

Chronic toxicity-Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease

Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards Health Effects

Renal Diseases Respiratory Diseases Skin Diseases Hematologic Diseases Cardiovascular

Diseases Neurologic Diseases Carcinogenic Teratogenic

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsEffects Chemical Agent Industry/Process

Renal Diseases: acute/chronic renal failure

Mercury, cadmium, chloroform

Battery, chemical industries, pesticide

Respiratory Diseases: Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries

Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction, sandblasting, coal

Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsBlood Diseases: Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead

smelting

Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.

Skin Diseases: Allergic/contact dermatitis

Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish

Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool operators

Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery

Chemical HazardsChemical HazardsLiver Disease: Acute liver toxicity Carbon

tetrachlorideCleaning fluids, dry cleaners

Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl chloride mfg.

Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &

recycling Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry

cleaning Arrythmias Fluorocarbon,

trichloroethyleneRefrigeration, solvent workers

PHYSICAL HAZARDSPHYSICAL HAZARDS

Physical HazardsPhysical HazardsNoise

Vibration

Extreme Temperature

Illumination

Radiation

NOISENOISETypes of Noise-Induced Hearing

Loss

Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)◦ temporary loss of hearing acuity after

exposure to loud noise ◦ recovery within 16-48 hrs

Permanent Threshold Shift◦ irreversible loss of hearing

Other Harmful Effects of Noise

• Hypertension• Hyperacidity• Palpitations • Disturbs relaxation and sleep

Segmental Vibration:Segmental Vibration:• Health Effects:

—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers

—pain

Whole Body Vibration:Whole Body Vibration:

Health effects:◦ Fatigue◦ Irritability◦ Headache◦ Disorders of the

spine

Disorders Clinical features

Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra)

Pruritic rash

Heat cramps Cramps in the body, usually legs

Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack, blurring of vision, cold, clammy and sweaty skin

Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle twitchings, disorientation, delirium, convulsions

Health Effects of Heat Stress

Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized burning pain and numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most susceptible.

trench foot or immersion foot: numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration and gangrene.

Health Effects of Cold Temperature

Inadequate IlluminationInadequate IlluminationHealth Effects ◦Visual Fatigue◦Double Vision◦Headaches◦Painful irritation ◦Lacrimation◦Conjunctivitis

RADIATIONRADIATION

Non-ionizing Ultraviolet

Infrared

Laser

skin redness, premature skin ageing, and skin cancer corneal and conjunctival burns, retinal injury, cataractSkin and eye problem

Types Sources Health Effects

Ionizing X-raysGamma rays

Cancer, congenital defects, death

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDSBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDSBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

VIRUSES FUNGI

BACTERIA PARASITES

Selected Infectious Diseases Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupationsand Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox

May be contracted anywhere

Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed to heat and organic dusts, and medical personnel

Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers of carcasses, skins, hides, or hair of infected animals, including wool carpet processors and handlers.



Ringworm (in horses, cattle, deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)

Pet shop salesmen, stockmen, breeders of cats and dogs, and other animal handlers

Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or anyone in contact with manure.



Psittacosis (in parrots, parakeets, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, chickens, etc.)

Pet shop personnel, gardeners, housewives, veterinary surgeons, and researchers.

Hookworm Miners, agricultural laborers, planters of sugar, tobacco, tea, rice and cotton, and brick and tunnel workers.


Agent / Disease OccupationRabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, pigs, cats)

Veterinarians, letter carriers, laboratory research workers, agricultural workers.

Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers, animal handlers

Body Fluids with High Viral LoadBody Fluids with High Viral LoadBloodSemenVaginal and cervical mucusBreastmilkAmniotic fluidCerebrospinal fluid

ERGONOMIC HAZARDSERGONOMIC HAZARDS

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

thetool

theworkstation

the task(job content &

context)

theorganization

theenvironment

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICSRisk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Static posture

Forceful exertion

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS


Repetitive movement


Extreme range of motion


Awkward posture

STRESSSTRESS

STRESSSTRESSManifestations of Stress

PHYSIOLOGICAL Heart rate Blood pressure Indigestion

BEHAVIORAL Drug use Alcohol intake Heavy smoking Impulsive emotional

behavior

Poor work & family relationship Social isolation Family abandonment Sleep problems

PSYCHOLOGICAL Fatigue Anxiety Tension Irritability Depression Boredom Inability to

concentrate Low esteem

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Hygiene Occupational-health-hazards

Education