Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 The Developing Person The Developing Person I.Different Perspectives on Development II.Developmental Processes III.Cognitive.

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

The Developing Person The Developing Person

I. Different Perspectives on DevelopmentII. Developmental ProcessesIII. Cognitive DvmtIV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentV. Moral DvmtVI. Erikson's Lifespan DevelopmentVII. Language Development


I.I. Different PerspectivesDifferent Perspectives

Developmental psychology-concerned with changes in physical/psychological functioning across lifespan (from conception)

Some Issues:1. Nature vs. Nurture2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories3. Stability/Change


Developmental ResearchDevelopmental Research

1. Typesa. normative investigationsb. Longitudinal

c. Cross-sectionald. Sequential


Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods

2. Data Collectiona. habituation: decrease in response,

habitb. dishabituation: responds to new

stimulusc. also facial expressions, sucking


II. Developmental Processes

A. Physical developmentPrenatal:

• 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wall-then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus

• teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt

• heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long

• early as 6th week-responses to stimulation

• feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long

• sex vs. gender

• gender determined at 8 wks


Newborn developmentNewborn development

• brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs• 80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs• tendencies such as temperament • mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping,

babinski


Newborn developmentNewborn development

Sensory dvmt• prefer female voice at birth• prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice• newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections• 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in,

6 yr/us-1/300• 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head, • 7 wks, facial features detect person• 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue• 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed• depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos• 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour• also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc• learn mothers odor in 3 days


C. Maturation-typical of species


III. Cognitive DevelopmentIII. Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist• Schemes• Assimilation & Accommodation• Conservation


Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s StagesStages

1.Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions

-object permanence, stranger anxiety

2.Pre-Operational (2-7)

-egocentrism, no conservation, -centration, animistic thinking

3.Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible actions, mathematical transformations, conservation

4.Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract reasoning, algebra


IV. Social and Emotional IV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment

• Harry Harlow’s studies• Temperament (Kagan)• Thomas & Chess-3 styles

– Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up• Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth


1.1. Attachment TheoryAttachment Theory

A. Bowlby’s ideaB. Harlow’s idea of contact

comfortC. Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange

Situation” and attachment styles


Ainsworth’s AttachmentAinsworth’s Attachment

The Strange Situation Methodology based on Stranger and Separation Anxiety

3 Primary styles:1. Secure (56%)2. Insecure

Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%)Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent

(19%)


More attachment...More attachment...

• A 4th Attachment style: Disorganized/Disoriented

• Identified by Main & Solomon (1990)


2.2. The Influence of Culture The Influence of Culture & Gender& Gender

• Collectivism and Individualism• Child-rearing• Gender

–Social learning Theory-Bandura

–Gender Schema Theory-Bem


V. Moral DevelopmentV. Moral Development

• What’s different about adolescence?– Sexual maturity, transition, relationships

• What is Morality? – A system of beliefs, values and underlying

judgements about right and wrong• What is Moral Development?

– Concerns rules and conventions about how people should behave in their interactions with others


Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

• Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s)• Moral Dilemma• Moral reasoning• Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices

– Voice of Justice– Voice of Caring


Kohlberg’s LevelsKohlberg’s Levels

Progressive stages

Levels and Stages: Reason for moral behavior:

I. Preconventional Morality-oneself (before age 9)Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientation Avoid pain or getting caughtStage 2: Cost/Benefit orientation Achieve/receive rewards

reciprocity (eye for an eye)

II. Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence)Stage 3: "good child" orientation Gain acceptance, avoid disapprovalStage 4: Law and order orientation Follow rules, avoid penalties

III. Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principlesStage 5: Social contract orientation Promote the welfare of one's societyStage 6: Ethical principle orientation Achieve justice, avoid self-condemnationStage 7: Cosmic orientation BE true to universal principles; feel

oneself part of a cosmic direction that transcends social norms


Parenting StylesParenting Styles

Parenting styles-Baumrind-1971: A. Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style

B. Authoritative: encourages independenceC. Permissive Parenting

-permissive indulgent-permissive neglectful


VI.VI. Erikson’s Life-span DevelopmentErikson’s Life-span Development

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 The Developing Person The Developing Person I.Different Perspectives on Development II.Developmental Processes III.Cognitive.

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Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 The Developing Person The Developing Person I.Different Perspectives on Development II.Developmental Processes III.Cognitive.