Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 The Developing Person The Developing Person I.Different Perspectives on Development II.Developmental Processes III.Cognitive.

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

The Developing Person The Developing Person 

I. Different Perspectives on DevelopmentII. Developmental ProcessesIII. Cognitive DvmtIV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentV. Moral DvmtVI. Erikson's Lifespan DevelopmentVII. Language Development

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

I.I. Different PerspectivesDifferent Perspectives

Developmental psychology-concerned with changes in physical/psychological functioning across lifespan (from conception)

Some Issues:1. Nature vs. Nurture2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories3. Stability/Change

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Developmental ResearchDevelopmental Research

1. Typesa. normative investigationsb. Longitudinal

c. Cross-sectionald. Sequential

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods

2. Data Collectiona. habituation: decrease in response,

habitb. dishabituation: responds to new

stimulusc. also facial expressions, sucking

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

II. Developmental Processes

A. Physical developmentPrenatal:

• 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wall-then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus

• teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt

• heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long

• early as 6th week-responses to stimulation

• feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long

• sex vs. gender

• gender determined at 8 wks

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Newborn developmentNewborn development

• brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs• 80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs• tendencies such as temperament • mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping,

babinski

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Newborn developmentNewborn development

Sensory dvmt• prefer female voice at birth• prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice• newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections• 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in,

6 yr/us-1/300• 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head, • 7 wks, facial features detect person• 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue• 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed• depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos• 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour• also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc• learn mothers odor in 3 days

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

C. Maturation-typical of species

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

III. Cognitive DevelopmentIII. Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist• Schemes• Assimilation & Accommodation• Conservation

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s StagesStages

1.Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions

-object permanence, stranger anxiety

2.Pre-Operational (2-7)

-egocentrism, no conservation, -centration, animistic thinking

3.Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible actions, mathematical transformations, conservation

4.Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract reasoning, algebra

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

IV. Social and Emotional IV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment

• Harry Harlow’s studies• Temperament (Kagan)• Thomas & Chess-3 styles

– Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up• Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

1.1. Attachment TheoryAttachment Theory

A. Bowlby’s ideaB. Harlow’s idea of contact

comfortC. Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange

Situation” and attachment styles

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Ainsworth’s AttachmentAinsworth’s Attachment

The Strange Situation Methodology based on Stranger and Separation Anxiety

3 Primary styles:1. Secure (56%)2. Insecure

Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%)Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent

(19%)

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

More attachment...More attachment...

• A 4th Attachment style: Disorganized/Disoriented

• Identified by Main & Solomon (1990)

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

2.2. The Influence of Culture The Influence of Culture & Gender& Gender

• Collectivism and Individualism• Child-rearing• Gender

–Social learning Theory-Bandura

–Gender Schema Theory-Bem

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

V. Moral DevelopmentV. Moral Development

• What’s different about adolescence?– Sexual maturity, transition, relationships

• What is Morality? – A system of beliefs, values and underlying

judgements about right and wrong• What is Moral Development?

– Concerns rules and conventions about how people should behave in their interactions with others

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

• Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s)• Moral Dilemma• Moral reasoning• Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices

– Voice of Justice– Voice of Caring

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Kohlberg’s LevelsKohlberg’s Levels

Progressive stages

Levels and Stages: Reason for moral behavior:

I. Preconventional Morality-oneself (before age 9)Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientation Avoid pain or getting caughtStage 2: Cost/Benefit orientation Achieve/receive rewards

reciprocity (eye for an eye)

II. Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence)Stage 3: "good child" orientation Gain acceptance, avoid disapprovalStage 4: Law and order orientation Follow rules, avoid penalties

III. Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principlesStage 5: Social contract orientation Promote the welfare of one's societyStage 6: Ethical principle orientation Achieve justice, avoid self-condemnationStage 7: Cosmic orientation BE true to universal principles; feel

oneself part of a cosmic direction that transcends social norms

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

Parenting StylesParenting Styles

Parenting styles-Baumrind-1971: A. Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style

B. Authoritative: encourages independenceC. Permissive Parenting

-permissive indulgent-permissive neglectful

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3

VI.VI. Erikson’s Life-span DevelopmentErikson’s Life-span Development