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(Mis)investMent in AgricultureThe Role of The InTeRnaTIonal fInance coRpoRaTIon In Global land GRabs
sr di it ar Mitt
frr hr G. btt
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Acknowledgments
Ti rrt rr sr di r t irti ar Mitt.
T o Ititt i ritiv t rt rvi t crit f t iivi
mmr t o Ititt tt m ti iti i. frri M cr pr t t
tim t rvi mmt t rt t rrt.
w t t g GRaIn (.gri.rg) r it triti i ig t i gr trg it
2008 iti Seized: The 2008 Land Grab for Food and Financial Security.
lt, r grt t t t t Itrti atiit prjt (.tiitrjt.rg) r
tir mrri it it ti rjt.
T vi r r t t o Ititt .
dig: amm Gri dig, [email protected], mm.m
eitr: ar Mitt
ptgr crit: w r grt t hr G. btt, Ji o’d, fao r t i ti rrt.
cvr pt: © fao/ar btti
pir: T o Ititt i i ti t it t vig i rtiiti ir t
riti i, mi, virmt i.
crigt © 2010 T o Ititt
T tt m r rg r t r v, migig, ti, rr, rvi
tt t r i g i . T rigt r rqt tt rgitr it tm r
imt mt r. fr ig i tr irmt, r- i tr iti, r trti r
tti, rmii mt r. p mi [email protected].
The Oaland Institte
po b 18978
o, ca 94619, usa
.ititt.rg
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(Mis)investMent in Agriculture
The Role of The InTeRnaTIonal fInance coRpoRaTIon In Global land GRabs “a i t i i itrt i t t tr iti r it
mv i t ri t i. a iti it i t it tr i i t r
gitri ii igit rt i mr t i r t rir itig mtri ir
mg t ti.”
—Stephen Elkin1
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tAble of contents
foRewoRd by howaRd G. buffeTT .......................................................................................1InTRoducTIon ........................................................................................................................... 6
paRT I. Ifc and fIas: TheIR woRk and VIsIon
Ifc/fIas Ti ait avir srvi (Taas) ......................................... 9
Ifc’ avir srvi prt ......................................................................................... 9
fIas’ Ti ait prt ..............................................................................10
critiim dt ovr Taas ...................................................................................... 11
eig Taas srvi ..................................................................................................12
Ifc/fIas’ Rgi f ari ................................................................................12
paRT II. how Ifc and fIas IncRease InVesToR access To land MaRkeTs
‘a t l’ prt ................................................................................................... 13
‘Ivtig ar brr’ prjt ...................................................................................14
‘l Mrt r Ivtmt’ prt ............................................................................. 15
Rritig l ...................................................................................................................19
prmti l lig ...............................................................................................19
Ivtig i ‘I’ l?.....................................................................................................19
paRT III. case sTudIes
sirr l ......................................................................................................................22
liri ................................................................................................................................25
etii .............................................................................................................................27
a wr frm GRaIn .................................................................................................................... 29
paRT IV. conclusIons ............................................................................................................30
annex I Ifc/fIas TechnIcal assIsTance and adVIsoRy seRVIcesIn counTRIes wheRe land GRabs haVe occuRRed ....................................................... 32
annex II Ifc peRfoRMance sTandaRds on socIal andenVIRonMenTal susTaInabIlITy ......................................................................................... 48
RefeRences ................................................................................................................................. 51
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I v vr ir m tivit. I’m tr
im, tr,
itrit, rmr. bt mt
m it m mr, t qi iti m
tgrr.
M jr i t g I rt-
r-. agit m mtr’ i t it m
tr’ rt, I trv t czvi
t viit Vr, rig g tt m mi
rvi t i om. It m rt tim t
t tr rtir t tim r Vr’ mi.
ur svit ti, rm ir i t
trt. bt rrt iig. Mrt r
it i gr t r itig r
m qtiti —t svit iz mt t
mt vgt. w I tgr t ir,
m m t, t I r v : i
t r t m, I i m i itr’ rt
i it t t Mi rr, i it i g i drr,
i m t i t Ivr ct. Img m m
t r m ri it tr m
r tt irt rm m .
o tr I r t m t mi’ i, I
it r rttig tt t it bi
rt i. I t iv m , it
t tt I i t mt t I —v i
it i mtim gr. frt r tr
I ti t mt ijti ri.
a rmt rit st ari m
rivig t grt trvig, I v viit
38 ari’ 54 tri m rt tri t
m t ti. I t r, I’v ri
t tr triti i rig ttit’ 17 mjr grgi grig z. Mr
t i tr , it i ti ti tit
tt I mtim i I t m , r I v
ri m it tig: mtr tri t
m r ig i, t hIV/aIds ii it
g m it tir , mt
r rri triti t t vii
miiti. I i vr rgt tri t t c/s rr:
m gr m it t itt rg
mtr m t t rgt im, t t t t
r rgt im i . I i’t v t rt t
t im tt mt r rgtt.
I ari—r I t r—I m
rmi t I m t. I m t, r v I vr
r. I v vr t t m v ir
i i tm i t. I v vr t
jt tm t tt . I v vr
tmt givig m gtr t m r
m m m ri r i
ri. a I v vr rri tt I i r
m rm, vit tt r rrti r rig
ivtr r it r r ri i
rr m gvrmt.
I m rvr it t m mtr r tig m
I i vr rgt: “T tr
i v igti t .” Tr r
r . n r mr t vr. Ti
rrt i t gr tt r qit ig
i ari t qt t ti r i v
t r’ mt vr .
prt gr t i ti mir. T
i it mi tri. ativit jrg. a t
im it i irt immtr. I’m t
ti tit, t ti tim t tit t. Tr’
igiig t i ig rigt , r t. It
i timt tt 50 mii tr v r
t rig titi it t t 20 ari tri
irig imir . sm t —99 r
t $1.00 r tr—r iv . bt t r vi t t . l rmr—
trgg t tir mii, gi t rti
r tr r t r mti
gritr tivit—r t igi r t ig
rmt i tri r mii rmi
t i.
foreword by HowArd g. buffett
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It tr t I’m t mgri tt t t tri
r ig t ttrt. Jt mt g I
r r qit t i ig
rr g . I r tt t rtr
riv -rt it r iiit. I
rmi tt t t gvrmt
rvi 70 rt t ig, tiiti, 98-r rqirig mt r r r. T
t? $2.91 r r r r tr r r. atr
rvi rt tt im it grt
rtr t 15 20 rt. u.s. gritr
vrg rtr t i rt vr t
t tirt r. Trr, t are itr tt
g r ivtr, r t mgr t r
mirrtig t t. I I i’t ttr, ti
i grt rtit! bt r’ t I’m
r : t i m t ri rir t r
rr, rtig r ir t i t r
r i tir ivi.
ari ivtmt i gritr—ttr
it, imrv ti rvi, ti
rvti tiq, rgi itgrti,
ivtmt t i it. It t ii
tt rig ivtr t gr rt r
tir t t trimt t ti.
I’ v r— ii i rt ari, ig
it vr tr. cit i r t ig
rgt gr t tit; r, gtig,
rt it tr , ittig
mii git tr, v ir git rt.It rt i rri rim—gi, imt,
iti i, mi, gr
vi, m trig, rritmt ir
i rm tiviti.
w grmt tt ti rii
rmr. hvr, t ii mt mt
r. a, tr i it r t, itr
rv tt t t trr rm
r t ; rii t ir. Tr r
m im qti t . When local people lack land
rights in so many places, why should foreign interests takeprecedence? What assurances are in place to mitigate food
insecurity risks for local populations? What evidence is there
to suggest that the new land deals will be transparent when
previous ones have been marked by secrecy? Why should
we believe that communities will be fully incorporated into
the negotiation process when it is in the investor’s interest
to exclude potential dissenters? How will best practices be
replicated when there are no role models to follow? What
type of enforcement will be established to ensure minimal
environmental damage? What quantiable social benets
will the local communities derive and what types of
consequences will investors and facilitating governments face
if these benets do not come to fruition? T qtimt r tiit mt ir.
urtt, mir trti i ari
t tr. si tr r t i—r
mr v t i r im— t t r
v igr ti tim r.
prt t i imi m r
im tt ti t rig ivtmt i t t
rviig j rtig irtrtr.
pt Ji o’d. No Place Like Home, Lofa, Liberia, (nvmr 12, 2007)
T m i tt tr t ivi r t rtr t tirvig t ivr v grtr ri: tir m r r,
mmr tir mii i, tr
tr tir .
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T i tt t ig r i “.”
T r rgmt. Ivtr v qt
ig t i m 10,000 ig-t,
ig-rti rmig tiq. T t rmi
r mt igr. a rmr, I t
tt ig-t, ig rti vi r ig
ri t r r. Ivtr i tir igit mr imt
- tir rti tiq. a i t
t rmr, t r i t rt -ig j
r rig iti. I m mig mti,
t t r itr— itr tig t
iim tt it t tr
rr .
prtir irtig i t ti tt t “vi” i “.” Ti i i tri it t
igt rt mtriti t tit tt
r r it t it i g. I
mt , ti r r: it m rt
rrir r trit; rvi r i
rgrti; rvi t imit tr r;
rrv r tr grti; r rmr
t ir rti. T t tt ri mrgig
mi t v r t rt trit r
r g- tm t m v
rigt t ti .
Ti rrt’ ti ti i tr
tri—etii, liri sirr l—rrt
ig tt rim r ivtmt. I v t tim
i tr t ti r ti ivt
i . T r it mzig rv, mig
v r igit ri
trgg t rviv. I mt tv-r ng f
i mtr a si t wr f prgrmm
itriti igt i Mir b, etii. T
I viit, 4,257 iri gtr t riv
rti. a r r m viit ng t, t
I mt im vr mri. fri.lit. h i . I tgt
t m t m g. hi
grig qi gr t t r. w
tv, I t im m m m
trv g t i gr . ng,
I tgt, i vr v t m rtiti m
. ng t rt t i t
r t qit m i rm .
hi mtr’ r ’t it t gr
g r r v mi mmr
r tt gt t miz . w
mt, r t r t r tir mi ri gr. Why aren’t the land deals offered to
foreign investors also available to local people like Adanech?
liri i ti rvrig rm rt tt-tr r
ivi r tt i tggrig 86 rt t
ti. M t tir vig
t t it, Mrvi, r tr r m
r itr i (Idp). otr t
pt hr G. btt. There Are No Children Here, Kenema, SierraLeone (nvmr 15, 2007)
Ti t-r- t r iggig r im,
r tt i ’t gm ’t i. wit imit
rr t g t t, ir r r t r itj t r g.
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igrig tri. h r v ir
t rg m i Gig, côt ’Ivir r
rviv ig rviig r. h i
mtig m. ui t i
r ti t rtr m, h m
it t liri. w mt, grig r,
it mi, q, ggt, ri, , ittr
20 r t it 13 tr rmr. yi r
t t rvi g r t tir r;
trg iiti rt t itti, rtigtrvt ig t rt. h t
tr rmr rm ig , i i tr
tri i. How can foreign investors’ interests be placed
above the dual priority of repatriating displaced Liberians and
equitably distributing the small amount of arable land to this
disenfranchised population?
sirr l i rtrit i trt. at vt-
v rt t ti iv t $2 ,
t r t tr rt mii r
im t ri ti. drig t v-r ivi
r—rm 1991 t 2002—t Rvtir uit frt
(Ruf) r trit ri rritig i ir,
ig ’ , trig im r
g, gr, rg. T t tim I i sirr
l, t r vr t t im miig i
iv . I km, I mt t-r- ig irt t rt r im. hi mti?
$0.12 ri. sm miig
vmt, t i ti , I it igr. T itr
miig i ari—tr it i r im, r,
g, rim, i, r ti—i t rtt. When will we learn
that when Africa is mined for its natural resources—including
soil and water—local people rarely benet?
pt hr G. btt. Feeding the Masses, Gara Godo World Food Programme Distribution Site, Ethiopia (J 6, 2008)
T mjrit t 8,500 iri ti wfp it r mri ir rgt ttig mtr (plM), r r vr imt t trmi i t qi r 25 g r/ tr itr vgt i. wit r tr rr imit t , t
mr t t it ti t ir.
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Tr r m irtig ttiti—1.5 ii
t r’ mt imvri rmr trgg t
tir mii; 24,000 ir i rm vrt;
vr 1.1 ii v iqt t tr,
1 ii g t gr—tt it’ t
vrm mr. w m vi
tt ’t tig t g t r it i r r. bt m i r t
r. nt i ng f v r
tir tri it m. nt rmr i ir litt
crmit m t r irr t g i tr
i mmr rt t i t irt
i t im “m ” rgiz g
t rg t ak-47 ’t ig g t rr. nt
I v mt rmr r rm mrig ti igt
ti t v tir ir rm mtriti.
ari gr r tig , t t t
i t r rrig i rt. w r t
rr. evrtig r ti mri
vmt gi v r t mi i
i t i t gvrmt
i rrg ari r
tt trr, r rrti m trt ti mr vr. Ti rrt i
t grvit t itti r ti. It
tr—-rim tivit, r’t m
—v r m ti
rr, I m ig r r. I r rig ti
rrt it m tt j m mt rivig.
a i r i ti iti, mt rmmr tt
ari i t mmit. It mt t “
r i.”
howaRd G. buffeTT
Mr. btt mg t hr G. btt fti, rivt ti tt rimri rt mitri
iititiv. h rt 1,240-r mi rm i tr Iii, mg 400-r mi- rm i
tr nr, vr t ti-rt rr rm: 1,300 r i Iii 9,200 r i
st ari.
Mr. btt rrt rv t crrt br brir ht, I., ivtmt ig m;
li crrti, r-i r i t mtrig gritr irrigti rt; s Immt,
rivt itritr J dr gritr qimt i nrt amri. Mr. btt rv t
r arr di Mi, ig r rr; c-c etrri, I., t rgt c-cttr i t r; cagr f, nrt amri’ rgt rvi mtrr rti
ir.
I 1997, Mr. btt m mmr t cmmii priti dt; riv t azt eg ar
rm t prit Mi i 2000; rgiz t Itr-amri Ititt r crti
agritr t mt itigi iivi i gritr i 2002; i 2005, riv t wi o
J ditigi Jrit t yr ar.
h tr v rvti, ii, t m iti.
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T g gr,2 t grt tt, rr
t vt rrig t f fii cri
2008. I r t t ri, m vig tri
ig t rgi tir mi tig ir tir
t rig irt ivtmt (fdI) i mrgig
mrt—rtir i grii trim. a
rt ti tr, rti i ig r t ivtr,
t t giv ri, i i ari. T
tr tr v igit g r r t r’
rm ivtr i t m t
g “ gr” m.
T wr b Gr (wbG), mm rrr t
t wr b, t r t itrti
tg ig t i ri it t
rmti rgrm t G f crii
R prgrm (GfRp) i M 2008—rt
t wr b prit Rrt b. Zi
t “n d G f pi.” I fy09, wr
b , grt, qit ivtmt, grt
rt 54% ir vr fy08 wbG
it tri trggig i t t i
t.3
frtrmr, t wr b i t trrgizr i mtitr agritr f srit
Iititiv, it t G20 ig t wr b i otr
2009 t r it itrt r rgizti
t ti i mtitr trt t rt
mtiii-r rit iititiv.4
yt, it it tr r i t it t
miv vr i itrti i vt
imrvmt t rit i t vig r,
vi rv tt wr b Gr ii
rt r ig jt t it. fr m, it
itrti mmitmt i vr m rmr,m rrt iit tt rgrm rtig
rti v trgt rmr rgiz ttr
mr rtiv rtr t mrgi rmr
-rmig rr ti, m r
trit.5 I etii, i i t rgt riit
wr b’ GfRp rgrm, t imrt
rtiizr trt i t “rtiv”
r.
pr mt trg i wbG’ r i ig t
g gr. Trg t rmti ii
ti it t gvrmt i rr t r
rig irt ivtmt i gritr i vig
tri, wbG gi r ig tr tt
trt g rit ivi m-
rmr.
Ti Rrt iv t gr tr
wbG’ r iti it. si, t Rrt mi
t r t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc),6
t rivt tr r t wr b Gr, it
rvii ti it vir rvi t
vig tr gvrmt, t rvi
ir t iit rig ivtr t qir
i vig tr mrt. si mi 2008,
qiiti v r ir ritiim7 rm
uit nti gi, gvrmt, ivi it
gr r tt gr trt rit
t r r, vr ti.
Ti Rrt mtrt t i i Ifc’ vi
t gvrmt ir ivtr it
mrt ti rmi t ig mmiti, t i trm rigt
t . u Ifc i t r rig
t rigt i it ivtmt rmti
tiviti, qt grig i ti t
trt t rig rm gr vrt.
T Rrt r : prt I rvi
vrvi t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc)
t frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas), t
t wbG rgizti tt rvi ti it
vir rvi t vig tr gvrmt.
prt II igigt t r Ifc fIas i rmtig gr rig ivtr i tir rt t imrv
t ‘Ivtmt cimt’ ‘bi eig
evirmt’ vig tri. b rvig t
rtiriti rti Ifc/fIas “rt” (
t ‘a t l’ rt t ‘l Mrt r
Ivtmt’ rt) zig Ifc’ i
ti it vir rvi t gvrmt
( rtig “ivtmt rmti gi”
IntroductIon
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rritig ti ), ti ti rv t i
i gr r iitt Ifc/fIas tiviti.
fi, prt III ti tr ti—sirr l,
liri, etii—i i Ifc/fIas vir rvi
v rt i rgtr gitiv rrm, tr
irig ivtr tr it mrt.
T Rrt tt t rmti ivtr
it vig tr mrt trt
rit, i ti, trr
rt i irt viti Ifc’ prrm
str vr un hm Rigt vti.
T o Ititt r ivtigti Ifc/
fIas ti it vir rvi
it vir rvi “rt.” It i ri tt Ifc
t r t gr tt it ti
it vir rvi qt rmt irr t rtt t rit ivi t
r’ mt mrgi vr ti i ti
rri g mi .
© fao/sr eitt. k; Ri i t k mmit ar
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Ifc fIas r vr qtittiv, mr
rt t tr vmt rgr r t
ivtmt imt tr. fr m, tri
r r rig t m iitr, i r
mt t rt t rtiv dig bi
t tr t rgtr virmt i
tr.16 Ti m mig qtittiv, vrimi, i mr rt i rt i
Ifc fIas gg:
“T iv it grt trgt, [st ai] t
ir ivtmt rm t rrt 15-20 rt t
Gdp t 28-30 rt.”17
“s imrv it Doing Business rig i 2007
t “trig r rr” iitr ttig rt
tim 17 , imrt tim 29 , rig t
mr rt imrt mt rqir 5
6, rtiv.”18
“Trg it ti it rgrm, fIas
rt t ivmt 224 rt rt.19
fIas trit t 57 Doing Business rrm i 21
tri.”20
Ifc fIas it i rg rt t rmt rig irt
ivtmt (fdI) i vig tri. a t rgt
mt itrti it t t vig
r, fdI’ rv ir i rt
mjr r ig r vig tri. dit
t t tt t t fdI i vig tri r
ig t,21
t wr b Gr rmt fdIit vrig i t t it rmi—
j rti, imrv irtrtr, t rti
r vig tr gvrmt t
r gt riti ti
t r.
I rr t tiv rmt rig irt ivtmt,
Ifc fIas iit rgtr rrm i rr t
ir t bi eig evirmt (bee)
t Ivtmt cimt tir it tri. T
iv “t rm iii triig grt
mt r mi t t mirmi v…trg r g rgtr rrm.”23 I rr
t rmt rrm, Ifc fIas rvi ti
it vir rvi t vig tr
gvrmt, i tr, rig irt ivtmt i
iitt.
Ifc/fIas Ti ait avir srvi (Taas)wi m r r Ifc’ r ig ivtmt
i vig tri, vii i tir r
rviig Ti ait avir srvi
(Taas) t vig tr gvrmt. wi Ifcm t ig rjt i giv tr, tir
r, g it tt fIas, i t t t
t rgizti r it gvrmt t rmt
ivtmt imt rrm ttig
miitrtiv ititti rrir, vig
ivtmt rmti gi i t tri,
viig gvrmt g t t, tm,
. It i ri ti Taas tt rg
gvrmt t tir mrt t rig
ivtr. T ig ti ri t ti
it vir rvi tt Ifc fIas
rvi.
Ifc’ avir srvi prtT avir srvi (as) rtmt t Ifc
ti i 1986 i tr tt
itigi it rm tr ir. T g as i
t imrv vmt imt, it
ritrti, it i rjt immtti i
r r t Ifc it mrtiv vtg.
si 2006, Ifc’ avir srvi v rrg
i v i i:
• a t fi (a2f) – ait tt t -
t viiit i rvi t mir
m i -im .
• bi eig evirmt (bee) – ativiti
gr tr imrvig t i virmt t
rivt tr rjt t vi.
• crrt avi (ca) – ativiti im t imrvig
t i iit mi.
• evirmt si stiiit (ess) – avi
mrt trrmti tiviti tt t
rivt tr t ivr virmt i -t i vig tri.
• Irtrtr (Inf) – avi imrvig t
i rvi r, tmmiti, -
tr rg tiiti, t ti.
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Ifc’ avir srvi v i rt r t
m tti rt it i trtg;24 as i
rgiz “riti t mtig Ifc’ mii.” 25
Rgizig t tti vir r, vr t t 3-
4 r, Ifc immtig i-rgig rrm
t mt vr t it as r t trgt
imt.26
Gvrmt r Ifc’ ig rgt it gr (
fIas’ rgt it gr ), rtir iti t
bee Inf i i. cit gvrmt t
r 43% as rti 52% as itr.27
Ifc’ as it t r tgri. T rt ivv
rig irt it rm t mtrt t “i
” r ir rti, tr it i t ti
rrt gvr, r t tr it
mrt gmt. Ti t r r 60% Ifc’
rjt.
nt, t tgr as imrvig
t ig virmt r t rivt tr—
tr ig rtiti r rivt ivtmt Ifc tr.28 cit r ti r r ti
gvrmt r tr-ttig i. ar 40%
Ifc’ vir rjt r i ti tgr, t
mjrit t rjt r i Ida tri.29 Ifc’
r i ti r migt m-i i,
imrvig t vr rgtr virmt r
t rivt tr, r trit i i
tr. a i ti tgr i t r Ifc t
gvrmt ig immt i-rivt
rtri (r m, prt III, c sti).
Ifc t t igigt t rg tt it t itas it ivtmt rvi: t avir
srvi rtiti r fdI trgt
itig Ifc ivtmt; t tr , Ifc
ivtmt t tz r t
rrm, rt mtrt t t
rrm rmm as. a Ifc rtti
tt, “ avir srvi r irm — gi
riiit rm—Ifc’ ri ivtr.”30
Ifc t vi gvrmt rm t rtiv
ivtr it t jtiv irig
trgtig t fdI i gr, t its own
investments and development agenda. Qit vi, t
rii jtiv Ifc as i t grt t rivt
tr, i rt t mt it i .
Ifc i rig t r mr m vir
“rt” t ivr it r ri
rti, t rt i r t tr
mr. a rt ti rt, Ifc itr
r r rig t it “r” rt. T
i i tt Ifc trt i rt
r i tr i r m, trg trtgi t, i
rti, tr rr rt. sm “rt”
r ti i t vmt tg ( iiv
i, sm Mim etrri it
iig t), m r r “v” (igrt Ivtmt pi prmti, r Ip&p,
), m r itig – t mg tr
r ( a t l rt, ). T
ivr t rt, Ifc irig rt it
it rtr gr, fIas, rig ivr r
rti ri.
fIas’ Ti ait prtT ivr avir srvi i t r rti
rii r fIas, tri wr b
Gr’ Ivtmt cimt avir srvi. etii 1985, fIas rii vi gvrmt t
immt rrm, imrv tir i virmt,
rg rti rig ivtmt.
fIas rrt r gvrmt 14 irt Ti
ait “rt.”31 a fy09, fIas rgiz
it vir rvi r t mi rti r,
Rgtr simiti Ivtmt Grti.
T Reglatory Siplication rti mri
mriv rg rvi t it tri
i imrvig t ivtmt imt r mti
rig ivtr. T vir rvi i: (i)rt-trm itrvti t dig bi Rrm
it igt t r i i igigt
t Doing Business iitr32 (ii) gr trm
rgrm ivr trg t Rgtr simiti
it t rii r tr, i
fIas’ rt rti t rt i-t ti
rrm rt.33
Ifc t vi gvrmt rm t
rtiv ivtr it t
jtiv irig trgtig
t fdI i gr, t its own
investments and development agenda.
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fIas’ r vir rvi, Investent
Generation, it tr itit rt i:
Ivtmt pi prmti, Itr si
avir srvi, si emi Z.34 e
t rt r mtrtiv fIas ivr
vi i ir ivtr t ,
trr i i r i rtr ti:
(i) wit it Investent Policy and Prootion (Ip&p)
rt, fIas r mr rvi t gvr-
mt; t rg rm itiig t trit
ivtmt rgim, t rviig ti i-
t ivtmt ivtmt i trt-
gi, t rig immtti rvi
gi r rrmig rgtr rmr
ititti.35 T Ip&p tm ti it
tri ttrt rti ivtmt. sti -
t i t ititi ririt r r rrm
ivtmt ii rt t rmtit tri ti r ivtmt.36
I it Ip&p rti, fIas r it it gvr-
mt t rt r imrv itig Investent Pro-
otion Agencies (Ipa). T gi r v
it gi rm Ifc fIas i r
ti t iv t wbG “pi privt
dig (ppd)” t ir t r t rivt -
tr i mi vmt r t giv tr.
s ppd ti ivv gvrmt gi
Ipa rig i rti, g it t ri-
vt tr ivi it, t jit ig im-mt rgrm rt r rrm rg-
ti. I rt r, fIas t rt r
tr Ipa i sirr l, c Vr, sg,
Tzi, mg tr ( prt II r irmti
t Tzi Ivtmt ctr’ rmti
).
(ii) fIas’ Indstry-Specic Refor tm rvi
ti it t gvrmt iti, ri-
ritiz, rmv i, rgtr, ititti
trit, rimri t t grii i
t trim tr. I it fy08-11 strtg c,
fIas igigt “Itr cmtitiv”
it mt imrtt ivtmt imt i. Ti
tm it “rgitrig rrt” r-
t rt it itr mtitiv-
g, i r itig i mi
z ( ) rtiti t r
mrt trit.37 arig t fIas, “or i-
tr r— miti itr g,
trg mi i rti, t i-
tri tt t r t rm t
rivt tr i i ari— t
t jmtrt mi rrm r rgiz
rivt tr tivit.”38
(iii) fIas’ g Special Econoic Zones (seZ) tmi rig it it tri t ttrt rivt -
tr ivtmt trg t vmt mmr-
i vi seZ rgiz t rti.
a seZ ggri imit r r-
ig rti itiv (gr t-r imrtig
trmi tm rr, r it) t
i i i t iti t z. I
fy09, t tm vig rgrm i I-
i Mi, it-t tri
t dmrti Ri cg, liri,
p n Gi, t Ri ym, “
trm r rrm it rgizig rivt -tr ivtmt.”39
critiim dt ovr Taaswi wbG’ It evti Gr (IeG) t
tt avir srvi t ir t vmt
imt Ifc fIas r,40 it i t tr ti
“imt” i itiv r gtiv. a mriv t
ti it (Ta) t oecd dvmt
ait cmmitt r it 2005 dvmt
crti Rrt tt “Ta rgrm v m
r rt ritiim r ig t t, irrit
t riit’ , r trig .”41 arig
t si f-prr, rr Itrti air
t T n s tr mr rrt
Ta, “Ti it tri i iig t
i it , itrmt, it i ri
tig ri rm vig tri. at
t r t rm i tt t r rtii
m i Ta trit ri.”42
frtr, Taas rig t Ifc’
Doing Business iitr v ritiiz r vig
igi trig tt. Ti tr rig tm
rr rgti, rgr tr it riv
rm mr it r im iqt r .43
“s ivr vti mtgi, v i t
r t it t irt irm i, vrt
m ti r ig r t r
mr tr rrm,” rrr t.
“Ti igr tr iitr i i t
rtir tri, t tt t i tri t
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irt tg tir vmt m t t r
irt tir i ii.”44
frtrmr, “it iig rmti r mtitr ititti t iti
it jtiv r i vi mttr
r t v irt i t i t tm,
rtir i -im tri tt m t v
t rr t rr vi rm tr r, r
i tri r mrti r t
rvi qt rtiv t tr
r.”45
eig Taas srvi
Ifc fIas v grt tir Taas ti trm tg ig. nt, t Ifc
rmti ir it avir srvi ivr, it
tiv rti rig $1 ii mig
1,262 t— v ir i 2001.46 witi t
Ifc, avir srvi t m t mjrit
it r i t i vig tri.”47
fIas imir tr. T rgt
fIas’ ivtmt rti i fy09 Ivtmt pi
prmti rt (20%); 56 t 224 rt r
i t tgr Rgitrig prrt & a t l,
t mt tgr. otr mjr tgri i34 rt i Tr lgiti 24 i Ivtmt pi
prmti.
Ifc/fIas’ Rgi f ariI rt r, t Ifc fIas g v
irig trgt s-sr ari. I fy05-07, r
m, fIas ir it mi ari itr
rm rimt $2 mii t $10 mii r r.48
lii, Ifc itr i s-sr ari v
jm rm $167 mii i 2003 t $1.8 ii i 2009.49
fIas tt s-sr ari rmi ririt rig t fy08-11 trtg it t r
it rjt rr t t t rgi t
t r 40 rt 2011.50
Ti g i t t ig riz. I fy09,
t rgt rt fIas’ rti t t
s-sr ari (36%).51 I iti, t 224 (dig
bi) rt52 rrt i fy09, 40 rt r
iv i ari.
I iti, t Ifc/fIas ari i vi
t rti rgrm t “swaT tm” r
ari (t immt qi r, rt-trm virrvi) t Ivtmt cimt fiit r ari
(Icf). a rtri iititiv mg rivt mi,
vmt rtr, gvrmt, t Icf i
v-r iititiv rt g $170 mii
(rm Ifc, tr r rtr, t rivt tr
—i trgt t imrv ari’ ivtmt
imt.53 T Icf 24 rjt i 10 ari tri,
m i i r vrg fIas’ tiviti i
ari.
Ti mtit rjt, rt, iititiv
mtrt t t tt Ifc/fIasTi ait avir srvi. wit m
gvrmt rig Ifc/fIas vi t immt
ii rrm, Ifc fIas r r
r i t ig i mi tm i
t tri. o riti tm i t i i
Ifc rmti ivtr t i rgig
qiiti trgt t vig r. T
ig ti igigt t i i Ifc/fIas
ii i mt ti tr.
© fao/wtr atr. Ri, sirr l’ mr- t, gr i vr itrit, t t tr imrt mr t t it m.
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PArt II.
How Ifc And fIAs IncreAse InVestor
Access to lAnd mArkets
T wr b Gr (wbG) iv tt efcient
land markets that allow reasonably easy access to land to
run a business are key to a supportive business climate. 54
arig t Ifc/fIas, t t
tri ivtmt mtiti i vig
tri trr, trg ti it
vir rvi (Taas), Ifc fIas t ir,
imi, iitt t r rivt tr
vmt.55 Ifc g tt rtig
mrt i m, iti rg r, r
ti r, Ifc t r irt it gvrmt
mig rmmti t miitrtiv r
giti.56
T ig r tr fIas rt i v
i trgt ig ivtr t
vr t t i r, ttig t trit
i “tt” rig ivtmt iiiti
itig gvrmt i rrmig tir
ii.
1. ‘a t l’ prtI fy04, fIas grt t it r
rt irig rt r fdI ii tt
t trt rmt
r ig. I fy08, t Access to Land rt
i itr, t a t l avir
srvi tm itig gvrmt i
immtig iv rt-trm rrm t rg
ivtmt t grr r gr-trm
rrm tt ir t vr ivtmt imt t tr. a t l ti it
tr r:
• Accessing land—igig immtig mr
tiv tm r mig rvi vi r
i ivtmt;
• Secring land—vig imr mr trr-
t rr r ivtr t qir r
rrt rigt, it r trti t;
• Developing land—imiig trmiig t
mti-g rv t r t tim t
r ivtr t m it t zig, virmt
iig t rqirmt ti t tiit.
fIas rg tt “r r r rigt
t iiit i grt ivtmt r
t vig r.”57 o fIas rrt tt tt it
tm “rqt tr i i tir r
tr r ivtmt imt, t
i mm t fIas rmmti.”58
w rigt r ti rgitr, it t
m i t r r mmri
. Trr, rtig rgitri i mm rt
fIas’ rt t ir t .
wi t rti rgitri i imrtt r
mtig i vmt, tr r
r rig ivtr, t a t l rt i rri
t rgizti rimr ti i t
rmt foreign investment. fIas itrtr ggt t
a t l rt rt i
rv iti giig t mg t
iggt mit ivtr i vig tri.59
wi fIas’ rgitri tti
T t l rt rt
i rv iti giig
t mg t iggt mit
ivtr i vig tri.
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t t i vr, t rii im i
t ttrt fdI t it tri. I bri f
sirr l, T Ivtmt cimt fiit r ari
(Icf) i ig t timt rgitri—
iti fIas r t rt trr
rgitrti.60 I fy09, 56 t 224 rt61 r i
t tgr Rgitrig prrt & a t l, t
mt tgr.62
em r rri t i rviig ti rt
i t ig :
(i) I Vietna, mti-r bi a t l
rjt i fy07 it rjt -ig
rm atri. T gvrmt i r tt
ri t t “t ”, tr irig
t rit tr r t i. T -
r gt ri r riti
t 70 r it rigt r
t rr ti.63
(ii) I Benin, i 2006, fIas t l a
rv iti mjr trit tig
t r rivt, mmri, itri, ri-
ti vmt trit t t t-
izti immtti rrm rgrm t
imrv t iti r r rivt m-
i t ti r i mrt
tt rmt rivt tr vmt.64
at t 2009, fIas i t t t a
t l rt, ttig tt it rgig r
rt, it mgmt tt fIas i t v
t riti m tt tr i t wbG
r ttr iti t t t i ti r.65
hvr, fIas i ti t rimr miitrtr t
ig t rt.
2. ‘Ivtig ar brr’ prjtIvtig ar brr (Iab) i fIas iititiv
2009 tt iti it Ip&p rt. Ti
g mrig iititiv r mrig t
tiig rtig rig- i i
tri r t r i t t i it rt
rrt i srig 2010. M tr t Doing Business
iitr, t Ivtig ar brr (Iab) rjt
im t mr t qit ivtmt imt
r tri, iti g rti i ivtmt
i ig immtti, timt vi ivtmt i rrm i it tri.66
hvr, it t Doing Business iitr
t i rig ri rtriti i 20 tr,
t r tiig rig mi, t
, t itrti ritrti.67 I 2009,
t Iab tm r t rjt rv i 87 tri.
Mr t 3,000 rt rt gr t mt
t rv, mr t 1,720 riv t t
fy09.68
© fao/Gii nit
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nt, t irmti gt t mi Iab iitr
i mri ti rgtr iig
irmti—irmti tt trmi t tim
rtiv it r ivtr t i
rig tri. a it r, tig t t Iab
iitr t ir t tt t i
ti i t tri i t—tr ti r t , tr t
rvi tr r grzig r
ti, t. arig t Iab rv miitr
t rjt rtiit, it i r fIas i itrt, rtr,
i irmti :
• t rr r r ig i v-
ig tri: i ivtmt imt rv, fIas
rv rt t iti t mr r-
r r ig tt rv t t t
rtig ig tir i; t t rt
tri t dig bi tmr rr r;
• m tim t rmti rr t;
• m irt gi r ivv i t r-
r;
• t t rigt vi t rit
rigt, .g. tr t rigt r r rm m-
tig itrt tr t gt,
trrr, t.;
• tr r t tr r mimm iz (i tr)
r qiiti.
3. ‘l Mrt r Ivtmt’ prtpr t mt riti rt r irig ivtr
t i t rt trm i fIas’ ‘l Mrt
r Ivtmt’ prt, i, r 2010, t
t rm itr. hvr, otr 2008,
fIas r 15 rjt r tt ti
“i mt,” 8 i r t i
ari.69 xig s, t rmr t a
t l prt, i t l Mrt r Ivtmt
prt r.Ti rt rt-trm ti t
rm r ivtr. evi rm Ivtmt cimt
amt, Doing Business Rrt, fIas ig
tt mjr r ivtr i ig
, rig rrt rigt, t tim t r
tiig mri rmit t v , t
m ti it iititiv it it
v g-trm g tt t 10-15 r t
mt. Trr, fIas i igig itig t
‘l Mrt’ rt t gvrmt r ti, “r-trm” i t mt t immit
ivtr.
I vig t l Mrt rt, fIas it t:
• ig immt tiv ii rr
r mig rvi vi r -
i ivtmt;
• v im trrt rr r iv-
tr t qir r rrt rigt (r
rigt), t r t;
• trmi t mti-g rv r v-
mt, t r t tim t r ivtr t
m it zig, virmt iig t
rqirmt.
Ti mriv rt i rvi t
‘kg ntr’ – i t rm itr it
rviig t i rgi qi t rjt ig
gi, iitr, tt t, t rti
ti, i t tr r irmti;
t t rti rt fIas rt t
t gr v. orti rt i i, mgtr tig, t rvi rjt r rig
ivtr ig t .70
frtr, t mr tiv v, itiv rti
rt i rvi t rjt it “ig tti t
mtrt .” arig t fIas, “ rjt
r ig jit iti it rgi mgr
rjt tm, gi rjt tt ig
r mtgi tt r i t
rgi .”71 Itiv rti rt
r i 2008 i s-sr ari,
m i bri f, Mi, nigri, sirr l.T ig i fIas’ prtri pr rm otr
2008, iitig rti rm tr wbG gi
i t ivr t ‘l Mrt’ rt:
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Rritig latr t Ifc/fIas ti it
vir rvi ti it t gvrmt
i t rtig ti . fIas, i rtir,
t rti i r rt t ivtmt , t
rvii vir rvi ivtmt , i, ititti t fIas’ rti
i it iti i 1985. svr mtrt
Ifc/fIas it trit t t rti
r miti ivtmt t r ir
ivtr t .
fr m, i Sothern Sdan, fIas it t
gvrmt (fy07) i trgtig t rgtr
virmt rviig rviig i i ,
iig t ivtmt , i tiv rmv
t fIas ir t iqit trtmt
ivtr t rqirmt r t ivtmt
rmti g t vt tti ivtr.72 fIas
vi t rtig v tr i, i
r t ivtr grtr ivtmt
miit.73 wit t t rvi t rig
ivtr, it i rri tt itrt i s mrt ir i rt r. Mr t t
irt v rr i 2008, tig
vr mii tr t t t ivtr rm
tri iig si ari st kr. (s
a r gr t.)
b rig t g gitiv virmt, fIas
it tri i trmiig t miitrtiv
r tt ivtr mt g trg t qir
—i titt mjr rrir t i m
jriiti. T Ivtmt prmti agi (Ipa,
prt I, FIAS’s Technical Assistance Products)
r i ti tt. I Mi, Mzmiq G,
ivtmt rmti gi iitt t qiiti
r i, rmit trizti.74
Tir irt r i iittig
ig ivtr i tir ig it tr gi.
pig v mr irt r i Tzi’ Ipa, t
Tzi Ivtmt ctr (TIc). T TIc i mt,
mg tr tig, it itiig vi
rviig it t ivtr, it ig ivtr
ti r rmit (rti 6 t Tzi
Ivtmt at 1997). T TIc t “ ”—
it iti m 2.5 mii tr
it r ivtmt rjt. l i vt it t
TIc t t t t ivtr t i
rivtiv tit. atr t t ivtmt rjt, t rvrt t t TIc.75
prmti l ligIfc rt ig vmt r r r
mt it fii Mrt strtg. ovr t
t 30 r, Ifc 200 ig rjt i 50
tri rm $1.4 ii r, t r imrv
ig giti rgti i 60 tri,
rt 30 ig ti it rjt.76 I ari
2009, t ert Mtig Mgig Ri i fiig
agritr i Jrg, t wr b t rtti ig r r ig
gritr ivtmt. It i rri, trr, it
Ifc’ ir rgi ari, Ifc rvi
vir rvi t ig iiti i G, Tzi,
R, Mgr, sg, cmr, dRc, Mi,
etii.77 T etii a lig cm,
t rt it i i ari, ti it
ivtmt rm Ifc, i 2009, imir rjt r
t v i dmrti Ri t cg,
Mgr, tr wt ari ti.78 wit
t rrt ritiim rrig t ri rr
qiiti, it i imrtiv tt igvmt Ifc’ rmti ig mi
riti mi.
Ivtig i ‘I’ l?M gvrmt jti tir rmti
tim r rig ivtmt t r
r i “i” r “rtiiz.” b t i
rm “rtiiz,” t im, t
r i t jriz, t tr i
i t t rm fdI t rti t
rvi “rtiv” . hvr, i m , tt i ri “i” i t rm
iit tit ri t .
T rt tr rivtizti t wr b Gr
titi, i gr, t g t tri’
rmt Ifc fIas, i rtir, trt
t tr t triti mm r t
ri i ari.79 I m , rmr
T Tzi Ivtmt ctr (TIc)
t “ ”—it iti m
2.5 mii tr it r
ivtmt rjt.
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trit v r ti r tri. hvr,
gvrmt r imig ti i i i rr t
mr i r it t rivt ivtr.
I etii, i r gvrmt tr t
t gt r . hvr, t gvrmt
trmi tt it rm “i” t
rig ivtr. I, t tr’ grt “
rjt” mv it vr t t r. I
rt t itr rg- mmri rmig t
t tr, t gvrmt i rig vt rti rm t rig ivtr t mt
giv rt. b 2013, tr mii tr t
t gvrmt im t “i” i t t
v tt—qivt t mr t t
t rrt r tivti i t tr.80 T
etii gvrmt i t r ig
gr i tt t r ttrtig
r mii r rig ivtmt
t t j. a r i: “etii
[187 mii r] rti , i 15%
i rrt i —mi it rmr…
Ivtr r vr giv tt g t etii
rmr.”81
ert i t , vr, rm tt tr i
tig i i etii, r r i
ari. etii t r’ igt gr
rt it mr t 13 mii i
i. ct ti v tt mtiti r
grzig t tr i r t t mt
imrtt r itr-mm it i mt
rt etii t trit.82 arig
t Mi Tr, i iit t t Itrti
l citi, “I i ari ’t t, it’
r r r. M it’ t grz ivt
r irt t t rvt trit ti
ri. a t r iti rt tt tr i i etii tt
r r.”83
I, i mt vr rt gr ivvig
rig trri, tr r mit tt
t v t t grzig tr. Ti i t
, r m, i t b Gm, etii.
a iig a rm Gm ri t
rrt itti i i m rgi:
a t i t Gm rgi i tiiz. e
mmit tr it trritr t
rivr rm iti it. It i mt rgt
t gvrmt ivtr t tt tr i t
r tt i t tiiz i Gm. T rig
mi r rrivig i rg mr, rivig
t v r tri. Tr i
tti it t iig ti. T r
rt. T tig t i
mig it t trtr t iv tir .84
Ifc fIas rg ivtr t t vtg
qirig i, “vi” trgt ari. I it
ivtmt rmti mtri, Ifc/fIas rvi t
tti ivtr irmti t t “viiit” i vig tri. fr m, i
bmrig fdI cmtitiv Rrt85 (i
ti t trgt t ivtmt
imt irt tri) irmti rvi
rgrig t rtiv ig t ti
rt rti i mr ari tri. T
k rrt ri t ig “trgt” t
tr’ rtitr tr:86
• g rrt rt rrm
• ir tr mtitiv• abundance of arable land 87
• mmt rigiit
• ir trit t r imt t amtrm
• tir t r trrt t Rttrm
witi ti m rr, it tt
“ t rm” “trgt” t ivtmt
“a t i t Gm rgi i
tiiz. e mmit trit trritr t rivr rm
iti it. It i mt rgt t
gvrmt ivtr t tt tr
i t r tt i t tiiz i
Gm. T rig mi r rrivig
i rg mr, rivig
t v r tri. Tr i
tti it t iig ti.
T r rt. T tig t
i mig it t
trtr t iv tir .”
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imt i Tzi G, “ r
” “trgt” i ug, k, Mi (v
tg Mi “ig rtg tr ”). T
Tzi rrt tt,
‘Tzi j 88 mii tr r
i 60 mii tr r it r ivtrti. crrt, 5.5 rt Tzi’ r-
i tiiz. T tr
r rm i rtitr rti
ti.’
Ti 2007 mt tt tt 5.5 rt
Tzi’ r —tt i, it r r
tivti—i i . It i rtit, vr, t
i “r” , r mii tr
iti ti r ri r r
t Mi tr trit gr? I Tzi, 37
mii tr r ir iivrit rtt r .88 T t r r tt
ir “r” r “tiiz” , t it i
riti tt t rrv i tir rrt rm
r i virmt tiiit. T, t
mt “r” tt i im t vi r
t tivti rt rmt t
t rmr.
frtrmr, it i r Ifc/fIas qi
“vi” r “i” it i mm mg
trit it rmr
. I 2009, The Guardian rrt t igt t mii trit rm ivig r t
ari tit. wi t tr it it
r r r, trit j vr rigt
it m t . “et ari gvrmt
im t rt rm t tir ii r mig
it irig it r trit t mv r t
, rivigig t rigt rivt rm r
ivtr,” The Guardian rrt. “I 2006 t
Tzi gvrmt triz t rt viti
trit mmiti rm t ug i i t
str ig Tzi, itt rig tm
tr t . T v i mitt tt it mit, t Tzi trit ti t iv
itt ii t rt tir rigt.”89
a it r, Ifc fIas r r it
mrt t t tt tt t i ivtmt
imt timt, mi grt. o fIas
mt tit “a digti cit r l
Mrt” i aimed at helping investors determine the extent
to which land market issues are a constraint to their own
investments. si, tr r trit
ig “tmr ”—rgitr r
t tr iig mmiti—t mt
t tt tmr ti t r rg r
ig i m vig tri, rtir
i ari t pi I. “s riti
t t vmt gritr, gr-itr, trim, t tiig rigt t ti i t
it ri r rivt ivtr, r tr i
rm g rmr t rt rigt.”90 It
ti t ggt tt ivtr tmv t
ig qti:
• h m t prie land i t tr i r
tmr r tri rgim?
• h m ti tmr i nder tilized?
• d iig mmiti v t sills, incentives,
and nancial resorces t mg tir igtiv?
• d t mmiti v t legal right to ae land
available t rivt ivtr trg r ig?
d t ti gvrmt im rtri-
ti trti—r m, ig
t m vi r trim rjt
r rvtig mmiti rm imig r
tr rt r tig rt i tr ii?
• I tr ri power strggles iti r t m-
miti tt t g t t rrg-
mt t rivt ivtr t mmi-ti? fr m, r ii rrgmt
m trg q r irri rt,
t t rm rrgmt r t
m mirit?
• I t ti gvrmt i iti t protect sch
arrangeents i tr t rivt iv-
tr t mmiti?
• ar tr g r tr barriers to forally titling areas
r ig-v ivtmt, t?
cr t rigt t ti r ittr t Ifc fIas i tir rmti fdI. a
tir vri ‘ ’ rt tr ivtmt
rmti tiviti mtrt, t Ifc/fIas ririti
i it t ivtr, rti it vig
tr gvrmt i timt im t iittig
r t ivtr. wit ivtr’ ririti i mi,
it i t rriig tt Ifc/fIas r i vig
tri rr t gr tr t t trimt
mrgiiz .
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PArt III.
cAse studIes
sa lo
Mr t 70 rt sirr l’ i mii iv t vrt i t tr t r’
igt it mrtit rt. sirr l’ ivi r, i i 2002, t t tr’ irtrtr
m vtt. Ifc r i sirr l g i 2003 it rrttiv rgrm
i t tr. ovr t t v r, Ifc/fIas Taas rmm g t i gitr v
mt trrm t sirr l’ ivtmt imt, rig, g ivtmt i
sirr l’ mrt v .
© fao/ptr di cm. sirr l; Mt ri rmr gr r tir r . M t r rr trg r tir r.
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I r 2005, fIas rtr it t uk’ drtmt r
Itrti dvmt (dfId) t t igti
t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i sirr
l. T gvrmt sirr l i t t
t rt t i, i rg t gvrmt t
t t i mvig rm t-it itti tr
grt rivt tr vmt.
Trr, i Jr 2006, fIas g immtti
t Rmvig amiitrtiv brrir t Ivtmt
(RabI) rjt. ur RabI, i J 2007, t sirr
l primt rv gitiv g rig
t tim, mr t, t rqir t t
i. T t rgitrig i t
r 97 rt, rm $1,500 t $50. n giti
ig r imt r r ri
rmit rv.
dit t t tt rjt RabI r rt
tt tti t rit ig t
ti m trri, fIas’ rimr g i t
imrvmt t tr’ ivtmt imt r t
t rig ivtr. wi Ifc/fIas r
t it t rmt t ‘ ig i’ r
, m tir ggmt it vig tr
gvrmt i irt t ig i rimri t
ttrt fdI—r ig i r .
a rt t RabI rjt, i 2007, t gvrmt
sirr l rtr immt 11 15 tm
imiti rr rmm fIas:
rti mtti, imiti rt, t itrti ri- tm tt
imit iti vr imt. a i 2007,
t gvrmt rtr imit t rqirmt tt
i qrtr tir timt t
im r t rgitr mi. a mti
m v tt mit tr t
vi t 3 rt v t t imrt. T t t
r imiti t t tm, t it i
immtti, rti m i rgim
ig t rg trri rmizti. fIas
t gvrmt t ti r trm.
T iiti igti t miitrtiv rrir t
ivtmt i sirr l rtr t t timt
i-rivt tr tm. ur fIas gi,
ti tm rm rig gr t rmt
immt rrm rgrm i rr t rt “r-
ivtmt imt.” fr r r trgt r
rrm: (1) i trt- rr; (2)
ig; (3) rtig rr, t, tm;
(4) ititti rrm, iig t rmt
“-ti” ivtmt rmti/tr iitti
g.
T r ti “-ti” g, i 2007, fIas
rtr it t Itrti Tr ctr Gv
t ig t gvrmt ti t sirrl Ivtmt ert prmti ag (slIepa,
tt://.i.rg), i i t irmti
iitti rvi gt ivtr. T g
rvi rm r t rivt tr t i
ivtmt i it gvrmt.
fIas miti tt i-rivt ig i riti
t t rrm, trr t sirr l
bi frm rm i rr t “rt t
gvrmt’ rrm rt rviig trm r
t rivt tr t rmt ivtmt-ri ii
t itiz t gvrmt t gr i
imrtt i i.”91 l t Miitr
Tr Itr, t frm m r
r igig immtig t ivtmt imt
ti .
wit it ri gitiv rrm, t rmti
t-t Ipa, t ttrtiv ivtmt
imt, sirr l i i fIas tr. It
iiz t mr m
rti iti i t pi-privt dig Tit
h i Ifc92 i igigt mg
t t rrmr i ari i wbG’ Doing Business
Iitr.
wbG titi v r t igigt sirr l
ttrtiv titi r ivtmt. a MIGa
© fao/ptr di cm. Ri rmr i sirr l
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r, tit “Ivtr e sirr l,” t, “ti
imvri ti tig imriv gi
i ttrtig igit itrt rm ivtr.”
It tt tt, ig ivi r, “rvr
ti it 2008 r Gr dmti prt
(Gdp) gr timt 5.5 rt tt rm 2009 t
2010, sirr l mv igt t i t wr
b Gr’ Doing Business rig.”93
T MIGa r rtr t r ivtr,
ttig, “t tr i jig rrg itrt
rm ivtr ig r rt-mvr vtg. sirr
l r igit tti i gritr it ig
v ri vt t r t tivt
.” T rtiti r igigt t mr
t 600 gt ttig t sirr l Tr
Ivtmt frm i l i nvmr 2009,
t t Gvrmt sirr l.
sirr l’ Ipa, t sirr l Ivtmt ert
prmti ag (slIepa)—i v it
t gi Ifc/fIas i 2007—igigt gritr
it mt rmiig tr r rig
ivtmt. It it vrti tt sirr l t,
“rtiti r rti i, i,
rgi ,” rtiti i gritr g
rvi,” “rv rt tti,” mg tr.94
hvr, it t mr ttrti i t tr
tt sirr l “I grig iti rg
mt vi ”:‘sirr l i i r gritr. It vr 4.3
mii tr tiv vi, ti
qti rr, tri imt, ri i, -
ig r. a rrt rti
i t (ri v, vgt), r
(gr, , , gigr ), tr
r (i m, t), tti r igit
i. a mm/im tr tm
trg gvrmt iitti m t
ti i mt gritr r trg r, g-
trm .’
wit rti g t sirr l’ ivtmt
imt, it i rri tt ivtr itrt i iqig.
I frr 2010, t gvrmt sirr l ig
us$400 mii i grmt it a birg
sitzr.95Ti i t rgt gritr ivtmt
vr t r i ti tr. T i r t
tivti g gr t r 100,000
i mtr it iti t t t r .96 I iti, sirr l ig Mmrm
urtig it si ari r si ivtmt i
t rti ri r m mti rt.97
I t 2009, t sirr l Tr Ivtmt frm
i t uk ttrt vr 1,000 rtiit, iig t
pri uae, t pri bri, ceo’ rt
mi r t r, t oIc, si f t. a
sirr l’ Miitr frig air Itrti
c-rti, hj Zi h bgr, i, t
sirr l Ivtmt ert prmti ag rt t it ivtr rtig “ t
” r trtig i, tt t Itrti
fi crrti’ “dig bi” gi r
sirr l ig i trm ig i i
wt ari. sirr l, , i t it
m t ivtr rtti it i t rt. “a
ivtmt itiv t i rtig
v ig r ivtr,” r.98
wi t gvrmt sirr l rg
ivtmt, t ti r t i t r. o
rrtr trv t sirr l viit vigtt r t i t a rjt. wi
t rjt mgr im tt “mrgi”
“gr” r ig i t rjt,
rrtr J btr tt z vig i
ti mv t m r t 40,000-tr
gr tti.99 dit rgmt tt a
i rig m mmt rtiti t t
tr, btr tt t t, a m
t m t r i it gr rr,
t r ig i mr 10,000 , t qivt
usd$2.50 .
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liberia
wit t lbbf t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm, liri t t t t Doing Business
rig r t t tr r. Ivtr t t rig t trmi r ivtmt i t ri,
mt rt.
© fao/Gii nit
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fIas g t r irt it t liri gvrmt
i fy07. drig rm frr 2006 mii-igti
rrt, i tti it t Miitri
cmmr, fi, t nti Ivtmt
cmmii liri, fIas t tr rtrm
t it i rig t tr’ i imt.
T rt “rtrm” rig rrir trmizti t r ivtr t rt i liri.
T imrvig t i-rivt
ig i liri t ri t tr’ privt str
dvmt rrm r. T tir “rtrm”
imrvig t tr’ ivtmt i
rmr, giti, ititti.
Trg fIas’ 2008 rt t ir i-rivt
ig, t liri bttr bi frm (lbbf)
r, i m Ivtmt prmti ag
(Ipa, prt I, FIAS’s Technical Assistance Products). Ti
rgizti rt it t jtiv irigrivt tr rtiiti i mi i-mig i
liri trg jit pi privt str wrig
Gr100 rtrig t vt, ti
i vi ti.
lbbf ti Ifc rmi itimt
t t Ifc—v ig t m gg. fr
m, lbbf igigt it it t ig
mimt:
Ti tiv rtri t rtiiti t d-
ig bi avir uit t wr b Gr
t Ifc mg Ivtmt cimt tm -tr rgrm t t tmt immt-
ti 21 imrvmt t t i virmt
iv i rr 4 mt.
a rt ti r tt t imrv rr
r t i ‘strtig bi’, ‘Trig
ar brr’ ‘ctrti prmit’ iitr
t dig bi rv, liri’ rig im-
rv rm 170 i 2008 t 157 i t 2009 rv.
T lbbf i ri r rtig Ivtmt
l. I fy09, t frm’ rt ririt t g
t Ivtmt l, qt vri i
rt lbbf mitt t t gitr i
rti it t nti Ivtmt cmmii.
I iti, fIas rt t liri gvrmt
i it rt t ri t rivt tr it t
t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm,
m-riv, mti-r rgrm ig t
grt ti mmtm r i rrm.
fIas it i 2008 it ri mt
immtti mriv rrm.
fIas t gvrmt trmi i trt-
rr, r tr rrir trg imrv
rt r, tri ivtmt rmti r,
v trrt gritr i i.fIas’ ari dig bi Rrm avir tm
it t gvrmt i vig tr rm
rr r i rgitrti iig
trti.101
wit t lbbf t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm
prgrm, liri t t t t Doing Business
rig r t t tr r. Ivtr t t
rig t trmi r ivtmt i t
ri, mt rt. nt rriig, fdI i liri i
ti irig.
I ari 2009, sim dr, Mi- mtiti
tit, ig $847 mii i grmt it
t gvrmt liri t tivt i m rr
i r ti.102 sim dr tiv t vr t
Gtri Rr ptti Jr 1, 2010 i
t t m timt 22,000 liri vr
t t 10 r.
a i Jr 2010, Ii g m i
git, G agri-Vrm, t Itr-miitri
ci cmmitt (IMcc) liri g
gtitig t t iggt ivtmt i
liri’ gritr itr.103 Vrm i
t ivt mr t us$1.6 ii r i mr t
240,000 tr t t t tr’ m i
tr. T r timim tt t m
gi rti i liri i i mt, t
gitr rtiti tir i
grmt.104
“Ti tiv rtri t rtiiti
t dig bi avir uit t
wr b Gr t Ifc mg
Ivtmt cimt tm tr rgrm
t t tmt immtti
21 imrvmt t t i
virmt iv i rr 4 mt.”
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ehopa
etii i t grit tri i t r it mr t 13 mii i i, t
ri t gvrmt i rig t t 7.5 mii r it mt rti t ri tri m
t r’ mt t iivi t rt t tir tri.
© fao/ptr di cm
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Ifc’ avir srvi v ivv it
etii r vr . fIas’ rt igti r
i t tr g i 1997 it rvi etii’
ivtmt imt it rv r r rig
irt ivtmt. T i 2000, fIas rvi triig
t t etii Ivtmt ag t trgt
it it r ivtmt rmti, i 2001, fIasrvi t tr’ ivtmt virmt it
i mi rt-rit fdI.105 a, i
fy07, fIas rrt tt it “swaT tm r ari”
t Ivtmt pi prmti rjt i
etii, t itt i irmti it t ti
ti rjt.106
I t 2008, Ifc’ tr tr etii it
i ai a i rr t “ir
tivit t rt etii’ mi vmt.”107
a Ifc rrt tt, “Ifc’ trtg i etii
rtiv vig ivtmtrjt, rtig i-rivt rtri tt
rmt mi grt, miizig irt
ivtmt t tr t m, iig
grii, i rvi, t ti,
irtrtr, mtrig, trim.”108
Ifc i rig t v etii’ ig tr
trg jit ivtmt vir rvi rjt
tt i ti t tr’ rt ig m.
T m i t miti Ifc’ r
it etii’ gvrmt t rt grmr r ig i t tr, i trt mt
g.
prit, t ig rm ir
rmti i etii t t tr r. I t
etii’ grt “ rjt”—i
rt t itr rg- mmri rmig t t
tr—t gvrmt i rig vt
rti rm t rig ivtr t mt
giv rt. b 2013, tr mii tr i
i t t v tt, qivt t mr
t t t rrt r tivti i t
tr.109
I gr , jrit ri i
ri i etii viitig itri rm g
t mi r t a:‘T rm mgr mii tmt,
r tr vgt ig gr i 1,500 t
r i mtr tr iti. si gi-
r r iig t t trtr, dt t-
g miimiz tr rm t r- 1,000
m i 50 t . witi 24
r, it riv 200 mi t ai a
1,000 mi t t rtrt
di, J r i t Mi et.
T 2,500 r , i ti t a
gr, r r 99 r t si ii-ir im, etii-r si Mmm
-ami, t 50 rit m i t r. hi
si str m t t $2-ii
qirig vig 1.25 mii r i
etii i t t r. s r, it gt r
rm i r grig t, ri, vgt
r r t si mrt. It t vt
t m mr t 10,000 .’110
I tr , krtri, bgr Ii
m, qir mr t 300,000 tr
(741,000 r) i Gm. It 90-r ti . krtri r i
etii b. ur tir grmt, krtri
t v t r t rt i r r
it ig i Gm. T it t 15 irr
(qivt t usd $1.13) r tr r r r t
rmiig 84 r it 90 r .
ni o, iig a rm t Gm
rgi etii t The Guardian Mr 7, 2010:
“a t r m mi vig Ii t
vr i ig r. p v t r r
Ii m. Tir mrit t v giv mti. p
t iv t i ig. T
i t i g gr.”
etii i t grit tri i t r
it mr t 13 mii i i,
t ri t gvrmt i rig t t 7.5
mii r it mt rti t ri tri
m t r’ mt t iivi t rt
t tir tri.
“a t r m mi vig Ii
t vr i ig r.
p v t r r Ii
m. Tir mrit t v giv
mti. p t iv t
i ig. T i
t i g gr.”
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GRAIN is an international non-prot organization that works to support small farmers and social movements
in their struggles for community-controlled and biodiversity-based food systems. www.grain.org
T r rm it g, it i mr rt t vr tt r it
rt g gr. frig ivtr v r miiz vr $100 ii r t
qiiti r 50 mii tr rm vr r t rti t
r rt, t ti m jt t ti t irg. I gvrmt, t Ifc, tr
gi r t t t rigt iti it , t gr i mtii.
T tig ig ti miv trr tr rm mmiti t
rig ivtr i t trg i rit tt mrg. bt ivtr ig t
t gvrmt ig t tir r rigt rv t r
git t gr m. Tr i gr iti tt i rig
rigig tgtr, rvig tt tig i mr riti t tig ti g gr
t mmiti i mvmt vig r rtig t i ig
ig t , ji r, t ti.
T wr b i ig jit iititiv it t fao, Ifad, uncTad t rmt
t rii tt t m gr i ri grt i-i
ri r ivtr mmiti. Ti i tr, rmr’ rgizti, ivi it
rgizti, i mvmt rm r t r v m tgtr t ti
iititiv. T b’ rii r jt m t tr t r t iti ri r ivtr. Tr
i iiit “i-i” rm t i mt trr rm mmiti
t rrti trrmti m rm t itri tti. n mttr iti rm, t’ gr i i mt triti it t mvmt r vrigt
–t mig t r vr it r i rviig t
ivi r t 3 ii r rr rr t t. T g gr
t t, immit.
A WORD FROm GRAIN
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dit t rmit r t wr b Gr i
rig t t 2008 i ri, t
rig g wbG ii—t iirimit
rg rig irt ivtmt rmt rivt
tr vmt—r ig t tr tt ir
itiit rtr t rvi rit rtit.
T i ri rv t rivr r
t r Ifc fIas i t vig r, 111
gvrmt gt ti t i
ti it. Ifc/fIas Taas v t
rg iitt gr t v i t giti i g vig
tri, irt ig i mi tm
tt t ivi rit.
Ifc fIas riritiz t imrvmt ivtmt
imt rmt i ig virmt,
it r tt i ig , t vr t mr
rgt rm gr vrt tt rit
i tir it tri, ig igt tir rii
mii, i i t vit vrt. fIas t tt it
r trit t mjr Doing Business112 rrm i
sirr l, R, liri, bri f, tt tri r mg t t r uit
nti dvmt prgrm’ hm dvmt
I (i mr tr ivig -ig
r tri ri), rig 180, 167, 169, 177
rtiv t 182 tri.
frtrmr, i Ifc fIas’ Mitrig evti
(M&e) it rt, t t tir r
t vrt gr ttiti riv t
ttti. fr m, fIas mr it vr
rrm iitr, fIas it’ vr
titi, t mr fIas rmmtiimmt, t vr rtig it Taas srvii,
t mr bi eig evirmt
rrm ivvig t t 10 rt imrvmt i
tim/t mr rr /r mr
i rqir.113 Mrvr, fIas iitr r rjt-
i “imt” i fdI/Gdp ttiti, gr
it rmti, rt rrm /r rivt
ivtmt i i itri, t mr
i rgitrti.114 nr iti it M&e
fIas ir, r m, t mr j
rt, g t gr vrt ttiti, t
vrg im ti, r tr it Taas
mi it Ifc’ prrm str.
o Mr 11, 2010, r 100 ivi it rgizti
rm 38 tri m tt wr b Gr
ig t rivt rrti m mr riv
t virmt i r. a ttr mitt
t t ceo t Ifc, lr T, ri tt Ifc’
trr rvii, ir t rgiz
m rigt, iqt imt g ii,
rmi Ifc’ iit t iv it vrt viti
mii.115
T ivi it ttr it t mr i
i Ifc ivtmt v vttig imt
ti iit tt itrti m
rigt tr, iig t rt i t un
drti t Rigt Iig p, mt
irrt it t pi prrm str.
Ifc i rviig t immtti tiv
it si evirmt stiiit pi
prrm str t 2010.116 T
prrm str, i tr, t t r r 67 rivt
(t eqtr prii fii Ititti117)
ivv i vmt rjt m ert
crit agi.118 Ti Rrt rt ti rt—t
t it . Ifc ig rti v
g i t t ivi it gr t
cmi avir/omm (cao).119 It i q
imrtiv, vr, t g t Ti ait
avir srvi tt Ifc fIas rvi tvig tr gvrmt. Jt Ivtmt
srvi (Is) r t t Ifc’ prrm
str, t t Ti ait
avir srvi rt riti mi.
T ri grt Ifc’ avir srvi (as) vr t
t v r i rg
PArt IV. conclusIons
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mr. Ti i itrt i t mrg mr
t 50 as rt, 18 rgi iiti vrig v
rgi, 13 g i it, t as
r ig trt t t rt-trm tt.120
Imrtt trtgi qti . T i
tr, i grtig tti vir i
t ig ititti, t Taas rvi t i ititti m rg -rvig?
T It evti Gr (IeG)121 rt
g t mitr Ifc’ avir srvi (as) i
iti t it ivtmt rvi (Is). T It
evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt (IedR)—
i i 2009— t Ifc’ tiv iig vmt trg it grig rti
ivtmt rti (prt I); —r t rt tim—
t crrti’ ri rgizig ivrig
avir srvi (as) (prt II).
T IedR rv mr trit i trig t
imt as, i rt t t “rtiv iti
M&e gii t t Ifc t.”122 wi Ifc i
rig t trmi riiz as ivr,
ti t rmi r i rgr, igit
rgizti i ti rit ( vrig
r immtti trtr i vr rgi; -ti rt ti
irtrtr; rit t as Is r t
itgrt i irt tt, t.).123
a t, i t ivr as m r i rgr
iti Ifc, rgizti i r t ir
t vt Taas as rt t t Ifc
prrm str.124 Ifc’ prrm str
5 (ps5) r qiiti ivtr
rttmt ti t Ifc rjt.
si, it im t vi r t t miimiz ivtr
rttmt rvr i rig trtiv
rjt ig; t mitigt vr i mi
imt rm qiiti r rtriti t
r’ ; t imrv ivig iti
mg i r trg rvii qtig it rit tr t rttmt it.
It i qit r tt Ifc/fIas Taas trit t
mr vmt tt i t m it ps5.
frm g t ig vmt t t
timt ivtmt rmti ii, Taas
r mg t rii rivr t g gr
i t vig r. wi i Ifc rjt v
g i t t, ti Rrt rg tt
g t irt ititti r Ifc
fIas riti ivtigtig t tr t Taas
rt t ivr. n gr i it it t itIfc tr--tr, rjt--rjt i, t
rtr, it i r t g t vr r
Ifc fIas vir rvi t r rrt ig
i t gritr vmt t rmti
rig ivtmt i t vig r.
wit t Ifc avir srvi rti i grig
r, it Ifc/fIas irig
gritr vmt i s-sr ari, it i
ti t tt i i t t. erg
Ifc fIas, gvrmt r rig tir rti
t rig ivtr, tr trtig t i mrigt tir ti. a rvir Ti
ait avir srvi, Ifc fIas irt
t giti i g Tir wr
tri, trr rg r i trmiig
t ivi vig tr ti. b
rtig r-ritig i giti, tiig
ivtmt rmti gi, rgig fdI
rmti, Ifc fIas i i mi
tm trgt t vig r.
Ti ait avir srvi rv
t rmt Ifc fIas’ g trg t
rtrtrig ii t t ig
ivtr-ri r t mi vmt. I
t , ti i ig i t firt wr ivtr
r t t gvrmt t tri, t
ti i r. fdI i t mgi t r
vmt rti t v t immit
rm vrt, gr, r rrm. b
rmtig ivtr t it riritizig
t i m rigt, Ifc i i it mii.
© fao/sr eitt
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Annex I
Ifc/fIAs tecHnIcAl AssIstAnce And AdVIsory
serVIces In countrIes wHere lAnd grAbs
HAVe occurred*
*wi ti Rrt rimri Taas gr tt v rr i ari, ti t i Ifc/fIas rvi rri t i
r rgi.
**Ti t i Ifc/fIas rvi tt v rri t i 2000.*** T irmti rvi t it t ggt irt rtii t Ifc/fIas rvi gr tt v rr
i tr; rtr, t t it t Ifc/fIas rvi v t t ivtmt imt i tri r
gr v rr.
benIn
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2006: amiitrtiv
brrir;a t l
fIas iti mjr miitrtiv rrir tig r rivt, mmri,
itri, riti vmt i bi. fIas trit t t tizti
immtti rrm rgrm t imrv t iti r r rivt mi
t ti r i mrt tt rmt rivt tr vmt. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Mi st ari
(rivt tr)
I tir J 2008 rrt t i itr it rr , t Itrti
Ititt r evirmt dvmt fao it vr m ig rjt, iig
300,000-400,000 m i rjt i tr bi r jit Mi-st ari vtr.
T gritr mrizti trtg immt t gvrmt bi i rrt t ivv
rg ir i r tivti, r t r i. t://t..rg/r/
/011/j224/j22400.
bRaZIl
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
I brzi, fIas ti it rgrm i rti it apex brzi, t tr’
ti ivtmt rmti g. ur t rgrm, fIas t rt it mt miti
m vr t t i ivtmt rmti. T rjt ti ti ivtmt
rmti tr r tt (bi, Mi Gri, pr, prm) v tir
it t ttrt rti fdI t tr rti mg rrt ivtr. [5]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Miti (J)
I nvmr 2007, t J gmrt Miti r 100,000 brzii rm r
rti. T i i bi, Mi Gri, Mrã. Miti gt t trgit 25% rtiiti i sa, t brzii gri trr tt rm t t . (Mtigri sa i t
iir si ig m, Mtigri aG). at t m tim, Miti gt r i
xig, tr brzi- gri trr it qrtr i sitzr, trrr t r
t Mtigri. Ti rgt Miti’ tt ivtmt i Mtigri, it it brzii ig, t
¥10 ii (us$95m). tt://.rtr.m/rti/iusT11264520071113?=tr
ci
I otr 2008, fii Tim rrt tt t ci miitr gritr tr it t
it brzi t qir rm r rti. tt://.t.m/m//0/8989-12-
11-82-00007707658.tm?i_=1
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caMbodIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
I fy09, fIas g ivtmt-rmti it-iig rjt i cmi. a rt
ti rjt, fIas ti t cmi Ivtmt br t v trr it im t
rtiig ivtr rgig i irt r t t g mi rii. [5]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
kitI agt 2008, kit’ gritr miitr ig itr it t cmi gvrmt
r tr rti. ur rrgmt, kit rvi t kmr ri
t r ri r rt t kit, it r gig t t itrti mrt.
tt://.rtr.m/rti/iukbkk33108620080822
Qtr
I M 2008, it rrt tt Qtr t ivt rimt $200 mii i cmi’
gritr tr. ur t r , Qtr rvi ig t rtr cmi’
gritr irtrtr, iig irrigti tm r vr 300,000 tr ri tig
i t rvi sv Rig, pr Vg kmg cm. tt://.rii.
m/518778-qtr--t-t-im--mi-ri-i
st kr (gvrmt
rivt tr)
It rrt i agt 2008, tt i cmi, mrt v m irig ttrtiv
t rig ivtr. fr it, t st kr gvrmt t tm, ivvig mjr
gmrt lG h, i rr t rv i cmi r r rti. tt://
gi..m/21t/tm//200808/200808290004.tm; tt://rmgr.rg/2480
ar ai tri
It rrt i nvmr 2008 tt ar ai tri i gtiti it t
cmi gvrmt i mi-2008 t rg trt rm. ag, rig i
r r tr t : mi i, ig, trt rmig.
emi i ivv “ i ”, i trt rmig
ig t trg irt trt it rmr. tt://.mt.m/
i./2008112722895/bi/frig-tri-rm-r-gritr--i-qt-r-.
tm / tt://rmgr.rg/2590
deMocRaTIc RepublIc of conGo
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2005: amii-trtiv brrirfIas t 2- miitrtiv rrir t t iti rmm ti t t
miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt. [1]
2002: Ivtmt l &
digti/Ip&p
Ias it t gvrmt t dmrti Ri t cg i immtig rt
ivtmt . It t igti t ti trtg r ttrtig fdI. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
ZTe agrii cm
lt. (ci)
arig t J 2009 rrt, ZTe agrii cm lt. t ti -mii tr
m i tti i t dmrti Ri cg r i rti. Zg pg, ZTe’
rgi mgr, t xi tt t tti i t 5 mii t m i r r, 90
rt i vrt t ii. tt://.r.rg/-gr-mtig-
-i-itit-r
nt siI M 2009, dmrti Ri cg it 10 mii tr rm
t iivi rig rmr. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=84320
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eThIopIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: lig
Ifc i vig etii’ ig tr trg ivtmt vir rvi t ti
t tr’ rt ig m. T m i t miti Ifc’ r it etii’
gvrmt t rt g rmr r ig i t tr, i trt mt
g. [6]
2009-2010: Ivtmt pi
& prmti
Ifc’ rrt trtg i etii r Ip&p rtiv vig ivtmt
rjt, rtig i-rivt rtri tt rmt mi grt, miizig irt
ivtmt t tr t m, iig grii, i rvi, t
ti, irtrtr, mtrig, trim. [6]
2000-2001: Ivtmt pi
& prmti
I 2000, fIas rvi triig t t etii Ivtmt ag t trgt it it
r ivtmt rmti. T i 2001, fIas rvi t tr’ ivtmt virmt it
i mi rt-rit fdI. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
krtri (Ii) I Jr 2010, it rrt tt krtri, bgr- Ii m, qir mr t
300,000 tr (741,000 r) i t Gm rgi etii. It g 90-r
ti . tt://.mi.m/m_tm_10_01_31.tm
biiir a-ami
(si ari)
arig t Jr 2010 rrt, t si r ig t im tir r i etii, i
trg tir rrgt, t iiir a-ami. T si tm i rtig it 15 ii r
t gvrmt si ari t i r mi t gg i gritr vtr vr.
a-ami i rmig vtr r i r r mii tr t
vri it trgt etii. tt://.mi.m/m_tm_10_01_31.tm
Ri s
I Jr 2010, Ri s Itri, t ig i i rr, mjr
rm qiiti i etii r tivti. T m ig mmrm
rtig it t etii gvrmt r tivti ttig rigit 61,775 r i Gm big Gmz tt i r 25 r. tt://
.tiii.m/2010/01/16/tri/2010011653020100.tm
GuInea bIssau
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2002-2003: Ivtmt pi
& prmti
I Jr 2010, Ri s Itri, t ig i i rr, mjr
rm qiiti i etii r tivti. T m ig mmrm
rtig it t etii gvrmt r tivti ttig rig
it 61,775 r i Gm big Gmz tt i r 25 r. tt://.tiii.m/2010/01/16/tri/2010011653020100.tm
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
ci (rivt tr)
I M 2009, it rrt tt ci’ gritr ivtmt r rig t tr rt
t ari tit - Gi bi i wt ari r ci ti vr ri
ri rimtti rm i 2009. a, i r 2007, ci ivtr g $60 mii i t
tr’ t itr, i i t iggt itri t tit.
tt://.jmt.rg/ig/?_=1&t_tt[tt_]=35042&t_tt[pi]=7&h
=419371913
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IndonesIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008: Ivtmt l;
Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas it t gvrmt Ii i rtig rgi ivtmt i ttmt
t rimir r tiig rgi ivtmt . [4]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
wimr Gr
arig t J 2008 rrt, i ivtigti it t tiviti t wimr Gr ( t
rgt m i ii rr i ai), it iti tt rimt 6,000
r i it t t m gr. I it, i sj vig, m
rr g r rimt 450 mmit rr tti i 2005-06. t://t.
.rg/r//011/j224/j22400.
bil Gr
(si ari)
I agt 2008, t bil Gr ig grmt t ivt t t us$4.3,
rtim 15 si ivtr t Mi et ft crtim, t v 500,000
ri i Ii. T im t r mti r rt t si ari, rrt ig
si . bil ri m r t rii rm “t” t sigvrmt t it t kigm’ g-trm rm trg vr vtr.
T si ri vtr i rt rgr gritr vmt rjt ivvig tt 1.6m
r t ri t miz, rgm, , gr, m i i vrt
t i. T bil Gr 15% t i t Ii m i tti miig
gmrt bri & brtr. tt://.gimgzi.m/?i=512
pt agr eri
(st kr)
I J 2008, t rgi gvrmt b, itrit Ii’ ctr si prvi,
tt st kr- pT agr eri t ivt us$2 i miz tti i
b. a grmt r r t ti 10,000 , t m
g g tig rv t ir ti t 25,000 . tt://.zi.m/
rti/3675757/s+koRean+co+To+InVesT+us2+bln+In+IndonesIan+MaIZe+planTaTIons /
tt://rmgr.rg/2434
kenya
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2004-2005: Ip&p
amiitrtiv brrir
I 2004, fIas t t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt t t rqt t k
Gvrmt. T i 2005, fIas t rvi t i t k Ivtmt prmti
at it mmtr t tt. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Qtr
I J 2009, k rrt t v ig it Qtr t r rit
vgt rti i t t t T Rivr r rt t Qtr. tt://.it.rg/it/
mmtri.m?rId=107093
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The lao people’s deMocRaTIc RepublIc
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008: Ivtmt pi &
prmti; Ivtmt l
I 2008, fIas g itig l pdR i rrmig it ivtmt , ivtmt itiv,
ivtmt rmti ti. wit fIas it, t l gvrmt g rtig
ivtmt i J 2008. [4]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
ZTe (ci)
I otr 2008 t ci tmmiti git ZTe cr rrt vig r 100,000-
i i tr l r v rti (r t) i rtri it dt
cm, lti rm. It g tt ci m i r 600,000-
i i t irrigt r r ri rti. bt rjt r m t t
ci mrt. tt://mttr.t/rivr/g/2008/09/11/-i-rt-t-r-
i-/
kit ci Ivtmt c
(kcIc)
I otr 2009, it rrt tt kit ci Ivtmt c (kcIc), kiti t mgmt
rm it it t G tt’ vrig t , r t gvrmt
l (i iti t Vitm cmi) t ivt i “rv rm.” tt://.
rii.m/569789-it-rm--i-rm-ivtmt
lIbeRIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2007: amiitrtiv brrir
drig rm t frr 2006 mii-igti rrt, i tti it t Miitri
cmmr, fi, t nti Ivtmt cmmii liri, fIas t tr
“rtrm” t it i rig t tr’ i imt. Ti rjt rig
rrir t rmizti t r ivtr t rt i liri. [1]
2006: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
T t liri pi privt str dig t miti ri tiviti tt
g i 2006 t rt t r iti r mig i virmt r
t rmti mti rig ivtmt. [4]
2006: digti
a rt wbG-i igti mii, fIas t tgtr privt str dvmt
(psd) g r t gvrmt liri. fIas rrm “swaT” igti t
ivtmt imt, r tr fIas rt t i trt rr, t/tm,
tr-i iig rr. [1].
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
li ari Ivtmt
prti ( sitzr-
iir li’ vrig
t )
I dmr 2007, it rrt tt t li ari Ivtmt prti t us$30m it miv ri rjt i liri trg it nGo, t fti r ari dvmt
ai. T liri gvrmt grt t jit m, ada/lap I, i
vr 17,000 t r ri r t itrti mrt. tt://ri.m/
tri/200712171703.tm
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MadaGascaR
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2007: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas rvi vi tiig Ivtmt prmti ag (Ipa) t tr’
emi dvmt br. [3]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
d lgiti
(st kr)
I nvmr 2008, t st kr rm d lgiti t tr it 99-r
mii tr i Mgr t gr 5m t r r 2023 r m
i rm rtr 120,000 tr (296,000 r). T trg, vr, i Jr
2009 t ivi . tt://.gri../virmt/2008/v/22/-i--
gr
MalI
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas rt t Mi Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm t immt rgtr ititti
rrm i t grii, trim miig tr, i rr t timt rivt ivtmt. [2]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Vri
arig t dmr 2009 rrt, Mi rv g-trm r ti ivtr t
v mr t 160,000 tr . ar rv i jit 10,000
rjt t ptrt agrMi t r ii t rm jtr r eu
tri, t us, egt. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=87284
MoZaMbIQue
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2001: amiitrtiv brrirfIas rvi t tr’ gr i virmt r fdI it t jtiv ttig
rr, trtgi rrm g i rti it t wr b. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
ctr ari Miig
erti cm (uk)
T Mzmi gvrmt r ii t ttrt rg- ivtmt i i. I
2008 t gvrmt ig trt it t l- ctr ari Miig erti
cm (caMec) r rg it rjt, pr. T rjt ivv t ti
30,000 i Migir itrit r gr tti tr t r 120 mii
itr t r. t://t..rg/r//011/j224/j22400.
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nIGeRIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas rt t nigri dig bi prgrm t rt t gvrmt nigri i itiig
immtig rrm t imrv t ivtmt imt t t -ti v. [2]
2007: amiitrtiv brrir
fIas it t nigri gvrmt i itiig -ti v rrm ririti r imrvig
t ivtmt imt tiv immtig t -ti dig bi igti t
i-rivt i ig mg tr. [1]
2001-2002: Ivtmt pi
& prmti
I 2001, fIas t t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt rvi igti
mt t nigri Ivtmt prmti cmmii (nIpc) t artr ar
(lg). stti ggti r m trig t t rviit t trtg trtr
t cmmii. T i 2002, fIas it i t immtti t rmmti r
trgtig t nIpc. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
cp Gr (Ti)
I Jr 2010, ivtr rm Ti’ cp Gr rm tir itti t ivt i ri rtii nigri, mg tr gritr rt r. T tm, m gmrt r
t gr, mt it t mgmt t nigri Ivtmt prmti cmmii (nIpc) i
aj r t r tir itrt, rtir i ig nigri t rvm it ri rti
-tr. tt://.grgri.m/i/rti03//i2_tm?t=290110&tit=
Ti%20ivtr%20t%20itrt%20i%20nigri%27%20ri%20itr
Tr4mti agri-T lt
(uk)
I 2008, it rrt tt tr mr t i mt gtiti, uk- m
Tr4mti agrit lt (T4M) ig 25-r trt t gr ri i nigri. T rjt
t tivt 30,000 tr i t nigr dt r miz rmig r rg-
mmri ri, v, tr it r rti rig.
tt://.trivt.gv./ti/mgr/ti/tr;jii=kQ74z7Qt39y7Qh9g
hvGvp7v55cd3jcb311QvT2n7z!46671737!none?_=tr&griVir_2_tiovrri=%2f%2frtt%2fgriVir%2fcttItm&_il=griVir_
2&griVir_2vigtipgI=%2fgritr&griVir_2vigticttpt=%2fbea
+Ritr%2f342%2f429118&_gl=strT1
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pakIsTan
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2006-2008: privt str
dvmt
Ifc fIas v gg i mr tiviti t imrv pit’ ivtmt imt. I
2006, ig ii it fIas, t gvrmt pit ti emi Rrm
uit (eRu) t rt it iti t Miitr fi r rivt tr vmt (psd)
rgtr i rmti immtti. T i 2008, fIas rvi mrivv-i i t tr. Ifc ti t it t pit bi ci’ rt i
imrvig pit’ i ig virmt. [4]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
arj (uae)
arig t nvmr 2008 rrt, arj cit, rivt qit rm mgig us$5 t,
tgtr it t uae gvrmt, qir m 800,000 r (t 324,000 )
“rr” rm i pit t 2007-2008 t r ri t r rt t uae. arj
i trt ivtig i ir rmig ir rig rm it us$250m pit f.
tt://.-i-.m/t-ti/-rii-rtiti.tm
a di Gr, egr
cmi, t uk
drtmt r Itrti
dvmt (dfId), si
ari’ a Ri, Zri
Trqiti b, emirt
Ivtmt Gr
I ari 2008, ivtr, ititti, trrr gtr t t rt Mi et-pit
agritr dir Ivtmt frm r t g vr $3 i ivtmt t pit’
gritr ir tr, i vt tt t t Mit Jmir ari 29, 2008.
prtiit i t frm i t a di Gr, i i ttig gr mi
mig iti gri-ir ivtmt i pit; egr cmi, i i ivtig $1.6 i
t tr vr t t tr r; t uk drtmt r Itrti dvmt (dfId), i
grt r $50m t rjt r ir gritr ivtmt i t rvi pj;
si ari’ a Ri, i r itrt i rig tmt t, itr ,
rm pit; Zri Trqiti b; emirt Ivtmt Gr, i rti
ivtmt i i rvi r tt trgtig pit. tt://.mi.m/155498.
tm
Qtr (rivt tr)
I dmr 2008, Qtri rm rrt ig t qiiti pit gvrmt’
krr rm i pj t r t rt t Qtr. T pit frmr frm
tt i t Qtri gt t , it m it 25,000 vig. tt://..m/2008/12/15/
r17.tm
Qtr livt (Mi)
It rrt i J 2008 tt Qtr livt (Mi) mmitt us$1 t
v itri ivt rm i pit. tt://.tti./rti/20080608/
busIness/290093676/1005
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phIlIppInes
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008-2009: Ivtmt pi
& prmti
I t piii, fIas r it t tr’ br Ivtmt (boI) t strtgi
Ivtr atrr prgrm (sIap) t trt iig g-trm rtii it ivtr. si
t rgrm ti, t br Ivtmt rig it t 50
t tr’ rgt rig ivtr iti ii tti ivtmt rt timt $1 ii. si t itrti t rgrm, fIas t piii iti
m 200 i rtiti r ivtmt. [4, 5]
2002-2006: Itiv/
Ivtmt pi &
prmti
I 2002, fIas t rvi t tr’ ivtmt itiv giti. I 2006, it
it rm MIGa, fIas rvi it r t vmt rig ivtmt rtti,
i, ivriti (Red) rgrm it t br Ivtmt.
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
a-Qr
(uit ar emirt)
arig t dmr 2008 rrt, a-Qr hig, uae ivtmt rm, t qir
400,000 r 2009 t r t, miz, ri, vgt ivt i vr
tri iig t piii. T t qir trg mitr 20–30r , i, trigt r. tt://..m/2008/12/15/r17.tm
f c. (ci)
I otr 2007, it rrt tt t piii gvrmt i t t ci’ Jii f
agritr si Tg dvmt c., lt. (f c.) m mii tr
piii r vg trm. T r vr t tt piii gritr . T
dt. agritr tt t mmrm rtig (Mou) it t ci m
i jt iti trtg t mt t rtmt’ g r t Mim Trm piii
dvmt p (MTpdp), i i t v t mii tr gritr . f c.
it t t ri ri, r, rgm i t . T trt i t t rig i
t us$3.87 ii i ivtmt. tt://.gm.tv/tr/64800/nr-Gvt--
1/10t--Rp-gritr--t-ci-rm
papua new GuInea
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: si emi
Z
Ifc’ rgrm i p n Gi iig i irtrtr, ig t i
virmt, grig rr trri trim, i itgrtig ivtmt vir
rvi rvr i. [8]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Mr Rg, tr
I Jr 2010, pnG’ agritr drtmt i mr rig mti ivtr r itrt
i gritr tti p, ci, si ari, sigr r g
vtrig rtiti t ivt i tt rjt t i. Rrt, ivtmt i
irt mi t Mr Rg r t gvrmt rr 500,000 tr it
tt tti t 1.5 mii tr. T r i mt it r ri , i rti
r r gri r. tt://.tmitrtiv.m/g/i/2010/01/20/r,20100120-
220343,.tm
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RussIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas r t imrv t ivtmt imt t t r, rgi, mii v i t
Ri frti. I rti it t wr b it ig rm dfId, fIas it
rgi r t str fr ditrit, rtir t t-it rtir ri t
nrt c (nrt oti-ai, krv-cri, ag), r fIas t ivtmt imt. I Rtv ot, fIas t r mitrig t rgi
i virmt tt mtrt t tgi imrvmt m i t rt r
mitrig i 2003-04. [5]
2007: a t l
fIas vi giti i Ri (t i J 2007) t t mr vr timtig
trm rr r -t rig t triti t iriz mrt r mmri
2010. [3]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
b ert frmig
(s)
b ert frmig (bef) i m rig rm ig rm i Ri’ tr rgi
r t r mrt. a mi-2008, bef 331,000 Ri rm r it tr,
i 143,600 rvt i 2008. I otr 2009, it rrt tt b ert frmig
t trt rtig gri gi rr it trr rtiizr ir. tt://
.gg.m/t//rti/alqM5JhcIk1nlRzmgzknzI1cxsj8; tt://.
mrg.m//?i=riv&i=._MuTVV4
at agr (s)
a mi 2008, at agr tr 128,800 Ri rm it vr ivtmt
us$230m. It trgt r t 2008 200,000 , i 50,000 – vr 150,000 t –
rvt. T m i qi ig vig t rti, i ig
i uri. tt://.iiir.m/t-gr/r-r-3-2
agri (liti)
I stmr 2008, agri Gr, t rgt gritr ivtmt vmt m i
t bti tt, qir 75 rt r i Zao agrrm i Ri. T iiti jtiv r
rrt t rm gritr qir rti iiti. ngtiti r
g rir t stmr 2008 it vr rt mi rig iv i t r rrmig. T mt t mi tivt 11,000 . tt://.gri.t///
gri-gr-tr-ri/
hi hv Itri
(st kr)
I ari 2009, hi hv Itri it t r ig trt Ri
rm t rt vr trtg i i kr rm r ig tir tr r t
i. T m gr t qir 67.6 rt t i kr Zr, r rtr
10,000 tr (24,700 r) rm i Ri’ fr et, r 6.5 mii r. T rm
i it t t rm t r 60,000 t r 2014. tt://.
gg.m/t//rti/alqM5indmIb_q2sfmxsomVvZa
Rwanda
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIAS
PROjECT IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas ti t R Ivtmt cimt prgrm t imrv t rgtr virmt, i
ititti, ttrt rivt tr rtiiti i tr r R mrtiv
vtg. [2]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
nt siI M 2009, R rgrm t iti “it“ r r
i t rig ivtr. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=84320
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sIeRRa leone
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas ti t sirr l bi frm, i im t rt t gvrmt’ rrm
rt rviig trm r t rivt tr t rmt ivtmt-ri ii t
itiz t gvrmt t gr i imrtt i i. [2]
2003-2007: digti,
Ip&p, Ivtmt l;
amiitrtiv brrir
I 2003, fIas rvi t g rii, tt, rit t rt Ivtmt l. T
i 2004, fIas t igti rvi t tr’ ivtmt imt tmizig t
rmmti r t-it virmt. Ti 2005 mt itiig
miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt rmtig ti t rmv t rrir. I
2007, giti tiig ivtmt rmti g (Ipa) t r grig
ri m mg tr gvrmt r rt i imrvig tir dig bi
rig. [1,3]
2007: a t l
fIas i rti it MIGa pep-ari, ig it i t immtti t
ititti ti ig i sirr l. frtr, fIas vi t rrm rig
ti ri giti i sirr l, t rt tri i ari t itr
giti. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
a birg
(sitzr)
arig t frr 2009 rrt, t gvrmt sirr l ig us$400 mii
grmt it si- a birg, t r 100,000 i mtr it rm
gr iti t r . tt://rri./r//itzr/rigig-j-rg-t-
irr--r-tr-.tm?17958
si ari
I dmr 2009, sirr l ig Mmrm urtig it si ari r si
ivtmt i t rti ri r m mti rt. tt://.irrrmi.
m/riv/4246
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sudan
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2009: a t l
I s, fIas it t imrv i i rgitrti rti i t
t rgitr rrt r rig ivtr: t gvrmt itr rti i t t
g i ri (t 25 rt rrt v rm 100 rt); t t
r t 50 rt rrt v rm 70 rt, t t rr rgitrti r t 25 rt v rm 50 rt. T tim t ti rtit ri
rm t l atrit r 6 . [5]
2007: amiitrtiv brrir
I s, t gvrmt t fIas rmmti rgtr imiti, iig
rti i t r tt t rt t 10 rt i ititti rrm, trg
priti dr i J 2007. s imrv it dig bi rig i 2007 t
“trig r rr” iitr ttig rt tim 17 , imrt tim 29 ,
rig t mr rt imrt mt rqir 5 6, rtiv. [3]
a i 2007, fIas it t gvrmt s i imrvig t tr’ ivtmt imt
trg riritiz rrm rgrm qt t t amiitrtiv brrir Rvi i
Mr 2006. [1]
2007: Ivtmt pi &
prmti; Ivtmt l
fIas, tgtr it pep-ari MIGa, it t gvrmt str s i vig
immtig ivtmt imt rrm rgrm i ririt r. T ivtmt imt tm
rvi rt 11 i giti. T t giti rt ti r t
timt ivtmt rmti g (Ipa) r str s. Ifc t wr b
t rgi gvrmt i rgizig ivtr r. [1]
2006: amiitrtiv brrir
fIas t rvi miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i s, iig mii-igti
ivtmt trit i str s, rt ig t psd pi cr i
srig 2006. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
fr ItrtiIvtmt c.
(si ari)
arig t Jr 2010 rrt, fr Itrti Ivtmt c., t ivtmt rm t
Imi cmr cmmr Itr, trt t t it jtiv rizig riti t Imi tri it ti ig it rt rjt t itgrt gritr
t i s. cm’ rt rjt, a-fi Itgrt agritr prjt, i
s’ sr stt it ivtmt mr t 750 mii ri (u$ 200 mii). tt://.
viii.m/m.?m=n&=rti&i=53198
kit
o stmr 7, 2008, kit’ Miitr fi ig t i s trrt
“git” trtgi rtri it t gvrmt i krtm. ur t grmt, t t
i t ivt jit i rti tt rti. tt://.it.m/
gi/2008-11/12/tt_10348524.tm
Jr (gvrmt rivt tr)
I Jr 2010, it rrt tt Jr rig t ttrt rig ivtr t
Jri gritr mg-rjt i s. T gvrmt’ r i rrt
t , rgi itrti mi itrt i t m, t i r i
rt t t s gvrmt. T r, piii m it rtii tri r ir t vr t tivti r. ovr, t rjt i t
t rvi Jr it 800,000 t t 800,000 t r r r, i iti t
200,000 t tr r r. tt://.z.m/mrtig.m?z&=/tr.m/
iZawya20100122071050/j/:%20Gv’t%20%20ivtr%20r%20s%20rjt?
Qtr (gvrmt
rivt tr)
I J 2008, Qtr s t rmti jit ig m i i t
Qtri gvrmt- Z hig c. t r t, r i. tt://.
i.m/tr-vmt/mi-vmt-rr/11783838-1.tm
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sudan
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Qtr livt (Mi)
I agt 2008, t Qtr cm r Mt livt Trig (Mi) ig mmrm
rtig it t gvrmt s t rtr ivt rmig i t tr.
T m r ti rm i tr s. tt://.g-tim.m/it/
ti/rti.?_=2&itm_=235030&vri=1&tmt_i=36&rt_i=16
ZTe (ci)
I Mr 2010, t ci m ZTe riv ti rimt 10,000 tr
rm t Miitr agritr s. T im t tig rti t
miz. ZTe i tg m t it ivt i gritr i s, etii, r
i ari. tt://.tri.m/i.?rti34444
hadco (si ari)
I frr 2009, Rtr rrt tt hi agritr dvmt cm (hadco), si
grii rm, 25,000 r (10,117 ) r us$95m rt krtm t r t
r r rt t si ari. tt://.g.m/it/itr/narivdti.
?=85018
st kr (rivt tr)
a t 2008, t s gvrmt mmitt 690,000 r s. krt gr t r rt m. prti t trt i 2009 trg jit vtr
t kr, s, ar rm 84,000- rm. tt://174.143.70.126/rti/
tr-tri/5237-g8--t-rt--.tm
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TanZanIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2005: l lig
Ifc rt ig i Tzi r rti mmt t. bt t rt ig
t mmt r mitt t t gvrmt Tzi. [7]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
privt m (uae) vi
pr Mir agritr f
arig t Jr 2010 rrt, uit ar emirt (uae) m – trg pr Mir
agritr f – i ig 98-r vt trt rm i Tzi t gr ri i rr
t r i r t G tri. T m t qir 50,000 tr rim
i Tzi ti r. tt://.ti..tz
cit cit (egt)
a frr 2010 rrt iit tt cir- rivt qit rm, cit cit, t ivt
t $200 $400 mii i et ari (Tzi, k ug). T m’ irtt, M. siit Zr, t t di n tt t ivtmt t mi t
gritr tr, it Tzi’ ‘kiim kz’ iititiv tig tr tg. tt://ri.m/
tri/201002020357.tm
cgqig s cr (ci)
I 2008, ci’ cgqig s cr tt it t 300 r rti
ri ri i Tzi. T m i it t trt t rti t rmr
rt t rvt t ci. cgqig g imir rjt i nigri l i 2006. tt://.
ii.m./izi/2008-05/09/tt_6674352.tm
s, t uit kigm,
Grm, Mi
(rivt tr)
I J 2008, it rrt tt t rim miitr Tzi t-trig gr rti
t mmt si ivtr ig r 400,000 i t wmi bi, t tr’
mjr t, t t gr r t. Vri tr r r gig ti r
jtr m i tivti, iig vri miti tti tgrr, v
rrt rm irt rt t tr, ivvig ivtr rm s, t uit kigm,
Grm, Mi tr tri. lrg- jtr tivti m it it
igit gtiv imt r gr. fr m, mtimii r jtr
tti r briti rm i t kir itrit Tzi rrt t ivv
qirig 9,000 t rig 11 vig i, rig t t 2002 ti
, r m t 11,277 . t://t..rg/r//011/j224/j22400.
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uGanda
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2007: Ivtmt pi &
prmtifIas ‘Ivtr otr prgrm’ i ug. [4]
2003-2004: amiitrtiv
brrir
I 2003, fIas r vir r “Ivtmt prmti strtg” “T & Itiv”ig amiitrtiv brrir rvi i ug. T i 2004, ati p v
it it rm fIas, t ari psd Rgi, t trrt tm. fIas rvi t
miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i i tig rt-rit
tr. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
ci (rivt tr)
I ari 2008, it rrt tt prit yri Mvi rvi ci ivtr it 10,000
r (4,046 ) i ug t rm 400 ci rmr ig imrt ci
. T rjt i vr li Jij, rmr ci gvrmt i t
ci–ari bi ci. tt://.ri./dti/16472.tm
egt
I frr 2010, egt, t r’ t t imrtr, rrt i it vtig tr ti
r grig t i ug i i t gr it t t. tt://.rtr.m/rti/
ivtign/iafJoe61e0ln20100215
kit
I ari 2008, rig t wr Imi emi frm, t gvrmt kit
us$100m “digit livig”. T i ivt i rti grii
vmt i ug, mg tr (rrt) tri, t t Mi et mrt. T
t i t iig rt irtrtr iti. tt://ri.
m/tri/200806180188.tm
VIeTnaM
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2008: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas Ifc bi avir srvi r t Vitm l prgrm. T rgrm
r rrir t t rvii ti v t i ig . fIas it
gvrmt i t h b ni rvi i imiig rr r qirig, rgitrig,
vig . at t ti v, fIas i rviig rti t t gvrmt
. [3]
2007: Ivtmt pi &
prmti
fIas rvi it t Vitm’ frig Ivtmt ag i vig mim-trm
trtgi . [4]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
Qtr
I stmr 2008, t gvrmt Qtr Vitm ig grmt t jit t
us$1 ivtmt , it us$900m t qit mig rm t QIa, Qtr’ vrig t
. T trrt i Vitm’ stt cit Ivtmt cr. prt t i ivt i
rti i Vitm r rt t Qtr. tt://.g-tim.m/it/ti/ritarti.
?_=2&itm_=239183&vri=1&tmt_i=36&rt_i=16
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ZaMbIa
YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT
IFC/FIAS SERVICE
2004-2005: amiitrtiv
brrir; Ivtmt l,
Ip&p
I 2004, fIas rvi gi t t gvrmt Zmi i t ig immtti
rrm rgrm r miitrtiv rrir t ir ivtmt i tivit. T i
2004-2005, fIas rvi r mitt t Zmi Ivtmt ctr r mmt t
Ivtmt at, r g i t ivtmt trtg i r r-itrti ivtmtitiv. [1]
LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS
at frmig, ct
cit (uk)
It rrt i nvmr 2009 tt at frmig rtr it uk- ct cit t
ivt i rg- rmig i Zmi. T jit vtr t Zmi t i-trt ivtmt
i t gritr tr i ari t, mg tr tr, iti tiit, ivr grmi
iti, rrm i 1995. T rig ivtr v i t t t vtr i
Mi i ctr prvi. tt://.mmgi./i.?i=1&i=8&ir=2009/nvmr/
Tr5
us, uit ar emirt
J 2009 rrt rv tt mi rm t us t uae r itrt i tiig rg
rm i Zmi t gr gr gri. atg grig mr ivtmtr v rv trvri, agritr Miitr bri cit t Rtr tt Zmi
m vi tt tr t iti. h i u.s. m r t
ivt m $200 mii i gr rti t m t. cit tt Zmi
115,000 tr rim it r gr rti. h i di m
t gr ri r t. tt://.rtr.m/rti/ivtign/iafJoe55b0Mb20090612
egtI M 2009, it rrt tt egt t rm i Zmi r miz grig im
rti. tt://ri.m/tri/200905200283.tm
[1] fIas rjt i s-sr ari ( r). frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas). tt://.i.rg/it/./ctt/fIas_prjt_s-sr_ari
[2] s-sr ari avir srvi, crrt prgrm. Itrti fi crrti (Ifc). tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/crrtprgrm.
[3] fIas a Rrt, fy07
[4] fIas a Rrt, fy08
[5] fIas a Rrt, fy09
[6] “Ifc e dvmt R t etii.” s-sr ari, n & Mi. tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/Ifc_etii.
[7] “T seco- Ifc Tzi lig prgrm.” Ifc ari. tt://.i.rg/it/tz./ctt/hm.
[8] “Ifc i p n Gi.” Ifc et ai & pi. tt://.i.rg/it/ti./ctt/pnG.
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Annex II
Ifc PerformAnce stAndArds on
socIAl And enVIronmentAl sustAInAbIlIty*
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 1: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONmENTAL ASSESSmENT AND mANAGEmENT SYSTEm
1. prrm str 1 rr t imrt mgig i virmt rrm trgt
t i rjt ( i tivit tt i jt t mt mgmt). a tiv i
virmt mgmt tm i mi, ti r iitit mgmt ivvig
mmiti t t it, it rr, t mmiti irt t t rjt (t t
mmiti). drig t mt t ti i mgmt r “, immt,
, t,” t tm ti t trg mt tti i virmt imt ri
rm t r tg rjt vmt, rvi rr it r mitigtig mgig t
gig i. a g mgmt tm rrit t t iz tr rjt rmt
ti i virmt rrm, t imrv i, i virmt
rjt tm.
T ojtiv prrm str 1 r t iti i virmt imt, t vr
i, i t rjt’ r i; t vi, r r vi i t i, miimiz, mitigt, r
mt r vr imt rr, t mmiti, t virmt; t r tt t
mmiti r rrit gg i tt tti t tm; t rmt imrv i
virmt rrm mi trg t tiv mgmt tm.
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 2: LABOR AND WORkING CONDITIONS
1. prrm str 2 rgiz tt t rit mi grt trg mmt rti im
grti it rtti r i rigt rr. fr i, t rr i v
t, rr-mgmt rtii i igrit t t tiiit t trri. fir
t ti tr rr- mgmt rtii rmi rr mmitmt rtti,
jriz rjt. cvr, trg trtiv rr-mgmt rtii, trtig t
rr ir rviig tm it t rig iti, it m rt tgi t, mt t i rtivit tir rti.
2. T rqirmt t t i ti prrm str v i rt gi mr itrti
vti gtit trg t Itrti lr orgizti (Ilo) t uit nti (un).
T ojtiv prrm str 2 r t ti, miti imrv t rr-mgmt rtii;
t rmt t ir trtmt, -irimiti q rtit rr, mi it ti
r mmt ; t rtt t rr rig i r r r; t rmt
t rig iti, t rtt rmt t t rr.
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 3: POLLuTION PREVENTION AND ABATEmENT
1. prrm str 3 rgiz tt ir itri tivit rizti t grt ir v ti t ir, tr, tt m trt t virmt t t , rgi, g v.
o t tr , g it itrti tr, ti rvti tr tgi rti v
m mr i iv i virt rt t r. Ti prrm str ti rjt
r t ti rvti tmt i i it t itrti imit tgi
rti. I iti, ti prrm str rmt t rivt tr’ iit t itgrt tgi
rti r tir i ti i i t-tiv i t tt rjt tt
ri mmri vi i rr.
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T ojtiv prrm str 33 r t vi r miimiz vr imt m t t
virmt viig r miimizig ti rm rjt tiviti; t rmt t rti mii
tt trit t imt g.
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 4: COmmuNITY HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECuRITY
1. prrm str 4 rgiz tt rjt tiviti, qimt, irtrtr t rig t t
mmiti iig mmt, rvi, rtiti r mi vmt. hvr, rjt
ir t tti r mmit r t ri imt riig rm qimt it, trtr
ir, r zr mtri. cmmiti m t imt tir tr rr,
r t i, t rit r. wi gig t i triti’ r i rmtig
t t, t rit t i, ti prrm str r t it’ riiit t vi
r miimiz t ri imt t mmit t, t rit tt m ri rm rjt tiviti. T
v ri imt ri i ti prrm str m grtr i rjt t i it
t-it r.
T ojtiv prrm str 4 r t vi r miimiz ri t imt t t t
t mmit rig t rjt i rm t rti -rti irmt; t r tt
t grig r rrt i rri t i gitimt mr tt vi r miimiz ri t t
mmit’ t rit.
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 5: LAND ACquISITION AND INVOLuNTARY RESETTLEmENT
1. Ivtr rttmt rr t t i imt (rti r tr) t mi
imt ( t r t t tt t im r r m ivi) rt
rjt-rt qiiti. Rttmt i ir ivtr t iivi r mmiti
t v t rigt t r qiiti tt rt i imt. Ti r i : (i) rriti
r rtriti mit mi; ii) gtit ttmt i i t r rrt t
rriti r im g rtriti i gtiti it t r i.
2. u rr mg, ivtr rttmt m rt i g-trm ri imvrimt r
t r mmiti, virmt mg i tr i r t i t v
i. fr t r, ivtr rttmt vi r t t miimiz. hvr, r
it i vi, rrit mr t mitigt vr imt i r t mmiti
r immt. eri mtrt tt t irt ivvmt t it i
rttmt tiviti rt i t-tiv, it, tim immtti t tiviti,
ivtiv r t imrvig t ivi t t rttmt.
3. ngtit ttmt vi rriti imit t t gvrmt trit t rmv
ri. ngtit ttmt iv rviig ir rrit mti
tr itiv r t t t r r mmiti, mitigtig t ri mmtr irmti
rgiig r. cit r rg t qir rigt trg gtit ttmt rvr i,
v i t v t g m t gi t t itt t r’ t.
T ojtiv prrm str 5 r t vi r t t miimiz ivtr rttmt rvr i rig trtiv rjt ig; t mitigt vr i mi imt rm qiiti r
rtriti t r’ : (i) rviig mti r t t rmt t;
(ii) rig tt rttmt tiviti r immt it rrit ir irmti, tti,
t irm rtiiti t t; t imrv r t t rtr t ivi tr ivig
i r; t imrv ivig iti mg i r trg rvii qt ig
it rit tr t rttmt it.
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PERFORmANCE STANDARD 6: BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SuSTAINABLE NATuRAL RESOuRCE
mANAGEmENT
1. prrm str 6 rgiz tt rttig rvig iivrit—t vrit i i it rm,
iig gti, i tm ivrit— it iit t g vv, i mt t ti
vmt. T mt iivrit, i t cvti bigi divrit, i tm
itt, i mmiti, g gm, i v i, mi, tr
iti imrt. Ti prrm str rt t jtiv t cvti bigi divrit
t rv igi ivrit rmt r tr rr i ti mr. Ti
prrm str r it vi r mitigt trt t iivrit riig rm tir rti
ti mg r tr rr.
T jtiv prrm str 6 r t rtt rv iivrit; t rmt t ti
mgmt tr rr trg t ti rti tt itgrt rvti
vmt ririti.
FORmANCE STANDARD 7: INDIGENOuS PEOPLES
1. prrm str 7 rgiz tt Iig p, i gr it ititi tt r itit
rm mit gr i ti iti, r t mg t mt mrgiiz vr gmt tti. Tir mi, i g tt t imit tir it t tir itrt i, rigt t,
tr tr rr, m rtrit tir iit t rtiit i t rm vmt.
T r rtir vr i tir rr r trrm, r tir, r
igit gr. Tir gg, tr, rigi, irit i, ititti m r trt.
T rtriti Iig p t irt t ri vrit imt, iig
itit, tr, tr rr- ivi, r t imvrimt i.
2. privt tr rjt m rt rtiti r Iig p t rtiit i, t rm, rjt-
rt tiviti tt m tm tir irti r mi i vmt. I iti, ti
prrm str rgiz tt Iig p m r i ti vmt rmtig
mgig tiviti trri rtr i vmt.
T jtiv prrm str 7 r t r tt t vmt r tr rt r tigit, m rigt, irti, tr tr rr- ivi Iig p; t vi
vr imt rjt mmiti Iig p, r vi i t i, t miimiz,
mitigt, r mt r imt, t rvi rtiti r vmt t, i tr
rrit mr; t ti miti gig rtii it t Iig p t
rjt trgt t i t rjt; t tr g it gtiti it irm rtiiti Iig
p rjt r t t triti r tmr r t Iig p;
t rt rrv t tr, g rti Iig p.
PERFORmANCE STANDARD 8: CuLTuRAL HERITAGE
1. prrm str 8 rgiz t imrt tr ritg r rrt tr grti. citt
it t cvti crig t prtti t wr ctr ntr hritg, ti prrm str
im t rtt irr tr ritg t gi it rttig tr ritg i t r tir
i rti. I iti, t rqirmt ti prrm str rjt’ tr ritg
r i rt tr t t cvti bigi divrit.
T ojtiv prrm str 8 r t rtt tr ritg rm t vr imt rjt tiviti
rt it rrvti; t rmt t qit rig t rm t tr ritg i
i tiviti.
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references
1 ei, s. “bi-stt Rti i t cmmri Ri,” Jr
piti pi, 2 (2): 115–139.
2 l gr – t r vt trt rm r, vig
tri tir, -ir ti rivt ivtr – v
m ir m, it rig itrt ig rrig t 37 mii 49 mii r rm t
2006 t mi 2009. fr mr irmti t gr,
rivr, tr ivv, imiti l Gr, “T Grt
l Gr: R r wr’ frm Trt f srit r t
pr.” T o Ititt.
tt://.ititt.rg//lGr__..
3 “fii crii: wt t wr b i dig.” T wr b.
tt://.r.rg/irii/iititiv.tm.
4 “agritr f srit Iititiv Gi Mmtm t G20, wr
b-IMf Mtig.” otr 21, 2009.
5 M, f. “pi & prgrmm R t hig f pri.”
frtmig o Ititt piti, 2010.
6 fr gr irmti Ifc’ r i t gr m,
. 6-9 “T Grt l Gr: R r wr’ frm Trt-
f srit r t pr.” T o Ititt. wr’ frmTrt f srit r t pr.” T o Ititt. tt://.
ititt.rg//lGr__..
7 si- nGo, GRaIn, t rt t t rm t
gr tr. fr miti gr-rt mi, GRaIn’
i rig. tt://rmgr.rg.
8 T wr b Gr (wbG) i ititti mri v i-
rt gi. Ti, rr t t “wr b” t
ti t itrti i ititti, i rvi g-trm,
itrt-r t vig tt’ gvrmt t i v-
mt. I rit, t t v wbG titi ti ti, t
Itrti b r Rtrti dvmt (IbRd) t
Itrti dvmt aiti (Ida). Tir mii r t gt
vrt m ig tt i t r’ mi im
t r’ rt tri, rtiv. I iti, t Itrti
ctr r sttmt Ivtmt dit (IcsId) i wbG g,i rvi iiti r t iiti ritrti ivt-
mt it t mmr tri iivi ivtr. T
Mtitr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa) i tr t v
rii gi t wr b Gr, ti t rmt
rig irt ivtmt (fdI) i vig tri irig iv-
tr git iti ri, viig gvrmt ttrtig ivtmt,
rig irmti trg -i ivtmt irmti rvi,
mitig it t ivtr gvrmt. T Itr-
ti fi crrti (Ifc) i t t g, r it
mgmt i t frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas).
9 “prt-rit” i t v (mtim i) ‘dig crtri-
ti’ igigt i Ifc rtti. T tr i: (1) prtiit
i rivt tr vtr; (2) sr m ri tr ivtr;
(3) h mrt riig ii; (4) d t t gvrmt gr-
t. (atr rtriti mtim i ‘Ivt i eqit’.) s
.g. “fiig Trg Ifc.” Ifc 2006 G eti cr.wigt, dc. tt://.i.rg/it/./attmtbTit/
e_06_Mc/$fIle/Mc_Ifc+fiig..
10 T wbG’ gr mt i vrt rti, “ wbG ititti
itit r i t mii t gt vrt imrv ivig t-
r r i t vig r.” s T wr b Gr,
tt://.rgr.rg.
11 s “wt i t wr b Gr?” ctr r Itrti evirm-
t l. tt://.i.rg/I/IfI_wb_Gr.tm.
12 fIas a Rrt, fy07.
13 fIas a Rrt, fy07.
14 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J 2007,
. 6.
15 I 2009, Ifc t cit-at stt i ari (casa)
prgrm t r irtrtr, r j rt,
miim rt r m i. Ifc i ig t t gr
itgrtig avir srvi t v tr trtgi, i
riti it it rtr i t wr b Gr.
16 I wbG’ dig bi rig, mi r r tir
ig i, rm 1 – 183, it rt ig t t. a ig
rig t ig i i m t rgtr vi-
rmt i iv t t rti i. Ti i vrg
t tr’ rti rig 10 ti ( ‘prttig Iv-
tr’, ‘Trig ar brr’, t.), m vrit iitr,
givig q igt t ti. fr mr irmti, tt://.
igi.rg.
17 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 17.
18 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 20.
19 I fy09, fIas i t g t trmig rm “rrm” t
“rt”.
20 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . iv.
21 .g., a ciri, Rri, bir (2005). If rich countries really
cared about development, Itrti ctr r Tr sti
dvmt. s , T lt dv ctri Rrt 2009.
T uit nti cr Tr dvmt. tt://.
t.rg///2009_..
22 “l r Rrmr: h t l, Immt, sti Rg-
tr Rrm.” T wr b Gr, Ivtmt cimt avir
srvi, 2009. . 1.
23 T Ifc it ti mr tt rvi gi
t mmit t t rrm mitr
vt rgr, vi t rrm i iig
r rviig virmt, t, t vi t i-.
24 Ifc t t rt t- trtg r it vir i-
. It, it t v itgrt g rgi
trtgi r Ifc . Ivtmt rvi vir rvi
r vi mmtr t r rig t m trtgi j-
tiv. s “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti.
Irm Mtig. M 14, 2009.
25 “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti. Irm
Mtig. M 14, 2009.
26 Ibid.
27 It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt (IedR). “k-
g r privt str dvmt.” It evti Gr,
2009. . 35.
28 Ibid.
29 Ida tri r t i riv it rm t wr b
Gr’ Itrti dvmt aiti. Ida t t r’
79 rt tri, 39 i r i ari.
30 “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti. Irm
Mtig. M 14, 2009.
31 fr it fIas rt, “Mi- ut t Immt-
ti fIas’ fy08-11 strtg”. fIas cttiv cmmitt dr
Mtig. nvmr, 2009.
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32 fr mr irmti Rgtr simiti, fIas a
Rrt, fy09, . 17-21; r Doing Business iitr, tt://.
igi.rg.
33 fIas a Rrt, fy09.
34 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 21-23.
35 fIas a Rrt, fy 07, . 26.
36 fIas a Rrt, fy 09, . 21.
37 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J
2007, . 16.
38 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J
2007, . 34.
39 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 22.
40 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-
t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009. tt://.i.rg/it/
ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.
41 dvmt crti Rrt 2005, oecd dac, 111. tt://.
.rg/mt/35/0,3343,_2649_33721_36052835_1_1_1_1,00.
tm#Toc.
42 “uv r IMf ti it.” brtt w prj-
t, ut 61, J 17, 2008.
43 Doing Business’ persistent blind spots, brtt w prjt ut, n.62, stmr 2008.
44 “bttm li, bttr liv? Rtiig mtitr ig t t
rivt tr i vig tri.” Rrt rit J
Grit, T brtt w prjt. ari 2010.
45 Ibid.
46 Independent Evaluation of IFC’s Development Results 2009 - Knowledge
for Private Sector Development, It evti Gr, wr
b Gr, .31.
47 Independent Evaluation of IFC’s Development Results 2009 - Knowledge
for Private Sector Development, It evti Gr, wr
b Gr, .iii.
48 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J
2007, . 28.
49 Ifc a Rrt, 2003, . 3, Ifc a Rrt, 2009, . 62.
50 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J
2007, . 28.
51 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . iv.
52 I fy09, fIas i t g t trmig rm “rrm” t
“rt”.
53 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 6.
54 Mir, R. s, x. prmtig t privt str Imrvig
a t l. T wr b Gr. nt nmr 300, otr
2005.
55 fIas it, tt://..t/it/./ctt/avirsr-
viprt_atl.
56 “l r Rrmr: h t l, Immt, sti Rg-
tr Rrm.” T wr b Gr, Ivtmt cimt avirsrvi, 2009.
57 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 29.
58 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 29.
59 Mir, R. s, x. prmtig t privt str Imrvig a
t l. T wr b Gr. nt nmr 300, otr 2005.
60 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 6.
61 I fy09, fIas i t g t trmig rm “rrm” t
“rt”.
62 fIas a Rrt, fy09.
63 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 29, 30.
64 fIas a Rrt, fy06, . 18.
65 “Mi- ut t Immtti fIas’ fy08-11 strtg”.
fIas cttiv cmmitt dr Mtig. nvmr, 2009.
66 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 3.
67 fIas a Rrt fy09, . 21.
68 T rv t tt://.i.rg/it/./at-tmtbTit/iiitr_rv/$fIle/ctrm_l.
. fr mr irmti Ivtig ar brr (Iab) rjt,
tt://.i.rg/it/./ctt/iiitr.
69 “fiittig t l Mrt r Ivtmt: a fIas rt r
vmt.” fIas prtri pr, otr 2008. tt://.
i.rg/it/./attmtbTit/fIas_dr_lMrt/
$fIle/fIasdMstigtlMrt..
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid.
72 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 21-22.
73 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 22.
74 ct, l.; Vrm s., lr R. k, J. (2009) “l Gr
r dvmt ortit? agritr ivtmt itr-
ti i ari.” fao, IIed Ifad. tt://.i.rg///_gr..
75 Ibid.
76 “fiig agritr Ivtmt: lig crit atrtiv.” T
wr b. ert Mtig Mgig Ri i fiig agri-
tr. 1-3 ari 2009, Jrg.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79 btr, J. “ari’ mi rm – r gr?” GRaIn,
sig Mgzi. frr 15, 2010.
80 Ri, x. “etii – tr t ivr i – r irt
t rmig git.” The Guardian. Jr 15, 2010.
81 Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm l
Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.
82 .g. fttrt, c. (1997). dir drgt: T br st-
r etii, 1990-1993. I: ptrit, etiit t stt i
etii, (.) hgg, R. (. 169-182). l, u.k.: haan piig.
83 Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm l
Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.
84 I Mr 2, 2010 itrvi it GRaIn, ni o, iig-
a rm Gm i etii, ri t rrt itti
i i m rgi. o iv i briti t i i rgr tt
it rmr i i rgi. fr t mt itrvi, tt://.
mi.m/m_10_03_2.tm.
85 st ari – k. bmrig fdI cmtitiv. Mti-
tr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa). T wr b Gr.
Jr 2007. tt://.i.t/mt/wrb/t/
t_ri//t_ri_..
86 hrtitr i fIas t rti mrtig ig ri rt ti r r mti it
rtiv ig v r it (r rit, gmi vgt, t
r, t, i).
87 I ti tt, “r” rr t it tti r r tivti.
88 ertTr ctr pr – Tzi. tt://rttr.ri.rg/
_irr/tr_r/i__834..
89 “T trit igt.” The Guardian. tt://.gri../jr-
immtiti/trit-igt.
90 Ibid.
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91 “Ifc srtig Rvr i sirr l.” Ifc n Mi.
tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/sirr_l_ftr.
92 tt://rr.r.rg/dmt/Tit/ppd_h..
.120
93 “Ivtr e sirr l.” MIGa . tt://.mig.rg//
i_v.m?i=2515.
94 “agritr: wt sirr l r ?” sirr l Ivtmt
ert prmti ag (slIepa).
95 fr mr irmti gr r i rti, “fig
ei? T i m r ’ t .” IIed
fao. tt://.ii.rg///12551IIed..
96 “brigig j, rg t sirr l r tr ari gr?”
wr Ri sitzr, frr 16, 2010.
97 J, a. “atr hjj…frig Miitr mt t si ivtr.”Sierra Media Express. dmr 8, 2009.
98 Ibid.
99 tt://rmgr.rg/-tt//2010/01/it_
20100114_25828-1.m3.
100 T v wrig Gr liri bttr bi frm r 1) lg
Rgtr frmr, 2) pi si Irtrtr, 3)
strmiig amiitrtiv brrir, 4) Ititti emt
(cit biig), 5) Tr ert prmti.
101 fIas it
102 digg, bi e. “sim dr T ovr Gtri r 60-yr orti.”
Daily Observer , Jr 5, 2010.
103 k, Grg d. “Gol, G Vrm i us$1.6 ngti-
ti.” Daily Observer , Jr 12, 2010. .
104 fr irmti t liri’ Ipa, t nti Ivtmt cmmi-
i (nIc), tt://.i.gv.r/i..
105 “prjt i s-sr ari ( r).” Ifc it. tt://.i.
rg/it/./ctt/fIas_prjt_s-sr_ari_yr.
106 prjt rr i fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 22.
107 “ai a o t Ir ativit t srt etii’ e-
mi dvmt Ifc l n.” Ifc pr R, nvmr
25, 2008.108 “Ifc e dvmt R t etii.” Ifc n & Mi.
tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/Ifc_etii.
109 Ri, x. “etii – tr t ivr i – r irt
t rmig git.” The Guardian. Jr 15, 2010.
110 s Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm
l Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.
111 arig t Ivtmt cimt avir srvi mt,
“rii” i it t v mjr rivr g ig
mi t triti t trgr i virmt. “crii, r
imig rii, imrtt t t trt rrm
rvi rtit t timt ti… Ti r
m it m t t riti
ig t gr r itrt tt v tr t tt
rt… w rii t iti , rtiti r
rrm r mimiz.” (s “l r Rrmr: h t l,Immt, sti Rgtr Rrm.” T wr b Gr,
Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, 2009. . 19.)
112 wr b Gr’ dig bi Iitr r r tti
ivtr t i i tri r t titi r vr
ivtmt. emi r r t iitr tir
ig i, rm 1 – 183, it rt ig t t. a
ig rig t ig i i m t rgtr
virmt i iv t t rti i.
113 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J
2007, . 39.
114 Ibid.
115 T 11 Mr 2010, ivi it ttr r t lr T, e-
tiv Vi prit t Itrti fi crrti,
t: .tiitrjt.rg/jitmii .i.
rg.
116 T rvi rvi imrtt rtit t r t riti
vmt i t t tr r, iig, r m, t -
ti t uit nti drti t Rigt Iigp t uit nti Gr am (undRIp); ir
rgr i rtig t riiiti rivt tr it
rt t m rigt; ir rtig t rgt t
r t imt g; igit ir i t v-
mt r t ig.
117 sit-v i ititti rm tt-v tri v
t t eqtr prii (ep). T ep r vtr t
tr, Ifc’ tiiit rmr, r trmiig,
ig mgig i virmt ri i rjt
ig. T rivt tr i ititti rt i vr 100
tri. a rt, t eqtr prii v m t rjt
itr tr r rig virmt i i-
i rjt ig g.
118 fr mt it Ifc prrm str, “Itrti
fi crrti’ prrm str si & evir-
mt stiiit.” ari 30, 2006. tt://.i.rg/it/-tiiit./attmtbTit/_sevstiiit2006/
$fIle/stiiitpi..
119 T cmi avir omm (cao) i t it r-
r mim r t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc)
Mtitr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa). T cao r
t mit rm rjt-t mmiti it t g
ig i virmt tm t gr.
120 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.”
It evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . 5. tt://.i.
rg/it/ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.
121 It evti Gr (IeG) i it it iti t
wr b Gr, i vt t rv imt t
b Gr’ rt t vig tri r rig vrt.
122 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . iv. tt://.i.
rg/it/ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.
123 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-
t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . iv. tt://.i.
rg/it/ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.
124 Ifc’ pi si evirmt stiiit g
t r as t m it prrm str: “w Ifc
i rviig vi r rg- ivtmt rjt, t prrm
str r rr i iti t ti . Ifc…-
rg riit Ifc’ vir rvi t rtiti
t rmt g i virmt rti.” hvr, Mi-
trig evti t mr r vt mi it
Ifc prrm str, r t IedR rr r tm.
* s “Itrti fi crrti’ prrm str si & evirmt stiiit.” ari 30, 2006.
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