(Mis)investMent in Agriculture 2010

8/9/2019 (Mis)investMent in Agriculture 2010

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/misinvestment-in-agriculture-2010 1/59



(Mis)investMent in AgricultureThe Role of The InTeRnaTIonal fInance coRpoRaTIon In Global land GRabs

sr di it ar Mitt

frr hr G. btt



Acknowledgments

Ti rrt rr sr di r t irti ar Mitt.

T o Ititt i ritiv t rt rvi t crit f t iivi

mmr t o Ititt tt m ti iti i. frri M cr pr t t

tim t rvi mmt t rt t rrt.

w t t g GRaIn (.gri.rg) r it triti i ig t i gr trg it

2008 iti Seized: The 2008 Land Grab for Food and Financial Security.

lt, r grt t t t t Itrti atiit prjt (.tiitrjt.rg) r

tir mrri it it ti rjt.

T vi r r t t o Ititt .

dig: amm Gri dig, [email protected], mm.m

eitr: ar Mitt

ptgr crit: w r grt t hr G. btt, Ji o’d, fao r t i ti rrt.

cvr pt: © fao/ar btti

pir: T o Ititt i i ti t it t vig i rtiiti ir t

riti i, mi, virmt i.

crigt © 2010 T o Ititt

T tt m r rg r t r v, migig, ti, rr, rvi

tt t r i g i . T rigt r rqt tt rgitr it tm r

imt mt r. fr ig i tr irmt, r- i tr iti, r trti r

tti, rmii mt r. p mi [email protected].

The Oaland Institte

po b 18978

o, ca 94619, usa

[email protected]

.ititt.rg



(Mis)investMent in Agriculture

The Role of The InTeRnaTIonal fInance coRpoRaTIon In Global land GRabs “a i t i i itrt i t t tr iti r it

mv i t ri t i. a iti it i t it tr i i t r

gitri ii igit rt i mr t i r t rir itig mtri ir

mg t ti.”

—Stephen Elkin1



tAble of contents

foRewoRd by howaRd G. buffeTT .......................................................................................1InTRoducTIon ........................................................................................................................... 6

paRT I. Ifc and fIas: TheIR woRk and VIsIon

Ifc/fIas Ti ait avir srvi (Taas) ......................................... 9

Ifc’ avir srvi prt ......................................................................................... 9

fIas’ Ti ait prt ..............................................................................10

critiim dt ovr Taas ...................................................................................... 11

eig Taas srvi ..................................................................................................12

Ifc/fIas’ Rgi f ari ................................................................................12

paRT II. how Ifc and fIas IncRease InVesToR access To land MaRkeTs

‘a t l’ prt ................................................................................................... 13

‘Ivtig ar brr’ prjt ...................................................................................14

‘l Mrt r Ivtmt’ prt ............................................................................. 15

Rritig l ...................................................................................................................19

prmti l lig ...............................................................................................19

Ivtig i ‘I’ l?.....................................................................................................19

paRT III. case sTudIes

sirr l ......................................................................................................................22

liri ................................................................................................................................25

etii .............................................................................................................................27

a wr frm GRaIn .................................................................................................................... 29

paRT IV. conclusIons ............................................................................................................30

annex I Ifc/fIas TechnIcal assIsTance and adVIsoRy seRVIcesIn counTRIes wheRe land GRabs haVe occuRRed ....................................................... 32

annex II Ifc peRfoRMance sTandaRds on socIal andenVIRonMenTal susTaInabIlITy ......................................................................................... 48

RefeRences ................................................................................................................................. 51



The Oaland Institte (Mis)investMent in Agriculture

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I v vr ir m tivit. I’m tr

im, tr,

itrit, rmr. bt mt

m it m mr, t qi iti m

tgrr.

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tr’ rt, I trv t czvi

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t tr rtir t tim r Vr’ mi.

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trt. bt rrt iig. Mrt r

it i gr t r itig r

m qtiti —t svit iz mt t

mt vgt. w I tgr t ir,

m m t, t I r v : i

t r t m, I i m i itr’ rt

i it t t Mi rr, i it i g i drr,

i m t i t Ivr ct. Img m m

t r m ri it tr m

r tt irt rm m .

o tr I r t m t mi’ i, I

it r rttig tt t it bi

rt i. I t iv m , it

t tt I i t mt t I —v i

it i mtim gr. frt r tr

I ti t mt ijti ri.

a rmt rit st ari m

rivig t grt trvig, I v viit

38 ari’ 54 tri m rt tri t

m t ti. I t r, I’v ri

t tr triti i rig ttit’ 17 mjr grgi grig z. Mr

t i tr , it i ti ti tit

tt I mtim i I t m , r I v

ri m it tig: mtr tri t

m r ig i, t hIV/aIds ii it

g m it tir , mt

r rri triti t t vii

miiti. I i vr rgt tri t t c/s rr:

m gr m it t itt rg

mtr m t t rgt im, t t t t

r rgt im i . I i’t v t rt t

t im tt mt r rgtt.

I ari—r I t r—I m

rmi t I m t. I m t, r v I vr

r. I v vr t t m v ir

i i tm i t. I v vr t

jt tm t tt . I v vr

tmt givig m gtr t m r

m m m ri r i

ri. a I v vr rri tt I i r

m rm, vit tt r rrti r rig

ivtr r it r r ri i

rr m gvrmt.

I m rvr it t m mtr r tig m

I i vr rgt: “T tr

i v igti t .” Tr r

r . n r mr t vr. Ti

rrt i t gr tt r qit ig

i ari t qt t ti r i v

t r’ mt vr .

prt gr t i ti mir. T

i it mi tri. ativit jrg. a t

im it i irt immtr. I’m t

ti tit, t ti tim t tit t. Tr’

igiig t i ig rigt , r t. It

i timt tt 50 mii tr v r

t rig titi it t t 20 ari tri

irig imir . sm t —99 r

t $1.00 r tr—r iv . bt t r vi t t . l rmr—

trgg t tir mii, gi t rti

r tr r t r mti

gritr tivit—r t igi r t ig

rmt i tri r mii rmi

t i.

foreword by HowArd g. buffett




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It tr t I’m t mgri tt t t tri

r ig t ttrt. Jt mt g I

r r qit t i ig

rr g . I r tt t rtr

riv -rt it r iiit. I

rmi tt t t gvrmt

rvi 70 rt t ig, tiiti, 98-r rqirig mt r r r. T

t? $2.91 r r r r tr r r. atr

rvi rt tt im it grt

rtr t 15 20 rt. u.s. gritr

vrg rtr t i rt vr t

t tirt r. Trr, t are itr tt

g r ivtr, r t mgr t r

mirrtig t t. I I i’t ttr, ti

i grt rtit! bt r’ t I’m

r : t i m t ri rir t r

rr, rtig r ir t i t r

r i tir ivi.

ari ivtmt i gritr—ttr

it, imrv ti rvi, ti

rvti tiq, rgi itgrti,

ivtmt t i it. It t ii

tt rig ivtr t gr rt r

tir t t trimt t ti.

I’ v r— ii i rt ari, ig

it vr tr. cit i r t ig

rgt gr t tit; r, gtig,

rt it tr , ittig

mii git tr, v ir git rt.It rt i rri rim—gi, imt,

iti i, mi, gr

vi, m trig, rritmt ir

i rm tiviti.

w grmt tt ti rii

rmr. hvr, t ii mt mt

r. a, tr i it r t, itr

rv tt t t trr rm

r t ; rii t ir. Tr r

m im qti t . When local people lack land

rights in so many places, why should foreign interests takeprecedence? What assurances are in place to mitigate food

insecurity risks for local populations? What evidence is there

to suggest that the new land deals will be transparent when

previous ones have been marked by secrecy? Why should

we believe that communities will be fully incorporated into

the negotiation process when it is in the investor’s interest

to exclude potential dissenters? How will best practices be

replicated when there are no role models to follow? What

type of enforcement will be established to ensure minimal

environmental damage? What quantiable social benets

will the local communities derive and what types of

consequences will investors and facilitating governments face

if these benets do not come to fruition? T qtimt r tiit mt ir.

urtt, mir trti i ari

t tr. si tr r t i—r

mr v t i r im— t t r

v igr ti tim r.

prt t i imi m r

im tt ti t rig ivtmt i t t

rviig j rtig irtrtr.

pt Ji o’d. No Place Like Home, Lofa, Liberia, (nvmr 12, 2007)

T m i tt tr t ivi r t rtr t tirvig t ivr v grtr ri: tir m r r,

mmr tir mii i, tr

tr tir .




|

T i tt t ig r i “.”

T r rgmt. Ivtr v qt

ig t i m 10,000 ig-t,

ig-rti rmig tiq. T t rmi

r mt igr. a rmr, I t

tt ig-t, ig rti vi r ig

ri t r r. Ivtr i tir igit mr imt

- tir rti tiq. a i t

t rmr, t r i t rt -ig j

r rig iti. I m mig mti,

t t r itr— itr tig t

iim tt it t tr

rr .

prtir irtig i t ti tt t “vi” i “.” Ti i i tri it t

igt rt mtriti t tit tt

r r it t it i g. I

mt , ti r r: it m rt

rrir r trit; rvi r i

rgrti; rvi t imit tr r;

rrv r tr grti; r rmr

t ir rti. T t tt ri mrgig

mi t v r t rt trit r

r g- tm t m v

rigt t ti .

Ti rrt’ ti ti i tr

tri—etii, liri sirr l—rrt

ig tt rim r ivtmt. I v t tim

i tr t ti r ti ivt

i . T r it mzig rv, mig

v r igit ri

trgg t rviv. I mt tv-r ng f

i mtr a si t wr f prgrmm

itriti igt i Mir b, etii. T

I viit, 4,257 iri gtr t riv

rti. a r r m viit ng t, t

I mt im vr mri. fri.lit. h i . I tgt

t m t m g. hi

grig qi gr t t r. w

tv, I t im m m m

trv g t i gr . ng,

I tgt, i vr v t m rtiti m

. ng t rt t i t

r t qit m i rm .

hi mtr’ r ’t it t gr

g r r v mi mmr

r tt gt t miz . w

mt, r t r t r tir mi ri gr. Why aren’t the land deals offered to

foreign investors also available to local people like Adanech?

liri i ti rvrig rm rt tt-tr r

ivi r tt i tggrig 86 rt t

ti. M t tir vig

t t it, Mrvi, r tr r m

r itr i (Idp). otr t

pt hr G. btt. There Are No Children Here, Kenema, SierraLeone (nvmr 15, 2007)

Ti t-r- t r iggig r im,

r tt i ’t gm ’t i. wit imit

rr t g t t, ir r r t r itj t r g.




|

igrig tri. h r v ir

t rg m i Gig, côt ’Ivir r

rviv ig rviig r. h i

mtig m. ui t i

r ti t rtr m, h m

it t liri. w mt, grig r,

it mi, q, ggt, ri, , ittr

20 r t it 13 tr rmr. yi r

t t rvi g r t tir r;

trg iiti rt t itti, rtigtrvt ig t rt. h t

tr rmr rm ig , i i tr

tri i. How can foreign investors’ interests be placed

above the dual priority of repatriating displaced Liberians and

equitably distributing the small amount of arable land to this

disenfranchised population?

sirr l i rtrit i trt. at vt-

v rt t ti iv t $2 ,

t r t tr rt mii r

im t ri ti. drig t v-r ivi

r—rm 1991 t 2002—t Rvtir uit frt

(Ruf) r trit ri rritig i ir,

ig ’ , trig im r

g, gr, rg. T t tim I i sirr

l, t r vr t t im miig i

iv . I km, I mt t-r- ig irt t rt r im. hi mti?

$0.12 ri. sm miig

vmt, t i ti , I it igr. T itr

miig i ari—tr it i r im, r,

g, rim, i, r ti—i t rtt. When will we learn

that when Africa is mined for its natural resources—including

soil and water—local people rarely benet?

pt hr G. btt. Feeding the Masses, Gara Godo World Food Programme Distribution Site, Ethiopia (J 6, 2008)

T mjrit t 8,500 iri ti wfp it r mri ir rgt ttig mtr (plM), r r vr imt t trmi i t qi r 25 g r/ tr itr vgt i. wit r tr rr imit t , t

mr t t it ti t ir.




|

Tr r m irtig ttiti—1.5 ii

t r’ mt imvri rmr trgg t

tir mii; 24,000 ir i rm vrt;

vr 1.1 ii v iqt t tr,

1 ii g t gr—tt it’ t

vrm mr. w m vi

tt ’t tig t g t r it i r r. bt m i r t

r. nt i ng f v r

tir tri it m. nt rmr i ir litt

crmit m t r irr t g i tr

i mmr rt t i t irt

i t im “m ” rgiz g

t rg t ak-47 ’t ig g t rr. nt

I v mt rmr r rm mrig ti igt

ti t v tir ir rm mtriti.

ari gr r tig , t t t

i t r rrig i rt. w r t

rr. evrtig r ti mri

vmt gi v r t mi i

i t i t gvrmt

i rrg ari r

tt trr, r rrti m trt ti mr vr. Ti rrt i

t grvit t itti r ti. It

tr—-rim tivit, r’t m

—v r m ti

rr, I m ig r r. I r rig ti

rrt it m tt j m mt rivig.

a i r i ti iti, mt rmmr tt

ari i t mmit. It mt t “

r i.”

howaRd G. buffeTT

Mr. btt mg t hr G. btt fti, rivt ti tt rimri rt mitri

iititiv. h rt 1,240-r mi rm i tr Iii, mg 400-r mi- rm i

tr nr, vr t ti-rt rr rm: 1,300 r i Iii 9,200 r i

st ari.

Mr. btt rrt rv t crrt br brir ht, I., ivtmt ig m;

li crrti, r-i r i t mtrig gritr irrigti rt; s Immt,

rivt itritr J dr gritr qimt i nrt amri. Mr. btt rv t

r arr di Mi, ig r rr; c-c etrri, I., t rgt c-cttr i t r; cagr f, nrt amri’ rgt rvi mtrr rti

ir.

I 1997, Mr. btt m mmr t cmmii priti dt; riv t azt eg ar

rm t prit Mi i 2000; rgiz t Itr-amri Ititt r crti

agritr t mt itigi iivi i gritr i 2002; i 2005, riv t wi o

J ditigi Jrit t yr ar.

h tr v rvti, ii, t m iti.




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T g gr,2 t grt tt, rr

t vt rrig t f fii cri

2008. I r t t ri, m vig tri

ig t rgi tir mi tig ir tir

t rig irt ivtmt (fdI) i mrgig

mrt—rtir i grii trim. a

rt ti tr, rti i ig r t ivtr,

t t giv ri, i i ari. T

tr tr v igit g r r t r’

rm ivtr i t m t

g “ gr” m.

T wr b Gr (wbG), mm rrr t

t wr b, t r t itrti

tg ig t i ri it t

rmti rgrm t G f crii

R prgrm (GfRp) i M 2008—rt

t wr b prit Rrt b. Zi

t “n d G f pi.” I fy09, wr

b , grt, qit ivtmt, grt

rt 54% ir vr fy08 wbG

it tri trggig i t t i

t.3

frtrmr, t wr b i t trrgizr i mtitr agritr f srit

Iititiv, it t G20 ig t wr b i otr

2009 t r it itrt r rgizti

t ti i mtitr trt t rt

mtiii-r rit iititiv.4

yt, it it tr r i t it t

miv vr i itrti i vt

imrvmt t rit i t vig r,

vi rv tt wr b Gr ii

rt r ig jt t it. fr m, it

itrti mmitmt i vr m rmr,m rrt iit tt rgrm rtig

rti v trgt rmr rgiz ttr

mr rtiv rtr t mrgi rmr

-rmig rr ti, m r

trit.5 I etii, i i t rgt riit

wr b’ GfRp rgrm, t imrt

rtiizr trt i t “rtiv”

r.

pr mt trg i wbG’ r i ig t

g gr. Trg t rmti ii

ti it t gvrmt i rr t r

rig irt ivtmt i gritr i vig

tri, wbG gi r ig tr tt

trt g rit ivi m-

rmr.

Ti Rrt iv t gr tr

wbG’ r iti it. si, t Rrt mi

t r t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc),6

t rivt tr r t wr b Gr, it

rvii ti it vir rvi t

vig tr gvrmt, t rvi

ir t iit rig ivtr t qir

i vig tr mrt. si mi 2008,

qiiti v r ir ritiim7 rm

uit nti gi, gvrmt, ivi it

gr r tt gr trt rit

t r r, vr ti.

Ti Rrt mtrt t i i Ifc’ vi

t gvrmt ir ivtr it

mrt ti rmi t ig mmiti, t i trm rigt

t . u Ifc i t r rig

t rigt i it ivtmt rmti

tiviti, qt grig i ti t

trt t rig rm gr vrt.

T Rrt r : prt I rvi

vrvi t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc)

t frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas), t

t wbG rgizti tt rvi ti it

vir rvi t vig tr gvrmt.

prt II igigt t r Ifc fIas i rmtig gr rig ivtr i tir rt t imrv

t ‘Ivtmt cimt’ ‘bi eig

evirmt’ vig tri. b rvig t

rtiriti rti Ifc/fIas “rt” (

t ‘a t l’ rt t ‘l Mrt r

Ivtmt’ rt) zig Ifc’ i

ti it vir rvi t gvrmt

( rtig “ivtmt rmti gi”

IntroductIon




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rritig ti ), ti ti rv t i

i gr r iitt Ifc/fIas tiviti.

fi, prt III ti tr ti—sirr l,

liri, etii—i i Ifc/fIas vir rvi

v rt i rgtr gitiv rrm, tr

irig ivtr tr it mrt.

T Rrt tt t rmti ivtr

it vig tr mrt trt

rit, i ti, trr

rt i irt viti Ifc’ prrm

str vr un hm Rigt vti.

T o Ititt r ivtigti Ifc/

fIas ti it vir rvi

it vir rvi “rt.” It i ri tt Ifc

t r t gr tt it ti

it vir rvi qt rmt irr t rtt t rit ivi t

r’ mt mrgi vr ti i ti

rri g mi .

© fao/sr eitt. k; Ri i t k mmit ar






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Ifc fIas r vr qtittiv, mr

rt t tr vmt rgr r t

ivtmt imt tr. fr m, tri

r r rig t m iitr, i r

mt t rt t rtiv dig bi

t tr t rgtr virmt i

tr.16 Ti m mig qtittiv, vrimi, i mr rt i rt i

Ifc fIas gg:

“T iv it grt trgt, [st ai] t

ir ivtmt rm t rrt 15-20 rt t

Gdp t 28-30 rt.”17

“s imrv it Doing Business rig i 2007

t “trig r rr” iitr ttig rt

tim 17 , imrt tim 29 , rig t

mr rt imrt mt rqir 5

6, rtiv.”18

“Trg it ti it rgrm, fIas

rt t ivmt 224 rt rt.19

fIas trit t 57 Doing Business rrm i 21

tri.”20

Ifc fIas it i rg rt t rmt rig irt

ivtmt (fdI) i vig tri. a t rgt

mt itrti it t t vig

r, fdI’ rv ir i rt

mjr r ig r vig tri. dit

t t tt t t fdI i vig tri r

ig t,21

t wr b Gr rmt fdIit vrig i t t it rmi—

j rti, imrv irtrtr, t rti

r vig tr gvrmt t

r gt riti ti

t r.

I rr t tiv rmt rig irt ivtmt,

Ifc fIas iit rgtr rrm i rr t

ir t bi eig evirmt (bee)

t Ivtmt cimt tir it tri. T

iv “t rm iii triig grt

mt r mi t t mirmi v…trg r g rgtr rrm.”23 I rr

t rmt rrm, Ifc fIas rvi ti

it vir rvi t vig tr

gvrmt, i tr, rig irt ivtmt i

iitt.

Ifc/fIas Ti ait avir srvi (Taas)wi m r r Ifc’ r ig ivtmt

i vig tri, vii i tir r

rviig Ti ait avir srvi

(Taas) t vig tr gvrmt. wi Ifcm t ig rjt i giv tr, tir

r, g it tt fIas, i t t t

t rgizti r it gvrmt t rmt

ivtmt imt rrm ttig

miitrtiv ititti rrir, vig

ivtmt rmti gi i t tri,

viig gvrmt g t t, tm,

. It i ri ti Taas tt rg

gvrmt t tir mrt t rig

ivtr. T ig ti ri t ti

it vir rvi tt Ifc fIas

rvi.

Ifc’ avir srvi prtT avir srvi (as) rtmt t Ifc

ti i 1986 i tr tt

itigi it rm tr ir. T g as i

t imrv vmt imt, it

ritrti, it i rjt immtti i

r r t Ifc it mrtiv vtg.

si 2006, Ifc’ avir srvi v rrg

i v i i:

• a t fi (a2f) – ait tt t -

t viiit i rvi t mir

m i -im .

• bi eig evirmt (bee) – ativiti

gr tr imrvig t i virmt t

rivt tr rjt t vi.

• crrt avi (ca) – ativiti im t imrvig

t i iit mi.

• evirmt si stiiit (ess) – avi

mrt trrmti tiviti tt t

rivt tr t ivr virmt i -t i vig tri.

• Irtrtr (Inf) – avi imrvig t

i rvi r, tmmiti, -

tr rg tiiti, t ti.




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Ifc’ avir srvi v i rt r t

m tti rt it i trtg;24 as i

rgiz “riti t mtig Ifc’ mii.” 25

Rgizig t tti vir r, vr t t 3-

4 r, Ifc immtig i-rgig rrm

t mt vr t it as r t trgt

imt.26

Gvrmt r Ifc’ ig rgt it gr (

fIas’ rgt it gr ), rtir iti t

bee Inf i i. cit gvrmt t

r 43% as rti 52% as itr.27

Ifc’ as it t r tgri. T rt ivv

rig irt it rm t mtrt t “i

” r ir rti, tr it i t ti

rrt gvr, r t tr it

mrt gmt. Ti t r r 60% Ifc’

rjt.

nt, t tgr as imrvig

t ig virmt r t rivt tr—

tr ig rtiti r rivt ivtmt Ifc tr.28 cit r ti r r ti

gvrmt r tr-ttig i. ar 40%

Ifc’ vir rjt r i ti tgr, t

mjrit t rjt r i Ida tri.29 Ifc’

r i ti r migt m-i i,

imrvig t vr rgtr virmt r

t rivt tr, r trit i i

tr. a i ti tgr i t r Ifc t

gvrmt ig immt i-rivt

rtri (r m, prt III, c sti).

Ifc t t igigt t rg tt it t itas it ivtmt rvi: t avir

srvi rtiti r fdI trgt

itig Ifc ivtmt; t tr , Ifc

ivtmt t tz r t

rrm, rt mtrt t t

rrm rmm as. a Ifc rtti

tt, “ avir srvi r irm — gi

riiit rm—Ifc’ ri ivtr.”30

Ifc t vi gvrmt rm t rtiv

ivtr it t jtiv irig

trgtig t fdI i gr, t its own

investments and development agenda. Qit vi, t

rii jtiv Ifc as i t grt t rivt

tr, i rt t mt it i .

Ifc i rig t r mr m vir

“rt” t ivr it r ri

rti, t rt i r t tr

mr. a rt ti rt, Ifc itr

r r rig t it “r” rt. T

i i tt Ifc trt i rt

r i tr i r m, trg trtgi t, i

rti, tr rr rt. sm “rt”

r ti i t vmt tg ( iiv

i, sm Mim etrri it

iig t), m r r “v” (igrt Ivtmt pi prmti, r Ip&p,

), m r itig – t mg tr

r ( a t l rt, ). T

ivr t rt, Ifc irig rt it

it rtr gr, fIas, rig ivr r

rti ri.

fIas’ Ti ait prtT ivr avir srvi i t r rti

rii r fIas, tri wr b

Gr’ Ivtmt cimt avir srvi. etii 1985, fIas rii vi gvrmt t

immt rrm, imrv tir i virmt,

rg rti rig ivtmt.

fIas rrt r gvrmt 14 irt Ti

ait “rt.”31 a fy09, fIas rgiz

it vir rvi r t mi rti r,

Rgtr simiti Ivtmt Grti.

T Reglatory Siplication rti mri

mriv rg rvi t it tri

i imrvig t ivtmt imt r mti

rig ivtr. T vir rvi i: (i)rt-trm itrvti t dig bi Rrm

it igt t r i i igigt

t Doing Business iitr32 (ii) gr trm

rgrm ivr trg t Rgtr simiti

it t rii r tr, i

fIas’ rt rti t rt i-t ti

rrm rt.33

Ifc t vi gvrmt rm t

rtiv ivtr it t

jtiv irig trgtig

t fdI i gr, t its own

investments and development agenda.




|

fIas’ r vir rvi, Investent

Generation, it tr itit rt i:

Ivtmt pi prmti, Itr si

avir srvi, si emi Z.34 e

t rt r mtrtiv fIas ivr

vi i ir ivtr t ,

trr i i r i rtr ti:

(i) wit it Investent Policy and Prootion (Ip&p)

rt, fIas r mr rvi t gvr-

mt; t rg rm itiig t trit

ivtmt rgim, t rviig ti i-

t ivtmt ivtmt i trt-

gi, t rig immtti rvi

gi r rrmig rgtr rmr

ititti.35 T Ip&p tm ti it

tri ttrt rti ivtmt. sti -

t i t ititi ririt r r rrm

ivtmt ii rt t rmtit tri ti r ivtmt.36

I it Ip&p rti, fIas r it it gvr-

mt t rt r imrv itig Investent Pro-

otion Agencies (Ipa). T gi r v

it gi rm Ifc fIas i r

ti t iv t wbG “pi privt

dig (ppd)” t ir t r t rivt -

tr i mi vmt r t giv tr.

s ppd ti ivv gvrmt gi

Ipa rig i rti, g it t ri-

vt tr ivi it, t jit ig im-mt rgrm rt r rrm rg-

ti. I rt r, fIas t rt r

tr Ipa i sirr l, c Vr, sg,

Tzi, mg tr ( prt II r irmti

t Tzi Ivtmt ctr’ rmti

).

(ii) fIas’ Indstry-Specic Refor tm rvi

ti it t gvrmt iti, ri-

ritiz, rmv i, rgtr, ititti

trit, rimri t t grii i

t trim tr. I it fy08-11 strtg c,

fIas igigt “Itr cmtitiv”

it mt imrtt ivtmt imt i. Ti

tm it “rgitrig rrt” r-

t rt it itr mtitiv-

g, i r itig i mi

z ( ) rtiti t r

mrt trit.37 arig t fIas, “or i-

tr r— miti itr g,

trg mi i rti, t i-

tri tt t r t rm t

rivt tr i i ari— t

t jmtrt mi rrm r rgiz

rivt tr tivit.”38

(iii) fIas’ g Special Econoic Zones (seZ) tmi rig it it tri t ttrt rivt -

tr ivtmt trg t vmt mmr-

i vi seZ rgiz t rti.

a seZ ggri imit r r-

ig rti itiv (gr t-r imrtig

trmi tm rr, r it) t

i i i t iti t z. I

fy09, t tm vig rgrm i I-

i Mi, it-t tri

t dmrti Ri cg, liri,

p n Gi, t Ri ym, “

trm r rrm it rgizig rivt -tr ivtmt.”39

critiim dt ovr Taaswi wbG’ It evti Gr (IeG) t

tt avir srvi t ir t vmt

imt Ifc fIas r,40 it i t tr ti

“imt” i itiv r gtiv. a mriv t

ti it (Ta) t oecd dvmt

ait cmmitt r it 2005 dvmt

crti Rrt tt “Ta rgrm v m

r rt ritiim r ig t t, irrit

t riit’ , r trig .”41 arig

t si f-prr, rr Itrti air

t T n s tr mr rrt

Ta, “Ti it tri i iig t

i it , itrmt, it i ri

tig ri rm vig tri. at

t r t rm i tt t r rtii

m i Ta trit ri.”42

frtr, Taas rig t Ifc’

Doing Business iitr v ritiiz r vig

igi trig tt. Ti tr rig tm

rr rgti, rgr tr it riv

rm mr it r im iqt r .43

“s ivr vti mtgi, v i t

r t it t irt irm i, vrt

m ti r ig r t r

mr tr rrm,” rrr t.

“Ti igr tr iitr i i t

rtir tri, t tt t i tri t




|

irt tg tir vmt m t t r

irt tir i ii.”44

frtrmr, “it iig rmti r mtitr ititti t iti

it jtiv r i vi mttr

r t v irt i t i t tm,

rtir i -im tri tt m t v

t rr t rr vi rm tr r, r

i tri r mrti r t

rvi qt rtiv t tr

r.”45

eig Taas srvi

Ifc fIas v grt tir Taas ti trm tg ig. nt, t Ifc

rmti ir it avir srvi ivr, it

tiv rti rig $1 ii mig

1,262 t— v ir i 2001.46 witi t

Ifc, avir srvi t m t mjrit

it r i t i vig tri.”47

fIas imir tr. T rgt

fIas’ ivtmt rti i fy09 Ivtmt pi

prmti rt (20%); 56 t 224 rt r

i t tgr Rgitrig prrt & a t l,

t mt tgr. otr mjr tgri i34 rt i Tr lgiti 24 i Ivtmt pi

prmti.

Ifc/fIas’ Rgi f ariI rt r, t Ifc fIas g v

irig trgt s-sr ari. I fy05-07, r

m, fIas ir it mi ari itr

rm rimt $2 mii t $10 mii r r.48

lii, Ifc itr i s-sr ari v

jm rm $167 mii i 2003 t $1.8 ii i 2009.49

fIas tt s-sr ari rmi ririt rig t fy08-11 trtg it t r

it rjt rr t t t rgi t

t r 40 rt 2011.50

Ti g i t t ig riz. I fy09,

t rgt rt fIas’ rti t t

s-sr ari (36%).51 I iti, t 224 (dig

bi) rt52 rrt i fy09, 40 rt r

iv i ari.

I iti, t Ifc/fIas ari i vi

t rti rgrm t “swaT tm” r

ari (t immt qi r, rt-trm virrvi) t Ivtmt cimt fiit r ari

(Icf). a rtri iititiv mg rivt mi,

vmt rtr, gvrmt, t Icf i

v-r iititiv rt g $170 mii

(rm Ifc, tr r rtr, t rivt tr

—i trgt t imrv ari’ ivtmt

imt.53 T Icf 24 rjt i 10 ari tri,

m i i r vrg fIas’ tiviti i

ari.

Ti mtit rjt, rt, iititiv

mtrt t t tt Ifc/fIasTi ait avir srvi. wit m

gvrmt rig Ifc/fIas vi t immt

ii rrm, Ifc fIas r r

r i t ig i mi tm i

t tri. o riti tm i t i i

Ifc rmti ivtr t i rgig

qiiti trgt t vig r. T

ig ti igigt t i i Ifc/fIas

ii i mt ti tr.

© fao/wtr atr. Ri, sirr l’ mr- t, gr i vr itrit, t t tr imrt mr t t it m.




|

PArt II.

How Ifc And fIAs IncreAse InVestor

Access to lAnd mArkets

T wr b Gr (wbG) iv tt efcient

land markets that allow reasonably easy access to land to

run a business are key to a supportive business climate. 54

arig t Ifc/fIas, t t

tri ivtmt mtiti i vig

tri trr, trg ti it

vir rvi (Taas), Ifc fIas t ir,

imi, iitt t r rivt tr

vmt.55 Ifc g tt rtig

mrt i m, iti rg r, r

ti r, Ifc t r irt it gvrmt

mig rmmti t miitrtiv r

giti.56

T ig r tr fIas rt i v

i trgt ig ivtr t

vr t t i r, ttig t trit

i “tt” rig ivtmt iiiti

itig gvrmt i rrmig tir

ii.

1. ‘a t l’ prtI fy04, fIas grt t it r

rt irig rt r fdI ii tt

t trt rmt

r ig. I fy08, t Access to Land rt

i itr, t a t l avir

srvi tm itig gvrmt i

immtig iv rt-trm rrm t rg

ivtmt t grr r gr-trm

rrm tt ir t vr ivtmt imt t tr. a t l ti it

tr r:

• Accessing land—igig immtig mr

tiv tm r mig rvi vi r

i ivtmt;

• Secring land—vig imr mr trr-

t rr r ivtr t qir r

rrt rigt, it r trti t;

• Developing land—imiig trmiig t

mti-g rv t r t tim t

r ivtr t m it t zig, virmt

iig t rqirmt ti t tiit.

fIas rg tt “r r r rigt

t iiit i grt ivtmt r

t vig r.”57 o fIas rrt tt tt it

tm “rqt tr i i tir r

tr r ivtmt imt, t

i mm t fIas rmmti.”58

w rigt r ti rgitr, it t

m i t r r mmri

. Trr, rtig rgitri i mm rt

fIas’ rt t ir t .

wi t rti rgitri i imrtt r

mtig i vmt, tr r

r rig ivtr, t a t l rt i rri

t rgizti rimr ti i t

rmt foreign investment. fIas itrtr ggt t

a t l rt rt i

rv iti giig t mg t

iggt mit ivtr i vig tri.59

wi fIas’ rgitri tti

T t l rt rt

i rv iti giig

t mg t iggt mit

ivtr i vig tri.




|

t t i vr, t rii im i

t ttrt fdI t it tri. I bri f

sirr l, T Ivtmt cimt fiit r ari

(Icf) i ig t timt rgitri—

iti fIas r t rt trr

rgitrti.60 I fy09, 56 t 224 rt61 r i

t tgr Rgitrig prrt & a t l, t

mt tgr.62

em r rri t i rviig ti rt

i t ig :

(i) I Vietna, mti-r bi a t l

rjt i fy07 it rjt -ig

rm atri. T gvrmt i r tt

ri t t “t ”, tr irig

t rit tr r t i. T -

r gt ri r riti

t 70 r it rigt r

t rr ti.63

(ii) I Benin, i 2006, fIas t l a

rv iti mjr trit tig

t r rivt, mmri, itri, ri-

ti vmt trit t t t-

izti immtti rrm rgrm t

imrv t iti r r rivt m-

i t ti r i mrt

tt rmt rivt tr vmt.64

at t 2009, fIas i t t t a

t l rt, ttig tt it rgig r

rt, it mgmt tt fIas i t v

t riti m tt tr i t wbG

r ttr iti t t t i ti r.65

hvr, fIas i ti t rimr miitrtr t

ig t rt.

2. ‘Ivtig ar brr’ prjtIvtig ar brr (Iab) i fIas iititiv

2009 tt iti it Ip&p rt. Ti

g mrig iititiv r mrig t

tiig rtig rig- i i

tri r t r i t t i it rt

rrt i srig 2010. M tr t Doing Business

iitr, t Ivtig ar brr (Iab) rjt

im t mr t qit ivtmt imt

r tri, iti g rti i ivtmt

i ig immtti, timt vi ivtmt i rrm i it tri.66

hvr, it t Doing Business iitr

t i rig ri rtriti i 20 tr,

t r tiig rig mi, t

, t itrti ritrti.67 I 2009,

t Iab tm r t rjt rv i 87 tri.

Mr t 3,000 rt rt gr t mt

t rv, mr t 1,720 riv t t

fy09.68

© fao/Gii nit




|

nt, t irmti gt t mi Iab iitr

i mri ti rgtr iig

irmti—irmti tt trmi t tim

rtiv it r ivtr t i

rig tri. a it r, tig t t Iab

iitr t ir t tt t i

ti i t tri i t—tr ti r t , tr t

rvi tr r grzig r

ti, t. arig t Iab rv miitr

t rjt rtiit, it i r fIas i itrt, rtr,

i irmti :

• t rr r r ig i v-

ig tri: i ivtmt imt rv, fIas

rv rt t iti t mr r-

r r ig tt rv t t t

rtig ig tir i; t t rt

tri t dig bi tmr rr r;

• m tim t rmti rr t;

• m irt gi r ivv i t r-

r;

• t t rigt vi t rit

rigt, .g. tr t rigt r r rm m-

tig itrt tr t gt,

trrr, t.;

• tr r t tr r mimm iz (i tr)

r qiiti.

3. ‘l Mrt r Ivtmt’ prtpr t mt riti rt r irig ivtr

t i t rt trm i fIas’ ‘l Mrt

r Ivtmt’ prt, i, r 2010, t

t rm itr. hvr, otr 2008,

fIas r 15 rjt r tt ti

“i mt,” 8 i r t i

ari.69 xig s, t rmr t a

t l prt, i t l Mrt r Ivtmt

prt r.Ti rt rt-trm ti t

rm r ivtr. evi rm Ivtmt cimt

amt, Doing Business Rrt, fIas ig

tt mjr r ivtr i ig

, rig rrt rigt, t tim t r

tiig mri rmit t v , t

m ti it iititiv it it

v g-trm g tt t 10-15 r t

mt. Trr, fIas i igig itig t

‘l Mrt’ rt t gvrmt r ti, “r-trm” i t mt t immit

ivtr.

I vig t l Mrt rt, fIas it t:

• ig immt tiv ii rr

r mig rvi vi r -

i ivtmt;

• v im trrt rr r iv-

tr t qir r rrt rigt (r

rigt), t r t;

• trmi t mti-g rv r v-

mt, t r t tim t r ivtr t

m it zig, virmt iig t

rqirmt.

Ti mriv rt i rvi t

‘kg ntr’ – i t rm itr it

rviig t i rgi qi t rjt ig

gi, iitr, tt t, t rti

ti, i t tr r irmti;

t t rti rt fIas rt t

t gr v. orti rt i i, mgtr tig, t rvi rjt r rig

ivtr ig t .70

frtr, t mr tiv v, itiv rti

rt i rvi t rjt it “ig tti t

mtrt .” arig t fIas, “ rjt

r ig jit iti it rgi mgr

rjt tm, gi rjt tt ig

r mtgi tt r i t

rgi .”71 Itiv rti rt

r i 2008 i s-sr ari,

m i bri f, Mi, nigri, sirr l.T ig i fIas’ prtri pr rm otr

2008, iitig rti rm tr wbG gi

i t ivr t ‘l Mrt’ rt:




|








|

Rritig latr t Ifc/fIas ti it

vir rvi ti it t gvrmt

i t rtig ti . fIas, i rtir,

t rti i r rt t ivtmt , t

rvii vir rvi ivtmt , i, ititti t fIas’ rti

i it iti i 1985. svr mtrt

Ifc/fIas it trit t t rti

r miti ivtmt t r ir

ivtr t .

fr m, i Sothern Sdan, fIas it t

gvrmt (fy07) i trgtig t rgtr

virmt rviig rviig i i ,

iig t ivtmt , i tiv rmv

t fIas ir t iqit trtmt

ivtr t rqirmt r t ivtmt

rmti g t vt tti ivtr.72 fIas

vi t rtig v tr i, i

r t ivtr grtr ivtmt

miit.73 wit t t rvi t rig

ivtr, it i rri tt itrt i s mrt ir i rt r. Mr t t

irt v rr i 2008, tig

vr mii tr t t t ivtr rm

tri iig si ari st kr. (s

a r gr t.)

b rig t g gitiv virmt, fIas

it tri i trmiig t miitrtiv

r tt ivtr mt g trg t qir

—i titt mjr rrir t i m

jriiti. T Ivtmt prmti agi (Ipa,

prt I, FIAS’s Technical Assistance Products)

r i ti tt. I Mi, Mzmiq G,

ivtmt rmti gi iitt t qiiti

r i, rmit trizti.74

Tir irt r i iittig

ig ivtr i tir ig it tr gi.

pig v mr irt r i Tzi’ Ipa, t

Tzi Ivtmt ctr (TIc). T TIc i mt,

mg tr tig, it itiig vi

rviig it t ivtr, it ig ivtr

ti r rmit (rti 6 t Tzi

Ivtmt at 1997). T TIc t “ ”—

it iti m 2.5 mii tr

it r ivtmt rjt. l i vt it t

TIc t t t t ivtr t i

rivtiv tit. atr t t ivtmt rjt, t rvrt t t TIc.75

prmti l ligIfc rt ig vmt r r r

mt it fii Mrt strtg. ovr t

t 30 r, Ifc 200 ig rjt i 50

tri rm $1.4 ii r, t r imrv

ig giti rgti i 60 tri,

rt 30 ig ti it rjt.76 I ari

2009, t ert Mtig Mgig Ri i fiig

agritr i Jrg, t wr b t rtti ig r r ig

gritr ivtmt. It i rri, trr, it

Ifc’ ir rgi ari, Ifc rvi

vir rvi t ig iiti i G, Tzi,

R, Mgr, sg, cmr, dRc, Mi,

etii.77 T etii a lig cm,

t rt it i i ari, ti it

ivtmt rm Ifc, i 2009, imir rjt r

t v i dmrti Ri t cg,

Mgr, tr wt ari ti.78 wit

t rrt ritiim rrig t ri rr

qiiti, it i imrtiv tt igvmt Ifc’ rmti ig mi

riti mi.

Ivtig i ‘I’ l?M gvrmt jti tir rmti

tim r rig ivtmt t r

r i “i” r “rtiiz.” b t i

rm “rtiiz,” t im, t

r i t jriz, t tr i

i t t rm fdI t rti t

rvi “rtiv” . hvr, i m , tt i ri “i” i t rm

iit tit ri t .

T rt tr rivtizti t wr b Gr

titi, i gr, t g t tri’

rmt Ifc fIas, i rtir, trt

t tr t triti mm r t

ri i ari.79 I m , rmr

T Tzi Ivtmt ctr (TIc)

t “ ”—it iti m

2.5 mii tr it r

ivtmt rjt.




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trit v r ti r tri. hvr,

gvrmt r imig ti i i i rr t

mr i r it t rivt ivtr.

I etii, i r gvrmt tr t

t gt r . hvr, t gvrmt

trmi tt it rm “i” t

rig ivtr. I, t tr’ grt “

rjt” mv it vr t t r. I

rt t itr rg- mmri rmig t

t tr, t gvrmt i rig vt rti rm t rig ivtr t mt

giv rt. b 2013, tr mii tr t

t gvrmt im t “i” i t t

v tt—qivt t mr t t

t rrt r tivti i t tr.80 T

etii gvrmt i t r ig

gr i tt t r ttrtig

r mii r rig ivtmt

t t j. a r i: “etii

[187 mii r] rti , i 15%

i rrt i —mi it rmr…

Ivtr r vr giv tt g t etii

rmr.”81

ert i t , vr, rm tt tr i

tig i i etii, r r i

ari. etii t r’ igt gr

rt it mr t 13 mii i

i. ct ti v tt mtiti r

grzig t tr i r t t mt

imrtt r itr-mm it i mt

rt etii t trit.82 arig

t Mi Tr, i iit t t Itrti

l citi, “I i ari ’t t, it’

r r r. M it’ t grz ivt

r irt t t rvt trit ti

ri. a t r iti rt tt tr i i etii tt

r r.”83

I, i mt vr rt gr ivvig

rig trri, tr r mit tt

t v t t grzig tr. Ti i t

, r m, i t b Gm, etii.

a iig a rm Gm ri t

rrt itti i i m rgi:

a t i t Gm rgi i tiiz. e

mmit tr it trritr t

rivr rm iti it. It i mt rgt

t gvrmt ivtr t tt tr i t

r tt i t tiiz i Gm. T rig

mi r rrivig i rg mr, rivig

t v r tri. Tr i

tti it t iig ti. T r

rt. T tig t i

mig it t trtr t iv tir .84

Ifc fIas rg ivtr t t vtg

qirig i, “vi” trgt ari. I it

ivtmt rmti mtri, Ifc/fIas rvi t

tti ivtr irmti t t “viiit” i vig tri. fr m, i

bmrig fdI cmtitiv Rrt85 (i

ti t trgt t ivtmt

imt irt tri) irmti rvi

rgrig t rtiv ig t ti

rt rti i mr ari tri. T

k rrt ri t ig “trgt” t

tr’ rtitr tr:86

• g rrt rt rrm

• ir tr mtitiv• abundance of arable land 87

• mmt rigiit

• ir trit t r imt t amtrm

• tir t r trrt t Rttrm

witi ti m rr, it tt

“ t rm” “trgt” t ivtmt

“a t i t Gm rgi i

tiiz. e mmit trit trritr t rivr rm

iti it. It i mt rgt t

gvrmt ivtr t tt tr

i t r tt i t tiiz i

Gm. T rig mi r rrivig

i rg mr, rivig

t v r tri. Tr i

tti it t iig ti.

T r rt. T tig t

i mig it t

trtr t iv tir .”




|

imt i Tzi G, “ r

” “trgt” i ug, k, Mi (v

tg Mi “ig rtg tr ”). T

Tzi rrt tt,

‘Tzi j 88 mii tr r

i 60 mii tr r it r ivtrti. crrt, 5.5 rt Tzi’ r-

i tiiz. T tr

r rm i rtitr rti

ti.’

Ti 2007 mt tt tt 5.5 rt

Tzi’ r —tt i, it r r

tivti—i i . It i rtit, vr, t

i “r” , r mii tr

iti ti r ri r r

t Mi tr trit gr? I Tzi, 37

mii tr r ir iivrit rtt r .88 T t r r tt

ir “r” r “tiiz” , t it i

riti tt t rrv i tir rrt rm

r i virmt tiiit. T, t

mt “r” tt i im t vi r

t tivti rt rmt t

t rmr.

frtrmr, it i r Ifc/fIas qi

“vi” r “i” it i mm mg

trit it rmr

. I 2009, The Guardian rrt t igt t mii trit rm ivig r t

ari tit. wi t tr it it

r r r, trit j vr rigt

it m t . “et ari gvrmt

im t rt rm t tir ii r mig

it irig it r trit t mv r t

, rivigig t rigt rivt rm r

ivtr,” The Guardian rrt. “I 2006 t

Tzi gvrmt triz t rt viti

trit mmiti rm t ug i i t

str ig Tzi, itt rig tm

tr t . T v i mitt tt it mit, t Tzi trit ti t iv

itt ii t rt tir rigt.”89

a it r, Ifc fIas r r it

mrt t t tt tt t i ivtmt

imt timt, mi grt. o fIas

mt tit “a digti cit r l

Mrt” i aimed at helping investors determine the extent

to which land market issues are a constraint to their own

investments. si, tr r trit

ig “tmr ”—rgitr r

t tr iig mmiti—t mt

t tt tmr ti t r rg r

ig i m vig tri, rtir

i ari t pi I. “s riti

t t vmt gritr, gr-itr, trim, t tiig rigt t ti i t

it ri r rivt ivtr, r tr i

rm g rmr t rt rigt.”90 It

ti t ggt tt ivtr tmv t

ig qti:

• h m t prie land i t tr i r

tmr r tri rgim?

• h m ti tmr i nder tilized?

• d iig mmiti v t sills, incentives,

and nancial resorces t mg tir igtiv?

• d t mmiti v t legal right to ae land

available t rivt ivtr trg r ig?

d t ti gvrmt im rtri-

ti trti—r m, ig

t m vi r trim rjt

r rvtig mmiti rm imig r

tr rt r tig rt i tr ii?

• I tr ri power strggles iti r t m-

miti tt t g t t rrg-

mt t rivt ivtr t mmi-ti? fr m, r ii rrgmt

m trg q r irri rt,

t t rm rrgmt r t

m mirit?

• I t ti gvrmt i iti t protect sch

arrangeents i tr t rivt iv-

tr t mmiti?

• ar tr g r tr barriers to forally titling areas

r ig-v ivtmt, t?

cr t rigt t ti r ittr t Ifc fIas i tir rmti fdI. a

tir vri ‘ ’ rt tr ivtmt

rmti tiviti mtrt, t Ifc/fIas ririti

i it t ivtr, rti it vig

tr gvrmt i timt im t iittig

r t ivtr. wit ivtr’ ririti i mi,

it i t rriig tt Ifc/fIas r i vig

tri rr t gr tr t t trimt

mrgiiz .



PArt III.

cAse studIes

sa lo

Mr t 70 rt sirr l’ i mii iv t vrt i t tr t r’

igt it mrtit rt. sirr l’ ivi r, i i 2002, t t tr’ irtrtr

m vtt. Ifc r i sirr l g i 2003 it rrttiv rgrm

i t tr. ovr t t v r, Ifc/fIas Taas rmm g t i gitr v

mt trrm t sirr l’ ivtmt imt, rig, g ivtmt i

sirr l’ mrt v .

© fao/ptr di cm. sirr l; Mt ri rmr gr r tir r . M t r rr trg r tir r.




|

I r 2005, fIas rtr it t uk’ drtmt r

Itrti dvmt (dfId) t t igti

t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i sirr

l. T gvrmt sirr l i t t

t rt t i, i rg t gvrmt t

t t i mvig rm t-it itti tr

grt rivt tr vmt.

Trr, i Jr 2006, fIas g immtti

t Rmvig amiitrtiv brrir t Ivtmt

(RabI) rjt. ur RabI, i J 2007, t sirr

l primt rv gitiv g rig

t tim, mr t, t rqir t t

i. T t rgitrig i t

r 97 rt, rm $1,500 t $50. n giti

ig r imt r r ri

rmit rv.

dit t t tt rjt RabI r rt

tt tti t rit ig t

ti m trri, fIas’ rimr g i t

imrvmt t tr’ ivtmt imt r t

t rig ivtr. wi Ifc/fIas r

t it t rmt t ‘ ig i’ r

, m tir ggmt it vig tr

gvrmt i irt t ig i rimri t

ttrt fdI—r ig i r .

a rt t RabI rjt, i 2007, t gvrmt

sirr l rtr immt 11 15 tm

imiti rr rmm fIas:

rti mtti, imiti rt, t itrti ri- tm tt

imit iti vr imt. a i 2007,

t gvrmt rtr imit t rqirmt tt

i qrtr tir timt t

im r t rgitr mi. a mti

m v tt mit tr t

vi t 3 rt v t t imrt. T t t

r imiti t t tm, t it i

immtti, rti m i rgim

ig t rg trri rmizti. fIas

t gvrmt t ti r trm.

T iiti igti t miitrtiv rrir t

ivtmt i sirr l rtr t t timt

i-rivt tr tm. ur fIas gi,

ti tm rm rig gr t rmt

immt rrm rgrm i rr t rt “r-

ivtmt imt.” fr r r trgt r

rrm: (1) i trt- rr; (2)

ig; (3) rtig rr, t, tm;

(4) ititti rrm, iig t rmt

“-ti” ivtmt rmti/tr iitti

g.

T r ti “-ti” g, i 2007, fIas

rtr it t Itrti Tr ctr Gv

t ig t gvrmt ti t sirrl Ivtmt ert prmti ag (slIepa,

tt://.i.rg), i i t irmti

iitti rvi gt ivtr. T g

rvi rm r t rivt tr t i

ivtmt i it gvrmt.

fIas miti tt i-rivt ig i riti

t t rrm, trr t sirr l

bi frm rm i rr t “rt t

gvrmt’ rrm rt rviig trm r

t rivt tr t rmt ivtmt-ri ii

t itiz t gvrmt t gr i

imrtt i i.”91 l t Miitr

Tr Itr, t frm m r

r igig immtig t ivtmt imt

ti .

wit it ri gitiv rrm, t rmti

t-t Ipa, t ttrtiv ivtmt

imt, sirr l i i fIas tr. It

iiz t mr m

rti iti i t pi-privt dig Tit

h i Ifc92 i igigt mg

t t rrmr i ari i wbG’ Doing Business

Iitr.

wbG titi v r t igigt sirr l

ttrtiv titi r ivtmt. a MIGa

© fao/ptr di cm. Ri rmr i sirr l




|

r, tit “Ivtr e sirr l,” t, “ti

imvri ti tig imriv gi

i ttrtig igit itrt rm ivtr.”

It tt tt, ig ivi r, “rvr

ti it 2008 r Gr dmti prt

(Gdp) gr timt 5.5 rt tt rm 2009 t

2010, sirr l mv igt t i t wr

b Gr’ Doing Business rig.”93

T MIGa r rtr t r ivtr,

ttig, “t tr i jig rrg itrt

rm ivtr ig r rt-mvr vtg. sirr

l r igit tti i gritr it ig

v ri vt t r t tivt

.” T rtiti r igigt t mr

t 600 gt ttig t sirr l Tr

Ivtmt frm i l i nvmr 2009,

t t Gvrmt sirr l.

sirr l’ Ipa, t sirr l Ivtmt ert

prmti ag (slIepa)—i v it

t gi Ifc/fIas i 2007—igigt gritr

it mt rmiig tr r rig

ivtmt. It it vrti tt sirr l t,

“rtiti r rti i, i,

rgi ,” rtiti i gritr g

rvi,” “rv rt tti,” mg tr.94

hvr, it t mr ttrti i t tr

tt sirr l “I grig iti rg

mt vi ”:‘sirr l i i r gritr. It vr 4.3

mii tr tiv vi, ti

qti rr, tri imt, ri i, -

ig r. a rrt rti

i t (ri v, vgt), r

(gr, , , gigr ), tr

r (i m, t), tti r igit

i. a mm/im tr tm

trg gvrmt iitti m t

ti i mt gritr r trg r, g-

trm .’

wit rti g t sirr l’ ivtmt

imt, it i rri tt ivtr itrt i iqig.

I frr 2010, t gvrmt sirr l ig

us$400 mii i grmt it a birg

sitzr.95Ti i t rgt gritr ivtmt

vr t r i ti tr. T i r t

tivti g gr t r 100,000

i mtr it iti t t t r .96 I iti, sirr l ig Mmrm

urtig it si ari r si ivtmt i

t rti ri r m mti rt.97

I t 2009, t sirr l Tr Ivtmt frm

i t uk ttrt vr 1,000 rtiit, iig t

pri uae, t pri bri, ceo’ rt

mi r t r, t oIc, si f t. a

sirr l’ Miitr frig air Itrti

c-rti, hj Zi h bgr, i, t

sirr l Ivtmt ert prmti ag rt t it ivtr rtig “ t

” r trtig i, tt t Itrti

fi crrti’ “dig bi” gi r

sirr l ig i trm ig i i

wt ari. sirr l, , i t it

m t ivtr rtti it i t rt. “a

ivtmt itiv t i rtig

v ig r ivtr,” r.98

wi t gvrmt sirr l rg

ivtmt, t ti r t i t r. o

rrtr trv t sirr l viit vigtt r t i t a rjt. wi

t rjt mgr im tt “mrgi”

“gr” r ig i t rjt,

rrtr J btr tt z vig i

ti mv t m r t 40,000-tr

gr tti.99 dit rgmt tt a

i rig m mmt rtiti t t

tr, btr tt t t, a m

t m t r i it gr rr,

t r ig i mr 10,000 , t qivt

usd$2.50 .



liberia

wit t lbbf t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm, liri t t t t Doing Business

rig r t t tr r. Ivtr t t rig t trmi r ivtmt i t ri,

mt rt.

© fao/Gii nit




|

fIas g t r irt it t liri gvrmt

i fy07. drig rm frr 2006 mii-igti

rrt, i tti it t Miitri

cmmr, fi, t nti Ivtmt

cmmii liri, fIas t tr rtrm

t it i rig t tr’ i imt.

T rt “rtrm” rig rrir trmizti t r ivtr t rt i liri.

T imrvig t i-rivt

ig i liri t ri t tr’ privt str

dvmt rrm r. T tir “rtrm”

imrvig t tr’ ivtmt i

rmr, giti, ititti.

Trg fIas’ 2008 rt t ir i-rivt

ig, t liri bttr bi frm (lbbf)

r, i m Ivtmt prmti ag

(Ipa, prt I, FIAS’s Technical Assistance Products). Ti

rgizti rt it t jtiv irigrivt tr rtiiti i mi i-mig i

liri trg jit pi privt str wrig

Gr100 rtrig t vt, ti

i vi ti.

lbbf ti Ifc rmi itimt

t t Ifc—v ig t m gg. fr

m, lbbf igigt it it t ig

mimt:

Ti tiv rtri t rtiiti t d-

ig bi avir uit t wr b Gr

t Ifc mg Ivtmt cimt tm -tr rgrm t t tmt immt-

ti 21 imrvmt t t i virmt

iv i rr 4 mt.

a rt ti r tt t imrv rr

r t i ‘strtig bi’, ‘Trig

ar brr’ ‘ctrti prmit’ iitr

t dig bi rv, liri’ rig im-

rv rm 170 i 2008 t 157 i t 2009 rv.

T lbbf i ri r rtig Ivtmt

l. I fy09, t frm’ rt ririt t g

t Ivtmt l, qt vri i

rt lbbf mitt t t gitr i

rti it t nti Ivtmt cmmii.

I iti, fIas rt t liri gvrmt

i it rt t ri t rivt tr it t

t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm,

m-riv, mti-r rgrm ig t

grt ti mmtm r i rrm.

fIas it i 2008 it ri mt

immtti mriv rrm.

fIas t gvrmt trmi i trt-

rr, r tr rrir trg imrv

rt r, tri ivtmt rmti r,

v trrt gritr i i.fIas’ ari dig bi Rrm avir tm

it t gvrmt i vig tr rm

rr r i rgitrti iig

trti.101

wit t lbbf t liri Ivtmt cimt Rrm

prgrm, liri t t t t Doing Business

rig r t t tr r. Ivtr t t

rig t trmi r ivtmt i t

ri, mt rt. nt rriig, fdI i liri i

ti irig.

I ari 2009, sim dr, Mi- mtiti

tit, ig $847 mii i grmt it

t gvrmt liri t tivt i m rr

i r ti.102 sim dr tiv t vr t

Gtri Rr ptti Jr 1, 2010 i

t t m timt 22,000 liri vr

t t 10 r.

a i Jr 2010, Ii g m i

git, G agri-Vrm, t Itr-miitri

ci cmmitt (IMcc) liri g

gtitig t t iggt ivtmt i

liri’ gritr itr.103 Vrm i

t ivt mr t us$1.6 ii r i mr t

240,000 tr t t t tr’ m i

tr. T r timim tt t m

gi rti i liri i i mt, t

gitr rtiti tir i

grmt.104

“Ti tiv rtri t rtiiti

t dig bi avir uit t

wr b Gr t Ifc mg

Ivtmt cimt tm tr rgrm

t t tmt immtti

21 imrvmt t t i

virmt iv i rr 4 mt.”



ehopa

etii i t grit tri i t r it mr t 13 mii i i, t

ri t gvrmt i rig t t 7.5 mii r it mt rti t ri tri m

t r’ mt t iivi t rt t tir tri.

© fao/ptr di cm




|

Ifc’ avir srvi v ivv it

etii r vr . fIas’ rt igti r

i t tr g i 1997 it rvi etii’

ivtmt imt it rv r r rig

irt ivtmt. T i 2000, fIas rvi triig

t t etii Ivtmt ag t trgt

it it r ivtmt rmti, i 2001, fIasrvi t tr’ ivtmt virmt it

i mi rt-rit fdI.105 a, i

fy07, fIas rrt tt it “swaT tm r ari”

t Ivtmt pi prmti rjt i

etii, t itt i irmti it t ti

ti rjt.106

I t 2008, Ifc’ tr tr etii it

i ai a i rr t “ir

tivit t rt etii’ mi vmt.”107

a Ifc rrt tt, “Ifc’ trtg i etii

rtiv vig ivtmtrjt, rtig i-rivt rtri tt

rmt mi grt, miizig irt

ivtmt t tr t m, iig

grii, i rvi, t ti,

irtrtr, mtrig, trim.”108

Ifc i rig t v etii’ ig tr

trg jit ivtmt vir rvi rjt

tt i ti t tr’ rt ig m.

T m i t miti Ifc’ r

it etii’ gvrmt t rt grmr r ig i t tr, i trt mt

g.

prit, t ig rm ir

rmti i etii t t tr r. I t

etii’ grt “ rjt”—i

rt t itr rg- mmri rmig t t

tr—t gvrmt i rig vt

rti rm t rig ivtr t mt

giv rt. b 2013, tr mii tr i

i t t v tt, qivt t mr

t t t rrt r tivti i t

tr.109

I gr , jrit ri i

ri i etii viitig itri rm g

t mi r t a:‘T rm mgr mii tmt,

r tr vgt ig gr i 1,500 t

r i mtr tr iti. si gi-

r r iig t t trtr, dt t-

g miimiz tr rm t r- 1,000

m i 50 t . witi 24

r, it riv 200 mi t ai a

1,000 mi t t rtrt

di, J r i t Mi et.

T 2,500 r , i ti t a

gr, r r 99 r t si ii-ir im, etii-r si Mmm

-ami, t 50 rit m i t r. hi

si str m t t $2-ii

qirig vig 1.25 mii r i

etii i t t r. s r, it gt r

rm i r grig t, ri, vgt

r r t si mrt. It t vt

t m mr t 10,000 .’110

I tr , krtri, bgr Ii

m, qir mr t 300,000 tr

(741,000 r) i Gm. It 90-r ti . krtri r i

etii b. ur tir grmt, krtri

t v t r t rt i r r

it ig i Gm. T it t 15 irr

(qivt t usd $1.13) r tr r r r t

rmiig 84 r it 90 r .

ni o, iig a rm t Gm

rgi etii t The Guardian Mr 7, 2010:

“a t r m mi vig Ii t

vr i ig r. p v t r r

Ii m. Tir mrit t v giv mti. p

t iv t i ig. T

i t i g gr.”

etii i t grit tri i t r

it mr t 13 mii i i,

t ri t gvrmt i rig t t 7.5

mii r it mt rti t ri tri

m t r’ mt t iivi t rt

t tir tri.

“a t r m mi vig Ii

t vr i ig r.

p v t r r Ii

m. Tir mrit t v giv

mti. p t iv t

i ig. T i

t i g gr.”




|

GRAIN is an international non-prot organization that works to support small farmers and social movements

in their struggles for community-controlled and biodiversity-based food systems. www.grain.org

T r rm it g, it i mr rt t vr tt r it

rt g gr. frig ivtr v r miiz vr $100 ii r t

qiiti r 50 mii tr rm vr r t rti t

r rt, t ti m jt t ti t irg. I gvrmt, t Ifc, tr

gi r t t t rigt iti it , t gr i mtii.

T tig ig ti miv trr tr rm mmiti t

rig ivtr i t trg i rit tt mrg. bt ivtr ig t

t gvrmt ig t tir r rigt rv t r

git t gr m. Tr i gr iti tt i rig

rigig tgtr, rvig tt tig i mr riti t tig ti g gr

t mmiti i mvmt vig r rtig t i ig

ig t , ji r, t ti.

T wr b i ig jit iititiv it t fao, Ifad, uncTad t rmt

t rii tt t m gr i ri grt i-i

ri r ivtr mmiti. Ti i tr, rmr’ rgizti, ivi it

rgizti, i mvmt rm r t r v m tgtr t ti

iititiv. T b’ rii r jt m t tr t r t iti ri r ivtr. Tr

i iiit “i-i” rm t i mt trr rm mmiti

t rrti trrmti m rm t itri tti. n mttr iti rm, t’ gr i i mt triti it t mvmt r vrigt

–t mig t r vr it r i rviig t

ivi r t 3 ii r rr rr t t. T g gr

t t, immit.

A WORD FROm GRAIN




|

dit t rmit r t wr b Gr i

rig t t 2008 i ri, t

rig g wbG ii—t iirimit

rg rig irt ivtmt rmt rivt

tr vmt—r ig t tr tt ir

itiit rtr t rvi rit rtit.

T i ri rv t rivr r

t r Ifc fIas i t vig r, 111

gvrmt gt ti t i

ti it. Ifc/fIas Taas v t

rg iitt gr t v i t giti i g vig

tri, irt ig i mi tm

tt t ivi rit.

Ifc fIas riritiz t imrvmt ivtmt

imt rmt i ig virmt,

it r tt i ig , t vr t mr

rgt rm gr vrt tt rit

i tir it tri, ig igt tir rii

mii, i i t vit vrt. fIas t tt it

r trit t mjr Doing Business112 rrm i

sirr l, R, liri, bri f, tt tri r mg t t r uit

nti dvmt prgrm’ hm dvmt

I (i mr tr ivig -ig

r tri ri), rig 180, 167, 169, 177

rtiv t 182 tri.

frtrmr, i Ifc fIas’ Mitrig evti

(M&e) it rt, t t tir r

t vrt gr ttiti riv t

ttti. fr m, fIas mr it vr

rrm iitr, fIas it’ vr

titi, t mr fIas rmmtiimmt, t vr rtig it Taas srvii,

t mr bi eig evirmt

rrm ivvig t t 10 rt imrvmt i

tim/t mr rr /r mr

i rqir.113 Mrvr, fIas iitr r rjt-

i “imt” i fdI/Gdp ttiti, gr

it rmti, rt rrm /r rivt

ivtmt i i itri, t mr

i rgitrti.114 nr iti it M&e

fIas ir, r m, t mr j

rt, g t gr vrt ttiti, t

vrg im ti, r tr it Taas

mi it Ifc’ prrm str.

o Mr 11, 2010, r 100 ivi it rgizti

rm 38 tri m tt wr b Gr

ig t rivt rrti m mr riv

t virmt i r. a ttr mitt

t t ceo t Ifc, lr T, ri tt Ifc’

trr rvii, ir t rgiz

m rigt, iqt imt g ii,

rmi Ifc’ iit t iv it vrt viti

mii.115

T ivi it ttr it t mr i

i Ifc ivtmt v vttig imt

ti iit tt itrti m

rigt tr, iig t rt i t un

drti t Rigt Iig p, mt

irrt it t pi prrm str.

Ifc i rviig t immtti tiv

it si evirmt stiiit pi

prrm str t 2010.116 T

prrm str, i tr, t t r r 67 rivt

(t eqtr prii fii Ititti117)

ivv i vmt rjt m ert

crit agi.118 Ti Rrt rt ti rt—t

t it . Ifc ig rti v

g i t t ivi it gr t

cmi avir/omm (cao).119 It i q

imrtiv, vr, t g t Ti ait

avir srvi tt Ifc fIas rvi tvig tr gvrmt. Jt Ivtmt

srvi (Is) r t t Ifc’ prrm

str, t t Ti ait

avir srvi rt riti mi.

T ri grt Ifc’ avir srvi (as) vr t

t v r i rg

PArt IV. conclusIons




|

mr. Ti i itrt i t mrg mr

t 50 as rt, 18 rgi iiti vrig v

rgi, 13 g i it, t as

r ig trt t t rt-trm tt.120

Imrtt trtgi qti . T i

tr, i grtig tti vir i

t ig ititti, t Taas rvi t i ititti m rg -rvig?

T It evti Gr (IeG)121 rt

g t mitr Ifc’ avir srvi (as) i

iti t it ivtmt rvi (Is). T It

evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt (IedR)—

i i 2009— t Ifc’ tiv iig vmt trg it grig rti

ivtmt rti (prt I); —r t rt tim—

t crrti’ ri rgizig ivrig

avir srvi (as) (prt II).

T IedR rv mr trit i trig t

imt as, i rt t t “rtiv iti

M&e gii t t Ifc t.”122 wi Ifc i

rig t trmi riiz as ivr,

ti t rmi r i rgr, igit

rgizti i ti rit ( vrig

r immtti trtr i vr rgi; -ti rt ti

irtrtr; rit t as Is r t

itgrt i irt tt, t.).123

a t, i t ivr as m r i rgr

iti Ifc, rgizti i r t ir

t vt Taas as rt t t Ifc

prrm str.124 Ifc’ prrm str

5 (ps5) r qiiti ivtr

rttmt ti t Ifc rjt.

si, it im t vi r t t miimiz ivtr

rttmt rvr i rig trtiv

rjt ig; t mitigt vr i mi

imt rm qiiti r rtriti t

r’ ; t imrv ivig iti

mg i r trg rvii qtig it rit tr t rttmt it.

It i qit r tt Ifc/fIas Taas trit t

mr vmt tt i t m it ps5.

frm g t ig vmt t t

timt ivtmt rmti ii, Taas

r mg t rii rivr t g gr

i t vig r. wi i Ifc rjt v

g i t t, ti Rrt rg tt

g t irt ititti r Ifc

fIas riti ivtigtig t tr t Taas

rt t ivr. n gr i it it t itIfc tr--tr, rjt--rjt i, t

rtr, it i r t g t vr r

Ifc fIas vir rvi t r rrt ig

i t gritr vmt t rmti

rig ivtmt i t vig r.

wit t Ifc avir srvi rti i grig

r, it Ifc/fIas irig

gritr vmt i s-sr ari, it i

ti t tt i i t t. erg

Ifc fIas, gvrmt r rig tir rti

t rig ivtr, tr trtig t i mrigt tir ti. a rvir Ti

ait avir srvi, Ifc fIas irt

t giti i g Tir wr

tri, trr rg r i trmiig

t ivi vig tr ti. b

rtig r-ritig i giti, tiig

ivtmt rmti gi, rgig fdI

rmti, Ifc fIas i i mi

tm trgt t vig r.

Ti ait avir srvi rv

t rmt Ifc fIas’ g trg t

rtrtrig ii t t ig

ivtr-ri r t mi vmt. I

t , ti i ig i t firt wr ivtr

r t t gvrmt t tri, t

ti i r. fdI i t mgi t r

vmt rti t v t immit

rm vrt, gr, r rrm. b

rmtig ivtr t it riritizig

t i m rigt, Ifc i i it mii.

© fao/sr eitt




|

Annex I

Ifc/fIAs tecHnIcAl AssIstAnce And AdVIsory

serVIces In countrIes wHere lAnd grAbs

HAVe occurred*

*wi ti Rrt rimri Taas gr tt v rr i ari, ti t i Ifc/fIas rvi rri t i

r rgi.

**Ti t i Ifc/fIas rvi tt v rri t i 2000.*** T irmti rvi t it t ggt irt rtii t Ifc/fIas rvi gr tt v rr

i tr; rtr, t t it t Ifc/fIas rvi v t t ivtmt imt i tri r

gr v rr.

benIn

YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIASPROjECT

IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2006: amiitrtiv

brrir;a t l

fIas iti mjr miitrtiv rrir tig r rivt, mmri,

itri, riti vmt i bi. fIas trit t t tizti

immtti rrm rgrm t imrv t iti r r rivt mi

t ti r i mrt tt rmt rivt tr vmt. [1]

LAND GRABBERS(S) LAND GRAB DETAILS

Mi st ari

(rivt tr)

I tir J 2008 rrt t i itr it rr , t Itrti

Ititt r evirmt dvmt fao it vr m ig rjt, iig

300,000-400,000 m i rjt i tr bi r jit Mi-st ari vtr.

T gritr mrizti trtg immt t gvrmt bi i rrt t ivv

rg ir i r tivti, r t r i. t://t..rg/r/

/011/j224/j22400.

bRaZIl


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

I brzi, fIas ti it rgrm i rti it apex brzi, t tr’

ti ivtmt rmti g. ur t rgrm, fIas t rt it mt miti

m vr t t i ivtmt rmti. T rjt ti ti ivtmt

rmti tr r tt (bi, Mi Gri, pr, prm) v tir

it t ttrt rti fdI t tr rti mg rrt ivtr. [5]


Miti (J)

I nvmr 2007, t J gmrt Miti r 100,000 brzii rm r

rti. T i i bi, Mi Gri, Mrã. Miti gt t trgit 25% rtiiti i sa, t brzii gri trr tt rm t t . (Mtigri sa i t

iir si ig m, Mtigri aG). at t m tim, Miti gt r i

xig, tr brzi- gri trr it qrtr i sitzr, trrr t r

t Mtigri. Ti rgt Miti’ tt ivtmt i Mtigri, it it brzii ig, t

¥10 ii (us$95m). tt://.rtr.m/rti/iusT11264520071113?=tr

ci

I otr 2008, fii Tim rrt tt t ci miitr gritr tr it t

it brzi t qir rm r rti. tt://.t.m/m//0/8989-12-

11-82-00007707658.tm?i_=1




|

caMbodIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

I fy09, fIas g ivtmt-rmti it-iig rjt i cmi. a rt

ti rjt, fIas ti t cmi Ivtmt br t v trr it im t

rtiig ivtr rgig i irt r t t g mi rii. [5]


kitI agt 2008, kit’ gritr miitr ig itr it t cmi gvrmt

r tr rti. ur rrgmt, kit rvi t kmr ri

t r ri r rt t kit, it r gig t t itrti mrt.

tt://.rtr.m/rti/iukbkk33108620080822

Qtr

I M 2008, it rrt tt Qtr t ivt rimt $200 mii i cmi’

gritr tr. ur t r , Qtr rvi ig t rtr cmi’

gritr irtrtr, iig irrigti tm r vr 300,000 tr ri tig

i t rvi sv Rig, pr Vg kmg cm. tt://.rii.

m/518778-qtr--t-t-im--mi-ri-i

st kr (gvrmt

rivt tr)

It rrt i agt 2008, tt i cmi, mrt v m irig ttrtiv

t rig ivtr. fr it, t st kr gvrmt t tm, ivvig mjr

gmrt lG h, i rr t rv i cmi r r rti. tt://

gi..m/21t/tm//200808/200808290004.tm; tt://rmgr.rg/2480

ar ai tri

It rrt i nvmr 2008 tt ar ai tri i gtiti it t

cmi gvrmt i mi-2008 t rg trt rm. ag, rig i

r r tr t : mi i, ig, trt rmig.

emi i ivv “ i ”, i trt rmig

ig t trg irt trt it rmr. tt://.mt.m/

i./2008112722895/bi/frig-tri-rm-r-gritr--i-qt-r-.

tm / tt://rmgr.rg/2590

deMocRaTIc RepublIc of conGo


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2005: amii-trtiv brrirfIas t 2- miitrtiv rrir t t iti rmm ti t t

miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt. [1]

2002: Ivtmt l &

digti/Ip&p

Ias it t gvrmt t dmrti Ri t cg i immtig rt

ivtmt . It t igti t ti trtg r ttrtig fdI. [1]


ZTe agrii cm

lt. (ci)

arig t J 2009 rrt, ZTe agrii cm lt. t ti -mii tr

m i tti i t dmrti Ri cg r i rti. Zg pg, ZTe’

rgi mgr, t xi tt t tti i t 5 mii t m i r r, 90

rt i vrt t ii. tt://.r.rg/-gr-mtig-

-i-itit-r

nt siI M 2009, dmrti Ri cg it 10 mii tr rm

t iivi rig rmr. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=84320




|

eThIopIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: lig

Ifc i vig etii’ ig tr trg ivtmt vir rvi t ti

t tr’ rt ig m. T m i t miti Ifc’ r it etii’

gvrmt t rt g rmr r ig i t tr, i trt mt

g. [6]

2009-2010: Ivtmt pi

& prmti

Ifc’ rrt trtg i etii r Ip&p rtiv vig ivtmt

rjt, rtig i-rivt rtri tt rmt mi grt, miizig irt

ivtmt t tr t m, iig grii, i rvi, t

ti, irtrtr, mtrig, trim. [6]

2000-2001: Ivtmt pi

& prmti

I 2000, fIas rvi triig t t etii Ivtmt ag t trgt it it

r ivtmt rmti. T i 2001, fIas rvi t tr’ ivtmt virmt it

i mi rt-rit fdI. [1]


krtri (Ii) I Jr 2010, it rrt tt krtri, bgr- Ii m, qir mr t

300,000 tr (741,000 r) i t Gm rgi etii. It g 90-r

ti . tt://.mi.m/m_tm_10_01_31.tm

biiir a-ami

(si ari)

arig t Jr 2010 rrt, t si r ig t im tir r i etii, i

trg tir rrgt, t iiir a-ami. T si tm i rtig it 15 ii r

t gvrmt si ari t i r mi t gg i gritr vtr vr.

a-ami i rmig vtr r i r r mii tr t

vri it trgt etii. tt://.mi.m/m_tm_10_01_31.tm

Ri s

I Jr 2010, Ri s Itri, t ig i i rr, mjr

rm qiiti i etii r tivti. T m ig mmrm

rtig it t etii gvrmt r tivti ttig rigit 61,775 r i Gm big Gmz tt i r 25 r. tt://

.tiii.m/2010/01/16/tri/2010011653020100.tm

GuInea bIssau


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2002-2003: Ivtmt pi

& prmti

I Jr 2010, Ri s Itri, t ig i i rr, mjr

rm qiiti i etii r tivti. T m ig mmrm

rtig it t etii gvrmt r tivti ttig rig

it 61,775 r i Gm big Gmz tt i r 25 r. tt://.tiii.m/2010/01/16/tri/2010011653020100.tm


ci (rivt tr)

I M 2009, it rrt tt ci’ gritr ivtmt r rig t tr rt

t ari tit - Gi bi i wt ari r ci ti vr ri

ri rimtti rm i 2009. a, i r 2007, ci ivtr g $60 mii i t

tr’ t itr, i i t iggt itri t tit.

tt://.jmt.rg/ig/?_=1&t_tt[tt_]=35042&t_tt[pi]=7&h

=419371913




|

IndonesIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008: Ivtmt l;

Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas it t gvrmt Ii i rtig rgi ivtmt i ttmt

t rimir r tiig rgi ivtmt . [4]


wimr Gr

arig t J 2008 rrt, i ivtigti it t tiviti t wimr Gr ( t

rgt m i ii rr i ai), it iti tt rimt 6,000

r i it t t m gr. I it, i sj vig, m

rr g r rimt 450 mmit rr tti i 2005-06. t://t.

.rg/r//011/j224/j22400.

bil Gr

(si ari)

I agt 2008, t bil Gr ig grmt t ivt t t us$4.3,

rtim 15 si ivtr t Mi et ft crtim, t v 500,000

ri i Ii. T im t r mti r rt t si ari, rrt ig

si . bil ri m r t rii rm “t” t sigvrmt t it t kigm’ g-trm rm trg vr vtr.

T si ri vtr i rt rgr gritr vmt rjt ivvig tt 1.6m

r t ri t miz, rgm, , gr, m i i vrt

t i. T bil Gr 15% t i t Ii m i tti miig

gmrt bri & brtr. tt://.gimgzi.m/?i=512

pt agr eri

(st kr)

I J 2008, t rgi gvrmt b, itrit Ii’ ctr si prvi,

tt st kr- pT agr eri t ivt us$2 i miz tti i

b. a grmt r r t ti 10,000 , t m

g g tig rv t ir ti t 25,000 . tt://.zi.m/

rti/3675757/s+koRean+co+To+InVesT+us2+bln+In+IndonesIan+MaIZe+planTaTIons /

tt://rmgr.rg/2434

kenya


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2004-2005: Ip&p

amiitrtiv brrir

I 2004, fIas t t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt t t rqt t k

Gvrmt. T i 2005, fIas t rvi t i t k Ivtmt prmti

at it mmtr t tt. [1]


Qtr

I J 2009, k rrt t v ig it Qtr t r rit

vgt rti i t t t T Rivr r rt t Qtr. tt://.it.rg/it/

mmtri.m?rId=107093




|

The lao people’s deMocRaTIc RepublIc


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008: Ivtmt pi &

prmti; Ivtmt l

I 2008, fIas g itig l pdR i rrmig it ivtmt , ivtmt itiv,

ivtmt rmti ti. wit fIas it, t l gvrmt g rtig

ivtmt i J 2008. [4]


ZTe (ci)

I otr 2008 t ci tmmiti git ZTe cr rrt vig r 100,000-

i i tr l r v rti (r t) i rtri it dt

cm, lti rm. It g tt ci m i r 600,000-

i i t irrigt r r ri rti. bt rjt r m t t

ci mrt. tt://mttr.t/rivr/g/2008/09/11/-i-rt-t-r-

i-/

kit ci Ivtmt c

(kcIc)

I otr 2009, it rrt tt kit ci Ivtmt c (kcIc), kiti t mgmt

rm it it t G tt’ vrig t , r t gvrmt

l (i iti t Vitm cmi) t ivt i “rv rm.” tt://.

rii.m/569789-it-rm--i-rm-ivtmt

lIbeRIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2007: amiitrtiv brrir

drig rm t frr 2006 mii-igti rrt, i tti it t Miitri

cmmr, fi, t nti Ivtmt cmmii liri, fIas t tr

“rtrm” t it i rig t tr’ i imt. Ti rjt rig

rrir t rmizti t r ivtr t rt i liri. [1]

2006: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

T t liri pi privt str dig t miti ri tiviti tt

g i 2006 t rt t r iti r mig i virmt r

t rmti mti rig ivtmt. [4]

2006: digti

a rt wbG-i igti mii, fIas t tgtr privt str dvmt

(psd) g r t gvrmt liri. fIas rrm “swaT” igti t

ivtmt imt, r tr fIas rt t i trt rr, t/tm,

tr-i iig rr. [1].


li ari Ivtmt

prti ( sitzr-

iir li’ vrig

t )

I dmr 2007, it rrt tt t li ari Ivtmt prti t us$30m it miv ri rjt i liri trg it nGo, t fti r ari dvmt

ai. T liri gvrmt grt t jit m, ada/lap I, i

vr 17,000 t r ri r t itrti mrt. tt://ri.m/

tri/200712171703.tm




|

MadaGascaR


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2007: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas rvi vi tiig Ivtmt prmti ag (Ipa) t tr’

emi dvmt br. [3]


d lgiti

(st kr)

I nvmr 2008, t st kr rm d lgiti t tr it 99-r

mii tr i Mgr t gr 5m t r r 2023 r m

i rm rtr 120,000 tr (296,000 r). T trg, vr, i Jr

2009 t ivi . tt://.gri../virmt/2008/v/22/-i--

gr

MalI


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas rt t Mi Ivtmt cimt Rrm prgrm t immt rgtr ititti

rrm i t grii, trim miig tr, i rr t timt rivt ivtmt. [2]


Vri

arig t dmr 2009 rrt, Mi rv g-trm r ti ivtr t

v mr t 160,000 tr . ar rv i jit 10,000

rjt t ptrt agrMi t r ii t rm jtr r eu

tri, t us, egt. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=87284

MoZaMbIQue


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2001: amiitrtiv brrirfIas rvi t tr’ gr i virmt r fdI it t jtiv ttig

rr, trtgi rrm g i rti it t wr b. [1]


ctr ari Miig

erti cm (uk)

T Mzmi gvrmt r ii t ttrt rg- ivtmt i i. I

2008 t gvrmt ig trt it t l- ctr ari Miig erti

cm (caMec) r rg it rjt, pr. T rjt ivv t ti

30,000 i Migir itrit r gr tti tr t r 120 mii

itr t r. t://t..rg/r//011/j224/j22400.




|

nIGeRIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas rt t nigri dig bi prgrm t rt t gvrmt nigri i itiig

immtig rrm t imrv t ivtmt imt t t -ti v. [2]


fIas it t nigri gvrmt i itiig -ti v rrm ririti r imrvig

t ivtmt imt tiv immtig t -ti dig bi igti t

i-rivt i ig mg tr. [1]

2001-2002: Ivtmt pi

& prmti

I 2001, fIas t t miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt rvi igti

mt t nigri Ivtmt prmti cmmii (nIpc) t artr ar

(lg). stti ggti r m trig t t rviit t trtg trtr

t cmmii. T i 2002, fIas it i t immtti t rmmti r

trgtig t nIpc. [1]


cp Gr (Ti)

I Jr 2010, ivtr rm Ti’ cp Gr rm tir itti t ivt i ri rtii nigri, mg tr gritr rt r. T tm, m gmrt r

t gr, mt it t mgmt t nigri Ivtmt prmti cmmii (nIpc) i

aj r t r tir itrt, rtir i ig nigri t rvm it ri rti

-tr. tt://.grgri.m/i/rti03//i2_tm?t=290110&tit=

Ti%20ivtr%20t%20itrt%20i%20nigri%27%20ri%20itr

Tr4mti agri-T lt

(uk)

I 2008, it rrt tt tr mr t i mt gtiti, uk- m

Tr4mti agrit lt (T4M) ig 25-r trt t gr ri i nigri. T rjt

t tivt 30,000 tr i t nigr dt r miz rmig r rg-

mmri ri, v, tr it r rti rig.

tt://.trivt.gv./ti/mgr/ti/tr;jii=kQ74z7Qt39y7Qh9g

hvGvp7v55cd3jcb311QvT2n7z!46671737!none?_=tr&griVir_2_tiovrri=%2f%2frtt%2fgriVir%2fcttItm&_il=griVir_

2&griVir_2vigtipgI=%2fgritr&griVir_2vigticttpt=%2fbea

+Ritr%2f342%2f429118&_gl=strT1




|

pakIsTan


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2006-2008: privt str

dvmt

Ifc fIas v gg i mr tiviti t imrv pit’ ivtmt imt. I

2006, ig ii it fIas, t gvrmt pit ti emi Rrm

uit (eRu) t rt it iti t Miitr fi r rivt tr vmt (psd)

rgtr i rmti immtti. T i 2008, fIas rvi mrivv-i i t tr. Ifc ti t it t pit bi ci’ rt i

imrvig pit’ i ig virmt. [4]


arj (uae)

arig t nvmr 2008 rrt, arj cit, rivt qit rm mgig us$5 t,

tgtr it t uae gvrmt, qir m 800,000 r (t 324,000 )

“rr” rm i pit t 2007-2008 t r ri t r rt t uae. arj

i trt ivtig i ir rmig ir rig rm it us$250m pit f.

tt://.-i-.m/t-ti/-rii-rtiti.tm

a di Gr, egr

cmi, t uk

drtmt r Itrti

dvmt (dfId), si

ari’ a Ri, Zri

Trqiti b, emirt

Ivtmt Gr

I ari 2008, ivtr, ititti, trrr gtr t t rt Mi et-pit

agritr dir Ivtmt frm r t g vr $3 i ivtmt t pit’

gritr ir tr, i vt tt t t Mit Jmir ari 29, 2008.

prtiit i t frm i t a di Gr, i i ttig gr mi

mig iti gri-ir ivtmt i pit; egr cmi, i i ivtig $1.6 i

t tr vr t t tr r; t uk drtmt r Itrti dvmt (dfId), i

grt r $50m t rjt r ir gritr ivtmt i t rvi pj;

si ari’ a Ri, i r itrt i rig tmt t, itr ,

rm pit; Zri Trqiti b; emirt Ivtmt Gr, i rti

ivtmt i i rvi r tt trgtig pit. tt://.mi.m/155498.

tm

Qtr (rivt tr)

I dmr 2008, Qtri rm rrt ig t qiiti pit gvrmt’

krr rm i pj t r t rt t Qtr. T pit frmr frm

tt i t Qtri gt t , it m it 25,000 vig. tt://..m/2008/12/15/

r17.tm

Qtr livt (Mi)

It rrt i J 2008 tt Qtr livt (Mi) mmitt us$1 t

v itri ivt rm i pit. tt://.tti./rti/20080608/

busIness/290093676/1005




|

phIlIppInes


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008-2009: Ivtmt pi

& prmti

I t piii, fIas r it t tr’ br Ivtmt (boI) t strtgi

Ivtr atrr prgrm (sIap) t trt iig g-trm rtii it ivtr. si

t rgrm ti, t br Ivtmt rig it t 50

t tr’ rgt rig ivtr iti ii tti ivtmt rt timt $1 ii. si t itrti t rgrm, fIas t piii iti

m 200 i rtiti r ivtmt. [4, 5]

2002-2006: Itiv/

Ivtmt pi &

prmti

I 2002, fIas t rvi t tr’ ivtmt itiv giti. I 2006, it

it rm MIGa, fIas rvi it r t vmt rig ivtmt rtti,

i, ivriti (Red) rgrm it t br Ivtmt.


a-Qr

(uit ar emirt)

arig t dmr 2008 rrt, a-Qr hig, uae ivtmt rm, t qir

400,000 r 2009 t r t, miz, ri, vgt ivt i vr

tri iig t piii. T t qir trg mitr 20–30r , i, trigt r. tt://..m/2008/12/15/r17.tm

f c. (ci)

I otr 2007, it rrt tt t piii gvrmt i t t ci’ Jii f

agritr si Tg dvmt c., lt. (f c.) m mii tr

piii r vg trm. T r vr t tt piii gritr . T

dt. agritr tt t mmrm rtig (Mou) it t ci m

i jt iti trtg t mt t rtmt’ g r t Mim Trm piii

dvmt p (MTpdp), i i t v t mii tr gritr . f c.

it t t ri ri, r, rgm i t . T trt i t t rig i

t us$3.87 ii i ivtmt. tt://.gm.tv/tr/64800/nr-Gvt--

1/10t--Rp-gritr--t-ci-rm

papua new GuInea


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: si emi

Z

Ifc’ rgrm i p n Gi iig i irtrtr, ig t i

virmt, grig rr trri trim, i itgrtig ivtmt vir

rvi rvr i. [8]


Mr Rg, tr

I Jr 2010, pnG’ agritr drtmt i mr rig mti ivtr r itrt

i gritr tti p, ci, si ari, sigr r g

vtrig rtiti t ivt i tt rjt t i. Rrt, ivtmt i

irt mi t Mr Rg r t gvrmt rr 500,000 tr it

tt tti t 1.5 mii tr. T r i mt it r ri , i rti

r r gri r. tt://.tmitrtiv.m/g/i/2010/01/20/r,20100120-

220343,.tm




|

RussIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas r t imrv t ivtmt imt t t r, rgi, mii v i t

Ri frti. I rti it t wr b it ig rm dfId, fIas it

rgi r t str fr ditrit, rtir t t-it rtir ri t

nrt c (nrt oti-ai, krv-cri, ag), r fIas t ivtmt imt. I Rtv ot, fIas t r mitrig t rgi

i virmt tt mtrt t tgi imrvmt m i t rt r

mitrig i 2003-04. [5]

2007: a t l

fIas vi giti i Ri (t i J 2007) t t mr vr timtig

trm rr r -t rig t triti t iriz mrt r mmri

2010. [3]


b ert frmig

(s)

b ert frmig (bef) i m rig rm ig rm i Ri’ tr rgi

r t r mrt. a mi-2008, bef 331,000 Ri rm r it tr,

i 143,600 rvt i 2008. I otr 2009, it rrt tt b ert frmig

t trt rtig gri gi rr it trr rtiizr ir. tt://

.gg.m/t//rti/alqM5JhcIk1nlRzmgzknzI1cxsj8; tt://.

mrg.m//?i=riv&i=._MuTVV4

at agr (s)

a mi 2008, at agr tr 128,800 Ri rm it vr ivtmt

us$230m. It trgt r t 2008 200,000 , i 50,000 – vr 150,000 t –

rvt. T m i qi ig vig t rti, i ig

i uri. tt://.iiir.m/t-gr/r-r-3-2

agri (liti)

I stmr 2008, agri Gr, t rgt gritr ivtmt vmt m i

t bti tt, qir 75 rt r i Zao agrrm i Ri. T iiti jtiv r

rrt t rm gritr qir rti iiti. ngtiti r

g rir t stmr 2008 it vr rt mi rig iv i t r rrmig. T mt t mi tivt 11,000 . tt://.gri.t///

gri-gr-tr-ri/

hi hv Itri

(st kr)

I ari 2009, hi hv Itri it t r ig trt Ri

rm t rt vr trtg i i kr rm r ig tir tr r t

i. T m gr t qir 67.6 rt t i kr Zr, r rtr

10,000 tr (24,700 r) rm i Ri’ fr et, r 6.5 mii r. T rm

i it t t rm t r 60,000 t r 2014. tt://.

gg.m/t//rti/alqM5indmIb_q2sfmxsomVvZa

Rwanda

YEAR, TYPE OF IFC/FIAS

PROjECT IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas ti t R Ivtmt cimt prgrm t imrv t rgtr virmt, i

ititti, ttrt rivt tr rtiiti i tr r R mrtiv

vtg. [2]


nt siI M 2009, R rgrm t iti “it“ r r

i t rig ivtr. tt://.iri.rg/Rrt.?RrtI=84320




|

sIeRRa leone


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas ti t sirr l bi frm, i im t rt t gvrmt’ rrm

rt rviig trm r t rivt tr t rmt ivtmt-ri ii t

itiz t gvrmt t gr i imrtt i i. [2]

2003-2007: digti,

Ip&p, Ivtmt l;

amiitrtiv brrir

I 2003, fIas rvi t g rii, tt, rit t rt Ivtmt l. T

i 2004, fIas t igti rvi t tr’ ivtmt imt tmizig t

rmmti r t-it virmt. Ti 2005 mt itiig

miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt rmtig ti t rmv t rrir. I

2007, giti tiig ivtmt rmti g (Ipa) t r grig

ri m mg tr gvrmt r rt i imrvig tir dig bi

rig. [1,3]

2007: a t l

fIas i rti it MIGa pep-ari, ig it i t immtti t

ititti ti ig i sirr l. frtr, fIas vi t rrm rig

ti ri giti i sirr l, t rt tri i ari t itr

giti. [1]


a birg

(sitzr)

arig t frr 2009 rrt, t gvrmt sirr l ig us$400 mii

grmt it si- a birg, t r 100,000 i mtr it rm

gr iti t r . tt://rri./r//itzr/rigig-j-rg-t-

irr--r-tr-.tm?17958

si ari

I dmr 2009, sirr l ig Mmrm urtig it si ari r si

ivtmt i t rti ri r m mti rt. tt://.irrrmi.

m/riv/4246




|

sudan


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2009: a t l

I s, fIas it t imrv i i rgitrti rti i t

t rgitr rrt r rig ivtr: t gvrmt itr rti i t t

g i ri (t 25 rt rrt v rm 100 rt); t t

r t 50 rt rrt v rm 70 rt, t t rr rgitrti r t 25 rt v rm 50 rt. T tim t ti rtit ri

rm t l atrit r 6 . [5]


I s, t gvrmt t fIas rmmti rgtr imiti, iig

rti i t r tt t rt t 10 rt i ititti rrm, trg

priti dr i J 2007. s imrv it dig bi rig i 2007 t

“trig r rr” iitr ttig rt tim 17 , imrt tim 29 ,

rig t mr rt imrt mt rqir 5 6, rtiv. [3]

a i 2007, fIas it t gvrmt s i imrvig t tr’ ivtmt imt

trg riritiz rrm rgrm qt t t amiitrtiv brrir Rvi i

Mr 2006. [1]

2007: Ivtmt pi &

prmti; Ivtmt l

fIas, tgtr it pep-ari MIGa, it t gvrmt str s i vig

immtig ivtmt imt rrm rgrm i ririt r. T ivtmt imt tm

rvi rt 11 i giti. T t giti rt ti r t

timt ivtmt rmti g (Ipa) r str s. Ifc t wr b

t rgi gvrmt i rgizig ivtr r. [1]


fIas t rvi miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i s, iig mii-igti

ivtmt trit i str s, rt ig t psd pi cr i

srig 2006. [1]


fr ItrtiIvtmt c.

(si ari)

arig t Jr 2010 rrt, fr Itrti Ivtmt c., t ivtmt rm t

Imi cmr cmmr Itr, trt t t it jtiv rizig riti t Imi tri it ti ig it rt rjt t itgrt gritr

t i s. cm’ rt rjt, a-fi Itgrt agritr prjt, i

s’ sr stt it ivtmt mr t 750 mii ri (u$ 200 mii). tt://.

viii.m/m.?m=n&=rti&i=53198

kit

o stmr 7, 2008, kit’ Miitr fi ig t i s trrt

“git” trtgi rtri it t gvrmt i krtm. ur t grmt, t t

i t ivt jit i rti tt rti. tt://.it.m/

gi/2008-11/12/tt_10348524.tm

Jr (gvrmt rivt tr)

I Jr 2010, it rrt tt Jr rig t ttrt rig ivtr t

Jri gritr mg-rjt i s. T gvrmt’ r i rrt

t , rgi itrti mi itrt i t m, t i r i

rt t t s gvrmt. T r, piii m it rtii tri r ir t vr t tivti r. ovr, t rjt i t

t rvi Jr it 800,000 t t 800,000 t r r r, i iti t

200,000 t tr r r. tt://.z.m/mrtig.m?z&=/tr.m/

iZawya20100122071050/j/:%20Gv’t%20%20ivtr%20r%20s%20rjt?

Qtr (gvrmt

rivt tr)

I J 2008, Qtr s t rmti jit ig m i i t

Qtri gvrmt- Z hig c. t r t, r i. tt://.

i.m/tr-vmt/mi-vmt-rr/11783838-1.tm




|

sudan


Qtr livt (Mi)

I agt 2008, t Qtr cm r Mt livt Trig (Mi) ig mmrm

rtig it t gvrmt s t rtr ivt rmig i t tr.

T m r ti rm i tr s. tt://.g-tim.m/it/

ti/rti.?_=2&itm_=235030&vri=1&tmt_i=36&rt_i=16

ZTe (ci)

I Mr 2010, t ci m ZTe riv ti rimt 10,000 tr

rm t Miitr agritr s. T im t tig rti t

miz. ZTe i tg m t it ivt i gritr i s, etii, r

i ari. tt://.tri.m/i.?rti34444

hadco (si ari)

I frr 2009, Rtr rrt tt hi agritr dvmt cm (hadco), si

grii rm, 25,000 r (10,117 ) r us$95m rt krtm t r t

r r rt t si ari. tt://.g.m/it/itr/narivdti.

?=85018

st kr (rivt tr)

a t 2008, t s gvrmt mmitt 690,000 r s. krt gr t r rt m. prti t trt i 2009 trg jit vtr

t kr, s, ar rm 84,000- rm. tt://174.143.70.126/rti/

tr-tri/5237-g8--t-rt--.tm




|

TanZanIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2005: l lig

Ifc rt ig i Tzi r rti mmt t. bt t rt ig

t mmt r mitt t t gvrmt Tzi. [7]


privt m (uae) vi

pr Mir agritr f

arig t Jr 2010 rrt, uit ar emirt (uae) m – trg pr Mir

agritr f – i ig 98-r vt trt rm i Tzi t gr ri i rr

t r i r t G tri. T m t qir 50,000 tr rim

i Tzi ti r. tt://.ti..tz

cit cit (egt)

a frr 2010 rrt iit tt cir- rivt qit rm, cit cit, t ivt

t $200 $400 mii i et ari (Tzi, k ug). T m’ irtt, M. siit Zr, t t di n tt t ivtmt t mi t

gritr tr, it Tzi’ ‘kiim kz’ iititiv tig tr tg. tt://ri.m/

tri/201002020357.tm

cgqig s cr (ci)

I 2008, ci’ cgqig s cr tt it t 300 r rti

ri ri i Tzi. T m i it t trt t rti t rmr

rt t rvt t ci. cgqig g imir rjt i nigri l i 2006. tt://.

ii.m./izi/2008-05/09/tt_6674352.tm

s, t uit kigm,

Grm, Mi

(rivt tr)

I J 2008, it rrt tt t rim miitr Tzi t-trig gr rti

t mmt si ivtr ig r 400,000 i t wmi bi, t tr’

mjr t, t t gr r t. Vri tr r r gig ti r

jtr m i tivti, iig vri miti tti tgrr, v

rrt rm irt rt t tr, ivvig ivtr rm s, t uit kigm,

Grm, Mi tr tri. lrg- jtr tivti m it it

igit gtiv imt r gr. fr m, mtimii r jtr

tti r briti rm i t kir itrit Tzi rrt t ivv

qirig 9,000 t rig 11 vig i, rig t t 2002 ti

, r m t 11,277 . t://t..rg/r//011/j224/j22400.




|

uGanda


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2007: Ivtmt pi &

prmtifIas ‘Ivtr otr prgrm’ i ug. [4]

2003-2004: amiitrtiv

brrir

I 2003, fIas r vir r “Ivtmt prmti strtg” “T & Itiv”ig amiitrtiv brrir rvi i ug. T i 2004, ati p v

it it rm fIas, t ari psd Rgi, t trrt tm. fIas rvi t

miitrtiv rrir t ivtmt i i tig rt-rit

tr. [1]


ci (rivt tr)

I ari 2008, it rrt tt prit yri Mvi rvi ci ivtr it 10,000

r (4,046 ) i ug t rm 400 ci rmr ig imrt ci

. T rjt i vr li Jij, rmr ci gvrmt i t

ci–ari bi ci. tt://.ri./dti/16472.tm

egt

I frr 2010, egt, t r’ t t imrtr, rrt i it vtig tr ti

r grig t i ug i i t gr it t t. tt://.rtr.m/rti/

ivtign/iafJoe61e0ln20100215

kit

I ari 2008, rig t wr Imi emi frm, t gvrmt kit

us$100m “digit livig”. T i ivt i rti grii

vmt i ug, mg tr (rrt) tri, t t Mi et mrt. T

t i t iig rt irtrtr iti. tt://ri.

m/tri/200806180188.tm

VIeTnaM


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2008: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas Ifc bi avir srvi r t Vitm l prgrm. T rgrm

r rrir t t rvii ti v t i ig . fIas it

gvrmt i t h b ni rvi i imiig rr r qirig, rgitrig,

vig . at t ti v, fIas i rviig rti t t gvrmt

. [3]

2007: Ivtmt pi &

prmti

fIas rvi it t Vitm’ frig Ivtmt ag i vig mim-trm

trtgi . [4]


Qtr

I stmr 2008, t gvrmt Qtr Vitm ig grmt t jit t

us$1 ivtmt , it us$900m t qit mig rm t QIa, Qtr’ vrig t

. T trrt i Vitm’ stt cit Ivtmt cr. prt t i ivt i

rti i Vitm r rt t Qtr. tt://.g-tim.m/it/ti/ritarti.

?_=2&itm_=239183&vri=1&tmt_i=36&rt_i=16




|

ZaMbIa


IFC/FIAS SERVICE

2004-2005: amiitrtiv

brrir; Ivtmt l,

Ip&p

I 2004, fIas rvi gi t t gvrmt Zmi i t ig immtti

rrm rgrm r miitrtiv rrir t ir ivtmt i tivit. T i

2004-2005, fIas rvi r mitt t Zmi Ivtmt ctr r mmt t

Ivtmt at, r g i t ivtmt trtg i r r-itrti ivtmtitiv. [1]


at frmig, ct

cit (uk)

It rrt i nvmr 2009 tt at frmig rtr it uk- ct cit t

ivt i rg- rmig i Zmi. T jit vtr t Zmi t i-trt ivtmt

i t gritr tr i ari t, mg tr tr, iti tiit, ivr grmi

iti, rrm i 1995. T rig ivtr v i t t t vtr i

Mi i ctr prvi. tt://.mmgi./i.?i=1&i=8&ir=2009/nvmr/

Tr5

us, uit ar emirt

J 2009 rrt rv tt mi rm t us t uae r itrt i tiig rg

rm i Zmi t gr gr gri. atg grig mr ivtmtr v rv trvri, agritr Miitr bri cit t Rtr tt Zmi

m vi tt tr t iti. h i u.s. m r t

ivt m $200 mii i gr rti t m t. cit tt Zmi

115,000 tr rim it r gr rti. h i di m

t gr ri r t. tt://.rtr.m/rti/ivtign/iafJoe55b0Mb20090612

egtI M 2009, it rrt tt egt t rm i Zmi r miz grig im

rti. tt://ri.m/tri/200905200283.tm

[1] fIas rjt i s-sr ari ( r). frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas). tt://.i.rg/it/./ctt/fIas_prjt_s-sr_ari

[2] s-sr ari avir srvi, crrt prgrm. Itrti fi crrti (Ifc). tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/crrtprgrm.

[3] fIas a Rrt, fy07



[6] “Ifc e dvmt R t etii.” s-sr ari, n & Mi. tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/Ifc_etii.

[7] “T seco- Ifc Tzi lig prgrm.” Ifc ari. tt://.i.rg/it/tz./ctt/hm.

[8] “Ifc i p n Gi.” Ifc et ai & pi. tt://.i.rg/it/ti./ctt/pnG.




|

Annex II

Ifc PerformAnce stAndArds on

socIAl And enVIronmentAl sustAInAbIlIty*

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 1: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONmENTAL ASSESSmENT AND mANAGEmENT SYSTEm

1. prrm str 1 rr t imrt mgig i virmt rrm trgt

t i rjt ( i tivit tt i jt t mt mgmt). a tiv i

virmt mgmt tm i mi, ti r iitit mgmt ivvig

mmiti t t it, it rr, t mmiti irt t t rjt (t t

mmiti). drig t mt t ti i mgmt r “, immt,

, t,” t tm ti t trg mt tti i virmt imt ri

rm t r tg rjt vmt, rvi rr it r mitigtig mgig t

gig i. a g mgmt tm rrit t t iz tr rjt rmt

ti i virmt rrm, t imrv i, i virmt

rjt tm.

T ojtiv prrm str 1 r t iti i virmt imt, t vr

i, i t rjt’ r i; t vi, r r vi i t i, miimiz, mitigt, r

mt r vr imt rr, t mmiti, t virmt; t r tt t

mmiti r rrit gg i tt tti t tm; t rmt imrv i

virmt rrm mi trg t tiv mgmt tm.

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 2: LABOR AND WORkING CONDITIONS

1. prrm str 2 rgiz tt t rit mi grt trg mmt rti im

grti it rtti r i rigt rr. fr i, t rr i v

t, rr-mgmt rtii i igrit t t tiiit t trri. fir

t ti tr rr- mgmt rtii rmi rr mmitmt rtti,

jriz rjt. cvr, trg trtiv rr-mgmt rtii, trtig t

rr ir rviig tm it t rig iti, it m rt tgi t, mt t i rtivit tir rti.

2. T rqirmt t t i ti prrm str v i rt gi mr itrti

vti gtit trg t Itrti lr orgizti (Ilo) t uit nti (un).

T ojtiv prrm str 2 r t ti, miti imrv t rr-mgmt rtii;

t rmt t ir trtmt, -irimiti q rtit rr, mi it ti

r mmt ; t rtt t rr rig i r r r; t rmt

t rig iti, t rtt rmt t t rr.

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 3: POLLuTION PREVENTION AND ABATEmENT

1. prrm str 3 rgiz tt ir itri tivit rizti t grt ir v ti t ir, tr, tt m trt t virmt t t , rgi, g v.

o t tr , g it itrti tr, ti rvti tr tgi rti v

m mr i iv i virt rt t r. Ti prrm str ti rjt

r t ti rvti tmt i i it t itrti imit tgi

rti. I iti, ti prrm str rmt t rivt tr’ iit t itgrt tgi

rti r tir i ti i i t-tiv i t tt rjt tt

ri mmri vi i rr.




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T ojtiv prrm str 33 r t vi r miimiz vr imt m t t

virmt viig r miimizig ti rm rjt tiviti; t rmt t rti mii

tt trit t imt g.

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 4: COmmuNITY HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECuRITY

1. prrm str 4 rgiz tt rjt tiviti, qimt, irtrtr t rig t t

mmiti iig mmt, rvi, rtiti r mi vmt. hvr, rjt

ir t tti r mmit r t ri imt riig rm qimt it, trtr

ir, r zr mtri. cmmiti m t imt tir tr rr,

r t i, t rit r. wi gig t i triti’ r i rmtig

t t, t rit t i, ti prrm str r t it’ riiit t vi

r miimiz t ri imt t mmit t, t rit tt m ri rm rjt tiviti. T

v ri imt ri i ti prrm str m grtr i rjt t i it

t-it r.

T ojtiv prrm str 4 r t vi r miimiz ri t imt t t t

t mmit rig t rjt i rm t rti -rti irmt; t r tt

t grig r rrt i rri t i gitimt mr tt vi r miimiz ri t t

mmit’ t rit.

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 5: LAND ACquISITION AND INVOLuNTARY RESETTLEmENT

1. Ivtr rttmt rr t t i imt (rti r tr) t mi

imt ( t r t t tt t im r r m ivi) rt

rjt-rt qiiti. Rttmt i ir ivtr t iivi r mmiti

t v t rigt t r qiiti tt rt i imt. Ti r i : (i) rriti

r rtriti mit mi; ii) gtit ttmt i i t r rrt t

rriti r im g rtriti i gtiti it t r i.

2. u rr mg, ivtr rttmt m rt i g-trm ri imvrimt r

t r mmiti, virmt mg i tr i r t i t v

i. fr t r, ivtr rttmt vi r t t miimiz. hvr, r

it i vi, rrit mr t mitigt vr imt i r t mmiti

r immt. eri mtrt tt t irt ivvmt t it i

rttmt tiviti rt i t-tiv, it, tim immtti t tiviti,

ivtiv r t imrvig t ivi t t rttmt.

3. ngtit ttmt vi rriti imit t t gvrmt trit t rmv

ri. ngtit ttmt iv rviig ir rrit mti

tr itiv r t t t r r mmiti, mitigtig t ri mmtr irmti

rgiig r. cit r rg t qir rigt trg gtit ttmt rvr i,

v i t v t g m t gi t t itt t r’ t.

T ojtiv prrm str 5 r t vi r t t miimiz ivtr rttmt rvr i rig trtiv rjt ig; t mitigt vr i mi imt rm qiiti r

rtriti t r’ : (i) rviig mti r t t rmt t;

(ii) rig tt rttmt tiviti r immt it rrit ir irmti, tti,

t irm rtiiti t t; t imrv r t t rtr t ivi tr ivig

i r; t imrv ivig iti mg i r trg rvii qt ig

it rit tr t rttmt it.




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PERFORmANCE STANDARD 6: BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SuSTAINABLE NATuRAL RESOuRCE

mANAGEmENT

1. prrm str 6 rgiz tt rttig rvig iivrit—t vrit i i it rm,

iig gti, i tm ivrit— it iit t g vv, i mt t ti

vmt. T mt iivrit, i t cvti bigi divrit, i tm

itt, i mmiti, g gm, i v i, mi, tr

iti imrt. Ti prrm str rt t jtiv t cvti bigi divrit

t rv igi ivrit rmt r tr rr i ti mr. Ti

prrm str r it vi r mitigt trt t iivrit riig rm tir rti

ti mg r tr rr.

T jtiv prrm str 6 r t rtt rv iivrit; t rmt t ti

mgmt tr rr trg t ti rti tt itgrt rvti

vmt ririti.

FORmANCE STANDARD 7: INDIGENOuS PEOPLES

1. prrm str 7 rgiz tt Iig p, i gr it ititi tt r itit

rm mit gr i ti iti, r t mg t mt mrgiiz vr gmt tti. Tir mi, i g tt t imit tir it t tir itrt i, rigt t,

tr tr rr, m rtrit tir iit t rtiit i t rm vmt.

T r rtir vr i tir rr r trrm, r tir, r

igit gr. Tir gg, tr, rigi, irit i, ititti m r trt.

T rtriti Iig p t irt t ri vrit imt, iig

itit, tr, tr rr- ivi, r t imvrimt i.

2. privt tr rjt m rt rtiti r Iig p t rtiit i, t rm, rjt-

rt tiviti tt m tm tir irti r mi i vmt. I iti, ti

prrm str rgiz tt Iig p m r i ti vmt rmtig

mgig tiviti trri rtr i vmt.

T jtiv prrm str 7 r t r tt t vmt r tr rt r tigit, m rigt, irti, tr tr rr- ivi Iig p; t vi

vr imt rjt mmiti Iig p, r vi i t i, t miimiz,

mitigt, r mt r imt, t rvi rtiti r vmt t, i tr

rrit mr; t ti miti gig rtii it t Iig p t

rjt trgt t i t rjt; t tr g it gtiti it irm rtiiti Iig

p rjt r t t triti r tmr r t Iig p;

t rt rrv t tr, g rti Iig p.

PERFORmANCE STANDARD 8: CuLTuRAL HERITAGE

1. prrm str 8 rgiz t imrt tr ritg r rrt tr grti. citt

it t cvti crig t prtti t wr ctr ntr hritg, ti prrm str

im t rtt irr tr ritg t gi it rttig tr ritg i t r tir

i rti. I iti, t rqirmt ti prrm str rjt’ tr ritg

r i rt tr t t cvti bigi divrit.

T ojtiv prrm str 8 r t rtt tr ritg rm t vr imt rjt tiviti

rt it rrvti; t rmt t qit rig t rm t tr ritg i

i tiviti.




|

references

1 ei, s. “bi-stt Rti i t cmmri Ri,” Jr

piti pi, 2 (2): 115–139.

2 l gr – t r vt trt rm r, vig

tri tir, -ir ti rivt ivtr – v

m ir m, it rig itrt ig rrig t 37 mii 49 mii r rm t

2006 t mi 2009. fr mr irmti t gr,

rivr, tr ivv, imiti l Gr, “T Grt

l Gr: R r wr’ frm Trt f srit r t

pr.” T o Ititt.

tt://.ititt.rg//lGr__..

3 “fii crii: wt t wr b i dig.” T wr b.

tt://.r.rg/irii/iititiv.tm.

4 “agritr f srit Iititiv Gi Mmtm t G20, wr

b-IMf Mtig.” otr 21, 2009.

5 M, f. “pi & prgrmm R t hig f pri.”

frtmig o Ititt piti, 2010.

6 fr gr irmti Ifc’ r i t gr m,

. 6-9 “T Grt l Gr: R r wr’ frm Trt-

f srit r t pr.” T o Ititt. wr’ frmTrt f srit r t pr.” T o Ititt. tt://.

ititt.rg//lGr__..

7 si- nGo, GRaIn, t rt t t rm t

gr tr. fr miti gr-rt mi, GRaIn’

i rig. tt://rmgr.rg.

8 T wr b Gr (wbG) i ititti mri v i-

rt gi. Ti, rr t t “wr b” t

ti t itrti i ititti, i rvi g-trm,

itrt-r t vig tt’ gvrmt t i v-

mt. I rit, t t v wbG titi ti ti, t

Itrti b r Rtrti dvmt (IbRd) t

Itrti dvmt aiti (Ida). Tir mii r t gt

vrt m ig tt i t r’ mi im

t r’ rt tri, rtiv. I iti, t Itrti

ctr r sttmt Ivtmt dit (IcsId) i wbG g,i rvi iiti r t iiti ritrti ivt-

mt it t mmr tri iivi ivtr. T

Mtitr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa) i tr t v

rii gi t wr b Gr, ti t rmt

rig irt ivtmt (fdI) i vig tri irig iv-

tr git iti ri, viig gvrmt ttrtig ivtmt,

rig irmti trg -i ivtmt irmti rvi,

mitig it t ivtr gvrmt. T Itr-

ti fi crrti (Ifc) i t t g, r it

mgmt i t frig Ivtmt avir srvi (fIas).

9 “prt-rit” i t v (mtim i) ‘dig crtri-

ti’ igigt i Ifc rtti. T tr i: (1) prtiit

i rivt tr vtr; (2) sr m ri tr ivtr;

(3) h mrt riig ii; (4) d t t gvrmt gr-

t. (atr rtriti mtim i ‘Ivt i eqit’.) s

.g. “fiig Trg Ifc.” Ifc 2006 G eti cr.wigt, dc. tt://.i.rg/it/./attmtbTit/

e_06_Mc/$fIle/Mc_Ifc+fiig..

10 T wbG’ gr mt i vrt rti, “ wbG ititti

itit r i t mii t gt vrt imrv ivig t-

r r i t vig r.” s T wr b Gr,

tt://.rgr.rg.

11 s “wt i t wr b Gr?” ctr r Itrti evirm-

t l. tt://.i.rg/I/IfI_wb_Gr.tm.

12 fIas a Rrt, fy07.


14 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J 2007,

. 6.

15 I 2009, Ifc t cit-at stt i ari (casa)

prgrm t r irtrtr, r j rt,

miim rt r m i. Ifc i ig t t gr

itgrtig avir srvi t v tr trtgi, i

riti it it rtr i t wr b Gr.

16 I wbG’ dig bi rig, mi r r tir

ig i, rm 1 – 183, it rt ig t t. a ig

rig t ig i i m t rgtr vi-

rmt i iv t t rti i. Ti i vrg

t tr’ rti rig 10 ti ( ‘prttig Iv-

tr’, ‘Trig ar brr’, t.), m vrit iitr,

givig q igt t ti. fr mr irmti, tt://.

igi.rg.

17 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 17.

18 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 20.

19 I fy09, fIas i t g t trmig rm “rrm” t

“rt”.

20 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . iv.

21 .g., a ciri, Rri, bir (2005). If rich countries really

cared about development, Itrti ctr r Tr sti

dvmt. s , T lt dv ctri Rrt 2009.

T uit nti cr Tr dvmt. tt://.

t.rg///2009_..

22 “l r Rrmr: h t l, Immt, sti Rg-

tr Rrm.” T wr b Gr, Ivtmt cimt avir

srvi, 2009. . 1.

23 T Ifc it ti mr tt rvi gi

t mmit t t rrm mitr

vt rgr, vi t rrm i iig

r rviig virmt, t, t vi t i-.

24 Ifc t t rt t- trtg r it vir i-

. It, it t v itgrt g rgi

trtgi r Ifc . Ivtmt rvi vir rvi

r vi mmtr t r rig t m trtgi j-

tiv. s “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti.

Irm Mtig. M 14, 2009.

25 “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti. Irm

Mtig. M 14, 2009.

26 Ibid.

27 It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt (IedR). “k-

g r privt str dvmt.” It evti Gr,

2009. . 35.

28 Ibid.

29 Ida tri r t i riv it rm t wr b

Gr’ Itrti dvmt aiti. Ida t t r’

79 rt tri, 39 i r i ari.

30 “Ifc’ avir srvi.” Itrti fi crrti. Irm

Mtig. M 14, 2009.

31 fr it fIas rt, “Mi- ut t Immt-

ti fIas’ fy08-11 strtg”. fIas cttiv cmmitt dr

Mtig. nvmr, 2009.




|

32 fr mr irmti Rgtr simiti, fIas a

Rrt, fy09, . 17-21; r Doing Business iitr, tt://.

igi.rg.


34 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 21-23.

35 fIas a Rrt, fy 07, . 26.

36 fIas a Rrt, fy 09, . 21.

37 fIas Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, strtg r fy08-11. J

2007, . 16.


2007, . 34.

39 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 22.

40 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-

t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009. tt://.i.rg/it/

ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.

41 dvmt crti Rrt 2005, oecd dac, 111. tt://.

.rg/mt/35/0,3343,_2649_33721_36052835_1_1_1_1,00.

tm#Toc.

42 “uv r IMf ti it.” brtt w prj-

t, ut 61, J 17, 2008.

43 Doing Business’ persistent blind spots, brtt w prjt ut, n.62, stmr 2008.

44 “bttm li, bttr liv? Rtiig mtitr ig t t

rivt tr i vig tri.” Rrt rit J

Grit, T brtt w prjt. ari 2010.

45 Ibid.

46 Independent Evaluation of IFC’s Development Results 2009 - Knowledge

for Private Sector Development, It evti Gr, wr

b Gr, .31.

47 Independent Evaluation of IFC’s Development Results 2009 - Knowledge

for Private Sector Development, It evti Gr, wr

b Gr, .iii.


2007, . 28.

49 Ifc a Rrt, 2003, . 3, Ifc a Rrt, 2009, . 62.


2007, . 28.

51 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . iv.


“rt”.

53 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 6.

54 Mir, R. s, x. prmtig t privt str Imrvig

a t l. T wr b Gr. nt nmr 300, otr

2005.

55 fIas it, tt://..t/it/./ctt/avirsr-

viprt_atl.

56 “l r Rrmr: h t l, Immt, sti Rg-

tr Rrm.” T wr b Gr, Ivtmt cimt avirsrvi, 2009.

57 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 29.

58 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 29.

59 Mir, R. s, x. prmtig t privt str Imrvig a

t l. T wr b Gr. nt nmr 300, otr 2005.



“rt”.


63 fIas a Rrt, fy09, . 29, 30.

64 fIas a Rrt, fy06, . 18.

65 “Mi- ut t Immtti fIas’ fy08-11 strtg”.

fIas cttiv cmmitt dr Mtig. nvmr, 2009.


67 fIas a Rrt fy09, . 21.

68 T rv t tt://.i.rg/it/./at-tmtbTit/iiitr_rv/$fIle/ctrm_l.

. fr mr irmti Ivtig ar brr (Iab) rjt,

tt://.i.rg/it/./ctt/iiitr.

69 “fiittig t l Mrt r Ivtmt: a fIas rt r

vmt.” fIas prtri pr, otr 2008. tt://.

i.rg/it/./attmtbTit/fIas_dr_lMrt/

$fIle/fIasdMstigtlMrt..

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.

72 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 21-22.

73 fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 22.

74 ct, l.; Vrm s., lr R. k, J. (2009) “l Gr

r dvmt ortit? agritr ivtmt itr-

ti i ari.” fao, IIed Ifad. tt://.i.rg///_gr..

75 Ibid.

76 “fiig agritr Ivtmt: lig crit atrtiv.” T

wr b. ert Mtig Mgig Ri i fiig agri-

tr. 1-3 ari 2009, Jrg.

77 Ibid.

78 Ibid.

79 btr, J. “ari’ mi rm – r gr?” GRaIn,

sig Mgzi. frr 15, 2010.

80 Ri, x. “etii – tr t ivr i – r irt

t rmig git.” The Guardian. Jr 15, 2010.

81 Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm l

Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.

82 .g. fttrt, c. (1997). dir drgt: T br st-

r etii, 1990-1993. I: ptrit, etiit t stt i

etii, (.) hgg, R. (. 169-182). l, u.k.: haan piig.

83 Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm l

Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.

84 I Mr 2, 2010 itrvi it GRaIn, ni o, iig-

a rm Gm i etii, ri t rrt itti

i i m rgi. o iv i briti t i i rgr tt

it rmr i i rgi. fr t mt itrvi, tt://.

mi.m/m_10_03_2.tm.

85 st ari – k. bmrig fdI cmtitiv. Mti-

tr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa). T wr b Gr.

Jr 2007. tt://.i.t/mt/wrb/t/

t_ri//t_ri_..

86 hrtitr i fIas t rti mrtig ig ri rt ti r r mti it

rtiv ig v r it (r rit, gmi vgt, t

r, t, i).

87 I ti tt, “r” rr t it tti r r tivti.

88 ertTr ctr pr – Tzi. tt://rttr.ri.rg/

_irr/tr_r/i__834..

89 “T trit igt.” The Guardian. tt://.gri../jr-

immtiti/trit-igt.

90 Ibid.




|

91 “Ifc srtig Rvr i sirr l.” Ifc n Mi.

tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/sirr_l_ftr.

92 tt://rr.r.rg/dmt/Tit/ppd_h..

.120

93 “Ivtr e sirr l.” MIGa . tt://.mig.rg//

i_v.m?i=2515.

94 “agritr: wt sirr l r ?” sirr l Ivtmt

ert prmti ag (slIepa).

95 fr mr irmti gr r i rti, “fig

ei? T i m r ’ t .” IIed

fao. tt://.ii.rg///12551IIed..

96 “brigig j, rg t sirr l r tr ari gr?”

wr Ri sitzr, frr 16, 2010.

97 J, a. “atr hjj…frig Miitr mt t si ivtr.”Sierra Media Express. dmr 8, 2009.

98 Ibid.

99 tt://rmgr.rg/-tt//2010/01/it_

20100114_25828-1.m3.

100 T v wrig Gr liri bttr bi frm r 1) lg

Rgtr frmr, 2) pi si Irtrtr, 3)

strmiig amiitrtiv brrir, 4) Ititti emt

(cit biig), 5) Tr ert prmti.

101 fIas it

102 digg, bi e. “sim dr T ovr Gtri r 60-yr orti.”

Daily Observer , Jr 5, 2010.

103 k, Grg d. “Gol, G Vrm i us$1.6 ngti-

ti.” Daily Observer , Jr 12, 2010. .

104 fr irmti t liri’ Ipa, t nti Ivtmt cmmi-

i (nIc), tt://.i.gv.r/i..

105 “prjt i s-sr ari ( r).” Ifc it. tt://.i.

rg/it/./ctt/fIas_prjt_s-sr_ari_yr.

106 prjt rr i fIas a Rrt, fy07, . 22.

107 “ai a o t Ir ativit t srt etii’ e-

mi dvmt Ifc l n.” Ifc pr R, nvmr

25, 2008.108 “Ifc e dvmt R t etii.” Ifc n & Mi.

tt://.i.rg/it/ri./ctt/Ifc_etii.

109 Ri, x. “etii – tr t ivr i – r irt

t rmig git.” The Guardian. Jr 15, 2010.

110 s Vi, J. “biiir Mg-crrti bi Imm

l Gr i ari.” Mail & Guardian. Mr 10, 2010.

111 arig t Ivtmt cimt avir srvi mt,

“rii” i it t v mjr rivr g ig

mi t triti t trgr i virmt. “crii, r

imig rii, imrtt t t trt rrm

rvi rtit t timt ti… Ti r

m it m t t riti

ig t gr r itrt tt v tr t tt

rt… w rii t iti , rtiti r

rrm r mimiz.” (s “l r Rrmr: h t l,Immt, sti Rgtr Rrm.” T wr b Gr,

Ivtmt cimt avir srvi, 2009. . 19.)

112 wr b Gr’ dig bi Iitr r r tti

ivtr t i i tri r t titi r vr

ivtmt. emi r r t iitr tir

ig i, rm 1 – 183, it rt ig t t. a

ig rig t ig i i m t rgtr

virmt i iv t t rti i.


2007, . 39.

114 Ibid.

115 T 11 Mr 2010, ivi it ttr r t lr T, e-

tiv Vi prit t Itrti fi crrti,

t: .tiitrjt.rg/jitmii .i.

rg.

116 T rvi rvi imrtt rtit t r t riti

vmt i t t tr r, iig, r m, t -

ti t uit nti drti t Rigt Iigp t uit nti Gr am (undRIp); ir

rgr i rtig t riiiti rivt tr it

rt t m rigt; ir rtig t rgt t

r t imt g; igit ir i t v-

mt r t ig.

117 sit-v i ititti rm tt-v tri v

t t eqtr prii (ep). T ep r vtr t

tr, Ifc’ tiiit rmr, r trmiig,

ig mgig i virmt ri i rjt

ig. T rivt tr i ititti rt i vr 100

tri. a rt, t eqtr prii v m t rjt

itr tr r rig virmt i i-

i rjt ig g.

118 fr mt it Ifc prrm str, “Itrti

fi crrti’ prrm str si & evir-

mt stiiit.” ari 30, 2006. tt://.i.rg/it/-tiiit./attmtbTit/_sevstiiit2006/

$fIle/stiiitpi..

119 T cmi avir omm (cao) i t it r-

r mim r t Itrti fi crrti (Ifc)

Mtitr Ivtmt Grt ag (MIGa). T cao r

t mit rm rjt-t mmiti it t g

ig i virmt tm t gr.

120 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.”

It evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . 5. tt://.i.

rg/it/ig./ctt/higigt_IedR2009.

121 It evti Gr (IeG) i it it iti t

wr b Gr, i vt t rv imt t

b Gr’ rt t vig tri r rig vrt.

122 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . iv. tt://.i.


123 “It evti Ifc’ dvmt Rt 2009.” I-

t evti Gr (IeG), M 2009, . iv. tt://.i.


124 Ifc’ pi si evirmt stiiit g

t r as t m it prrm str: “w Ifc

i rviig vi r rg- ivtmt rjt, t prrm

str r rr i iti t ti . Ifc…-

rg riit Ifc’ vir rvi t rtiti

t rmt g i virmt rti.” hvr, Mi-

trig evti t mr r vt mi it

Ifc prrm str, r t IedR rr r tm.

* s “Itrti fi crrti’ prrm str si & evirmt stiiit.” ari 30, 2006.



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