Overview of the Micronutrients:Overview of the Micronutrients:Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
•• VitaminsVitamins–– Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage–– ToxicityToxicity
–– Preservation in FoodPreservation in Foodss
•• MineralsMinerals–– Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage–– ToxicityToxicity–– Preservation in FoodsPreservation in Foods
•• Functional RolesFunctional Roles–– Enzymes, coenzymes & Enzymes, coenzymes &
cofactorscofactors–– Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balance–– Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systems–– Building BonesBuilding Bones–– Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolism–– Blood HealthBlood Health
•• Nutrition and Your HealthNutrition and Your Health–– CholineCholine: The Newest : The Newest
Vitamin?Vitamin?
Vitamins OverviewVitamins Overview
•• CarbonCarbon--containing substances needed in containing substances needed in small amounts by the bodysmall amounts by the body
•• Essential: canEssential: can’’t be synthesized by bodyt be synthesized by body
•• To be a vitamin:To be a vitamin:
–– 1.) Body can1.) Body can’’t make enough to t make enough to maintain healthmaintain health
–– 2.) Absence 2.) Absence →→ deficiency that can be deficiency that can be cured if vitamin is resuppliedcured if vitamin is resupplied
Vitamins ClassificationVitamins Classification
•• Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins–– Vitamin AVitamin A–– Vitamin DVitamin D–– Vitamin EVitamin E–– Vitamin KVitamin K
•• Water Soluble Water Soluble Vitamins & Vitamins & CholineCholine–– ThiaminThiamin–– RiboflavinRiboflavin–– NiacinNiacin–– PantothenicPantothenic acidacid–– BiotinBiotin–– Vitamin BVitamin B--66–– FolateFolate (folic acid)(folic acid)–– Vitamin BVitamin B--1212–– Vitamin CVitamin C–– CholineCholine 44
Fat Soluble Vitamins: Fat Soluble Vitamins: Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage
FatFat--soluble:soluble:
–– Absorbed with dietary fatAbsorbed with dietary fat
–– Anything interfering with fat Anything interfering with fat absorption will impair fat soluble absorption will impair fat soluble absorptionabsorption
Fat Soluble Vitamin ToxicityFat Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
•• FatFat--soluble:soluble:
–– Not readily excreted from the bodyNot readily excreted from the body
–– Toxicity by vitamin A most Toxicity by vitamin A most frequently observedfrequently observed
Vitamin toxicity most frequently from supplemental Vitamin toxicity most frequently from supplemental sources: not foodssources: not foods
Water Soluble Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins: Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage
WaterWater--soluble:soluble:
–– Absorbed primarily in small intestineAbsorbed primarily in small intestine
–– Transported to liver via portal vein & Transported to liver via portal vein & distributed to body tissuesdistributed to body tissues
–– Inside cells: active coenzymes Inside cells: active coenzymes resynthesizedresynthesized
Water Soluble Vitamin ToxicityWater Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
•• WaterWater--soluble:soluble:
–– Excess excreted in urineExcess excreted in urine
–– Exception: B6 & B12 stored in liverException: B6 & B12 stored in liver
Vitamin Preservation in FoodsVitamin Preservation in Foods
•• WaterWater--soluble particularly susceptible to soluble particularly susceptible to destruction by heat, light, air exposure, destruction by heat, light, air exposure, cooking in water & alkalinitycooking in water & alkalinity
•• More ripe a fruit and vegetable = more More ripe a fruit and vegetable = more vitamin contentvitamin content
•• Freezing can help retain nutrients (frozen Freezing can help retain nutrients (frozen foods often blanched first) foods often blanched first) ↑↑ vitamin vitamin contentcontent
MyPlateMyPlate: : Sources of Vitamins & Sources of Vitamins & CholineCholine
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MyPlate:Sources of Vitaminsand Choline
Grains• Thiamin• Riboflavin• Niacin• Folic acid
Vegetables• Vitamin A• Vitamin K• Folate• Vitamin C
Fruits• Vitamin A• Vitamin C
Dairy• Vitamin D• Riboflavin• Vitamin B-12• Choline
Protein• Thiamin• Riboflavin• Niacin• Biotin• Vitamin B-6• Vitamin B-12• Choline
FruitsGrains
VegetablesProtein
Dairy
ChooseMyPlate.gov
Minerals OverviewMinerals Overview•• Individual chemical components: canIndividual chemical components: can’’t be t be
broken down furtherbroken down further
•• Essential when:Essential when:
–– Dietary inadequacy Dietary inadequacy →→ physiological or physiological or structural abnormalitystructural abnormality
–– And addition to diet reinstates healthAnd addition to diet reinstates health
•• Categorized on amount needed per day:Categorized on amount needed per day:
–– Major: need 100 mg+ per dayMajor: need 100 mg+ per day–– Trace: need < 100 mg per dayTrace: need < 100 mg per day
Minerals ClassificationMinerals Classification
•• Major minerals:Major minerals:
–– SodiumSodium–– PotassiumPotassium–– ChlorideChloride–– CalciumCalcium–– PhosphorusPhosphorus–– MagnesiumMagnesium–– SulfurSulfur
•• Trace minerals:Trace minerals:–– IronIron–– ZincZinc–– SeleniumSelenium–– IodideIodide–– CopperCopper–– FluorideFluoride–– ChromiumChromium–– ManganeseManganese–– MolybdenumMolybdenum
Minerals: BioavailabilityMinerals: Bioavailability
Bioavailability affected by:
• Age
• Gender
• Genetic variables
• Nutritional status
• Diet
• Prescription drugs
Minerals: AbsorptionMinerals: Absorption
•• PhyticPhytic acid & oxalic acid acid & oxalic acid ↓↓ some mineral absorptionsome mineral absorption
•• ↑↑ fiber diets can fiber diets can ↓↓ absorption of Fe, Znabsorption of Fe, Zn
•• Vitamin C intake Vitamin C intake ↑↑ iron absorptioniron absorption
•• Vitamin D intake Vitamin D intake ↑↑ calcium absorptioncalcium absorption
•• Excess of one mineral can Excess of one mineral can ↓↓ absorption of another:absorption of another:–– ↑↑↑↑ Zn intake Zn intake ↓↓ Cu absorptionCu absorption
Minerals: StorageMinerals: Storage
• Stored in various tissues
• Some remain in bloodstream
• Ca, Phos, Mg, Fl stored in bone
• Fe, Cu, Zn & some trace stored in liver
• Others stored in muscle tissue, organs, glands
Minerals: ToxicityMinerals: Toxicity
•• Supplements pose biggest Supplements pose biggest problem for toxicityproblem for toxicity
•• Harmful interactions with Harmful interactions with other nutrients can occurother nutrients can occur
•• Look for brands with USP for Look for brands with USP for supplementssupplements
Minerals: Preservation in FoodsMinerals: Preservation in Foods
•• Not typically lost from animal foods Not typically lost from animal foods during processingduring processing
•• Are lost from plant foods during Are lost from plant foods during processingprocessing
•• Refined grains = Refined grains = ↓↓ levels of vitamin levels of vitamin E, B vitamins & trace mineralsE, B vitamins & trace minerals
•• Refined grains = Fe added but Se, Refined grains = Fe added but Se, Cu, Zn not added backCu, Zn not added back
MyPlateMyPlate: Sources of Minerals: Sources of MineralsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MyPlate:Sources of Minerals
FruitsGrains
VegetablesProtein
Dairy
ChooseMyPlate.gov
Grains• Sodium chloride• Calcium(fortifiedproducts)
• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc• Copper• Selenium• Chromium
Vegetables• Potassium• Magnesium
Fruits• Potassium• Boron
Protein• Sodium chloride
(processedfoods)
• Potassium• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Selenium• Iron• Zinc• Copper
• Zinc
Dairy• Calcium• Phosphorus
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Enzymes, coenzymes & cofactorsEnzymes, coenzymes & cofactors
•• Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balance
•• Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systems
•• Building BonesBuilding Bones
•• Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolism
•• Blood HealthBlood Health
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Enzymes, coenzymes & cofactorsEnzymes, coenzymes & cofactors
–– Enzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactionsEnzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactions
–– Enzymes typically made of proteinsEnzymes typically made of proteins
–– Require a cofactor for biological activityRequire a cofactor for biological activity
–– Minerals: inorganic molecules are Minerals: inorganic molecules are cofactorscofactors
–– Vitamins: organic molecules are Vitamins: organic molecules are coenzymescoenzymes
–– The BThe B--vitamins function as coenzymesvitamins function as coenzymes
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balance
–– Balance between intracellular and Balance between intracellular and extracellular waterextracellular water
–– Includes:Includes:•• SodiumSodium•• PotassiumPotassium•• ChlorideChloride•• PhosphorusPhosphorus
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systems
–– Aid in antioxidant function as Aid in antioxidant function as components of antioxidant enzymescomponents of antioxidant enzymes
–– Includes:Includes:•• Vitamin EVitamin E•• Vitamin CVitamin C•• Vitamin A and Vitamin A and carotenoidscarotenoids•• SeleniumSelenium
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Building BonesBuilding Bones
–– Bone is a living, dynamic tissueBone is a living, dynamic tissue
–– Includes:Includes:•• Vitamin DVitamin D•• Vitamin KVitamin K•• CalciumCalcium•• PhosphorusPhosphorus•• MagnesiumMagnesium•• FluorideFluoride
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolism
–– Vitamins & minerals do not yield Vitamins & minerals do not yield energyenergy
–– They participate as cofactors or They participate as cofactors or coenzymes in energycoenzymes in energy--yielding yielding reactionsreactions
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Immune FunctionImmune Function
–– Immunity defends against pathogensImmunity defends against pathogens
–– Include: skin, intestinal cells, WBCInclude: skin, intestinal cells, WBC
–– Includes:Includes:•• Vitamin A, D, EVitamin A, D, E•• Some B vitaminsSome B vitamins•• Vitamin CVitamin C•• Chromium, copper, selenium, iron & zincChromium, copper, selenium, iron & zinc
Functional Roles Functional Roles of Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
•• Blood HealthBlood Health
–– Transport oxygen, nutrients & Transport oxygen, nutrients & wastewaste
–– Includes:Includes:•• Blood clotting: Vitamin K & calciumBlood clotting: Vitamin K & calcium•• Blood cell health: iron, copper, Blood cell health: iron, copper,
folatefolate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12