Micro and Nanotechnology: An Overview
Dr. Kristy M. AinslieFrom Dr. Tejal Desai’s Lab, UC San Francisco
June 20, 2007
Red blood cells(~7-8 m)
Fly ash~ 10-20m Human hair
~ 60-120m wide
Ant~ 5 mm
Dust mite
200 m
ATP synthase
~10 nm diameter
0.1 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.01 m10 nm
0.1 m100 nm
1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (mm)
0.01 mm10 m
0.1 mm100 m
1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm)
1 cm10 mm
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-4 m
10-5 m
10-6 m
10-7 m
10-8 m
10-9 m
10-10 mAtoms of siliconspacing 0.078 nm
DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter
The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
Visib
leVi
sible
Infra
red
Infra
red
Ultra
viole
tUl
travio
let
Micr
owav
eM
icrow
ave
Soft
x-ra
ySo
ft x-
ray
Micro-technology“The Micro World”
Nanotechnology“The Nano World”
Head of a pin1-2 mm
Nanoscale Fits the Molecular World
One 5’5” Student (our example molecule)One 5’5” Student (our example molecule)
A 8’ desk? A 8’ desk?
A 2’ 6” desk?A 2’ 6” desk?
Or a 5’ desk?Or a 5’ desk?
Compared to what we can see, an atom scale is about a million times smaller!Imagine a desk a million times too big!Imagine a desk a million times too big!
Nanomaterials Have More Atoms on the Surface
Materials of the micro (1x10-6m) and especially nano (1x10-9m) size have more atom exposed on the outside then inside
Volume = 18x19x1 nmVolume = 18x19x1 nm33 or or15x8x16 atoms = 1920 atoms 15x8x16 atoms = 1920 atoms
totaltotal
976 or 51% of the atoms are 976 or 51% of the atoms are at the surfaceat the surface
NanomaterialNanomaterial
Volume = 3x3x0.7 Volume = 3x3x0.7 mm33 or or~4 million atoms total~4 million atoms total
976 or 4% of the atoms are at 976 or 4% of the atoms are at the surfacethe surface
Micro-scaled MaterialMicro-scaled MaterialA 1x1x1 cm1x1x1 cm33 cube will have
0.00072%0.00072% of the atoms
exposed to the surface
Surface Atoms Interact more with the Environment
Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature. Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature. Since more molecules are on the surface, the affect is more Since more molecules are on the surface, the affect is more
pronounced.pronounced.
TemperatureTemperature
Heat
Cold
LightLight
The forms of energy that affect us in the environment can affect The forms of energy that affect us in the environment can affect molecules.molecules.
SoundSound
Nanotechnology has mechanical applications
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper
surfacepositioned one at a
time with an STM tipCorral diameter 14 nm
MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide
Carbon buckyball~1 nm diameter
Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structure
Many 10s of nm
Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter
A Stretched Out Buckey Ball Becomes a NanotubeFullerenes (aka buckyballs)• Discovered in 1985 at the University of Sussex and Rice University
• Named after Richard Buckminster Fuller•Geodesic domes (Epcot Center)
• Made entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.
• Used for microelectrics, sensors and composite materials
MEMs: MMicroEElectroMMechanical SSystems
• High proportion of atom on the surface changes characteristics– electrostatics (static electricity) – wetting
• Can be fabricated with semiconductor fabrication technology (microchips)• Made of silicon, polymer or other metals (e.g. gold, nickel, platinum)• Used for sensors, computer processors, an inkject printer
Quantum Dot Colors Vary with Size
• Semiconductor based material• Confines electron motion in three
directions• Releases discrete quantized energy • Used in LEDs, sensing, and lasers
Nanotechnology Includes Nanomaterials
• Any material that has nano-scale features are termed a nanomaterial
NanowiresNanowires
NanoparticlesNanoparticles
NanomembranesNanomembranes
Nano-othersNano-others
In Addition, Nanotechnology has biomedical applications
Kinesin walks on Microtubule
~100 m
Lab on a ChipTechnology on the micron
scale
BiosensorsDetection from DNA to
Proteins10nm-100 m
Therapeutic Drug Delivery Devices10nm-100 m
DNA to Bind and Detect Proteins
10nm-100 m
DNADNAAtomsAtoms
Small MoleculesSmall Molecules
ProteinsProteinsVirusesViruses
BacterialBacterialCellsCells
100 m 1x10-4 m
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
1 Å
1x10-5 m
1x10-6 m
1x10-7 m
1x10-8 m
1x10-9 m
1x10-10 m
The Scale of the Biological World
Plant & AnimalPlant & AnimalCellsCells
Microfluidics are Microscale Piping
• Smaller piping means smaller volumes of fluids are needed
• The area the fluid is moving in is so small, that the liquid does not mix
Biosensors Detect Analytes from Bodily Fluids
• Biosensors use antibody or other specific binding molecules to capture the substance of interest
• Output can be light, movement, an electrical signal
Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis at the Hospital Bedside
• Lab on a chip integrate nanomaterials, microfluidics, biosensors, microelectrics, and biochemistry
Therapeutic Delivery of Drugs Can Reduce Side-effects
• Small scale “pills” can be taken up by cells• Adding of antibodies can be used to target sick cells• Administered through IV, the skin, inhaled, orally
Micro and Nanotechnology can be used for Tissue Engineering
• To grow a cell needs to adhere and spread• Nanomaterials can navigate cell growth• Cells can adhere to nanomaterials more strongly
Nanomaterials can Change Cell Behavior
• Stem cells can be grown on nanomaterials• The differentiation of the stem cell can be changed with nanomaterial
interactions
Review of Micro and Nanotechnology
Things on the nanoscale are a billion times smaller then a meter-stick.
Things on the microscale are a million times smaller then a meter-stick.
Higher % of molecules on the surface leads to different properties.
Micro- and nano-scale materials include Buckeyballs and nanotubes
Micro and Nanotechnology are on the scale of the biological world.
These materials can help treat, diagnose and research diseases.
References
• http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html
• Scale of Biological World
– http://www.cimaging.net
– http://library.thinkquest.org
– http://www.becomehealthynow.com
– http://efl.htmlplanet.com
– http://www.sciencemusings.com
– http://i86.photobucket.com/
– http://www.3dchem.com/
– http://depts.washington.edu
– http://www.scharfphoto.com
– http://www.computing.dcu.ie
– http://www.p450.kvl.dk
– http://upload.wikimedia.org/
– http://www.genelex.com
– http://www.csb.yale.edu/
– http://serc.carleton.edu/
– http://www.nanosensors.co.kr/
• http://www.manhattanchurch.org/
• Biomedical Applications
– http://monet.unibas.ch
– https://buffy.eecs.berkeley.edu
– http://www.naclgroup.org
• http://nanopedia.case.edu/image/build.buckyball.jpg
• http://content.answers.com/• http://www6.ufrgs.br/• MEMs
– http://www.aero.org/– http://www.devicelink.com/– www.cs.duke.edu – http://mems.nist.gov/– http://web.mit.edu/
• Quantum Dots– http://www.imem.cnr.it– www.greenspine.ca– http://www.evidenttech.com/ – http://z.about.com/
• Nanomaterials– www.cvd.louisville.edu – http://www.micronova.fi/– www.itmweb.com/ – http://www.worldhealth.net– http://usinfo.state.gov– http://www.meliorum.com– http://www.innovations-report.com– http://nanoprism.net– http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/– http://cjmems.seas.ucla.edu– http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au– http://www.chem.ufl.edu– http://www.mri.psu.edu/– http://www.laser-zentrum-hannover.de
References
• Biosenors
– http://www.sensortec.dk
– http://www.primidi.com
– http://www.primidi.com
– http://www.media.mit.edu
– http://www.physics.mcgill.ca
– http://www.schaefer-tec.com
– http://www.bme.cornell.edu
• Therapeutic Drug Delivery
– http://www.azonano.com
– http://www.sigmaaldrich.com
– http://www.cfdrc.com
– http://www.pevion.com
– http://www.s3.kth.se
• Stem Cells
– http://www.sciencedaily.com
– http://web.uconn.edu
• Lab on a chip
– http://www.medgadget.com
– http://images.vertmarkets.com
– http://www.berkeley.edu
– http://www.pi2.uni-stuttgart.de
– http://www.i-math.com.my
• Microfluidics
– http://www.medgadget.com
– http://www.niherst.gov.tt
– http://www.bme.utexas.ed
– uxlink.rsc.org
– http://www.ichf.edu.pl
– http://www.mrsec.harvard.edu
– http://www.leelab.org