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Lexical Phonology
1998
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Kiparsky: early 1980s
Developing work by Dorothy Siegel,
Steven Strauss, Mark Aronoff, David
Pesetsky.
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A theory of many things...
A theory of the relationship between
phonotactics and what once was called
automatic morphophonology.
(But automatic morphophonology grew into
all of what phonology was.)
A theory oflevels or layers in morphology.
A constraint on neutralizations rules'
application in nonderived environments
A theory of underspecification
(markedness).
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Lexical phonology is extremely
derivational: things happen, some
things happen before other thingshappen, and if something happens
before X appears on the scene, then too
bad for X. If Y isn't "in the lexicon", thena lexical rule can't "see" it (whatever
that means).
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The most remarkable claim of lexical
phonology is that the generalizations
describing markedness principles of alanguage are the same as the rules
governing the changes of sounds under
conditions of word-formation.
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Lexical/postlexical components
This is the most important distinction,
one going back a long way, but dropped
for a while in generative phonology. Lexical rules have exceptions, do not
create novel segments or sequences =
morphophonemic rules. Postcyclic: flapping; word-final
devoicing in German, Dutch, Russian;
Cyclic = trisyllabic laxing.
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Lexical/post-lexical split
Lexicon
Structure-preserving(output is possibleUR)
Not necessarily
phonetically natural never applies across
words
Apply only in
derivedenvironments
Trisyllabicshortening
No lexical
exceptions not necessarily
structure-preserving
may apply across
words May not refer to
internalmorphological
information Flap formation
Ordered: Lexical >> Postlexical
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Derived environmentsthe case
from Finnishhalut-a to want
halus-i wanted
Non-derived environments:
tila room
aiti mother
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Finnish (2): interaction with
ei/__ #joki river joke-na essive sg.
iti mother iti-n essive sg
vesi water vete-n essive sg
ksi hand kte-n essive sg
Watch difference between itiand vete.
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Trisyllabic shortening (aka Trisyllabic
Laxing)divine divinity
serene serenity
profane profanity
vile vilify
clear clarityrite ritual
grade gradual
tyrant tyranny tyranize tyrannouspenal penalize
fable fabulous
exceptions.
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Trisyllabic shortening
nightingale, stevedore, ivory, Amory,bravery, mightily, pirating, obesity.
So: 3SS has lexical exceptions, it
doesnt look over word-boundaries, andit seems to be a markedness
statement for nonderived forms; it
creates a segment type that existsunderlyingly.
CVstressCVlongV ][__/][
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Certain suffixes trigger the shortening: ity,
ify, ual, ??ize (no), ??ous
Group 1: stress affecting:
-ic, -al, -ity, -ion, -y (nominalizing), -al, -
ate, -ous, -ive, -ation
Group 2 stress neutral
-hood, -ful, -ly, -ize, -ness, -less, -y (adj.)
fictionalizeBoth?
-able (Aronoff)
-ism (Goldsmith: philosophy 1, language-
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Basis for stratal distinction:
Group 1 easily attaches to non-wordroots (e.g.,paternal), while Group 2
almost always attaches to existing
words.
Group 1, when it attaches to words, is
stress-changing. Group 2 is stress-
neutral, always
Group 1 make the resultant word look
as much as possible like a (simple)
word.
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Combinations of Class 1,2
Class 1 + Class 1: histor-ic-al, illumina-
at-tion, indetermin-at-y;
Class 1 + Class 2: frantern-al-ly,transform-ate-ion-less;
Class 2 + Class 2: weight-less-ness
?? Class 2 + Class 1: *weight-less-ity,
fatal-ism-al
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Derivational suffixes in Englishable fixable, doable,
understandableant claimant, defendant
(at)ion realization, assertion, protection
er teacher, workering the shooting, the dancing
ing the sleeping giant, a blazing fire
ive assertive, impressive, restrictive
ment adjournment, treatment,amazement
ful faithful, hopeful, dreadful
(i)al presidential, national
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(i)an Arabian, Einsteinian, Minnesotan
ic cubic, optimistic, moronic,telephonic
ize hospitalize, crystalize
ize modernize, nationalizeless penniless, brainless
ous poisonous, lecherous
ate activate, captivate
en deaden, blacken, harden
ity stupidity, priority
ly quietly, slowly, carefully
ness happiness, sadness
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Strauss, Goldsmith ist-ic
sexist *sexistic sadist sadistic
faddist *faddistic fascist fascistic
rightist *rightistic linguist linguistic
racist *racistic deist deistic
rapist *rapistic jurist juristic
putchist *putschist sophist sophistic
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fatalist fatalistic masochist masochisticregalist regalistic plagiarist plagiaristichumorist humoristic populist populisticsocialist socialistic atheist atheistic
humanist humanistic aphorist aphoristicrealist realistic hedonist hedonisticcommunist communistic anarchist anarachistic
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Word-final stress in base
cartoonist *cartoonistic escapist *escapistic
falangist *falangistic
alarmist *alarmistic defeatist *defeatistic
adventist *adventistic
conformist *conformistic
extremist *extremistic
reservist *reservistic
careerist *careeristic
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Strauss notes:
-icmay not attach to an X+ist base if:
a. the final syllable of X is not primary
stressed; and
b. X is a lexical item.
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Stress clash in English
OK morpheme internally:
Revlon, nylong, Ticonderoga, Rangoon,
Illini
Contrast alarmisticand admonish:
admonish is like alarmistin stress, but
admonition sounds fine, while
alarmisticdoes not.
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abnormal -> abnormality
2 1 3 2 2 1 3 3
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Suffixes that care about stress:
-ize:
distinguish catholicize ornotarize from
Bermudaize.
Standardize and cannibalize suggest
Stratum 2.
Winterize, summerize, autumnize (cf.
autumnal), but *fallize, *springize.
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alphabetizeradicalize
departmentalize*cartoonizejournalize*magazinize
*bookizepublicizelegalizeBostonize*New Yorkize
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Perhaps what is not possible is:
[+stress] ]Stratum II [+stress]
that would suggest:
[ [ alarm ]stratum II
ist ]stratum I
ic
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English stress, a bitAssuming the final syllable does not
have a long vowel, then we canapproximate English stress with the
Latin main stress rule: stress on the
penult if heavy, on the antepenultotherwise.
In fact, Group 1 causes a lot of
changes, and Group 2 doesnt, but wedont have an explanation of that within
lexical phonology
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Problems, so far: In tough cases, we have to say that a
suffix falls into both classes, whichreduces the strength of the claim a lot.
Typical cases are -able, -ism, -ize.
Discussion of -mentin AMP. If -ize is Stratum 2 (always) then
organization is a problem, since it
violates the Level Ordering Hypothesis(Mark Aronoffs observation). Perhaps
likewise is ability, and istic.
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GJs example of morphologically
sensitive rule (p. 120)Underlying Surface Glosslo:p]verb + @n]inf lo:p@ to walk
za:k]noun + @n]Pl za:ke things
[te:k @n] @n ] inf te:k@ ne to draw
te:k@n]noun te:k@ sign
o:p@n]adj o:p@ open
te:k@n]verb te:k@n draw
o:p@n]verb o:p@n open
What is the alternative hypothesis?
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Kenstowicz' Polish example
o >> u / __ +cons, -nasal, +voiced.
1. lexical exceptions: skrop
"scratch"imper. from /skrob/
2. Morphological conditioning: more
frequent in feminine and neuter nounsthan in masculines:
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fem doz-a pagod-a mod-a
with genitive plural: dus, pagut, mut;
contrast with masc. mop, snop
"Polish speakers are aware of thesound substitution effected by the
raising rule...the voicing change isessentially below the level ofconsciousness." Careful!!
Does not introduce any new phones "Raising of o to u before a voiced
nonnasal consonant is an arbitrary andphonetically unmotivated sound
substitution. " Careful!!
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