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H-L-1:
Introduction of Human Models
Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Delft University of Technology
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Contents
Part I Introduction to human models
Part II:
Introduction
Human Systems
Using anthropometric model in design
Analysis
Modelling
Simulation
Senses of human beings
Evaluation
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 Cognitive model
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Example of a human model
Mass
Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html
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Example of a human model
Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html
Test
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What is a model of a human?
http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/BERGEN-Professional-Mini-Very-Low-Pressure-HVLP-Spray-Gun-BER8700-/321092569141
Product model
Based on information about the product
Human Model
Based on information about human
P
H
=0
What kind of information?
When was the information collected?
Goal?
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Information of human
•Philosophy
•Physiology
•Anthropometry
•Psychology
•Sociology
•Anatomy
•Anthropology
•Ergonomics
Cognitive & Emotional
Physical
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Model of the appearance of human
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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Example: Dolls
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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Example: Mannequins
Types of information
Time
Purpose
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Inside human: Human torso model
Courtesy: http://www.usahobby.com/science/anatomy.php/1
Types of information
Time
Purpose
Accuracy
Assembly
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Three-year-old Child Nursing Manikin
Purpose: Operations of child care;
Airway administering;
Oral and nasal feeding
Holistic care;
Bathing and bandaging activity
…
Courtesy of http://www.medical-model.com/en/Product-1119.html
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Virtual Reality Arthroscopic Simulator for practicing minimally invasive surgery
Courtesy of http://www.readingshoulderunit.com/new-developments/arthroscopy-simulator
Minimally Invasive Surgery Instruments
Human model
Monitor displays images inside the human model
Opening
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Anatomical drawing
Courtesy of jboultondesign.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/davinci www.yvcc.edu/.../Documents/vesalius2web.jpg
Anatomical studies of the shoulderBy Leonardo da Vinci (ca 1510)
De humani corpris fabricaBy Andreas Vesalius (1543)
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes TulpRembrandt van Rijn (1631)
Mauritshuis museum, The Hague, the Netherlands
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Feet and models of them
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La Sportiva climb shoesAnthropometry & Biomechanics contribute to design
Courtesy of http://www.sportiva.com/
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Biomechanics measure contribute to design
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Prosthesis
Peter StuyvesantDutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland
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Prosthesis design-Walking
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Prosthesis design-Running
Aimee Mullins
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Aimee Mullins
Different purposes
Courtesy of www.kennethcole.com/
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Human systems The nervous system
The musculoskeletal system
The circulatory system
The respiratory system
The gastrointestinal system
The integumentary system
The urinary system
The reproductive system
The immune system
The endocrine system
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Human circulatory system
Ancient Model Current
model
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Artificial heart valve design
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Respiratory system
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Studying respiratory system contribute to design
Studying respiratory system
Courtesy of www.elements4health.com/.../sleep-apnea-mask.jpg
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Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Sight
Sight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Sight & Design
Road sign design
Sight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://citylu.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/australian-cities-an-italian-perspective/
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Sight & Design
Wake up lightSight
Hearing
Smelling
Taste
Human sense
Touch
Courtesy of http://www.techfresh.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/philips-wake-up-light.jpg
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Hearing
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
Cancel the noise
Quality Convenience
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Hearing and Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Touch sense & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Touch sense & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Human Sense
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Smell & Design
Sight
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Human sense
Smell
Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm
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Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
Cognitive model
A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction.
Courtesy of http://www.123rf.com/photo_12496301_abstract-cognitive-intelligence.html
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A simple cognitive model
Courtesy of Developing a model of cognitive interaction for analytical inclusive design evaluation, Patrick Langdona, Umesh Persadb, P. John Clarksona
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Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
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Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training
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Cognitive model:Design for improving memory
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Cognitive model & Design
Courtesy of http://m4.uxcell.com/i/11d/ux_a11120300ux0116_ux_g01.jpg
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Cognitive model example:Cockpit design
The cockpit of Boeing 747-400 has 365 buttons/controls,The older version has 970 buttons
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Innovation & cognition:Open the tin can from side
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Cognitive model:Group model
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Crowded: Basic fire escape planning
Courtesy of http://www.visualbuilding.co.uk/images/2D/fireescapeplan.jpg
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Crowded: Supermarket floor planning (in Dutch)
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Group: Eating within culture context
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Part II
Using anthropometricmodel in design
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The ideal model from Leonardo da Vinci
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Le Corbusier's Le Modular Diagram
Utilizing graphic devices as a vector for understanding human proportion.
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History of anthropometry
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The starting point
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)Founder scientific anthropometry
Body-mass index(Quetelet index) Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet
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Practices: Acquiring anthropometric data
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The highest & the shortest men in the Netherlands
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Anthropometry: from measurement to theory
Courtesy of Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women, V Brundavani, SR Murthy and AV Kurpad
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Dineddined.io.tudelft.nl
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Four steps in using anthropometric data in design
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
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AnalysisWhat kind of product are you designing?
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Image of human
Replacing parts of human (prosthesis)
Adding to a human (orthesis)
Cognitive support (user interface)
Physical support (cabin, support, outfit, grip, tool…)
What do you need to know about:
The human being
Human‐product interaction
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Analysis – The user
Gender Ethnic background …Age
What do you need to know about the product user?
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Analysis: The interaction
What do you need to know about the user‐product interaction?
What does the user do with the product?
What does the product ask from the user?
What interaction is critical?
What are the comfort zones?
‐‐ ‐‐
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Analysis: different design phases need different information
More specific information regarding the user
Embodiment
Analysis
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Modelling
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Anthropometric data:
static (dimensions rigid body)
dynamic (dimensions while moving)
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For industrial production
From individual to groups
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Human models
• Elderly
• Soldiers
• Adults
• Children
Who
What
How
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
Who
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Human models
• Growth (changes over a period of time, group)
• Body dimensions (length, weight, etc.)
• Range of motion of the joints
• Shape of body(parts)
Who
How
Who
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
What
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Human models
• Laser scanning
• Questionnaire
• Instruments
• Photogrammetry
Who
What
Who
HumanModel
Measure‐ment
How
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Human models – how
Questionnaire
• Stature and weight only• ‘Lie’ to the (socially acceptable) mean value
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Instrument used in measuringInstruments: Anthropometer
‐
Callipers
‐
Tape measure
‐
Grip force dynamometer
‐
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3D scanning
3D laser scanning
Courtesy of http://ir-ltd.net/3d-bodyscans-soon-to-be-released/
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Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com
How SizeChina can help your products fit the Chinese population
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Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com
Preparation
Scanning
After processing
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Example: Size China project www.sizechina.com
Result
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Data presentation
2D2D
3D Physical3D Physical 3D digital3D digital
TableTable
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Tables
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Dined: 2D data presentation
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2D template
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2D data correlations
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3D physical
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3D digital
3D Wireframe model
(ADAPS)
3D Solid Model(Jack)
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Example: ADAPS
First model:
American pilot
Followed by:
Dutch man and woman
Dutch elderly (male and female)
Dutch children (0‐4 year old)
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Example: ADAPS
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
ADAPS
Who have been measured?
How was the model made?
What has been measured? And how?
How What
Who
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
Who have been measured?Who
KIMA pilot:
+/‐ 600 children in Zuid‐Holland
0 – 5.5 years old
KIMA : +/‐ 2200 children
representative sample of Dutch children
2 – 12 years old
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
What has been measured? What
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How has it been measuredWhat
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How has it been measuredWhat
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
How was the model made?How
How many models?•relative vs. absolute growth•changes of proportions•determined by goal (safe areas)
Which dimensions usable?•Correlation with stature (arbitrairy >0,5)•Location (in formula)
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Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)
HowHow many models?•0‐1 year old : 4 (0‐3, 3‐6, 6‐9 en 9‐12 months old)•1‐2 year old : 2 (12‐18 en 18‐24 months old)•2‐3 year old : 1 (24‐36 months old)•3‐4 year old : 1 (36‐48 months old)•4‐5 year old : 1 (48‐60 months old)
Which dimensions usable?•Reduction number of dimensions:
measured
usable
Pilot KIMA 0 – 12 months old 23 13
Pilot KIMA 12 – 24 months old 33 17
KIMA 2 – 5 years old 40 23
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Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
Give the stature of the model the value of the measured stature of the 4‐year‐old
Compare the dimensions of model and measured values
Adapt the model
Repeat this for P3 en P97
Reduce the differences between measured values and model dimensions to the smallest possible difference
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Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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Modelling
Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4
Procedure
Data
The model
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Simulation
Fromanalysis:
Description of the user
User‐product interaction
Phase of the design process
From modeling:
What is important in selecting a representative model
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
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Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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Simulation steps
Select a model
(Adapt the selected model )
Translate user postures to model postures
Simulation
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Critical questions in simulation
Which user and product dimensions are important
What are the criteria for possible/comfortable use
What problems are to be expected
Which part of the users will have problems
Which part of the users is excluded from using the product
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Case study: Mechanical medical bed
Triple parted semi-flexible bridging transfer flaps
Extendable head support
Height-adjustable undercarriage
Four polyurethane swivel castors with large diameter
Nylon slide sheet
Adjustable supportive surfaces
Complete symmetry and idealsizes based on anthropometrics
Velcro straps for fixation
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Studying critical dimensions
Figure 71 Adjusting the top-surfaceFigure70 Adapting the carriage’s height Figure 72 Unfolding the flaps Figure 73 Slide sheet under evacuee
Figure 69 Human-product- interaction scenario of the concept
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Critical dimensions of the patientComfort/Possible use
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Critical dimensions of the care giver
• What problems are to be expected
• Which part of the users will have problems
• Which part of the users is excluded from using the product
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Test in different scenario's1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
5
4B
6
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Case study: Problem definition
The Usage scenarioThe machine
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Case study: The design
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Case study: preparation
ADAPS DHMGathering user data
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Case study: simulation
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Evaluation
Modeling
Evaluation
Modelling
AnalysisSimulation
Evaluate modeling as well as simulation process
What parts need attention?
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Evaluation: Population Validity
Did you have relevant data from your target group?
• Who are the users (gender, age, ethnic background, etc.)
• What has been measured of this population
• What measurements have been used for the development of a model
• How have missing data been estimated
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
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Evaluation: Manikin Validity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
What do you know about the model?
• How is it built?• What do you know about he dimensions ?• What do you know about the ranges of
motion?
In what way does the model represent the selected human characteristics?
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Evaluation: Function Validity
What is the relation between standard anthropometric postures and model postures? • Is there information on the relation
between the standard anthropometric measuring postures and the functional postures?
• If not, how did you cope with it?
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
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Evaluation: AssessmentValidity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
What were the assumptions regarding:
• Creating the digital human model• Usage of the digital human
model(translation of human postures into model postures)
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Evaluation: Predictive Validity
Mannequin
Population
Assessment
Levels of validity (Hoekstra)
Function
Predictive
To what extend can you say something about the target group with the help of a digital human model
• What problems are to be expected?• When is human-product-interaction critical?• Which part of the users will have problems?• Which part of the users is excluded from product
use?• What influence do the assumptions in the modeling
and simulation process have on the assessment?
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Thank You!
Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Delft University of Technology