Lecture Slides: Lecture Introduction to Human Models

1Challenge the future

H-L-1:

Introduction of Human Models

Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Delft University of Technology


Contents

Part I Introduction to human models

Part II:

Introduction

Human Systems

Using anthropometric model in design

Analysis

Modelling

Simulation

Senses of human beings

Evaluation

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4 Cognitive model


Example of a human model

Mass

Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html


Example of a human model

Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html

Test


What is a model of a human?

http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/BERGEN-Professional-Mini-Very-Low-Pressure-HVLP-Spray-Gun-BER8700-/321092569141

Product model

Based on information about the product

Human Model

Based on information about human

P

H

=0

What kind of information?

When was the information collected?

Goal?


Information of human

•Philosophy

•Physiology

•Anthropometry

•Psychology

•Sociology

•Anatomy

•Anthropology

•Ergonomics

Cognitive & Emotional

Physical


Model of the appearance of human

Types of information

Time

Purpose


Example: Dolls


Time

Purpose


Example: Mannequins


Time

Purpose


Inside human: Human torso model

Courtesy: http://www.usahobby.com/science/anatomy.php/1


Time

Purpose

Accuracy

Assembly


Three-year-old Child Nursing Manikin

Purpose: Operations of child care;

Airway administering;

Oral and nasal feeding

Holistic care;

Bathing and bandaging activity

…

Courtesy of http://www.medical-model.com/en/Product-1119.html


Virtual Reality Arthroscopic Simulator for practicing minimally invasive surgery

Courtesy of http://www.readingshoulderunit.com/new-developments/arthroscopy-simulator

Minimally Invasive Surgery Instruments

Human model

Monitor displays images inside the human model

Opening


Anatomical drawing

Courtesy of jboultondesign.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/davinci www.yvcc.edu/.../Documents/vesalius2web.jpg

Anatomical studies of the shoulderBy Leonardo da Vinci (ca 1510)

De humani corpris fabricaBy Andreas Vesalius (1543)


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes TulpRembrandt van Rijn (1631)

Mauritshuis museum, The Hague, the Netherlands


Feet and models of them


La Sportiva climb shoesAnthropometry & Biomechanics contribute to design

Courtesy of http://www.sportiva.com/


Biomechanics measure contribute to design


Prosthesis

Peter StuyvesantDutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland


Prosthesis design-Walking


Prosthesis design-Running

Aimee Mullins


Aimee Mullins

Different purposes

Courtesy of www.kennethcole.com/


Human systems The nervous system

The musculoskeletal system

The circulatory system

The respiratory system

The gastrointestinal system

The integumentary system

The urinary system

The reproductive system

The immune system

The endocrine system


Human circulatory system

Ancient Model Current

model


Artificial heart valve design


Respiratory system


Studying respiratory system contribute to design

Studying respiratory system

Courtesy of www.elements4health.com/.../sleep-apnea-mask.jpg


Human Sense

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell

Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm


Sight

Sight

Hearing

Smelling

Taste

Human sense

Touch



Sight & Design

Road sign design

Sight

Hearing

Smelling

Taste

Human sense

Touch

Courtesy of http://citylu.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/australian-cities-an-italian-perspective/


Sight & Design

Wake up lightSight

Hearing

Smelling

Taste

Human sense

Touch

Courtesy of http://www.techfresh.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/philips-wake-up-light.jpg


Hearing

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Hearing and Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Hearing and Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell


Cancel the noise

Quality Convenience


Hearing and Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Human Sense

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Human Sense

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Human Sense

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Touch sense & Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Touch sense & Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Human Sense

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Smell & Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Smell & Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Smell & Design

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Touch

Human sense

Smell



Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training

Cognitive model

A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction.

Courtesy of http://www.123rf.com/photo_12496301_abstract-cognitive-intelligence.html


A simple cognitive model

Courtesy of Developing a model of cognitive interaction for analytical inclusive design evaluation, Patrick Langdona, Umesh Persadb, P. John Clarksona






Cognitive model:Design for improving memory


Cognitive model & Design

Courtesy of http://m4.uxcell.com/i/11d/ux_a11120300ux0116_ux_g01.jpg


Cognitive model example:Cockpit design

The cockpit of Boeing 747-400 has 365 buttons/controls,The older version has 970 buttons


Innovation & cognition:Open the tin can from side


Cognitive model:Group model


Crowded: Basic fire escape planning

Courtesy of http://www.visualbuilding.co.uk/images/2D/fireescapeplan.jpg


Crowded: Supermarket floor planning (in Dutch)


Group: Eating within culture context


Part II

Using anthropometricmodel in design


The ideal model from Leonardo da Vinci


Le Corbusier's Le Modular Diagram

Utilizing graphic devices as a vector for understanding human proportion.


History of anthropometry


The starting point

Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)Founder scientific anthropometry

Body-mass index(Quetelet index) Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet


Practices: Acquiring anthropometric data


The highest & the shortest men in the Netherlands


Anthropometry: from measurement to theory

Courtesy of Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women, V Brundavani, SR Murthy and AV Kurpad


Dineddined.io.tudelft.nl


Four steps in using anthropometric data in design

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation


AnalysisWhat kind of product are you designing?

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Image of human

Replacing parts of human (prosthesis)

Adding to a human (orthesis)

Cognitive support (user interface)

Physical support (cabin, support, outfit, grip, tool…)

What do you need to know about:

The human being

Human‐product interaction


Analysis – The user

Gender Ethnic background …Age

What do you need to know about the product user?


Analysis: The interaction

What do you need to know about the user‐product interaction?

What does the user do with the product?

What does the product ask from the user?

What interaction is critical?

What are the comfort zones?

‐‐ ‐‐


Analysis: different design phases need different information

More specific information regarding the user

Embodiment

Analysis


Modelling

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Anthropometric data:

static (dimensions rigid body)

dynamic (dimensions while moving)


For industrial production

From individual to groups


Human models

• Elderly

• Soldiers

• Adults

• Children

Who

What

How

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

Who


Human models

• Growth (changes over a period of time, group)

• Body dimensions (length, weight, etc.)

• Range of motion of the joints

• Shape of body(parts)

Who

How

Who

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

What


Human models

• Laser scanning

• Questionnaire

• Instruments

• Photogrammetry

Who

What

Who

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

How


Human models – how

Questionnaire

• Stature and weight only• ‘Lie’ to the (socially acceptable) mean value


Instrument used in measuringInstruments: Anthropometer

‐

Callipers

‐

Tape measure

‐

Grip force dynamometer

‐


3D scanning

3D laser scanning

Courtesy of http://ir-ltd.net/3d-bodyscans-soon-to-be-released/


Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com

How SizeChina can help your products fit the Chinese population


Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com

Preparation

Scanning

After processing


Example: Size China project www.sizechina.com

Result


Data presentation

2D2D

3D Physical3D Physical 3D digital3D digital

TableTable


Tables


Dined: 2D data presentation


2D template


2D data correlations


3D physical


3D digital

3D Wireframe model

(ADAPS)

3D Solid Model(Jack)


Example: ADAPS

First model:

American pilot

Followed by:

Dutch man and woman

Dutch elderly (male and female)

Dutch children (0‐4 year old)


Example: ADAPS


Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)

ADAPS

Who have been measured?

How was the model made?

What has been measured? And how?

How What

Who



Who have been measured?Who

KIMA pilot:

+/‐ 600 children in Zuid‐Holland

0 – 5.5 years old

KIMA : +/‐ 2200 children

representative sample of Dutch children

2 – 12 years old



What has been measured? What



How has it been measuredWhat



How has it been measuredWhat



How was the model made?How

How many models?•relative vs. absolute growth•changes of proportions•determined by goal (safe areas)

Which dimensions usable?•Correlation with stature (arbitrairy >0,5)•Location (in formula)



HowHow many models?•0‐1 year old : 4 (0‐3, 3‐6, 6‐9 en 9‐12 months old)•1‐2 year old : 2 (12‐18 en 18‐24 months old)•2‐3 year old : 1 (24‐36 months old)•3‐4 year old : 1 (36‐48 months old)•4‐5 year old : 1 (48‐60 months old)

Which dimensions usable?•Reduction number of dimensions:

measured

usable

Pilot KIMA 0 – 12 months old 23 13

Pilot KIMA 12 – 24 months old 33 17

KIMA 2 – 5 years old 40 23


Modelling

Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4

Procedure

Data

The model


Modelling


Procedure

Data

The model

Give the stature of the model the value of the measured stature of the 4‐year‐old

Compare the dimensions of model and measured values

Adapt the model

Repeat this for P3 en P97

Reduce the differences between measured values and model dimensions to the smallest possible difference


Modelling


Procedure

Data

The model


Modelling


Procedure

Data

The model


Simulation

Fromanalysis:

Description of the user

User‐product interaction

Phase of the design process

From modeling:

What is important in selecting a representative model

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation


Simulation steps

Select a model

(Adapt the selected model )

Translate user postures to model postures

Simulation


Simulation steps

Select a model



Simulation


Simulation steps

Select a model



Simulation


Simulation steps

Select a model



Simulation


Critical questions in simulation

Which user and product dimensions are important

What are the criteria for possible/comfortable use

What problems are to be expected

Which part of the users will have problems

Which part of the users is excluded from using the product


Case study: Mechanical medical bed

Triple parted semi-flexible bridging transfer flaps

Extendable head support

Height-adjustable undercarriage

Four polyurethane swivel castors with large diameter

Nylon slide sheet

Adjustable supportive surfaces

Complete symmetry and idealsizes based on anthropometrics

Velcro straps for fixation


Studying critical dimensions

Figure 71 Adjusting the top-surfaceFigure70 Adapting the carriage’s height Figure 72 Unfolding the flaps Figure 73 Slide sheet under evacuee

Figure 69 Human-product- interaction scenario of the concept


Critical dimensions of the patientComfort/Possible use


Critical dimensions of the care giver

• What problems are to be expected

• Which part of the users will have problems

• Which part of the users is excluded from using the product


Test in different scenario's1 2

3 4

1 2

3 4

5

4B

6


Case study: Problem definition

The Usage scenarioThe machine


Case study: The design


Case study: preparation

ADAPS DHMGathering user data


Case study: simulation


Evaluation

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Evaluate modeling as well as simulation process

What parts need attention?


Evaluation: Population Validity

Did you have relevant data from your target group?

• Who are the users (gender, age, ethnic background, etc.)

• What has been measured of this population

• What measurements have been used for the development of a model

• How have missing data been estimated

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Levels of validity (Hoekstra)

Function

Predictive


Evaluation: Manikin Validity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment


Function

Predictive

What do you know about the model?

• How is it built?• What do you know about he dimensions ?• What do you know about the ranges of

motion?

In what way does the model represent the selected human characteristics?


Evaluation: Function Validity

What is the relation between standard anthropometric postures and model postures? • Is there information on the relation

between the standard anthropometric measuring postures and the functional postures?

• If not, how did you cope with it?

Mannequin

Population

Assessment


Function

Predictive


Evaluation: AssessmentValidity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment


Function

Predictive

What were the assumptions regarding:

• Creating the digital human model• Usage of the digital human

model(translation of human postures into model postures)


Evaluation: Predictive Validity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment


Function

Predictive

To what extend can you say something about the target group with the help of a digital human model

• What problems are to be expected?• When is human-product-interaction critical?• Which part of the users will have problems?• Which part of the users is excluded from product

use?• What influence do the assumptions in the modeling

and simulation process have on the assessment?


Thank You!

Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Delft University of Technology

Lecture Slides: Lecture Introduction to Human Models

Education

designcourtesy of http

design humansensesightcancel

introduction of human

humanwhat kind of information

respiratory systemcourtesy

respiratory systemchallenge

biomechanics measure

shoulder byleonardodavincica