Lecture 1, introduction; history, role, classification, alignment & survey1 .pptx [read-only]

Railway Engineering

By: B. P. Devkota

Objectives

• The overall objective of this course is to

introduce the knowledge about railway

engineering in planning, design, operation and

maintenance aspects.maintenance aspects.

�2

Learning Outcomes

– An understanding of importance of mass transportation

for the development of nation specially railway

transportation.

– Knowledge of railway and railway related infrastructure

about:about:

• Engineering survey

• Planning

• Design

• Construction, Operation and Maintenance

�3

CH-1

CH-2 ,3

and 4CH-5

and 6

Contents

1. Introduction (4 hr)

2. Basic elements and their functions (15 hr)

3. Geometric design of track (12 hr)

4. Track drainage (4 hr)

5. Railway construction, maintenance and operation (4 hr)5. Railway construction, maintenance and operation (4 hr)

6. Railway accidents and disaster management (4 hr)

7. Modernization of railways and high speed rails (2 hr)

�4

References

• Satish Chanda and M. M. Agrawal (2009), Railway

Engineering, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

• B. L. Gupta and Amit Gupta (2003), Railway Engineering,

Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi.

• Rangwala (2013), Railway Engineering, Charotar Publishing • Rangwala (2013), Railway Engineering, Charotar Publishing

House, India.

• Clifford F. Bonnett (2005), Practical Railway Engieering (2’nd

Edition), Imperial Collage Press, London.

• Railway Curves, Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering,

Pune 411 001, 2010.

�5

CHAPTER-1, INTRODUCTION

By: B. P. Devkota

Contents

• Transportation System

• Historical development of railway

• Role of railways

• Classification of railway lines

• Alignment of railway lines

• Engineering Survey

�7

Transportation System: Definition

• Consisting of:

– Fixed facilities (roadway, bridges)

– Flow entities (vehicles, trains, planes)

– Operation plan (route allocation for flow entities)

– Storage facility (parking, taxiway)– Storage facility (parking, taxiway)

– Control system (signs, signal)

• That permit people and goods to overcome the friction of

geographical spaces

• In a most efficient, safe and convenient manner

• In order to achieve time and space utility for desired activity

�8

Transportation System: Importance

• To derive benefits out of the system with

respect to:

– Political and environmental aspects– Political and environmental aspects

– Cultural and social aspects

– Economic aspects

�9

Transportation System: Types

1) Public or Mass transport system

– Public busses, railway, BRT, LRT, monorail

2) Private Transport System

– Car, jeep, motorbike, van– Car, jeep, motorbike, van

3) Intermediate Transport System

– Taxi, auto

4) Combination and Coordination of System

�10

Transport Modes

Modes

Land Water Air OthersLand

Roadway

Water

Inland

Ocean

Air Others

�11

Inland Water

Transport

Railway

Railway

Historical Development: Global

• 16th Century:

– Mines in England used wooden roadways to

reduce the resistance of mining vehicles

– The rolling surface was provided with an uprising – The rolling surface was provided with an uprising

edge in order to keep the vehicles on the track.

�12

�13

�Reconstruction of flat

wooden track for

transporting silver ore;

guidance was by a vertical

pin running between the

timbers

Fig-3, Josephistollen (tiefer

Stollen) des

mittelalterlichen

Silberbergwerks Suggental

�14

Fig-2, Leitnagel Hund (Mining cart )

Contemporary illustration of guided truck used in 16th-century

mines in Germany

Early mine wagon (German: "Leitnagel Hund") running on wooden

rails. The vertical pin ran in the slot between the two narrowly

separated wooden rails

Fig: Mining Cart

�15


• 18th Century:

– In England in 1760, The wooden rails were

covered with cast iron plates

�16

�17

Fig-4, A section of L-shaped plate rails

Ref: Wikipedia from a Welsh tramway in the Berlin Technical Museum,,


• About 1800:

– Free bearing rails (Outtram) were applied, which

were supported at the ends by cast iron sockets

on wooden sleeperson wooden sleepers

– Flanged iron wheel took care of guiding

�18

�19

�20

Fig-5, A long fish bellied rail supported over several chairs

Ref: Wikipedia, in the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry

�21


• 1804 AD:

– The first full-scale working railway steam

locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the

United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804. United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804.

�22


�23


�24


• 1825 AD:

– The first railway for passengers was opened

between Stockton and Darlington.

�25


�26


�27

Stockton_&_Darlington_Railway_Union_Coach-

Advertisement

Infrastructure Development

�28First_Iron_Railwaay_Bridge_Stocktown-Darlington


�29

Timber_Viaduct_on_the_Darlington_&_Newcaste

Railway 1844


�30

Tees_Railway_Viaduct_1858


�31North_Entrance_of_Shidon_Tunel-1915

Historical Development: India

�32


• Lord Dalhousie prepared the proposal for

railway lines between:

– Culcutta and Lahore

– Agra and Bombay– Agra and Bombay

– Bombay and Madras

�33


• The director of East India Company approved

his proposal

• The first railway line was opened for traffic on

16th April, 1853, between Mumbai and Thana.16th April, 1853, between Mumbai and Thana.

�34


�35


�36

Historical Development: Nepal

• 1927 AD:

– First railway was started at the period of

Chandrashamsher from Raxaul to Amlekhgunj, 48

kmkm

• 1936 AD:

– Bijalpura-Janakpur-Jayanagar, 53 km

– Janakpur-Jayanagar 29 km is in operation

�37


�38


�39


• 2004 AD:

– "Transport Corporation of Nepal - Janakpur

Railway" was renamed to “Nepal Railways

Corporation Ltd."Corporation Ltd."

• 2011 AD:

– ‘Department of Railways’ was established on

2068/03/01 B.S (15-June, 2011)

�40


�41

Railways in Nepal: Current Status

�42

Railways in Nepal: Current Status

�43

Railways in Nepal: Future Plan

�44


�45


�46


• Government of Nepal has completed the

feasibility study on East-West and

Kathmandu-Pokhara electric railway havingKathmandu-Pokhara electric railway having

total length of 1317.5 km

– Mechi-Mahakali ≈945 km

– Tamasariya-Bharatpur-Abukhaireni ≈ 72 km

– Pokhara – Kathmandu ≈ 187 km

– Connections to Indian Border Towns ≈ 113.5 km�47


�Connections to India:

�I – Kohalpur-Nepalganj

�II A- Butwal-Bhairahawa

�II B – Bhairahawa-Lumbini

�III- Simara-Birganj

�IV- Bardibas

�V – Itahari-Biratnagar

�48

�VI – Kakarbita


• Kathmandu metro rail:

�49


• Kathmandu metro rail:

– Five metro lines - would be feasible:

• four lines inside the Ring Road

• One line running around ring road• One line running around ring road

– A feasibility study concluded that the railway

system in the Capital would costs US$ 3.88 billion

(Rs 330 billion).

�50


�51

Railways in Nepal: Challenges

� Lack of funding Capacity/Resources

� Delay in decision and release of fund

�52


�Lack of experts

�Dependence on others

�53


� Lack of expertise in tunnelling

�54


� Lack of priority for railway

�55


� Harsh topography not suitable for railway

�56


� Railway projects are not feasible for private funding

� Unlike roads, rolling stocks are to be managed by operator in railwayby operator in railway

�57


• Safety and control system

�58

Role of Railway

• At present age:

– Transportation are considered as an index of social,

economic and commercial development of a country

– The whole structure of industry depends upon the – The whole structure of industry depends upon the

well laid foundation of transportation

• For economic growth of country

– Adequate mode of transportation is indispensable

• Railway:

– cheapest and convenient mode

�59

Role of Railway

• Was regarded as rival of inland waterway

• Exists practically all over the world

• Cheapest mode of transportation

Require least traction to move it in • Require least traction to move it in

comparison to weight

• Direction of movement is controlled

�60

Role of Railway

• Political Aspects

• Social Aspects

• Economic Aspects

�61

Role of Railway

• Political Aspects

– Central and regional government are well

connected with the transportation, efficiency of

government increasesgovernment increases

– Opportunity of meeting people from different part

of the country, developing a sense of national

unity

�62

Role of Railway

• Social Aspects

– Faster, Convenient and safer mode than highways

– Remove the feeling of isolation in people’s mind

– Easier to visit at various places– Easier to visit at various places

�63

Role of Railway

• Economic Aspects

– Cheapest mode of transportation

– Large number of employment generation

– Increase mobility and industrial development– Increase mobility and industrial development

– Stabilized cost of transportation

– Finally, national wealth of country increases

�64

Classification of Railway Lines

• Broad Gauge (BG)

Track Classification

– Group-A

– Group-B

• Meter Gauge (MG)

Track Classification

– Q-Routes

– R-Routes– Group-B

– Group-C

– Group-D

– Group-E

– R-Routes

• R-1 Routes

• R-2 Routes

• R-3 Routes

– S-Routes

�65

Broad Gauge (BG) Track Classification

Group A B C D E

1. Speed up to (kmph) 160 130 Sub-

urban

100 <100

urban

2. Type of Rail Section (kg/m-

lenth of rail)

• Traffic >20 GMT

• Traffic 10-20 GMT

• Traffic <10 GMT

60

52

52

-

52

52SS

3. Sleeper Density

(No. of Sleeper per km length)

1660 1660 or

1540

1660

or

1540

1660 or

1540

1540 or

1310

�66

Broad Gauge (BG) Track Classification

Cont…

Group A B C D E

4. Ballast cushion

(Depth of ballast below

300 300 or

250

300 300 or

250

300 or

200(Depth of ballast below

Sleeper)

250 250 200

5. Rails used (kg/mm2)

(Ultimate Tensile Strength)90 UTS

6. Sleeper type Concrete or CST-9

�67

�CST-9= Central Standard Trial-9 Sleepers.

�It is the 9th series designed and produced by

central office.

Meter Gauge (MG) Track Classification

• Q-Routes

– With max speed >75 kmph or

– Traffic density >2.5 GMT

• R-Routes• R-Routes

– With max speed <= 75 kmph

– Traffic density >1.5 GMT

a. R-1 Routes >5 GMT per year

b. R-2 Routes 2.5-5 GMT per year

c. R-3 Routes 1.5 to 2.5 GMT per year

�68

Meter Gauge (MG) Track Classification

Cont…

• S-Routes

– These are all remaining MG track with max

permissible speed <75 kmph

and/or and/or

– traffic density <1.5 GMT/year

�69

Some IR- Track Specifications

• Permissible Degree of Curvature

– BG=100

– MG=160

– NG=400– NG=400

• Length of Rail

– BG=13 m

– MG=12 m

�70


• Turn-Out

– For goods train; 1 in

– For passenger train; 1 in 12 or 1 in 162

18

– For passenger train; 1 in 12 or 1 in 16

– For train with speed >300 kmph; 1 in 20 or 1 in 24

(not implemented, under consideration in India)

�71


• Permissible Degree of Curvature

– BG=100

– MG=160

– NG=400– NG=400

• Length of Rail

– BG=13 m

– MG=12 m

�72

Alignment of Railway Lines

• Making the position of centerline on the ground and giving the direction to the railway track is known as alignment of the railway track

• Components

– Horizontal components

• Straights, curves

– Vertical components

• Gradients

�73

Purpose of New Railway Lines

• Strategic considerations

• Linking of trade centers

• Connecting port/boarder with interior of the

countrycountry

• Shortening existing route

• Laying of branch line

• To develop un-developed areas

�74

Requirements of Good Alignment

1. Fulfill the purpose of opening new track

2. Feasible to construct and maintenance

– Easy to construct, operate and maintain

3. Economical3. Economical

– Cost: construction, operation and maintenance

4. Safe

– Safe: construction, operation and maintenance

5. Aesthetic beauty

– Beautiful natural surroundings

�75

Factors Controlling the Alignment

• Obligatory points

• Traffic

• Geometric Design Standards

• Topography of the Area• Topography of the Area

• Economy

• Other Considerations

– Foreign territory

– Religious and other conservation area

�76

Engineering Survey

1. Traffic Survey

2. Reconnaissance

3. Preliminary Survey

4. Location Survey4. Location Survey

• Drawings

• Project Report

�77

Traffic Survey

• General characteristics of location:

– Agriculture dominated

– Industrialized

– Forest dominated– Forest dominated

• Population, industries, towns, villages within a range of 10-20 km on either side

• Places of tourism and pilgrimage (religious journey)

• The rust periods on the occasion of festivals and fairs etc

�78

Traffic Survey

• Location of existing features and scope of their

development by opening new railway track

– Industries

– Quarries– Quarries

– Mines

– markets

• Estimate of traffic in terms of passengers and

wagons

• Traffic history and mode of transportation

�79

Reconnaissance

• Following information are collected

– Physical features of country

– Type of soil

– Topography of the area– Topography of the area

– Sources of water and their discharge

– Approximate elevation and depression of the area

– Labors, materials availability

– Climatic conditions

�80

Reconnaissance

• Factors to be considered:

– Area, not route/line only

– Existing roads should not

• Instruments to be used:

– Aneroid – Existing roads should not guide the alignment

– Starting of route not alone decide the selection

– Assumptions/specifications

– Survey route selection

– revenue calculation

– Aneroid Barometer

– Abney Level

– Prismatic Compass

– Strong Binocular

– Pedometer

�81

Preliminary Survey

• Instruments:

– Plane table and accessories

– Chain/tape

– Ranging rods– Ranging rods

– Tachometer survey

– Leveling instruments and staffs

– Prismatic compass

�82

Preliminary Survey: Field Work

• Field work:

– Open traverse with RoW=100-150 m

– Control points

– Detailing– Detailing

• Elevation along alignment

• Rivers, streams, canals crossings

• Existing culverts, bridges etc if any

• Land ownership for land acquisition

• Local resources availability

– Climatic conditions

�83

Preliminary Survey: Office Work

• Salient Features:

– General

– Length of track

• Drawings:

– Details of the field plan

– Profile

– Cross-sections

– Maximum and minimum – Length of track

– Ruling and excessive gradient

– Cost of sub grade and formation

– No and type of bridges, tunnels, culverts

– Maximum and minimum width of formation

�84

Location Survey

• From preliminary survey, a final route is decided

and is marked up on the prepared plan

• This is known as paper location….. In which the

following details are worked out:following details are worked out:

– Gradients

– Curves

– Contours

– Directions

– crossing of streams etc

�85

Location Survey

• Specifications for route layout

– 15 cm pegs at 30 m intervals

– 60 cm pegs at 300 m intervals

– Masonry pillar at each kilometer and at BM– Masonry pillar at each kilometer and at BM

• Instruments:

– Auto Level

– Theodolite or total station

– Tape

�86

Model Questions

1. Write a brief note on development on

railways in global as well as our context.

2. What is the role of railway for efficient

transportation system?transportation system?

3. Discuss the classification of railway lines.

4. What is alignment? Mention the factors that

control the selection of the railway

alignment?.

�87

Model Questions

5. Explain about the various stages of railway

survey.

6. What are the expected outcomes by

conducting reconnaissance survey?conducting reconnaissance survey?

7. How preliminary survey is different than final

location survey? Explain based on

instruments used, field work and expected

outcomes.

�88

Model Questions

8. Discuss the comparative analysis of

proposed East-West and Kathmandu-Pokhara

electric railway in Nepal.

9. Is metro rail suitable in Kathmandu? 9. Is metro rail suitable in Kathmandu?

Postulate logics to support your answer.

10.There is gap for railway construction in Nepal

from 1936 A.D. What are the possible

causes?

�89