Integration of MetabolismIntegration of Metabolism
Insulin regulationInsulin regulation
Glucagon regulationGlucagon regulation
Metabolic Regulation in the Fed StateMetabolic Regulation in the Fed State
Insulin stimulation:Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin)
Insulin repression:Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e., fever or infection)
Biological Effects of Insulin and GlucagonBiological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon
Glucose uptakeGlucose uptake
Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis
Protein synthesisProtein synthesis
Fat synthesisFat synthesis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Glycogen mobilizationGlycogen mobilization
Lipid mobilizationLipid mobilization
Protein degradationProtein degradation
Altered gene expressionAltered gene expression
Glucose uptakeGlucose uptake
Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis
Protein synthesisProtein synthesis
Fat synthesisFat synthesis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Glycogen mobilizationGlycogen mobilization
KetogenesisKetogenesis
Protein degradationProtein degradation
Uptake of amino acidsUptake of amino acids
INSULININSULIN GLUCAGONGLUCAGON
GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membrane
Effect of Insulin on Glucose TransportEffect of Insulin on Glucose Transport
Only ca. 30% of body protein is available for energy production
Energy Reserves During FastingEnergy Reserves During Fasting
Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Source During FastingSource During Fasting
Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies
Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies
Favored during fatty acid catabolism Favored during fatty acid catabolism due to high NADH/NADdue to high NADH/NAD++ ratio ratio
slow