HEMATOLOGYUNIT-G
1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.
1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood
1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders
1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.
The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood, which is composed of
– Plasma• Liquid portion of blood without cellular components.
– Serum• Plasma after a blood clot is formed
– Cellular Components • Red & White blood cells, platelets
Composition
A straw colored fluid That contains: 1. Water2. Blood Proteins3. Nutrients4. Etc..
Plasma
Shape- Biconcave discs, donut shaped.
Hemoglobin- Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein.Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen.Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2.
Erythrocytes (Red blood Cells)
Leucocytes• May be grandular, agranular, translucent
or ameboid.• Larger than erythrocytes• Types of white cells
» Neutrophils» Eosinophils» Basophils» Lymphocytes» Monocytes
ThrombocytesPlateletsMake the blood clotSmallest solid components of bloodNot cells – fragments of megakaryocytes
1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood.
Four Main Functions of Blood
1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones.
2. Aids in distribution of heat.
3. Regulates acid-base balance
4. Helps protect against infection
Plasma 1. Liquid part of blood2. Plasma proteinsa. Fibrinogen – blood clottingb. Albumin – osmotic pressure
and volumec. Prothrombin – helps blood
coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K.
4. Reduction of Heparin
Erythrocytes
1. Contain hemoglobin
• Contains hemoglobin• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
• Arterial blood– Lots of oxygen– Bright red
• Venous blood– Lots of CO2 – Dark crimson
Erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis• Manufacture of red blood
cells.• Occurs in bone marrow• Red cells live 120 days• Old cells are broken down by
the spleen and liver• Hemolysis
– Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.
• Fights Infection• Phagatosis-Process
when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria
• Performed by phagocytes
• Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Diapedesis
• When white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue
They produce heparin.
An anticoagulant-delay, or prevent
clots (masses of blood cells) from forming in the
bloodstream.
Basophils
Inflammation
a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma
b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection
c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)
Inflammation
• Smallest of solid components of blood• Synthesized in red marrow• Not cells
– Fragments of megakaryocytes• Necessary for the initiation of the blood
clotting process
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Coagulation
1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin,
prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and
plasma, creating a blood clot.4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting.5. Heparin is an anticoagulant
Blood TypesBLOOD TYPES• Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O• Inherited from parents• Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red
blood cell
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body
Someone with type A blood has B antibodies.Someone with type B blood has A antibodies.Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies.Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies.
UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type OUNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB
Recipient[1] Donor[1]
O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+
O− X
O+ X XA− X X
A+ X X X X
B− X X
B+ X X X XAB- X X X XAB+ X X X X X X X X
Blood Types-Rh Factor
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.
Inflammation
1. Pus2. Abscess3. Pyrexia4. Leukocytosis5. Edema
B. Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs
• ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of
red blood cells
• IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA Usually in women, children and
adolescent.Deficiency of iron in the diet
causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis.Treat with iron supplements and
green, leafy vegetables
• APLASTIC ANEMIA Bone marrow does not produce
enough red & white blood cells.Caused by drugs or radiation
therapy
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA1. Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents.
2. Causes the red cells to formIn abnormal sickle shape.
3. Sickle cells break easily &carry less Oxygen.
4. Occurs primarily in blacksTreatment – blood transfusions
EMBOLISM
• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
• Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS
D. Polycythemia – too many RBCs
• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
HEMATOMA
• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space
• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly
HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically
from mother to sons.• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid
trauma.
Child on the lower right, was given an intramuscular injection & this was the result.
LEUKEMIA
• Malignant condition• Overproduction of
immature white blood cells
• Hinders synthesis of red cells
• Research on cord blood
SEPTICEMIA
• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood
Does this look
Familiar?
