HEMATOLOGY UNIT-G

HEMATOLOGYUNIT-G

1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.

1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood

1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.

The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood, which is composed of

– Plasma• Liquid portion of blood without cellular components.

– Serum• Plasma after a blood clot is formed

– Cellular Components • Red & White blood cells, platelets

Composition

A straw colored fluid That contains: 1. Water2. Blood Proteins3. Nutrients4. Etc..

Plasma

Shape- Biconcave discs, donut shaped.

Hemoglobin- Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein.Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen.Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2.

Erythrocytes (Red blood Cells)

Leucocytes• May be grandular, agranular, translucent

or ameboid.• Larger than erythrocytes• Types of white cells

» Neutrophils» Eosinophils» Basophils» Lymphocytes» Monocytes

ThrombocytesPlateletsMake the blood clotSmallest solid components of bloodNot cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood.

Four Main Functions of Blood

1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones.

2. Aids in distribution of heat.

3. Regulates acid-base balance

4. Helps protect against infection

Plasma 1. Liquid part of blood2. Plasma proteinsa. Fibrinogen – blood clottingb. Albumin – osmotic pressure

and volumec. Prothrombin – helps blood

coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K.

4. Reduction of Heparin

Erythrocytes

1. Contain hemoglobin

• Contains hemoglobin• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

• Arterial blood– Lots of oxygen– Bright red

• Venous blood– Lots of CO2 – Dark crimson

Erythrocytes

Erythropoiesis• Manufacture of red blood

cells.• Occurs in bone marrow• Red cells live 120 days• Old cells are broken down by

the spleen and liver• Hemolysis

– Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

• Fights Infection• Phagatosis-Process

when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria

• Performed by phagocytes

• Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Diapedesis

• When white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue

They produce heparin.

An anticoagulant-delay, or prevent

clots (masses of blood cells) from forming in the

bloodstream.

Basophils

Inflammation

a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma

b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection

c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain

d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

Inflammation

• Smallest of solid components of blood• Synthesized in red marrow• Not cells

– Fragments of megakaryocytes• Necessary for the initiation of the blood

clotting process

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Coagulation

1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin,

prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and

plasma, creating a blood clot.4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting.5. Heparin is an anticoagulant

Blood TypesBLOOD TYPES• Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O• Inherited from parents• Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red

blood cell

ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body

Someone with type A blood has B antibodies.Someone with type B blood has A antibodies.Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies.Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies.

UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type OUNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB

Recipient[1] Donor[1]

O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+

O− X

O+ X XA− X X

A+ X X X X

B− X X

B+ X X X XAB- X X X XAB+ X X X X X X X X

Blood Types-Rh Factor

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

Blood Compatibility

• 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.

Inflammation

1. Pus2. Abscess3. Pyrexia4. Leukocytosis5. Edema

B. Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs

• ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of

red blood cells

• IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA Usually in women, children and

adolescent.Deficiency of iron in the diet

causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis.Treat with iron supplements and

green, leafy vegetables

• APLASTIC ANEMIA Bone marrow does not produce

enough red & white blood cells.Caused by drugs or radiation

therapy

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA1. Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents.

2. Causes the red cells to formIn abnormal sickle shape.

3. Sickle cells break easily &carry less Oxygen.

4. Occurs primarily in blacksTreatment – blood transfusions

EMBOLISM

• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage

• Also known as a “moving blood clot”

THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS

D. Polycythemia – too many RBCs

• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

HEMATOMA

• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space

• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly

HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically

from mother to sons.• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid

trauma.

Child on the lower right, was given an intramuscular injection & this was the result.

LEUKEMIA

• Malignant condition• Overproduction of

immature white blood cells

• Hinders synthesis of red cells

• Research on cord blood

SEPTICEMIA

• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood

Does this look

Familiar?