Harvesting energy
Genes and DevelopmentBiology 122
Substrate level phosphorylation
Glycolysis
• The overall energy balance for glycolysis is as follows:
Priming -2 ATP [use to add phosphates]Harvest +4 ATP [get from phosphates] +2 NADH__________________________________Net +2 ATP +2 NADH
Oxidation of pyruvate• Acetyl-CoA has a central role in metabolism
• Not only are sugars broken down to acetyl-CoA, but fats are also broken down to it. In addition, some amino acids in proteins also get broken down into acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA is also used to make fats and some amino acids
The Citric acid cycle
• Energy summary: The complete oxidation of each acetyl-CoA yields
• one GTP (equivalent to one ATP)• 3 NADHs• one FADH2 • two CO2 molecules are released
ATP synthase tutorial (Marcey site)
ATP synthase animation
Without oxygen
NAD+
O2 NADH
ETC in mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA
Ethanol
NAD+
CO2
NAD+
H2O
Lactate
Pyruvate
AcetaldehydeNADH
NADH
With oxygen
KrebsCycle