Thermal Energy Harvesting

8/7/2019 Thermal Energy Harvesting

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THERMAL ENERGYTHERMAL ENERGY

HARVESTING FOR ZIGBEEHARVESTING FOR ZIGBEE

Internal GuideInternal Guide

VINAY SHREYAS K.V. B.E, M. Tech,VINAY SHREYAS K.V. B.E, M. Tech,

Lecturer, Dept. of EEE,Lecturer, Dept. of EEE,

HKBKCE.HKBKCE.

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:--

GEETHA.K(1HK06EE015) ASHA.T.R(1HK0GEETHA.K(1HK06EE015) ASHA.T.R(1HK0

SHWETHA.G(1HK07EE047) VINAYA NAYAK(1HK0SHWETHA.G(1HK07EE047) VINAYA NAYAK(1HK0


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ABSTRACTABSTRACTOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE OFOF THETHE PROJECTPROJECT

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

LITERATURELITERATURE SURVEYSURVEY

DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION OFOF THETHE PROJECTPROJECT

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES ANDANDDISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

FUTUREFUTURE SCOPESCOPE OFOF PROJECTPROJECTCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY


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ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe recent developments in both wireless technologies and low power electronic

devices consume less power ENERGY HARVESTING.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), powered by harvesters, has been increasingover the last decade, especially those using thermal energy harvesting.

In this research work, a low temperature thermal energy harvesting system --which can harvest heat energy from a temperature gradient and convert it intoelectrical energy with mechanical systems.

Our prototype is divided into three subsystems: 1. Thermal Harvesting, 2. DC-DC converter, 3. Control unit is presented to extract heat energy from a radiator

and use it to power ZigBee application. (wireless protocol).

In our thesis, a remote controlled controlling unit is used to control two differentapplications for efficient operation of the thermal energy system.

The efficiency of the system is achievable to 15 percent.


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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Design of Harvesting system using Thermal Energy generator.

To efficiently control the operation of steam and electrical output.

Easier installation and environment friendly.

To Achieve 15% efficiency from the Thermal System.

Video file


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PROBLEM FORMULATIONPROBLEM FORMULATION

1. Harvesting energy is a desirable and increasingly important capability in

several emerging applications.

2. Designing an efficient energy harvesting system that actually requires an

in-depth understanding of several complex tradeoffs.

3. These tradeoffs arise due to the characteristics of the harvesting

transducers, chemistry and capacity of the batteries used (if any), power

supply requirements, etc.

In our project, we are going to design the module that effectively harvest

waste thermal energy.

The module uses TE (Thermal Energy) generator to harvest thermal energy,

and convert the harvested energy.

The design techniques are described in our thesis, which target high

conversion and storage efficiency for wireless sensor applications.


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INTRODUTIONNowadays, some very low power wireless marketplace. Applications to carry out

complex tasks without human intervention.

The power supply is the most challenging technological hurdle in development of WSNs(wireless sensor network).

Batteries are the dominant energy source for WSNs but they are not the optimal choice

for wireless electronics.

1. lifetime is limited and 2. battery leakage can pose serious environmental pollution.

Recent developments in thermoelectric materials and structures -- interest in TE power

generation.

Initial literature surveys indicates, simple TE generator is made by heating one face of

TE module, and cooling the other face causing an electrical current to be generated for

load Tomas see back in 1882.

A TE generator has characteristics of 1. long life cycle, 2. no moving parts, 3. simple and

high reliability.

However, here some significant research is being carried out to develop new materials

and module constructions, which promise harvesting efficiency of more than 10%.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OFBLOCK DIAGRAM OF(HV) SYSTEM(HV) SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THERMAL HARVESTING SYSTEMBLOCK DIAGRAM OF THERMAL HARVESTING SYSTEM

THERMAL

HARVESTINGUNIT

DC-DC

CONVERTER


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OFBLOCK DIAGRAM OF

(HV) SYSTEM(HV) SYSTEM

CONTROL

NIT

DC-DC

CONVERTER

T

HER

MAL

HARVESTING

NIT

Fig (a)Fig (a)

CONTROL

UNITFig (b)Fig (b)


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o A design of highly efficient thermal energy harvesting system with the thermal

energy harvesting subsystem, DC-DC converter subsystem and powermanagement subsystem has been proposed by Shuang-Hua Yang et-al [1] to

generate electrical energy from ambient thermal gradients.

o This paper by Stark I [2] explains the concept of primary batteries as well-

established energy sources are excessive in weight and size, and limit the

lifespan.

Which he concluded by introducing the concept of thermoelectric converter that

converts thermal energy to electrical energy when there is temperature gradient

in the environment.

o The concept of thermal energy harvesting systems which plays a key role indetermining the energy extraction usage is explained by Lu [3], et-al.

o The Seiko Thermic watch [4] is considered to be the first application of thermal

energy harvesting to a consumer product.

It uses a TE generator to convert body heat into electrical energy that is used to

drive the watch.


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DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH WORKDESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH WORK

The Fig.1 shown is the simplified block diagram ofThermal Harvesting System.

The Block diagram consist of

1. Thermal Harvesting unit Radiator and Thermal

Generator.

2. DC-DC converter and Driver circuit.

3. Controlling unit Microcontroller

4. ZigBee.


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THERMAL HARVESTING UNITTHERMAL HARVESTING UNIT

A highly efficient system is the basic requirement for a successful

harvesting system design.

The Harvesting system consist of radiator and thermal generator.

The radiator is used to generate the heat and generator to convert intoelectrical energy.

Basically, the efficiency of the TE generator is dependent on two

factors:

1. Efficiency of the TE module and

2. Heat temperature level

The temperature difference across the module is another significant

factor in determining the efficiency of the whole harvesting system.


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The MAX668 constant-frequency, pulse-width modulating (PWM), DC-DC

controller is used in our project.

The MAX668, optimized for low input voltages with a guaranteed start-up

voltage of 1.8V. It supports output voltages up to 28V.

The conversion efficiencies of dc-dc converter is 90%. (Maxims proprietary

Idle Mode control scheme).

The MAX668 operates with inputs as low as 3V and can be connected in

either a bootstrapped or non-bootstrapped (IC powered from input supply or

other source) configuration.

Low operating current (220A).


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MICROCONTROLLER(89S52)MICROCONTROLLER(89S52)

The important features of microcontroller includes

8K byte of flash memory.

256 bytes of RAM.

32 I/O lines, 2 data pointers.

Three 16bit timers/counters.

Full duplex serial communication.

On chip oscillator and clock circuit.

16- bit timer/ counter.

Fully static operation: 0 HZ to 33 HZ


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IMPORTANCE OF 89S52

Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost

effectively

speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O

ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption easy to upgrade

Availability of software development tools

assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,

technical support

Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers


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Thermoelectric generators are all solid-state devices that convert

heat into electricity. A thermoelectric produces electrical power from heat flow across

a temperature gradient.

As the heat flows from hot to cold, free charge carriers (electronsor holes) in the material are also driven to the cold end .

The Seebeck coefficient, , (V= T).

A good thermoelectric material has a Seebeck coefficient between100 V/K and 300 V/K;

A thermoelectric generator converts heat (Q) into electrical power(P) with efficiency .

The amount of heat, Q, that can be directed though thethermoelectric materials frequently depends:

Size of the heat exchangers used to harvest the heat on thehot side and reject it on the cold side.

TE materials can only convert a maximum of 5-6% of the useful heat into electricity.

Its low efficiency is a big drawback that has continually prevented the widespread

commercial application of this technology.


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ZIGBEE(WIRELESS PROTOCOL) ZigBee is a worldwide open standard for wireless

radio networks in the monitoring and controlfields.

The standard was developed by the ZigBeeAlliance (an association of internationalcompanies) to meet the following principalneeds:

low cost

ultra-low power consumption

use of unlicensed radio bands

cheap and easy installation flexible and extendable networks

integrated intelligence for network set-up andmessage routing


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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The main benefit of thermal energy harvesting system is that it canprovide continuous, reliable energy that is not dependent on

weather.

It is compact in design, simple (inexpensive) and scalable.

In our project, Unlike traditional dynamic heat engines,thermoelectric generators contain no moving parts and are

completely silent.

The components used in the harvesting system is of

Dislike -Battery-powered devices

Sleep mode

Modulation


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FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECTFUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Basically, a permanent harvesting system with high efficiency, simple andcompact construction, is considered as an idea battery replacement for WSNs.

The concept of maximum power point tracking system, for higher efficiencyof the system.

To enhance the system's efficiency, an improved DC-DC converter subsystem

can be designed ---convert low harvesting voltages from the TE modules. The S-882Z charge pump IC can be added to work as start-up circuit to

deliver the required voltages for a boost converter.

A piezoelectric, thermopiles harvesting system can be implemented.

An advance circuit can be designed to supply the driving voltage (~mV) for

efficient cooling of modern microprocessor.

An wrist watch can be designed by body heat converted into the electricalpower by the thermoelectric.

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECTFUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Basically, a permanent harvesting system with high efficiency, simple and

compact construction, is considered as an idea battery replacement for WSNs.

The concept of maximum power point tracking system, for higher efficiency

of the system.

To enhance the system's efficiency, an improved DC-DC converter subsystem

can be designed ---convert low harvesting voltages from the TE modules. The S-882Z charge pump IC can be added to work as start-up circuit to

deliver the required voltages for a boost converter.

A piezoelectric, thermopiles harvesting system can be implemented.

An advance circuit can be designed to supply the driving voltage (~mV) forefficient cooling of modern microprocessor.

An wrist watch can be designed by body heat converted into the electrical

power by the thermoelectric.


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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Societys demand for power will continue to grow as new technologies are invented.

This is a reality of living in an industrialized age.

Our power suppliers are given the burden of supplying us with a constant powersupply, but this burden cannot always be met.

The subsystem of harvesting system consists of subsystems, thermal energyharvesting, driver circuit, controlling unit, ZigBee.

The heart of circuit is the controlling part, consisting of advance microcontroller.

The microcontroller along with the Zigbee protocol does two different applications.

If there is a rise in temperature beyond the controlling the amount of steam, whichgives the signal to the microcontroller with the help of a buzzer.

Another application is to control the electrical output for efficient operation of

thermal energy harvesting system.

Various design considerations for designing a high efficient TE generator have beenpresented and also architecture of the TE generator is designed to reduce thesystems complexity.

Thermal energy harvesting is a promising approach to alleviate the power supply

challenge in ultra low power systems.


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[1]. Shuang-Hua Yang, Thermal energy harvesting for WSNs

Department of Computer Science Loughborough university

Leicestershire, 2010. UK.

[2] Stark, I. Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks,

Thermo Life Energy Corp., Riverside, CA, 24 April 2006 on page 19-22.

[3] Lu, Chao Park, Sang Pill Rangunathan and Vijay Roy, Low-Power

Electronics and Design 11 oct 2010, page no:183-188.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Thermal Energy Harvesting

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