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Optical Ethernet -------An introduction
• LAN boundary extended to encompass the wide area networks (WAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN).
• Ethernet over Fiber, Ethernet over WDM, Ethernet over PDH/SONET/SDH, Ethernet over digital wrapper and Ethernet over RPR, etc. are some of the enabling technologies.
• Virtual LAN service becomes popular thanks to Q-in-Q, MAC-in-MAC and VPLS
WAN or MAN
• This presentation discusses the techniques used for the transport of Ethernet over optical networks and the tests needed to evaluate a network’s ability to carry Ethernet frames
1GE or10 GE
1GE or10 GE
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What is Ethernet80
2.10
Sec
urity
802.3MediumAccess
802.3Physical
802.4MediumAccess
802.4Physical
802.5MediumAccess
802.5Physical
802.6MediumAccess
802.6Physical
802.11MediumAccess
802.11Physical
802.12MediumAccess
802.12Physical
802.15MediumAccess
802.15Physical
802.16MediumAccess
802.16Physical
802.2 Logical Link
802.1 Bridging
802.
1 M
anag
emen
t
802.
Ove
rvie
w a
nd A
rchi
tect
ure
Ethernet : A LAN which couples the IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD MAC to a family ofthe IEEE802.3 Physical Layers.
Ethernet over … means the transport of the IEEE 802.3 MAC frame over a transport vehicle which may be SONET/SDH, WDM, OTN, RPR, …
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Ethernet over fiber----1GE & 10GE
10GBASE-W1000BASE-SX (850nm)1000BASE-LX (1310nm)
ReconciliationMAC- Media Access Control (IEEE 802.3)
64B/66B PCS
10GBASE-R 10GBASE-X
PMAPMD
PMAPMD
8B/10B PCS
PMAPMD
WIS64B/66B PCS 64B/66B PCS
PMAPMD
8B/10B PCS
Reconciliation
• Ethernet in its native format, mainly full duplex operation
• Defined for 1G and 10G• Short operating distance• Transmission codes are
different for 1GE (8B/10B) and 10GE (64B/66B)
• Control information defined for link configuration (1GE) and link fault signaling (Local fault and remote fault)
1 Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
300m (S) /10km (L) /40km (E)64B/66B850(S)/1310(L)/1550(E) nm10 Gigabit Ethernet
550m (MMF), 5km (1310 SMF)8B/10B850/1310 nm1 Gigabit Ethernet
Operating distanceTransmission code
Wavelength
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Examples of transmission codes
Input Data S
Y N C
Block Payload
Bit Position Data Block Format
01 2 65
D0D1D2D3/D4D5D6D7 01 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Control Block Formats Block Type
Field
C0C1C2C3/C4C5C6C7 10 0x1e C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C0C1C2C3/O4D5D6D7 10 0x2d C0 C1 C2 C3 O4 D5 D6 D7 C0C1C2C3/S4D5D6D7 10 0x33 C0 C1 C2 C3 D5 D6 D7 O0D1D2D3/S4D5D6D7 10 0x66 D1 D2 D3 O0 D5 D6 D7 O0D1D2D3/O4D5D6D7 10 0x55 D1 D2 D3 O0 O4 D5 D6 D7 S0D1D2D3/D4D5D6D7 10 0x78 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 O0D1D2D3/C4C5C6C7 10 0x4b D1 D2 D3 O0 C4 C5 C6 C7 T0C1C2C3/C4C5C6C7 10 0x87 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D0T1C2C3/C4C5C6C7 10 0x99 D0 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D0D1T2C3/C4C5C6C7 10 0xaa D0 D1 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 D0D1D2T3/C4C5C6C7 10 0xb4 D0 D1 D2 C4 C5 C6 C7 D0D1D2D3/T4C5C6C7 10 0xcc D0 D1 D2 D3 C5 C6 C7 D0D1D2D3/D4T5C6C7 10 0xd2 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 C6 C7 D0D1D2D3/D4D5T6C7 10 0xe1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 C7 D0D1D2D3/D4D5D6T7 10 0xff D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
64B/66B(also used for 10G FibreChannel)
110001 0100110001 1011000 0001103D3.0
010010 1011101101 0100000 0001002D2.0
100010 1011011101 0100000 0000101D1.0
011000 1011100111 0100000 0000000D0.0
Abcdei fghjAbcdei fghj
Current RD +Current RD-Octet BitsHGF EDCBA
Octet ValueCode Group name
8B/10B
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What is GFP
• Generic Framing Procedure, defined by ITU-T G.7041. A data encapsulation technique for the transport of data over communications networks such as:
• SONET/SDH• OTN• RPR• PDH
• . Two types of frames• Client frames
• Client data frames (carry user payload)• Client management frames
• Control frames: Idle frames• Two types of mapping
• Frame-mapped GFP• Transparent-mapped GFP
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GFP client frame structure
Octet transmission order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UPI
tHEC
tHEC
<7:00>
<15:08>
<7:00>
9
10
11
12
CID
Spare
eHEC
eHEC
<7:00>
<7:00>
<15:08>
<7:00>Payl
oad
head
ers
4-64
byt
es7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PTI PFI EXI
Bit number
Null extensionheader
Linear extensionheader
Cor
e h
eade
r4
Payl
oad
Area
FCS (CRC-32)
Optional payload
Field ( MAC )
Client payload information
eHEC
Extension header field
tHEC
Type
cHEC <7:00>
cHEC <15:08>
PLI <7:00>>
PLI <15:08>
• PLI & cHEC to provide frame sync. and delineation
• Ethernet frames contained in ‘client payload info field
• UPI to indicate payload type, e.g. Ethernet, RPR, …
• Allows multiple data streams to be transported over single path via the use of CID
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Ethernet over digital wrapper-----OTU2
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 1904
1905
1920
1921
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OHFEC
OP
U2
OH
Fixed Stuff
Bytes (for OC-
192/ STM-64
mapping)
Column (bytes)
Row
• Mapping 1: OTU2 With fixed stuff• OTU1 and OTU2 are part of the OTN family defined in ITU-T G.709
• Fixed frame format for all rates• Longer transmission distance
due to use of forward error correction
• Two types of mapping schemes, which one to use depends on the actual client signal
• Rich overhead capabilitiesOC-192
10 GE PCSGFPMAC
OTU2
10G MAC10 GE WAN
• Mapping 2: OTU2 Without fixed stuff
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FEC
OP
U2
OH
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OH
Column (bytes)
Row
GFPMAC
OTU2
…
1 GE
1 GE
OTU2
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Ethernet over digital wrapper-----OTU1
WAN
OTU1
1 7 8 14 15 16 17
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FEC
OP
U1
OH
FAOTU1 OH
ODU1 OH
Column (bytes)
Row
OC-48GFPMAC
OTU1 GFPMAC
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Transporting 10GE LAN with digital wrapper
• A technique to transparently transport 10GE LAN traffic• Frame structure and overhead definition is the same as for OTN• May be different on the use of overhead fields
Mapping 1: 11.095 Gbps Mapping 2: 11.049 Gbps
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 1904
1905
1920
1921
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OHFEC
OP
U2
OH
Fixed Stuff
Bytes (for OC-
192/ STM-64
mapping)
Column (bytes)
Row
1 7 8 14 15 16 17
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FECO
PU
2 O
H
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OH
Column (bytes)
Row
10 GE LAN10 GE LAN 10 GE LAN
WAN10 GE LAN 10 GE LAN
11.049G or11.095G
11.049G or11.095G
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Ethernet over PDH/SONET/SDH
WAN or MAN
N x DS1
Access Backbone Access
High speedoptical signal
DS3 …
…
10/100
10/100
SDH
E1 E3
GFP
MAC
…VCATN x E1
SONET
DS1 DS3
GFP
MAC
…VCAT
N x DS1
1GE
SONET/SDH
STS-1 SPE #1
… …
GFP
MAC
STS-1SPE #N
• When multiple DS1s/E1s already exist and no SONET/SDH connection available at customer premise, EoPDH is a quick and low cost solution. Use N x DS1 (VCAT) or DS3 to transport 10/100 Ethernet signal, N x STS-1 to transport 1GE,
• Virtual concatenation is key in such configuration
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Virtual concatenation-----VCAT
An SDH example • Multiple channels to transport traffic with higher bandwidth than available on one single channel, each channel is transported independently
• 2-stage multi-frame to help recombine the traffic
• Sequence indicator identifies member number within one virtually concatenated group151111Sequence indicator SQ LSB (bits 5-
8)
140111Sequence indicator SQ MSB (bits 1-4)
131011Reserved ("0000")
120011Reserved ("0000")
111101Reserved ("0000")
100101Reserved ("0000")
91001Reserved ("0000")
80001Reserved ("0000")
71110Reserved ("0000")
60110Reserved ("0000")
51010Reserved ("0000")
40010Reserved ("0000")
31100Reserved ("0000")
20100Reserved ("0000")
110002nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB(bits 5-8)
n000002nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB(bits 1-4)
1st multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)
Bit 8Bit 7Bit 6Bit 5Bit 4Bit 3Bit 2Bit 1
2nd multi-frame numb
er
1st multi-frame numb
er
H4 byte
151111Sequence indicator SQ LSB (bits 5-8)
140111Sequence indicator SQ MSB (bits 1-4)
131011Reserved ("0000")
120011Reserved ("0000")
111101Reserved ("0000")
100101Reserved ("0000")
91001Reserved ("0000")
80001Reserved ("0000")
71110Reserved ("0000")
60110Reserved ("0000")
51010Reserved ("0000")
40010Reserved ("0000")
31100Reserved ("0000")
20100Reserved ("0000")
110002nd multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB(bits 5-8)
n000002nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB(bits 1-4)
1st multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)
Bit 8Bit 7Bit 6Bit 5Bit 4Bit 3Bit 2Bit 1
2nd multi-frame numb
er
1st multi-frame numb
er
H4 byte
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Resilient packet ring ---------- RPR
• Specified in IEEE Std. 802.17----2004• MAC layer technology optimized for bandwidth
efficiency for data traffic in transport network• Dynamic bandwidth adjustment with fairness
control• Quick link failure recovery• Physical layer independent, can use
• SONET/SDH• Ethernet PHY
MAC client
MAC control
Fairness Topology andprotection OAM
MAC datapath
PRS-1 or PRS-10 GRS SRS
GFP HDLC-like adaptation
SONET/SDH PHY
PacketPHY
Medium
RPR
Medium
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RPR frame structure----data frame
fcs4
serviceDataUnitn
protocolType2
saExtended6
daExtended6
hec2
ressopsfief
extendedControl1
ttlBase1
sa6
da6
pwescftferi
baseControl1
ttl1
Data FrameSize bytes • Other frames that have
been defined include•Fairness frames•Control frames and•Idle frames
• Client Ethernet data are carried in RPR data frames
Optional
802.3 MAC frame
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Testing the optical transport of Ethernet
• Some techniques to transport Ethernet signals in the optical domain:– Native Ethernet:
• 1 GE • 10 GE
– In transport network• SONET/SDH• OTN• Non-standard digital wrapper• RPR
– In access network: EoPDH
• Testing of transport capabilities involves the test of every procedure that is involved
• Traffic handling capabilities involves other types of testing– RFC 2544: Throughput, latency, back-to-back frames, frame loss rate– Multiple streaming with variable address, VLAN, length, …
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Testing 1GE and 10GE
• Coding: verify that transmission code is done properly. Receiverhandles invalid code based on the standards
• Payload BER• Alarm generation and detection
• Local fault• Remote fault
• Control information (ordered_set…)• PCS capturing reveals information not found on higher layer
Ethernet tester ( IFG, preamble, actual codegroup, ordered_set…)• PCS editing allows for conformance testing• Need full SONET testing to perform complete testing of 10GE WAN
110001 0100110001 1011000 0001103D3.0
010010 1011101101 0100000 0001002D2.0
100010 1011011101 0100000 0000101D1.0
011000 1011100111 0100000 0000000D0.0
Abcdei fghjAbcdei fghj
Current RD +Current RD-Octet BitsHGF EDCBA
Octet Value
Code Group name
110001 0100110001 1011000 0001103D3.0
010010 1011101101 0100000 0001002D2.0
100010 1011011101 0100000 0000101D1.0
011000 1011100111 0100000 0000000D0.0
Abcdei fghjAbcdei fghj
Current RD +Current RD-Octet BitsHGF EDCBA
Octet Value
Code Group nameReconciliation
PMA8B/10B PCS
Reconciliation
OC-192
64B/66B PCS
PMA PMA
8B/10B PCS
MAC
64B/66B PCS
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Testing Ethernet over digital wrapper
• Mapping of Ethernet frames into GFP• GFP operations• Full SONET/SDH when applicable
• Framing• Mapping• Overhead (Alarm, pointer, APS, B1, B2, B3 …)• VCAT (when applicable)
• All that apply to 10GE LAN and WAN testing when applicable• Full Digital Wrapper testing ( OTN falls within the category of
digital wrapper)• Overhead• Alarm generation and detection, …)
• Payload BER• Overhead capturing and GFP capturing can be a useful tool
in development and trouble shooting
OC-19210 GE PCSGFP
MAC
OTU2
10G MAC
GFPMAC
OC-48GFPMAC
OTU1 GFPMAC
MAC
64B/66B PCS
Digital Wrapper
1 7 8 14 15 16 17 1904
1905
1920
1921
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OHFEC
OP
U2
OH
Fixed Stuff
Bytes (for OC-
192/ STM-64
mapping)
Column (bytes)
Row
1 7 8 14 15 16 17
3824
3825
4080
1
2
3
4
FEC
OP
U2
OH
FAOTU2 OH
ODU2 OH
Column (bytes)
Row
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Testing Ethernet over PDH/SDH/SONET
WAN or MAN
N x DS1
OC-1/3/12,…DS3 …
…
10/100
10/100
SONET/SDH
STS-1 SPE #1
… …
GFPMAC
• Mapping of Ethernet frames into GFP• GFP operations• Conventional PDH testing (DS1, DS3)• SONET/SDH testing (framing,
mapping, overhead, ...)• VCAT/LCAS testing• Payload BER
STS-1 SPE #N
SONET
DS1 DS3GFPMAC
VCATN x DS1
…
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Testing Ethernet over RPR
fcs4
serviceDataUnitn
protocolType2
saExtended6
daExtended6
hec2
ressopsfief
extendedControl1
ttlBase1
sa6
da6
pwescftferi
baseControl1
ttl1
Data FrameSize bytes
fcs4
serviceDataUnitn
protocolType2
saExtended6
daExtended6
hec2
ressopsfief
extendedControl1
ttlBase1
sa6
da6
pwescftferi
baseControl1
ttl1
Data FrameSize bytes • Mapping/demapping of Ethernet frame into/out
RPR• RPR protocol testing (fairness, protection, …)• Mapping of RPR frame into/out GFP• GFP operations• Full SONET/SDH testing as previously
described• Frame capturing usefull in development and
trouble shooting
Logical link control (MAC client)
Fairness Topology andprotection OAM
RPRMAC datapath
PRS-1 or PRS-10 GRS SRS
GFP HDLC-like adaptation
SONET/SDH PHY
PacketPHY
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Summary
We have discussed about techniques to transport Ethernet signals in the optical domain:
• Native Ethernet: •1 GE •10 GE
• EoPDH/SONET/SDH• OTN (OTU2/OTU1)• Non-standard digital wrapper (11.049G, 11.095G with
FEC) , and• RPR
Testing of transport capabilities involves the test of every procedure that leads to the final format.Data capturing is a powerful tool for analysisGFP capturing is often Key in many cases