QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE
QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
--------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF
QUANG NINH PROVINCE TO 2020 VISION TO 2030
FINAL REPORT
Quang Ninh, July 2014
QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE
QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
--------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF
QUANG NINH PROVINCE TO 2020 VISION TO 2030
FINAL REPORT
CONSULTANT UNIT INVESTOR
NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD QUANG NINH DONRE
KENGO NAGANUMA
Quang Ninh, July 2014
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONDITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING STUDY .............. 1-1
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.4 Approach for the Study ..................................................................................................... 1-2
1.5 Natural, Socio-Economic Conditions................................................................................ 1-8
1.6 Prediction of Social Development by Socio-economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision
toward 2030 .................................................................................................................... 1-16
1.7 Advantages and Challenges of Quang Ninh Province .................................................... 1-18
CHAPTER 2 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ......................................................... 2-1 2.1 Water Environment .......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Air Quality Management ................................................................................................ 2-29
2.3 Solid Waste Management............................................................................................... 2-36
2.4 Noise Environment ......................................................................................................... 2-43
2.5 Inland / Coastal Forest ................................................................................................... 2-44
2.6 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................... 2-48
2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation............................................................................................. 2-55
2.8 Natural Hazard ............................................................................................................... 2-57
2.9 Inter-provincial Environmental Impact .......................................................................... 2-63
CHAPTER 3 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FRAMEWORK FOR QUANG NINH
PROVINCE………. ........................ ……………………………………………………3-1
3.1 Development and orientation point of view (following Resolutions of the Provincial
Peopls’s Council ............................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Principal Goals for 2020 and Vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh
Province .......................................................................................................................... 3-12
3.3 Environmental Zoning of Quang Ninh Province ............................................................ 3-12
3.4 Key Environmental Areas to be Cared by Environmetal Plan of Quang Ninh Province 3-27
3.5 Strengths and Weakness of Organizational System ........................................................ 3-29
3.6 Other Matters to Pay Attention on Solution in Implementation of Planning .................. 3-32
CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 4-1
4.1 Forecasted Impact to 2020 ............................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Targets to be Achieved ..................................................................................................... 4-6
4.3 Approaches for Wastewater Management Measures ....................................................... 4-6
4.4 Proposed Projects to 2020 .............................................................................................. 4-11
4.5 Recommendation of Advanced Technology .................................................................. 4-30
CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Air Environmental Management toward
2020 .................................................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved to 2020 .................................................. 5-9
5.3 Approaches for Air Quality Management ....................................................................... 5-10
5.4 Proposed Projects to 2020 ............................................................................................... 5-15
2
CHAPTER 6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Forecasted Impacts and Issues on Environmental Management up to 2020 .................... 6-1
6.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved in 2020-2030 ........................................ 6-5
6.3 Approaches for Solid Waste Management ....................................................................... 6-7
6.4 Proposed Project to 2020................................................................................................ 6-42
6.5 Modern Technology of SWM ........................................................................................ 6-46
6.6 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 6-47
CHAPTER 7 FOREST MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management to 2020 ..... 7-1
7.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020 ............................................. 7-5
7.3 Approaches to Forest Management ................................................................................ 7-12
7.4 Proposed Projects Toward 2020 ..................................................................................... 7-28
CHAPTER 8 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION .................................................................... 8-1
8.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Environmental Management toward 2020 ....
.......................................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved toward 2020 ......................................... 8-3
8.3 Approaches for Biodiversity Conservation ...................................................................... 8-5
8.4 Proposed Projects toward 2020 ........................................................................................ 8-7
CHAPTER 9 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ............................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Forecast Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management towards 2020
…………………………………………………………………………………………...9-1
9.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020 ............................................. 9-7
9.3 Approaches to Climate Change Issues ............................................................................. 9-9
9.4 Proposed Projects towards 2020 .................................................................................... 9-13
CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .............................................................. 10-1
10.1 Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020 ......................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Project for the Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring Stations in Quang
Ninh .............................................................................................................................. 10-16
10.3 Establishment of Provincial GIS Center ....................................................................... 10-20
10.4 Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring for Quang Ninh Province ........................... 10-22
CHAPTER 11 PRIORITY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ......................... 11-1
11.1 Outline by Each Enviromental Management Sector ...................................................... 11-1
11.2 Possible Budgetary Sources for Implemtation of the Proposed Projects ....................... 11-4
11.3 Monitoring of Implementation of the Proposed Projects ............................................. 11-15
11.4 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund ............................................ 11-19
11.5 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund ............................................ 11-19
11.6 Relevant Organizational Funtions and Human Resources to be enhanced .................. 11-20
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 1
1. Benefit of Environmental Plan............................................................................................ 1
2. Relationship between Environmental Zoning and proposed projects in the Environmental
Planning of Quang Ninh Province ...................................................................................... 2
3. Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning ............................... 13
4. Consultation Process of Environmental Planning ............................................................. 14
5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 14
1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.5-1 Data of Existing Land Use Conditions in Quang Ninh Province ............................. 1-11
Table 1.5-2 Existing Industrial Zones .......................................................................................... 1-13
Table 1.5-3 Industrial Zones under Construction ........................................................................ 1-13
Table 1.5-4 Planned Industrial Zones .......................................................................................... 1-14
Table 1.5-5 Economic Zones ....................................................................................................... 1-14
Table 2.1-1 Plan of Per Capita Water Demand & Water Supply Service Levels .......................... 2-1
Table 2.1-2 Forecast of the Urban Population in 2020 and 2030................................................... 2-2
Table 2.1-3 Forecast of Demand of Residential Water, Industrial Water, Irrigation Water, Water
for Fisheries and Livestock Water in 2015, 2020 and 2030 ...................................... 2-2
Table 2.1-4 Priority Water Supply Projects to 2015 ...................................................................... 2-3
Table 2.1-5 Vision of Water Supply for Urban and Industrial Zones to 2030 ............................... 2-4
Table 2.1-6 Planned Value of Wastewater Generation in 2012 ..................................................... 2-5
Table 2.1-7 Existing Status of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province ................ 2-5
Table 2.1-8 Summary of Wastewater From Industrial Zones and Industrial Clusters ................. 2-12
Table 2.1-9 Summary of Wastewater From Thermal Power Plants in Quang Ninh Province ..... 2-13
Table 2.1-10 Monitoring Sites Network of Water Environment.................................................. 2-15
Table 2.1-11 Water Quality Standard Values in Vietnam ........................................................... 2-18
Table 2.1-12 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Standards from 2009 to 2012 ....................... 2-18
Table 2.1-13 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Cadmium in Each Surface
Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012............................................................ 2-19
Table 2.1-14 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Lead in Each Surface
Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012............................................................ 2-19
Table 2.1-15 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Oil in Each Surface Water
Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012 ...................................................................... 2-19
Table 2.1-16 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on TSS in Each Surface
Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012............................................................ 2-20
Table 2.1-17 Achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012 .......... 2-24
Table 2.1-18 Achievement Rate of Groundwater Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012 ............ 2-25
Table 2.1-19 Achievement Rate of Domestic Wastewater Standards 2009 - 2012 ..................... 2-25
Table 2.1-20 Achievement Rate of Industrial Wastewater Standards from 2009 to 2012 ........... 2-25
Table 2.2-1 Monitoring Network for Air Environment ............................................................... 2-29
Table 2.2-2 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air/Air Quality Standard ........... 2-30
Table 2.2-3 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air ............................................. 2-32
Table 2.2-4 Percentage of Air Quality Standard Achievement from 2009 to 2012 compared with
QCVN 05 (2009/BTNMT) under One-Hour Measurement .................................... 2-32
Table 2.2-5 List of Ten Highest Four-Year Average Concentration Points................................. 2-34
Table 2.3-1 Data of Solid Waste Generated in Quang Ninh Province up to 2012 ....................... 2-36
Table 2.3-2 Data of Collection and Transportation Vehicles (as of 2013) .................................. 2-37
Table 2.3-3 Conditions of Existing Landfill ................................................................................ 2-39
Table 2.4-1 Achievement Rate of Noise Level in 2012 ............................................................... 2-43
Table 2.5-1 Current Forest Area in the Province ......................................................................... 2-44
Table 2.5-2 Change of Forest Area in the Province ..................................................................... 2-45
Table 2.5-3 Changes of Three Types of Forest (1999-2010) ....................................................... 2-47
Table 2.5-4 Changes of Forest Conditions (1999-2010) .............................................................. 2-47
Table 2.6-1 Richness of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh .................................................................. 2-48
Table 2.6-2 Endemism of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh ......................................................... 2-49
Table 2.6-3 List of Rare and Endangered Species of Quảng Ninh’s Fauna and Flora ................. 2-51
Table 2.6-4 Conservation Values of Quang Ninh’s Flora ............................................................ 2-52
Table 2.6-5 List of Insect Species in Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 ........................................... 2-52
Table 2.7-1 Changes of Intertidal Region and Mangroves in Cua Luc Bay ................................ 2-56
Table 2.7-2 Seabed changes in some areas of Cua Luc bay during 1965 - 2004 ......................... 2-56
Table 2.8-1 Percentage of Storm Levels from 1961 to 2008 ....................................................... 2-58
Table 2.8-2 Summary of Damages of Natural Disasters in Quang Ninh Province in 1999-2009 2-61
2
Table 2.9-1 Average Nutrient Concentrations in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang area .............. 2-63
Table 4.1-1 Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020 ............................................................... 4-1
Table 4.2-1 Target to be Achieved to 2020 and 2030 .................................................................... 4-6
Table 4.3-1 Countermeasures against Each Type of Wastewater .................................................. 4-7
Table 4.3-2 Effluent Standards for household wastewater ............................................................ 4-8
Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standards for industrial wastewater .............................................................. 4-8
Table 4.3-4 Comparison of the Four Wastewater Treatment Processes ........................................ 4-9
Table 4.4-1 List of Proposed Project ........................................................................................... 4-11
Table 4.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Water Environment Management Sector to 2020 ...... 4-12
Table 4.4-3 Project on Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment System (for Each City, Town
and District) .............................................................................................................. 4-13
Table 4.4-4 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh Province4-13
Table 4.4-5 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU
Standards .................................................................................................................. 4-14
Table 4.4-6 Project for Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong, Khe Re streams and Mong
Duong River ............................................................................................................. 4-14
Table 4.4-7 Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water............................ 4-14
Table 4.4-8 Projects on Improvement of River Environmental Condition by Preventing Erosion
and Securing Water Course with Dredging Proposed by VINACOMIN ................. 4-14
Table 4.4-9 Projects on Development of Construction WWTP on Coal Mining Wastewater
Proposed by VINACOMIN ...................................................................................... 4-15
Table 4.4-10 Preliminary Project Cost ............................................................................................ 4-15
Table 4.4-11 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System ................... 4-21
Table 5.1-1 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry .................. 5-6
Table 5.1-2 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Cement Manufacturing Industry ... 5-6
Table 5.1-3 National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Inorganic Substance and
Dust ........................................................................................................................... 5-6
Table 5.1-4 Situation of Reporting from Plants ............................................................................. 5-8
Table 5.1-5 Examples of Improvements for Coal Transportation ................................................. 5-8
Table 5.1-6 Road and Conveyor Belt Development Plan .............................................................. 5-9
Table 5.2-1 Air Quality Standards: Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10) Unit: μg/m3 .................. 5-9
Table 5.3-1 Largest Sources of Air Pollution .............................................................................. 5-12
Table 5.4-1 Example of Application and Description.................................................................. 5-17
Table 5.4-2 Example of Result Tables to be Attached in the Quarterly Report ........................... 5-17
Table 5.4-3 Air Quality Standards in Vietnam (Unit: μg/m3) ..................................................... 5-18
Table 5.4-4 Air Quality Standards in EU (Unit: μg/m3) .............................................................. 5-18
Table 5.4-5 Types of PM in the World ........................................................................................ 5-19
Table 5.4-6 Possible Candidate of Facilities for Dust Prevention Mesh Net ............................... 5-21
Table 6.1-1 Estimation of Generated Solid Waste Amount in Target Areas in 2020 .................... 6-2
Table 6.1-2 Forecasting Generated Volume of ISW ...................................................................... 6-3
Table 6.1-3 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Halong City ....................................... 6-4
Table 6.1-4 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Mong Cai City .................................. 6-4
Table 6.1-5 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hai Ha District .................................. 6-4
Table 6.1-6 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hoanh Bo District ............................. 6-5
Table 6.1-7 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Quang Yen District ........................... 6-5
Table 6.2-1 Targets to be Achieved in the SWM Plan by 2020 and 2030 ..................................... 6-6
Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Biodegradable Waste Treatment Methods ....................................... 6-10
Table 6.3-2 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Recycling Plant .......................... 6-14
Table 6.3-3 Types of Proposed Recyclable Materials.................................................................. 6-15
Table 6.3-4 Room and Function for Composting ........................................................................ 6-15
Table 6.3-5 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Composting Plant ....................... 6-15
Table 6.3-6 Proposed Collection and Transportation Vehicles .................................................... 6-18
Table 6.3-7 Category and Required Number of Equipment ........................................................ 6-23
Table 6.3-8 Incineration Plant ...................................................................................................... 6-28
Table 6.3-9 Key Industrial Zones and Key Sectors to be Prioritized ........................................... 6-29
Table 6.3-10 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning .......................... 6-31
3
Table 6.3-11 Categories and Sub-groups of Medical Waste ........................................................ 6-37
Table 6.3-12 Treatment and Disposal Techniques for Various types of Medical Waste ............. 6-38
Table 6.4-1 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning ......................... 6-40
Table 6.4-2 List of Proposed Projects of Construction WWTP on Coal Mining Wastewater to
2020…. .................................................................................................................... 6-42
Table 6.4-3 Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management ................................... 6-42
Table 6.4-4 Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management ......................................... 6-43
Table 6.4-5 Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City, Town
and District) ............................................................................................................ 6-43
Table 6.4-6 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management ............................... 6-43
Table 6.4-7 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management ............................... 6-44
Table 6.5-1 Examples of Modern Technologies .......................................................................... 6-44
Table 6.6-1 Content of Home Composting Program ................................................................... 6-47
Table 7.1-1 Potential Impacts of the Priority Projects in SEDP .................................................... 7-1
Table 7.1-2 Special-use and Protection Forests Managed by the Management Board .................. 7-3
Table 7.1-3 Important Watersheds and Forest Areas ..................................................................... 7-4
Table 7.1-4 Important Watersheds and Forest Condition .............................................................. 7-4
Table 7.1-5 Potential Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province .................................... 7-5
Table 7.2-1 Major Targets of the National Strategy on Environmental Protection until 2020 and
Vision toward 2030 (Excerpt on Forest and Natural Resource)................................ 7-6
Table 7.2-2 Major Targets of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (2006-2020) ............. 7-6
Table 7.2-3 Targets of Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan in the Period of
2010-2015, Orientation to 2020 ................................................................................ 7-9
Table 7.2-4 Targets of VINACOMIN ............................................................................................ 7-9
Table 7.2-5 Targets of Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province until 2020, Vision toward
2030......................................................................................................................... 7-10
Table 7.2-6 Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Areas ................................. 7-11
Table 7.3-1 Summary of Direct Use and Non-use Benefits from Mangroves System ................ 7-25
Table 7.3-2 Priority Protected Areas to be Established ............................................................... 7-27
Table 7.4-1 Proposed Projects Toward 2020 ............................................................................... 7-28
Table 7.4-2 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement ............................................. 7-29
Table 7.4-3 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park ........................................... 7-31
Table 7.4-4 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest ................................................ 7-32
Table 7.4-5 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve ........................ 7-33
Table 7.4-6 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area............................ 7-34
Table 7.4-7 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest ......................................... 7-34
Table 7.4-8 Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border .............. 7-36
Table 7.4-9 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control, Biodiversity
Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector ................................... 7-36
Table 7.4-10 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry ............................................ 7-37
Table 7.4-11 Study on Plantation Technology ............................................................................. 7-38
Table 7.4-12 Project for Sustainable Forest Management ........................................................... 7-39
Table 7.4-13 Project for Ecotourism Development ..................................................................... 7-40
Table 7.4-14 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines ......... 7-40
Table 7.4-15 Examination for Minimizing of Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay
and Halong Bay ....................................................................................................... 7-41
Table 7.4-16 Developing of Green Belt for Reducing Erosion Impact from Coal Mining Area in
Halong City and Cam Pha City ............................................................................... 7-42
Ta le 8.2-1 Indicators of Targets to be Achieved .......................................................................... 8-4
Table 8.4-1 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020............... 8-11
Table 9.1-1 Prioritized Projects Proposed in the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province to Respond
to Climate Change ...................................................................................................... 9-1
Table 9.1-2 GHG Emissions in Vietnam in 2000 .......................................................................... 9-3
Table 9.1-3 Future Estimation of GHG Emissions in Vietnam ..................................................... 9-4
Table 9.1-4 Temperature Increase in Quang Ninh Province .......................................................... 9-4
Table 9.1-5 Rainfall Increase in Quang Ninh Province ................................................................. 9-4
4
Table 9.1-6 Rise in Sea Level in Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region ...................................................... 9-5
Table 9.1-7 Potential Climate Change Impacts to Quang Ninh Province ...................................... 9-6
Table 9.1-8 Issues to be Solved until 2020 .................................................................................... 9-6
Table 9.2-1 Targets to Resilient Society (Adaptation) in QNEMP ................................................ 9-8
Table 9.2-2 Mitigation Targets Set in the Vietnamese Policies ..................................................... 9-8
Table 9.2-3 Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation) in QNEMP ........................................... 9-9
Table 9.3-1 Prioritization of the Three Approaches ..................................................................... 9-10
Table 9.3-2 Outline of the Approach to Close-sectoral Issues ..................................................... 9-11
Table 9.3-3 Outline of the Approaches to Resilient Society ........................................................ 9-12
Table 9.3-4 Outline of the Approaches to Low Carbon Society .................................................. 9-12
Table 9.4-1 Summary of Project 1-1 ............................................................................................ 9-14
Table 9.4-2 Summary of Project 2-1 ............................................................................................ 9-15
Table 9.4-3 Tasks of the Quang Ninh Provincial Standing Office for the Steering Committee .. 9-17
Table 9.4-4 Summary of Project 2-2 ............................................................................................ 9-17
Table 9.4-5 Proposed Policies/Regulations to Promote Adaptation and Mitigation Measures .... 9-18
Table 9.4-6 Summary of Project 2-3 ............................................................................................ 9-18
Table 9.4-7 Summary of Project 3-1 ............................................................................................ 9-19
Table 9.4-8 Summary of Project 4-1 ............................................................................................ 9-20
Table 9.4-9 Summary of Project 5-1 ............................................................................................ 9-20
Table 9.4-10 Summary of Project 5-2 .......................................................................................... 9-21
Table 9.4-11 Ten Proposed Projects inWater Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from
2010 to 2020 ............................................................................................................. 9-22
Table 9.4-12 Summary of Project 6-1 .......................................................................................... 9-22
Table 9.4-13 Summary of Project 6-2 .......................................................................................... 9-23
Table 9.4-14 Major Energy Consumers in Quang Ninh Province ............................................... 9-24
Table 9.4-15 Summary of Project 7-1 .......................................................................................... 9-26
Table 9.4-16 Summary of Project 8-1 .......................................................................................... 9-27
Table 9.4-17 Summary of Project 8-2 .......................................................................................... 9-28
Table 9.4-18 Summary of Project 8-3 .......................................................................................... 9-29
Table 9.4-19 Summary of Project 9-1 .......................................................................................... 9-30
Table 10.1-1 Proposed Air Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................................... 10-1
Table 10.1-2 Proposed Surface Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ........................................ 10-5
Table 10.1-3 Proposed Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................. 10-10
Table 10.1-4 Proposed Coastal Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ...................................... 10-11
Table 10.1-5 Revised and updated characteristic domestic waste water monitoring network to 2020
.............................................................................................................................. 10-14
Table 10.2-1 Expected Maintenance Cost for Ten Auto AQM Station ..................................... 10-19
Table 10.2-2 Expected Maintenance Cost for Seven Auto WQM Station ................................. 10-19
Table 10.2-3 Expected Maintenance Cost for Auto PEM Station ............................................. 10-20
Table 11.2-1 Priority Projects in Water Management Sector ....................................................... 11-8
Table 11.2-2 Priority Projects in Air Environment Management Sector ..................................... 11-9
Table 11.2-3 Priority Projects in Solid Waste Management Sector ........................................... 11-10
Table 11.2-4 Priority Projects in Forest Management Sector ..................................................... 11-11
Table 11.2-5 Priority Projects in Biodiversity Conservation Sector .......................................... 11-12
Table 11.2-6 Priority Projects in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Sector ............. 11-113
Table 11.2-7 Priority Projects in Environmental Monitoring Sector ......................................... 11-14
Table 11.5-1 List of Budget Sources for Projects in the Climate Change Issues ....................... 11-20
Table 11.6-1 Implementation Plan (for Reference) .................................................................... 11-23
Table 1-1 Expected Achievement Status by Implementation of Environmental Planning of Quang
Ninh Province ................................................................................................................ 1
Table 3-1 Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning ............................... 13
1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.4-1 Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province ........................... 1-6
Figure 1.5-1 Location of Industrial Zones ................................................................................... 1-12
Figure 1.6-1 Forecast Population Growth by 2030 ...................................................................... 1-17
Figure 1.6-2 Prediction of GDP Growth and Trend of Economic Structure of Quang Ninh
Province… .............................................................................................................. 1-18
Figure 2.1-1 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province .......... 2-7
Figure 2.1-2 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the West of Ha Long City .... 2-8
Figure 2.1-3 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the East of Ha Long City ..... 2-9
Figure 2.1-4 Locations of Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh
Province .................................................................................................................. 2-11
Figure 2.1-5 Locations of Proposed Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh Province .......................... 2-12
Figure 2.1-6 Locations of Water Monitoring Points .................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2.1-7 Average Water Quality Index from 2009 to 2012 ................................................... 2-21
Figure 2.1-8 Historical Trend of WQI in W5, W35, W44 ........................................................... 2-22
Figure 2.1-9 Four Years Achievement Rate for BOD5 in Surface Water.................................... 2-23
Figure 2.1-10 Non-achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards 2009 - 2012 ............ 2-24
Figure 2.1-11 Estimated BOD Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh
Province in 2011 ..................................................................................................... 2-27
Figure 2.1-12 Estimated TSS Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh
Province in 2011 ..................................................................................................... 2-28
Figure 2.2-1 Location of Monitoring Points ................................................................................ 2-31
Figure 2.2-2 Four-year Average TSP Concentration by Monitoring Point .................................. 2-33
Figure 2.2-3 Present Situation of TSP Concentration, Four-Years Average of One-Hour
Measurement ........................................................................................................... 2-35
Figure 2.3-1 Waste Generation .................................................................................................... 2-37
Figure 2.4-1 Average Noise Level in 2012 .................................................................................. 2-44
Figure 2.7-1 Erosion and Sedimentation Map of Ha Long and Cam Pha Area during
1965-2004……………. ......................................................................................... .2-55
Figure 2.8-1 Road Map of Storms Landing in Quang Ninh (1961-2008) .................................... 2-58
Figure 2.8-2 Zoning Map of Landslides in Quang Ninh Province ............................................... 2-60
Figure 2.9-1 TSS concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary .................................................... 2-62
Figure 2.9-2 Distribution of T-N concentration in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region ........ 2-63
Figure 2.9-3 Distribution of T-P in Cam – Bach Dang region ..................................................... 2-64
Figure 2.9-4 Variation of oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary ................................... 2-64
Figure 3.1-1 Low-carbon City Development Concept and Policy ................................................. 3-8
Figure 3.2-1 Quang Ninh environmental zoning map.................................................................. 3-16
Figure 3.4-1 Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE ..................................................... 3-29
Figure 4.1-1 Proposed Locations of the Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in
Quang Ninh Province ................................................................................................ 4-4
Figure 4.1-2 Wastewater Collecting Facility at Tokyo Bay........................................................... 4-5
Figure 4.3-1 Layout of Jokaso Model .......................................................................................... 4-10
Figure 4.4-1 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System ................. 4-21
Figure 4.4-2 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the West of Ha Long
City .......................................................................................................................... 4-22
Figure 4.4-3 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the East of Ha Long
City .......................................................................................................................... 4-23
Figure 4.4-4 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Mong Cai City . 4-24
Figure 4.4-5 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Cam Pha City ... 4-25
Figure 4.4-6 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Uong Bi City.... 4-26
Figure 4.4-7 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Van Don District
................................................................................................................................ 4-27
Figure 4.4-8 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Quang Ninh Province ............... 4-28
Figure 4.4-9 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Ha Long City ............................ 4-29
Figure 4.5-1 Concept of the Centralization of Wastewater Treatment Plant ............................... 4-29
2
Figure 4.5-2 Outline of Pipe Jacking Method .............................................................................. 4-31
Figure 4.5-3 Outline of Shield Tunneling Method....................................................................... 4-31
Figure 4.5-4 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Mong Cai city ... 4-32
Figure 4.5-5 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Uong Bi city ..... 4-33
Figure 5.1-1 Annual Average of TSP Concentration ..................................................................... 5-2
Figure 5.1-2 Balance, Teledyne 900 System, Low Volume Air Sampler and EPAM-5000 .......... 5-4
Figure 5.1-3 Example of Isokinetic Sampling and TESTO 350XL at EMAC ............................... 5-5
Figure 5.1-4 Photos of the Quang Ninh Power Plant, Cam Pha Cement Plant, Uong Bi Power Plant,
Cam Pha Power Plant, Thang Long Cement, Dong Trieu Power Plant, Lam Thach
Cement, and Halong Cement .................................................................................... 5-8
Figure 5.1-5 Typical Condition of Coal Transportation by Truck ................................................. 5-9
Figure 5.1-6 Typical Condition of Stockpile at the Port and Coal Selection Plant ...................... 5-10
Figure 5.1-7 Typical Condition of Mining and Dumpsite ........................................................... 5-10
Figure 5.3-1 Examples of Rehabilitation of Dumpsite ................................................................ 5-16
Figure 5.4-1 Simulation of the Effect using Net .......................................................................... 5-22
Figure 5.4-2 Images of Fence Construction using Net................................................................. 5-23
Figure 5.4-3 Structural Diagram of Dust Prevention Net ............................................................ 5-24
Figure 6.3-1 Flow of Waste by 3R ................................................................................................. 6-8
Figure 6.3-2 Flow of Composting (Reference) ............................................................................ 6-14
Figure 6.3-3 Recycling Center Plan: Type A (for Reference) ..................................................... 6-16
Figure 6.3-4 Recycling Center Plan: Type B (for Reference) ...................................................... 6-16
Figure 6.3-5 Preliminary Evaluation of Candidate Sites of Regional Landfill Site for Halong City,
Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District ..................................................................... 6-21
Figure 6.3-6 Proposed Landfill System (Reference) .................................................................... 6-21
Figure 6.3-7 Incineration Plant Project Development Plan .......................................................... 6-27
Figure 6.3-8 Industrial SWM Model to be Applied ..................................................................... 6-33
Figure 6.3-9 Example of Diagram for Hospital Waste Treatment ............................................... 6-39
Figure 7.3-1 Image of Ecological Corridors ................................................................................ 7-15
Figure 7.3-2 Downstream Area of Dong Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve .............................. 7-15
Figure 7.3-3 Axis of Natural Management .................................................................................. 7-18
Figure 7.3-4 Concept of Watershed ............................................................................................. 7-20
Figure 7.3-5 Mountain Ecological Corridor ................................................................................ 7-23
Figure 7.3-6 Coastal Ecological Corridor .................................................................................... 7-25
Figure 7.3-7 Coastal Ecological Corridor .................................................................................... 7-26
Figure 7.3-8 Location of Priority Protected Areas to be Established ........................................... 7-28
Figure 8.4-1 Candidate Ramsar Sites in Quang Ninh Province ................................................... 8-16
Figure 8.4-2 Endangered Birds in Ha Nam Island ....................................................................... 8-16
Figure 8.4-3 Provisional Zone Map of Quang Yen Wetland ....................................................... 8-17
Figure 8.4-4 Provisional Zone Map of Tien Yen Wetland .......................................................... 8-17
Figure 8.4-5 Provisional Zone Map of Mong Cai Wetland ......................................................... 8-18
Figure 9.2-1 Goal in Climate Change Issues in QNEMP .............................................................. 9-7
Figure 9.3-1 Overall Structure of the Approaches to Climate Change Issues ............................. 9-11
Figure 9.4-1 Overall Structure of Projects in Climate Change Issues.......................................... 9-13
Figure 9.4-2 Structure of Climate Change Management in Quang Ninh Province...................... 9-16
Figure 10.1-1 Proposed Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................................. 10-15
Figure 10.4-1 EANET Deposition Monitoring Sites (2009) ...................................................... 10-24
1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3R Reduce Reuse Recycle
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
A-Cmax Allowable Concentration maximum
AHP ASEAN Heritage Parks
AQM Air Quality Monitoring
AQS Air Quality Standard
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEON ASEAN Senior Officials on the Environment
AVG Average
BAP Biodiversity Action Plan
BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand in 5 days
BTL Bai Tu Long National Park
BTNMT Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, MONRE/Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường
CaCl2 Calcium chloride
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CD Capacity Development
CEPC Coastal Environment Protection Corridor
CFB Circulating Fluidised Bed
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COP Conference of the Parties
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
DCST Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism
DOC Department of Construction
DOET Department of Education and Training
DOH Department of Health
DOIT Department of Industry and Trade
DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DOT Department of Transport
DPI Department of Planning and Investment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMAC Environment Monitoring and Analyzing Center
EU European Union
EVN Electricity Vietnam
FS Feasibility Study
GC-MS Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
HBMD Halong Bay Management Department
IBA Important Bird Areas
IDB International Day for Biodiversity
INDEVCO Industrial Development Company
IP Industrial Park
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JSC Joint Stock Company
Kp Capacity Coefficient
2
kPa Kilopascal
Kv Regional Coefficient
kVA Kilo Volt Ampere
L/min Litter per Minute
LUP Land Use Plan
M/P Master Plan
MB Management Board
MCST Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism
MOF Ministry of Finance
MOH Ministry of Health
MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
MPA Marine Protected Area
MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
Mw Mega Watt
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NKER Northern Key Economic Region
NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
NP National Park
NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products
ºC Degree Celsius
ODA Official Development Assistance
OJT On the Job Training
PEM Plant Emission Monitoring
PES Payment for Environmental Services
PM Particulate Matter
PM10 Particulate Matter which diameter less is less than 10μm / Bụi ≤ 10 μm
PM2.5 Particulate Matter which diameter less is less than 2.5μm
PMU Project Management Unit
PPC Provincial People’s Committee
PSD Pollution Source Database
PSI Pollution Source Inventory
PSM Pollution Source Map
PST Pollution Source Table
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
QCVN Vietnamese Technical Regulations /
QD-TTg Decision-Prime Minister
QN Quang Ninh Province
RRD Red River Delta
SEDP Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020 with Vision towards 2030
SOP Standard Operation Procedure
SUF Special Use Forest
SW Solid Waste
SWM Solid Waste Management
TCVN National standards of Vietnam / Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam
TSP Total Suspended Particulates/ Bụi lơ lửng
TSS Total suspended solids
UK United Kingdom
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URENCO Urban Environment Company
US United States of America
3
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UV Ultraviolet
VEA Vietnam Environment Administration
VEPF Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund
VINACOMIN Vietnam National Coal - Mineral Industries Group / TỔNG CÔNG TY ĐIỆN LỰC – TKV (TNHH NHÀ
NƯỚC MỘT THÀNH VIÊN)
WG Working Group
WQI Water Quality Index
WQM Water Quality Monitoring
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
WWV Wastewater Volume
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-1
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONDITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING STUDY
1.1 Background
Quang Ninh Province is one of the foremost production centers of coal in Vietnam and
plays a key role in the regional distribution system, where it has been functioning as a
main industrial development zone in northern Vietnam, and where urban
industrialization has progressed rapidly. At the same time, Quang Ninh Province is the
location of the Halong Bay World Heritage Site, and tourism is another important
sector in the province; therefore, provincial socio-economic development strategies
should harmonize with environment protection strategies.
In recent years, Quang Ninh Province has gained important achievements and
comprehensive development. The gross domestic product (GDP) growth is
approximately 12% per year on average. However, due to the requirements of
economic development, the impacts on the environment has recently become apparent,
such as deterioration of water quality due to domestic, industrial, and coal mining
wastewater, issues on generated municipal and industrial solid waste, air pollutants
discharged from thermal power plants and cement factories, impacts on regional
natural environment and biodiversity.
In line with the current situation mentioned above, Quang Ninh Province is proceeding
with the “Green Economy Approach”, the objective of which is to internalize
environmental protection measures into socio-economic development. To adopt the
“Green Economy Approach”, a provincial environmental master plan is expected to be
formulated to address actualized and potential environmental issues to be solved on air,
water, soil quality control, solid waste management, biodiversity conservation/forest
management, and climate change issues.
1.2 Objective
The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province by 2020, a vision to 2030 is in
accordance with the master plan for socio-economic development of Quang Ninh
Province, land use planning, and sector planning for proposing measures to prevent
and mitigate the degradation of natural resources, environmental pollution, gradually
improving environmental quality, improving the efficiency of mining and rational use
of natural resources, and environmental management capacity of the province.
1.3 Study Area
The target area of the Study is the whole Quang Ninh Province consisting of four cities,
one town, and nine districts, of which priority areas are proposed as follows: Halong
City, Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, and Van Don District which will be
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-2
reviewed at the initial phase of the Study through discussion with Quang Ninh
DONRE.
1.4 Approach for the Study
The key viewpoints and approaches applied in the Environmental Planning of Quang
Ninh Province, Halong Bay and the Environmental Improvement Projects include:
1. Approach to "green growth” economy is as the main approach which is throughout the
process of planning and developing of priority projects in the Environmental
Improvement Projects.
2. Systematic and integrated viewpoints and approaches:
- Systematic viewpoints: Quang Ninh is considered in the Northern economic
system: "The Red River Delta and the Economic Belt Region of the Gulf of
Tonkin” ,"Two corridors, One economic belt" in the framework of Vietnam -
China Cooperation (two corridors of Kunming - Lao Cai - Hanoi - Hai Phong -
Quang Ninh and Nanning - lang Son, Ha Noi - Hai Phong and one “Northern
economic belt" includes 10 Vietnamese coastal provinces from Quang Tri to
Quang Ninh).
- Integrated viewpoints: The spaces for the planning are planned based on analysis
and evaluation of the whole development strategies of the State, the Provincial
socio-economic development planning and planning of the related Sectors in the
province.
3. Adopt Satoyama initiative of Japan in space planning and construction of a number of
projects related to forest management, biodiversity conservation and issues related to
climate change.
4. Management approach according to target groups based on four key environmental
functions: Conservation and Protection, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation,
Active Management, Environmentally friendly development combining with
regional environmental management (selecting a number of key
areas such as Halong,.... ) and inter-regional environmental management (Quang
Ninh province with neighboring provinces, Quang Ninh with the territories bordering
with China).
Some approaches specified in the National and Provincial legislation papers are
presented below:
1) Adopt National and Provincial Green Growth Strategy
Vietnam has a national policy on “Green Growth Strategy” prescribed by the Prime
Minister’s Decision No. 1393/QD-TTg dated 25 September 2012 approving the
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-3
National Strategy for Green Growth. Quang Ninh Province is also promoting the
adaptation of “Green Growth Strategy” in provincial economic and social
development plans. Considering these national and provincial policies, the
environmental protection plan prepared by the Study should have strategies and
approaches for adaptation of “Green Growth Strategy”. Main strategies and
approaches to be adopted in the Study are:
(a) Utilization of natural resources for economic development considering
environmental protection,
(b) Introduction of cleaner production techniques to secondary industries,
(c) Review of generated pollution load by expected socio-economic development,
and green growth strategy for main industrial sectors,
(d) Preparation of legal and institutional framework and human resource
development plan for accelerating the introduction of green growth strategy, and
(e) Identification of measures to promote international cooperation for actualizing the
green growth strategy.
2) Identify Requirements for Actualizing National and Provincial Environmental Protection
Strategy and Provincial Environmental Plan to 2020, vision to 2030
Vietnam has a national strategy for environmental protection stipulated by the Prime
Minister’s Decision No. 1216/QD-TTg dated 05 September 2012 approving the
National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with Vision to 2030. Quang Ninh
Province issued Directive No. 30-CT/TU, dated 07/9/2010; Resolution No.
33/2010/NQ-HĐND, dated 10/12/2010 on policies, resolutions for environmental
protection management of Quang Ninh Province in the period between 2011 – 2015
and Decision No. 1975/QĐ-UBND, dated 23/6/2011 on approval of Plan for
implementing the Resolution No.33/2010/NQ-HĐND. The environmental plan on
environmental protection is required to follow the same approaches as in the
aforementioned decisions. Main approaches to be examined in the Study are:
(a) Reduce the impacts of generated pollution loads by comparing the effects with
and without the plan:
– Improve sanitation and sewerage systems;
– Improve solid waste management system;
– Establish criteria for industrial parks/zones which meet the environment
protection requirements; and
– Establish new business adopting requirements for reducing environmental
pollution.
(b) Improve the environment in polluted or deteriorated areas:
– Rehabilitate deteriorated environment (especially coastal ecosystem).
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-4
(c) Intelligent use of natural resources:
– Sustain/improve the value of natural resources in world heritage site, coastal
areas, and inland forest areas.
(d) Enhance the capabilities to adapt/mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse
gas (GHGs) emissions:
– Strategies and approach to address impacts of climate change.
– Raising awareness for adapting/mitigating climate change impacts.
3) Adaptation to Announcement of Opinion of the Politburo on Socio-economic Development
on Quang Ninh Province
On 1st October 2012, the Central Executive Committee announced the Opinion of the
Politburo on the Project "Rapid, sustainable Social - economic development; ensuring
to maintain firmly the national defence and security and setting up a pilot of the two
special administrative - economic units of Van Don - Mong Cai" in Quang Ninh
Province, No.108-TB/TW. The announcement stated clearly that Quang Ninh province
locates at the strategic important area from the political and economical viewpoints,
and has potential advantages compared to other localities in the region. Quang Ninh
Province is considered to perform a role as the powerful economic center of the Red
River Delta and the Northern Economic Belt in Vietnam. To 2020, Quang Ninh
Province is expected to become a province of modern services, industry, an
international tourist centre of the northern part of Vietnam. Another important
expectation in Quang Ninh Province is to develop measures to shift economic
structure from "brown" to "green". The living standards of the people are also
expected to be upgraded, and natural and cultural assets which are represented by the
world heritage site of Halong Bay should be preserved and their worth would be
maximized. The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province should contribute to
actualization of these concepts suggested by the announcement.
4) Adaptation to the Master Plan on Socio-economic Development of the Red River Delta
Region to 2020
On 23rd May 2013, the Prime Minister Decision for the Master Plan on
Socio-economic Development of the Red River Delta Region to 2020, No.795/2013/
QD-TTg was approved. According to the Decision, Quang Ninh Province is belonged
to the Red River Delta Region, of which function is the gateway to the South China
Sea with the world and is one of the direct connection between the two areas of active
development. The Red River Delta Region is expected to be a leader of the country in
economic restructuring from “brown” to “green”, with low-emission of green house
gas for mitigation of climate change impact. The Red River Delta Region should also
achieve the following objectives for environmental protection;
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-5
(a) Prioritize development of sectors applying clean production, advanced technology,
low energy consumption, low emissions, and promote socialization of
environmental protection services,
(b) Strengthen inspection and supervision the implementation of environmental
commitments of the facilities of industrial production and tourism with
implement environmental audits for appropriate environmental management, and
(c) Implement environmental zoning and integrated management of river basins,
coastal areas, prevent problems related to marine shipping such as oil spills,
leaking of toxic chemicals .
The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province is expected to contribute to actualize
the above objectives.
5) Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province
According to the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province
to 2020, with Vision towards 2030, the spatial development orientation for Quang
Ninh is established as “one center, two multi-dimensional routes, two breakthroughs”.
This orientation ensures linkage and coherence in order to leverage the strengths of
each district in the province, as well as strengths of Quang Ninh in the “Red River Delta (RRD) and Northern Key Economic Region (NKER)” and strategic location for
international economic cooperation.
The spatial development orientation for Quang Ninh is established as “one center, two
multi-dimensional routes, two breakthroughs” as shown in Figure 1.4-1. This
orientation ensures linkage and coherence in order to leverage the strengths of each
district in the province, as well as strengths of Quang Ninh in the RRD, NKER, and
strategic location for international economic cooperation. The Environmental Plan of
Quang Ninh Province is expected to contribute to this spatial plan.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-6
Eastern Route
Starting from Ha Long to Móng Cái and toward North East
Asia, China; Area linkage at
international scope Area (56%), Population (41%),
GDP (38%), Density of services and marine economy
nearly 50%
Western Route :Starting from Halong to ĐôngTriều and toward the Red
River Delta, Hanoi Capital; Regional linkage at national
scope. Area (40%), Population
(40%), GDP (31%), Density of
industry 30%
Spatial Economic Development “Once Centre – Two Routes – Multidirection – Two Breakthroughs
regional linkage at national scope, Area Linkage at International Scope
Centre Hạ
LongArea (4,5%),
Population (19%), GDP
(31%), Service density 53,6%
Source: Quang Ninh DONRE
Figure 1.4-1 Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province
6) Relevant Laws and Regulations
Relevant laws and regulations for this environmental planning study are shown as
follows:
(1) Legal documents of the state, ministries, departments, and branches:
• Environmental Protection Act 2005;
• Water Resources Act 2011;
• Mineral Law 2010;
• Forest Protection and Development Law 2004;
• 2003 Land Law;
• Decision 1393/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 25 September 2012
approving the national strategy for green growth;
• Resolution 1216/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 05 September 2012
approving the National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with a Vision
to 2030;
• Decision 432/QD-TTg dated 12 April 2012 approving the Vietnam Sustainable
Development Strategy 2011-2020;
• Decision No. 34/2009/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 02 March 2009
approving the Master Plan to Develop the Coastal Economic Belt Gulf 2020;
• Decree No. 92/2006/NĐ-CP dated 7/6/2006 of the Government on establishing,
approving and managing the Socio – economic Development Master Planning;
• Circular 03/2008/TT-BKH of the Ministry of Planning and Investment dated 01
September 2008 guiding the implementation of some articles of Decree No.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-7
04/2008/ND-CP dated 11 January 2008;
• Decree No. 04/2008/ND-CP dated 11 January 2008 amending and supplementing
a number of articles of Decree No. 92/2006/ND-CP;
• Circular 01/2007/TT-BKH of the Ministry of Planning and Investment dated 07
February 2007 guiding the implementation of some articles of Decree No.
92/2006/ND-CP;
• Decision No. 269/2006/QD-TTg dated 24 November 2006 approving the
"Amendment and Supplement of the Master Plan of Socio-economic
Development of Quang Ninh Province in 2010 and Orientations to 2020”;
• Decree No. 92/2006/ND-CP dated 07 June 2006 on the Formulation and Approval
of the Overall Planning and Management of Social and Economic Development;
and
• Decision No. 142/2002/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 21 October 2002
approving the Planning on Conservation and Promotion of Heritage Values of
Halong Bay to 2020.
• Decision No. 2622/QD-TTg dated 31/12/2013 of the Prime Minister approving
the Master plan on Socio-economic development of Quang Ninh Province to
2020, vision to 2030,
• Decision No.145/2004/QD-TTg dated 13/08/2004 of the Prime Minister on the
main directions of socio-economic development of the Northern key economic
areas to 2010, vision to 2020,
• Decision No. 865/QD-TTg dated 10/07/2008 of the Prime Minister to decide on
the approval of Construction Planning of the Northern coastal regions to 2025,
vision to 2050.
(2) The legal documents of Quang Ninh Province:
• Resolution of Quang Ninh Provincial Party Congress XIII, for the term
2010-2015;
• Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW on active responding to climate change, strengthening
management of natural resources and environmental protection
• Directive No 30-CT/TU of the Provincial Standing Committee dated 7 September
2010 on Strengthening the Leadership and Direction to Management of
Environmental Protection in the Province;
• Resolution No. 33/2010/NQ-HDND of the Provincial People's Council dated 10
December 2010 on Policies and Measures to Strengthen the Management of
Environmental Protection in Quang Ninh Province in 2011-2015;
• Plan No. 1137/KH-UB 20.05.2005 of PPC v/v Implementation of Resolution No.
41-NQ/TW of the Political Bureau of Environmental Protection in the period of
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1-8
Accelerated Industrialization and Modernization of the Country's Quang Ninh
Province in 2010, Substrate Orientation in 2015;
• Decision No. 1975/QD-Committee of provincial UBDN dated 23 June 2011 v/v
Approval of Implementation of Resolution No. 33/2010/NQ-HDND of the
Provincial People's Council dated 10 December 2010 Undertaking the Solutions
to Enhance the Provincial Environmental Protection Management in Quang Ninh;
• Plan No. 1925/KH-UBND of the PPC dated 19 May 2010 v/v Environmental
Protection in Quang Ninh Province in 2010 and Orient Environmental Protection
Plan in 2011-2015;
• Decision No. 4253/QD-Committee of the Provincial People's Committee dated 25
December 2009 approving the Overall Environmental Protection Planning and a
Number of Key Areas in Quang Ninh Province to 2020;
• Decision 4170/QD-UBND of the People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province
dated 31 December 2010 on the Approval of Project Master Plan of the
Socio-economic Development of the Sea, Islands, and Coastal Quang Ninh
Province in 2020;
• Resolution No. 68/2012/NQ-HDND of the Quang Ninh Provincial People's
Council dated 12 December 2012 on the Management, Conservation and
Promoting the Values of the World Natural Heritage, Halong Bay for the
2012-2015 period with a Vision to 2020;
• Decision No. 346/2012/QD-UBND of the People's Committee of Quang Ninh
Province dated 30January 2013 on the Issue of Implementation of Action
Program Resolution No. 68/2012/NQ-HDND of Quang Ninh Provincial People's
Council dated 12 December 2012 on the Management, Conservation and
Promoting the Values of the World Natural Heritage, Halong Bay for the
2012-2015 period with a Vision to 2020;
• Decision 1606/QD-UBND PPC dated 22 May 2009 amending and supplementing
a number of articles of Decision No. 530/QD-UBND 26/02/2008;
• Document No. 1233/PC-MT1 of the PPC dated 29 March 2012 on Agreement to
Adjustment and Formation of Environmental Protection Planning; and
• Document No.149/UBND-MT dated 11 January 2013 regarding Hiring Foreign
Consultants for Formulating the Overall Environmental Protection Planning of
Quang Ninh Province.
1.5 Natural, Socio-Economic Conditions
1.5.1 Natural Condition
(1) Geographical Condition
Quang Ninh Province is located in Northeast Vietnam. The land area is of over 6,000
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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km2 and the sea area of over 6,000 km
2,with a long coastal line, of which length is
about 120 km, with more than 2,000 islands. Geographically, Quang Ninh Province is
close to two of the three largest cities in the country, Hanoi City and Hai Phong City,
and bordering the southern part of China. This gives important roles to the province
from economical viewpoints under the regional economic cooperation frameworks
shown below:
“Red River Delta (RRD) and Northern Key Economic Region (NKER)” including
Quang Ninh Province is the second largest economic region in Vietnam.
According to Decision 145/2004/QD-TTg, NKER aims to contribute 28-29% of
the total national GDP by 2020 by developing the industry and service sectors.
"Two Corridors, One Economic Belt" is a framework for cooperation between
Vietnam and China (two corridors Kunming-Lao Cai-Ha Noi-Hai Phong-Quang
Ninh, and Nanning-Lang Son-Ha Noi-Hai Phong with one "Gulf of Tonkin
Economic Belt" which includes ten coastal provinces of Vietnam from Quang Tri
to Quang Ninh).
"Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor" is a blueprint for the integration of
China-ASEAN economy. It is envisioned that in the future, cities in the corridor
will be connected by railways, expressways, waterways, and air routes, forming a
comprehensive development zone with enhanced trade, investment, and tourism.
(2) Geology and Mineral Resources
Geological structure of Quang Ninh Province formed in the Ordovician formations,
which mainly comprised rocks and volcanic sediments. The province has various
mineral resources, such as coal, clay, sand, and limestone. Outline of the condition of
mineral resources is shown as follows:
Coal: Coal mining in Quang Ninh Province accounts for more than 90% of the
total coal reserve production in Vietnam. The province has a large productive coal
bed of mainly anthracite coal with high carbon content. Total estimated coal
reserves reach 8.8 billion tons stretching over 1,000 km2 from Dong Trieu to Cam
Pha City.
Limestone and clay: Limestone and clay are relatively abundant, widely
distributed in the whole province, such as: limestone quarry in Hoanh Bo, Cam
Pha; clay quarries in Hai Ha, Binh Lieu, Ba Che, Tien Yen districts and Mong
Cai city. Hoanh Bo limestone quarry with nearly 1 billion tons of reserves will
allow producing several million tons of cement per year. Clay quarries in Gieng
Day, Quang Yen with 45 billion tons of reserves will allow exploitation at large
scale. Other clay quarries in Tan Mai, Mong Cai and Van Hai silica quarry are
considered as biggest ones in the North, with high quality, easy to exploit, are
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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important material sources to develop the industrial sector of the province and for
export.
(3) Climate
Quang Ninh Province is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone, with an annual
average temperature of 22oC in lowland areas, and annual average rainfall is from
1,800 to 2,000 mm. Rainy season is from May to October, and 75 to 85% of rainfall is
concentrated during the rainy season each year.
(4) Water Resource
The province of Quang Ninh has rather dense network of streams and rivers with
average density of 1.9 km/km2 and 2.4 km/km
2 in some places. Most of streams and
rivers are short and steep with high current speed and strong capacity of erosion. In
general, most of rivers in Quang Ninh Province originate from high mountains with
the main directions of Northeast – Southwest and North – South. The river flows are
changing by seasons. In Quang Ninh Province, there are 30 rivers of more than 10 km
in length, with basin areas are normally not more than 300km2
among those, the 4
large rivers are Da Bac, Ka Long, Tien Yen and Ba Che rivers. The surface water
resources is around 7.26 billion m3.
Quang Ninh Province also has 124 lakes and reservoirs with a total volume of around
340 million m3 in which the Yen Lap lake only has a volume of 127 million m
3, Trang
Vinh lake has 70.8 million m3.
The explored and graded underground water reserve in Quang Ninh is as follows:
grade A: 55,622 m3/day; grade B: 130,671 m
3/day; and grade C: 172,216 m
3/day.
1.5.2 Social Condition
(1) Population
The population of Quang Ninh Province was 1.2 million in 2011. Recent population
growth rate has been 1.2% per year from 2000 to 2011. Among the 14 districts,
Halong City has the largest population of 224,700, making up 19.2% of the provincial
population.
(2) Existing Land Use Condition
Provincial land use condition is shown in Table 1.5-1. Approximately 80% of the
provincial area is made up of mountains and hills, with 64% of the area covered with
forests. On the other hand, Quang Ninh Province has a high urbanization rate of 55%,
compared with the national average of 32%.
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Table 1.5-1 Data of Existing Land Use Conditions in Quang Ninh Province
Land Type Area (ha) Percentage of
Natural Area
TOTAL AREA 610,235.31 100.00
1. Agricultural production land 50,886.14 8.34
- Annual crop land 3,658.87 5.84
+ Paddy land 28,530.51 4.68
+ Weed land for animal raising 1,736.24 0.28
+ Other annual crop land 5,392.11 0.88
- Perennial crop land 15,227.27 2.50
2. Forestry land 388,393.64 63.65
- Productive forest land 241,071.15 39.50
- Protective forest land 122,064.39 20.00
- Special Use forest land 25,258.10 4.14
3. Water surface land for fishing 20,806.61 3.41
4. Homestead land 9,923.58 1.63
- Rural 4,528.00 0.74
- Urban 5,395.58 0.88
5. Special use land 41,403.20 6.78
- Offices and non-profit agencies 230.45 0.04
- Security and defense land 5,641.17 0.92
- Non-agricultural production and business 14,275.37 2.34
- Public land 21,256.21 3.48
6. Religious land 88.35 0.01
7. Cemetery 1,023.10 0.17
8. Rivers and specialized water surfaces 31,349.83 5.14
9. Unused flat land 23,970.46 3.93
10. Unused mountainous land 34,827.28 5.71
11. Non-tree rocky mountain 7,523.41 1.23
Source: Land statistic of 2011 (Figures is as per 01/01/2012)
(3) Economic Condition of Quang Ninh Province
1) GDP and Industrial Structure
The GDP growth of Quang Ninh Province between 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 to 2012
are 13.0, 10.6, 12.3, 12.1, 7.4 respectively; average growth in period of 2008 – 2011
was about 12%/year, equal to 1.8 times of the national average GDP growth rate,
which is 7%. GDP per capita in 2011 was USD 2,264, equal to 1.65 times the national
average figure, which was USD 1,375.
Economic structure is 53% in industrial sector, 42% in service sector, and 5% in
agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors. Coal mining and tourism are major economic
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sectors of Quang Ninh province, but other sectors have been becoming more and more
important.
2) Industrial sector
Major industrial centers in Quang Ninh are thermal power centers using coal (Quang
Ninh, Mong Duong, Cam Pha, Mao Khe, Uong Bi thermal power plants), construction
materials production centers (Cam Pha, Thang Long, Halong cement factories,
high-quality brick factories), shipbuilding industry centers. At present, the industrial
sector of Quang Ninh develops with orientation to reduce the portion of mining and
increase the portion of manufacturing and processing. Currently, there have been
several existing and under-construction industrial zones such as Cai Lan and Viet
Hung IZs (Halong), Dong Mai, Dam Nhac Mac IZs (Quang Yen), Phuong Nam IZ
(Uong Bi), Hai Yen IZ (Mong Cai), Hai Ha seaport industrial zone and other industrial
clusters, which are supporting the acceleration of industrialization and modernization
process of the province.
According to the Socio-Economic Development Plan Report for Quang Ninh Province
to 2020, Vision to 2030, there are 11 industrial zones and four economic zones in
Quang Ninh Province, while the other industrial zones are under construction or under
planning, as shown in Figure 1.5-1.
Source: SEDP 2013
Figure 1.5-1 Location of Industrial Zones
In order to promote the industrial zones in the provinces, particularly Quang Ninh
Province, Decision No. 386/2012/QD-UBND, dated 22 February 2012, was
Existing IZ
Constructing IZ
Planned IZ
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promulgated by the Quang Ninh PPC to implement an incentive policy on
investing in industrial zones in the province. In this context, industrial zones are
expected to develop dramatically in the coming years, from the present up to
2020, and vision toward 2030. Detailed information regarding the existing
industrial zones are provided in Table 1.5-2 below.
Table 1.5-2 Existing Industrial Zones
No. Industrial
Zone Area (ha)
Location Occupancy
Rate Business Sector
1 Cai Lan Industrial Zone
305.2 Bai Chay Ward, Halong City
100% Engineering production and assembly, furniture production, container production, shipbuilding, school appliances and toys production, electric equipment production, electronic assembly, textile, packaging material production.
2 Viet Hung Industrial Zone
300.9 Viet Hung Ward, Halong City
6.4% Mechanical Engineering and assembly, production of interior furniture; agricultural and fishery production; consumption goods.
3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone
192.7 Hai Yen Ward, Mong Cai City
38.6% Construction material and interior decoration, consumption goods, export garment and embroidery, engineering and machinery, electronic and electric assembly, agricultural product and food processing, storage and logistics services
4 Dong Mai Industrial Zone
160 Quang Yen Town
6,6% Mechanical engineering, transportation equipment, construction material, interior decoration.
Source: QEZA and SEDP, 2013
Of the four operating industrial zones, only Cai Lan Industrial Zone in Halong
City is currently 100% occupied with 60 local and foreign tenants. Hai Yen
Industrial Zone in Mong Cai City is 39% occupied with seven tenants (Texhong
Textile Group is one of the largest tenants from China), while Viet Hung
Industrial Zone in Halong City is only 6% occupied with six tenants and Dong
Mai Industrial Zone has one secondary investor, with 6,6% occupied.
Table 1.5-3 Industrial Zones under Construction
No. Industrial
Zone Area (ha)
Locations Status Business Sector
1 Phuong Nam Industrial Zone
709.01 Phuong Dong Ward, Phuong Nam District, Uong Bi City
Land acquisition and compensation
Mechanically engineered/assembled, refrigeration/electronics, appliance, handicraft, postharvest processing, garment and textile, consumption goods
2 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone
681 Hai Yen Ward, Hoanh Bo District
N/A Refrigeration and electronic production, construction materials, consumer goods, furniture and interior decoration, agricultural, forestry and fishery product processing
3 Hai Ha Sea Port Industrial Zone
4,988 Quang Phong, Quang Dien, Phu Hai Communes, Hai Ha District
Under site clearance and compensation
Oil refinery; Coal sector auxiliary manufacturing, metallurgy, ship building and thermal power
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Source: QEZA and SEDP, 2013
Table 1.5-4 Planned Industrial Zones
No. Industrial
Zone Area (ha)
Location Status Business Sector
1 Cam Pha Industrial Zone Supporting Coal Sector
400 Cam Pha City
Investment study is being conducted by VINACONMIN
Machine building and maintenance of equipment for coal industry Machine building of equipment for construction activities.
2 Dam Nha Mac Service Industrial Zone
3,710 Phong Coc, Yen Hai, Lien Vi and Tien Phong Wards, Yen Hung Dist.
1,500 ha of industrial land, planning is being prepared by the QEZA and relevant bodies
Establish multifunctional industry-service zone, combine with new satellite urban to create an architectural complex
3 Quan Trieu Industrial Zone
150 Xuan Son, Kim Son, Binh Khe Wards, Dong Trieu Dist.
Waiting for investment
Beverage and alcohol industry, consumption goods and agricultural product processing, mechanical engineering, construction material, good processing and packaging production.
4 Tien Yen Industrial Zone
150 Tien Yen Dist.
Waiting for investment
Consumption goods, processing industry in agricultural, fishery and export products.
Source: QEZA and SEDP, 2013
In addition to industrial zones, Quang Ninh Province aims to utilize economic
zones for its socioeconomic development. To date, the implementation of the
plans of these economic zones has been limited. A summary of the economic
zones of the province is shown in Table 1.5-5 below.
Table 1.5-5 Economic Zones
No. Economic Zone Area (ha) Location Function Status 1 Van Don
Economic Zone 217,133 Van Don
District including 1 town and 11 communes of more than 600 islands in Bai Tu Long Bay
High quality sea-island ecological tourism center; high quality service center, sea and air transportation center in Northeast Vietnam.
One of the driving forces for important economic zones in Northern Vietnam.
Construction planning of Van Don Economic Zone to 2020, Vision up to 2030 was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 1296/QD-TTg, dated 19 August 2009.
2 Mong Cai Economic Zone
121,197 Inclusive of Mong Cai City, Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone and some communes from Hai Ha District
Economic, commercial, tourism and service center of Northern midland and mountainous, coastal economic band of Tonkin Gulf.
A center of commodity exchange, trade routes between Vietnam and China, and Vietnam and ASEAN countries.
A center of processing, assembling industry for expert; industrial zones, huge seaport; seaport service and sea transportation.
A centre of sea and ecological tourism, resort and entertainment in the North.
Mong Cai Economic Zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 19/2012/QD-TTg, dated 10 April 2012. The SEDP of Mong Cai Port Economic Zone is considered to choose a foreign consultant.
3 Bac Phong Sinh Economic Zone
9,302 Including Quang Duc Commune, Hai Ha District
An economic zone with focus on development of high value trade, service, tourism, handicraft, agricultural and forestry industries.
This economic zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No.
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No. Economic Zone Area (ha) Location Function Status A gateway for international
transportation, an important transit point of international and domestic trade at the economic band of the Gulf of Tonkin.
115/2002/QD-TTg, dated 13 September 2002. Tasks for the master plan of the economic zone were reported to PPC for approval, and a qualified foreign consultant will be chosen soon.
4 Hoanh Mo-Dong Van Border Gate Economic Zone
14,232 Hoanh Mo, Dong Van Commune Binh Lieu District
Multi-industry economic zone, economic, cultural, service, tourism center of the region.
Generally, an urban area with modern spatial architecture.
Transaction gateway, international trade transit and important transport point at the economic band of the Gulf of Tonkin.
The economic zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 115/2002/QD-TTg, dated 13 September 2002. The master plan of the economic zone was submitted to MOC for approval. The SEDP of the economic zone is being finalized by DPC.
Source: Quang Ninh Economic Zone Authority (QEZA)
3) Agriculture sector
Agriculture plays an important role in the economic structure of Quang Ninh province,
contributing 3,476 billion VND (6%) of provincial GDP in 2011. Agricultural
activities happen in all 14 districts of Quang Ninh but centralize in Hai Ha, Dong
Trieu and Quang Yen districts. Major sub-sectors are farming-breeding and fisheries,
which contribute 47% and 43% of GDP of agriculture sector respectively. Main
activities are small-scale family production with unstandardized production methods
and lack of modern technologies.
4) Tourism Sector
Tourism is a key economic sector of Quang Ninh Province, and has been identified as
one of the pillars of the economy going forward. Quang Ninh has two key tourism
assets, its natural and cultural assets, to leverage and develop to its full potential.
Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are the most distinctive natural assets with unique
geological formations and beautiful vistas. These bays also have endemic flora and
fauna which contribute to the overall biodiversity of the province. Halong Bay
possesses distinctive branding and recognition as the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site and has been
named one of the New Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The Bai Tu Long Bay is
yet to be developed but has pristine areas prime for luxury tourism. Most distinctive
cultural assets are Yen Tu, the Buddhism capital of Vietnam, Halong Bay’s unique
floating villages, as well as over 626 national and provincial historic and cultural sites
across the province.
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5) Coal Mining Sector
Coal mining in Quang Ninh Province accounts for over 90% of total coal production
in the country. Quang Ninh has large coal basin, supplying mainly anthracite with
high carbon content. The estimated total resources reserves of 8.8 billion tons in an
area of approximately 1,000 km2 (130 km long and 6-10 km wide) from Dong Trieu
to Cam Pha. Of these, approximately 3.9 billion tons of natural resources reserves of
A, B, C1 and C2 grades, accounting for 44.6% of the total coal resource reserves of
the Northeast Coal Basin. In prospects to 2020, Quang Ninh maintains to be the main
source of coal production of the country. The National Planning of Coal Mining
approved by the Government shows that Quang Ninh should increase coal production
from 45 million tons in 2010 to 55-58 mil. tons in 2015 and 59-64 mil. tons in 2020 to
fulfill the obligation to provide a low-grade coal to electricity production. This means
that the coal sector GDP growth is of 3.5% in period 2010-2015, and 3.1% in the
period 2015-2020.
6) Transportation sector
The amount of goods and passengers transported and quality of transportation increase
year by year. The amount of goods transported increase approximately 13.4%/year.
Road and rail freight transport accounts for 37% while sea freight and river transport
accounts for 63% the amount of goods. The number of passengers doubled from 12.3
million to 27.6 million during the 2006-2010 period and mainly transported by road.
Sea freight industry, the supply of ships, logistic services, etc., have been also
developing strongly.
7) Commercial sector
Total revenue of retail sale and services of Quang Ninh province increase 19.1% per
year with two major commercial centers Halong and Mong Cai.
Commercial value through the province in 2011 was 12 billion USD, of which 3.4
billion USD is the value of imports (28.2% increase), 3.3 billion USD value of exports
(27.1% increase) and 5.4 billion USD in transit transactions (including temporary
imports, rapid re-exports, accounting for 44.7%).
1.6 Prediction of Social Development by Socio-economic Master Plan to 2020 with
Vision toward 2030
Quang Ninh Province is preparing the Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with
Vision toward 2030. The main predictions of social conditions described in the master
plan are as follows:
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1.6.1 Increasing Population
It is estimated that from 2012 to 2020, the population of Quang Ninh Province will
increase at a rate of 1.01% per year, reaching around 1.3 million in 2020. After that,
the population is expected to grow at a slower rate of 0.62% per year, reaching around
1.4 million in 2030, as shown in Figure 1.6-1.
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030
1,367
1,285
1,225
1,186
1.01% p.a.
0.62% p.a.Million
Source: Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030
Source: SEDP, 2013
Figure 1.6-1 Forecast Population Growth by 2030
1.6.2 Growth of GDP
In the Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030, three economic
development scenarios have been proposed, namely: “Scenario 1 – Baseline growth
with business-as-usual (BAU)”, “Scenario 2 – Accelerated growth through “must-do”
initiatives”, and “Scenario 3 – “Development in a declining economic climate”.
Among the scenarios, the Socio-economic development plan selected the “Scenario 2
– Accelerated growth through “must-do” initiatives”. According to the scenario, the
annual GDP growth is estimated at 12.7% yearly from 2012 to 2020, and 6.7% yearly
from 2021 to 2030. GDP per capita is expected to be USD 8,100 per capita in 2020,
and USD 20,000 per capita in 2030 with constant price in 2010.
1.6.3 Change of Industrial Structure
The socio-economic development master plan proposes to change the industrial
structure as shown in Figure 1.6-2. The overall economic structure is expected to
change, with the service sector, driven by tourism, growing to 51% of GDP after 2020.
The coal mining industry is still an important sector, but the share of GDP will fall
from 25% to 11-12%, although the absolute yields still increases as set out in the
direction of the Sector Planning according to the Decisions No. 60/2012/QD-TTg
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dated 9/1/2012 for the Vietnam's Coal Industry Development Planning by 2020, vision
to 2030 of the Prime Minister. These ideas are based on the introduction of Green
Growth Strategy concept to shift industry from “Brown Economy ” to “Green
Economy”.
6%
26%
25%
42%
4%
33%
11%
51%
3%
34%
12%
51%
41.6 122.3 233.9
VND trn
100%=
Services
Industry – Mining
Industry – Non Mining
Agriculture
GDP per capita
USD, nominal
2011 2020 2030
2,264 8,100 20,000
Constant 2010 prices
Source: Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030
Figure 1.6-2 Prediction of GDP Growth and Trend of Economic Structure of Quang Ninh
Province
1.7 Advantages and Challenges of Quang Ninh Province
1.7.1 Advantages of Quang Ninh Province
It is considered that Quang Ninh Province has great and special potentials, outstanding
opportunities, and competitive advantages:
Quang Ninh Province has a special and strategic position on geopolitics and
economy; with its rich natural resources, Halong Bay as UNESCO World
Heritage Site and one of the New Seven Natural Wonders of the World, at the
same time being a critical site and focus for national defense and security. Quang
Ninh is located in the area of intersection of the two corridors and one economic
belt between Vietnam and China, the Tonkin Gulf Cooperation Zone, an
important bridge of economic cooperation between ASEAN and China, the
economic corridor of Nanning-Singapore, and the northern key economic zone.
Quang Ninh Province has world-class tourism assets, such as the Halong Bay
World Heritage Site, and Bai Tu Long Bay National Park. The province also has
outstanding sceneries with 626 historical cultural relics, presenting great
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opportunities for development of tourism and cultural and entertainment
industries.
Quang Ninh Province has abundant mineral resources, especially coal, limestone,
and clay presenting conditions and good opportunities for the development of
new center of mineral mining (coal production accounts for more than 90% of the
country’s production), the construction production center (cement accounts for
14% of the country’s production), and thermal centers (accounting for 15% of the
country’s production).
The people and society of Quang Ninh Province have ancient historic and cultural
traditions. These are convenient platforms to build unity, creating the integrated
strength to overcome all difficulties and challenges.
Quang Ninh Province has abundant marine resources such as a large fishery area
of more than 6,100 km2 and a 60,000 ha of coastal area with valuable seafood
species, making it especially suitable for aquaculture.
Quang Ninh Province has the largest area of forest lands (approximately 388,000
ha according to Quang Ninh’s Statistical Yearbook 2011) in comparison to any
other province in the NKER. This means that the province is highly
recommended to sustain its forest area as recourse not only for protecting the
inland environment but also the coastal environment.
1.7.2 Limitations and Weaknesses
While Quang Ninh has the advantages mentioned above, it is considered that the
province has the following limitations and weaknesses:
Quang Ninh Province aims to shift the economy structure from a "Brown
Economy" to “Green Economy”. However, coal mining currently contributes
about one-third of the GDP and half of the provincial budget, and is a critical
element of the overall national development. Infrastructures for the coal mining
industry need to be upgraded before the province will be ready to shift towards a
services-oriented economy. Hence, it is therefore recommended for Quang Ninh
Province to focus on actualizing "less-environmental impact" coal mining
activities with shifting industrial structure.
Currently, all of the concerned organizations responsible for environmental
management conduct their best efforts to improve the environment in Quang Ninh
Province. However, for achieving advanced environmental management,
technical capacity of relevant administrators and concerned organizations should
be enhanced.
For success on the reduction of pollution impact related to general residents such
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as management of municipal solid waste, and conservation and sustainable use of
regional natural environment, raising awareness on environmental protection
should be carried out. At the same time, awareness-raising activities should be
conducted not only for general residents but also for enterprises and concerned
organizations to control specific pollution such as industrial wastewater impact or
hazardous waste impact.
Coal mining operations have been existing in Quang Ninh Province for hundred
years, the remained environmental impacts due to coal mining operations in many
years require a huge investment resources for rehabilitation and restoration of
the environment.
1.7.3 Challenges of Quang Ninh Provinc
Currently, it is considered that Quang Ninh Province has the following four major
challenges for the improvement of environmental management:
To enhance human resource capacity and institutional mechanisms to actualize
the concept of the Green Growth Strategy,
To actualize expected economic development with shifting economy structure
from “Brown Economy” to “Green Economy”,
To harmonize rapid development of the provincial economy with the protection of
environmental and sustainable use of natural resources, and
To address the issues on predicted impacts of climate change (Quang Ninh
Province has eight communes below sea level which belong to Quang Yen Town).
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CHAPTER 2 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
2.1 Water Environment
2.1.1 Current Status of Water Environment Management in Quang Ninh Province
(1) Current Status of Water Supply System and Water Demand
1) Water Supply Service Level
Currently, the water supply system in Quang Ninh Province is basically responding to the
current level of development. At the present, Quang Ninh has four areas of water supply
which are Mong Cai – Tra Co, Hon Gai – Cam Pha, Uong Bi – Mao Khe and Quang Yen,
and East countries. Water distribution is managed by Quang Ninh Clean Water
One-member Ltd., and approximately 92% of the urban population in Quang Ninh
Province has access to clean water, which is better than the rest of Vietnam. On the other
hand, the quality of water sources has not been paid due attention, only 30% of rural
households have access to clean water satisfying the clean water standards. The
development of rural water supply and sanitation is one of the main issues for the
administrator of waterworks in Quang Ninh Province.
Quang Ninh Province has a plan of per capita water demand and water supply service
levels of each district to 2020 and 2030 as shown in Table 2.1-1.
Table 2.1-1 Plan of Per Capita Water Demand & Water Supply Service Levels
Urban Type Per Capita Water Demand
(L/person/d) Service Level (%)
(Rate of Water Supply) 2020 2030 2020 2030
I 180 200 99 100 II & III 150 180 99 100
IV & Rural Area 100 120 90 95
I: Ha Long II: Mong Cai, Van Don district III: Cam Pha, Uong Bi, Tien Yen IV: Quang Yen, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Ba Che, Tien Yen, Hoanh Bo, Dong Trieu, Co To
Source: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020, orientation to 2030
In this plan, more than 90% people of whole Quang Ninh Province will be able to access
to clean water by 2020.
2) Water Demand of Urban Areas and Industrial Zones
Though the current rate of water supply to the urban areas is more than 90%, the capacity
of water supply is expected to be increased with the future growth of population. In
addition, the industrial water demand is also forecasted to be increased with the future
growth of industrial zones.
The forecast of the urban population of each district in 2020 and 2030 is shown in Table
2.1-2, and the water demand in the urban areas and industrial zones are summarized in
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Table 2.1-3.
Table 2.1-2 Forecast of the Urban Population in 2020 and 2030
No. City / Town / District Urban Population (Including Visitor) 2020 2030
1 Ha Long City East 167,700 190,800 2 Ha Long City West 151,100 171,900 3 Mong Cai City 175,000 203,100 4 Cam Pha City 220,600 264,700 5 Uong Bi City 155,700 220,800 6 Quang Yen Town 22,600 32,000 7 Binh Lieu District 16,000 24,700 8 Tien Yen District 65,800 68,600 9 Dam Ha District 6,000 7,200 10 Hai Ha District 13,000 17,800 11 Ba Che District 6,000 8,000 12 Van Don District 150,000 253,300 13 Hoanh Bo District 13,300 15,900 14 Dong Trieu District 57,500 67,100 15 Co To District 3,000 3,700
Source: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020, orientation to 2030
Table 2.1-3 Forecast of Demand of Residential Water, Industrial Water, Irrigation Water,
Water for Fisheries and Livestock Water in 2015, 2020 and 2030
No. Area / Water Water Demand (million m3/year) 2015 2020 2030
1 West Ha Long, Hoang Bo, Uong Bi, Quang Yen 1.1 West Ha Long City – Hoang Bo
1.1.1 Residential Water 7.32 9.10 11.20 1.1.2 Industrial Water 19.50 466.60 583.00 1.1.3 Irrigation Water 14.12 14.43 15.69 1.1.4 Water for Fisheries 14.60 14.95 14.95 1.1.5 Livestock Water 1.06 1.99 4.39 1.2 Uong Bi City
1.2.1 Residential Water 6.53 8.41 10.82 1.2.2 Industrial Water 940.50 976.80 1107.80 1.2.3 Irrigation Water 11.26 11.74 13.27 1.2.4 Water for Fisheries 11.27 11.60 11.60 1.2.5 Livestock Water 1.06 1.97 4.41 1.3 Quang Yen Town
1.3.1 Residential Water 6.99 8.55 10.16 1.3.2 Industrial Water 10.00 27.20 83.60 1.3.3 Irrigation Water 41.68 41.23 38.40 1.3.4 Water for Fisheries 60.80 57.50 57.50 1.3.5 Livestock Water 2.56 4.88 11.21
2 East Ha Long, Cam Pha, Van Don 2.1 East Ha Long - Cam Pha City
2.1.1 Residential Water 22.17 29.01 37.08 2.1.2 Industrial Water 4363.60 5048.60 5929.10 2.1.3 Irrigation Water 4.46 3.88 3.36 2.1.4 Water for Fisheries 6.82 7.31 7.31 2.1.5 Livestock Water 0.99 1.40 2.86 2.2 Van Don District
2.2.1 Residential Water 1.52 1.77 1.93 2.2.2 Industrial Water 4.80 13.30 40.90 2.2.3 Irrigation Water 3.49 3.60 3.78 2.2.4 Water for Fisheries 15.27 16.16 16.16 2.2.5 Livestock Water 0.34 0.45 1.09
3 Dong Trieu District 3.1 Residential Water 7.65 9.02 9.85 3.2 Industrial Water 26.20 47.40 127.30 3.3 Irrigation Water 50.05 49.51 46.65 3.4 Water for Fisheries 13.00 14.00 14.00 3.5 Livestock Water 3.60 7.07 17.31
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No. Area / Water Water Demand (million m3/year) 2015 2020 2030
4 Ba Che, Tien Yen, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha 4.1 Ba Che District
4.1.1 Residential Water 0.94 1.04 1.20 4.1.2 Industrial Water 1.00 2.90 9.00 4.1.3 Irrigation Water 4.29 4.57 4.79 4.1.4 Water for Fisheries 0.62 0.85 0.85 4.1.5 Livestock Water 0.50 0.84 1.97 4.2 Tien Yen District
4.2.1 Residential Water 1.26 1.40 1.54 4.2.2 Industrial Water 1.60 4.60 14.10 4.2.3 Irrigation Water 7.83 8.06 8.31 4.2.4 Water for Fisheries 11.88 10.38 10.38 4.2.5 Livestock Water 0.80 1.38 2.96 4.3 Binh Lieu District
4.3.1 Residential Water 2.08 2.28 2.82 4.3.2 Industrial Water 2.40 6.20 19.00 4.3.3 Irrigation Water 9.64 10.12 10.39 4.3.4 Water for Fisheries 0.16 0.21 0.21 4.3.5 Livestock Water 1.02 1.75 4.41 4.4 Dam Ha District
4.4.1 Residential Water 1.66 1.90 2.10 4.4.2 Industrial Water 3.10 8.40 25.60 4.4.3 Irrigation Water 17.43 17.21 16.28 4.4.4 Water for Fisheries 21.30 28.65 28.65 4.4.5 Livestock Water 1.33 2.30 4.85 4.5 Hai Ha District
4.5.1 Residential Water 2.55 2.97 3.23 4.5.2 Industrial Water 5.80 16.80 51.50 4.5.3 Irrigation Water 14.08 12.85 10.49 4.5.4 Water for Fisheries 18.92 21.37 21.37 4.5.5 Livestock Water 1.56 2.83 7.11
5 Mong Cai City 5.1 Residential Water 4.96 6.42 7.95 5.2 Industrial Water 6.70 17.40 53.50 5.2 Irrigation Water 12.00 12.40 13.05 5.3 Water for Fisheries 22.05 22.99 22.99 5.4 Livestock Water 1.33 2.42 5.55
Total Water Demand 5854.00 7142.92 8602.83
Source: DONRE
3) Development Planning of Water Supply System
On the basis of the Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020,
orientation to 2030, Quang Ninh Province has a plan to implement the priority water
supply projects by 2015, which are to expand the capacity of water supply in order to
meet the increase of water demand. The priority water supply projects are shown in Table
2.1-4.
Table 2.1-4 Priority Water Supply Projects to 2015
Area Component
East Ha Long and Cam Pha
1) Improvement of the capacity of Dien Vong Water Treatment Plant (60,000m3/day 90,000m3/day)
2) Development of the transmission network for water distribution 3) Upgrade of Loong Toong pumping Station (200m3/h 400m3/h) 4) Upgrade of Ha Lam pumping Station to 300m3/h
West Ha Long, Hoanh Bo, Uong Bi
1) Improvement of the capacity of Dong Ho Water Treatment Plant to 40,000m3/day
2) Improvement of the capacity of Hoanh Bo Water Treatment Plant to 20,000m3/day
3) Development of the transmission network for water distribution
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, vision to 2030
2-4
Area Component
Dong Trieu – Mao Khe area
1) Improvement of the capacity of Dong Trieu Groundwater Treatment Plant (2,000m3/day 4,000m3/day)
2) Construction of Trung Luong River surface water plant (5,000m3/day) 3) Development of the transmission network for water distribution
Mong Cai 1) Construction of Quat Dong Water Treatment Plant (20,000m3/day) 2) Development of the transmission network for water distribution
Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone 1) Construction of Trang Vinh Water Treatment Plant (30,000m3/day)
Source: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020, orientation to 2030
In addition, Quang Ninh Province has a vision to 2030 which is to meet the water demand
for urban areas and industrial zones in 2030 as shown in Table 2.1-5.
Table 2.1-5 Vision of Water Supply for Urban and Industrial Zones to 2030
Area Component
West Ha Long - Uong Bi 1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant
more 54,100m3/day Yen Hung – Dong Mai Industrial Parks
1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant more 78,300m3/day
Dong Trieu – Mao Khe area 1) Construction of a new water treatment plant with the capacity of
14,000m3/day
East Ha Long – Cam Pha – Cua Ong – Mong Duong
1) Improvement of the reservoir capacity of lake more 27,100m3/day. 2) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant
more 27,100m3/day
Ba Che, Tien Yen, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, Dam Ha, Co To
1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant more 7,000m3/day
2) Construction of a new water treatment plant for desalination with RO membranes in Co To island
Mong Cai – Tra Co 1) Improvement of the capacity of Quat Dong Water Treatment Plant
(2,000m3/day 4,000m3/day)
Source: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020, orientation to 2030
(2) Current Status of Wastewater in Urban Area
In urban area a large amount of water is consumed and discharged to public water bodies.
Therefore, it is required to treat the domestic wastewater appropriately before discharging
to public water bodies for conservation of water environment.
The current urban wastewater generation and the development status of urban wastewater
treatment system in Quang Ninh Province are summarized below.
1) Wastewater Generation in Quang Ninh Province as of 2012
Quang Ninh Province is divided into 14 administrative units which are including four
cities, one town and nine districts. The domestic water demand and wastewater
generation of city area are generally higher than the water demand of rural area, in Quang
Ninh Province the domestic water demand and wastewater generation of cities and towns
are also higher than other districts.
The planned value of wastewater generation in 2012 is calculated as shown in Table 2.1-6.
The population of each district is excerpted from “Socio-Economic Development Master
Plan For Quang Ninh Province To 2020 With Vision Towards 2030” (hereinafter called
SEDP), and the water demand of each district, the wastewater generation ratio, the
commercial & institutional wastewater ratio and the ground water infiltration ratio are
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, vision to 2030
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excerpted from “Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to
2020, vision to 2030”.
Table 2.1-6 Planned Value of Wastewater Generation in 2012
No. City / Town /
District
Population (2012)
Per Capita Water
Demand (2012)
(L/person/d)
Wastewater Generation
Ratio (%)
Commercial &
Institutional Wastewater
Ratio (%)
Ground Water
Infiltration Ratio (%)
Planned Wastewater Generation
in 2012 (m3/day)
Total Urban
Including Visitor
1 Ha Long City 229,827 302,800 110
80 20 10
36,640 2 Mong Cai City 93,880 106,500 110 12,890 3 Cam Pha City 183,491 227,500 100 25,030 4 Uong Bi City 114,302 143,600 100 15,800 5 Quang Yen Town 136,237 49,200 80 4,330 6 Binh Lieu District 29,788 13,600 80 1,200 7 Tien Yen District 47,124 61,700 80 5,430 8 Dam Ha District 37,149 5,700 80 510 9 Hai Ha District 57,920 9,500 80 840 10 Ba Che District 20,216 5,100 80 450 11 Van Don District 42,863 11,400 80 1,010 12 Hoanh Bo District 49,385 14,000 80 1,240 13 Dong Trieu District 171,216 62,700 80 5,520 14 Co To District 5,484 2,800 80 250
TOTAL 111,140
Source: 1) Population of each city, town and district: SEDP, 2) Urban population including visitor, Per capita Water
Demand, Wastewater generation ratio, Commercial & institutional wastewater ratio, Groundwater infiltration ratio:
Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, vision to 2030, 3) Planned wastewater
generation in 2012: calculated by the study team
2) Development Status of Wastewater Treatment in Urban Area
There are only five wastewater treatment plants in Quang Ninh province and they are
located in Ha Long City. These existing wastewater treatment plants are summarized in
Table 2.1-7.
Table 2.1-7 Existing Status of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province
Location / City Treatment Capacity
(m3/day)
Bai Chay / Ha Long City 3,500 Ha Khanh / Ha Long City 7,200 Vung Dang Urban Area / Ha Long City 2,000 Coc 5 – Coc 8 Urban Area / Ha Long City 2,400 (2x1,200)
Total 15,100
Source: SEDP
These plants are treating 15,100m3/day of urban wastewater. Based on the wastewater
generation for Ha Long City shown in Table 4.1-1, it is estimated that only around 41% of
the urban wastewater of Ha Long CIty is treated before discharging, and 21,540m3/day of
untreated urban wastewater is discharged directly into public water bodies. In addition,
every city, town and district other than Ha Long City has no centralized wastewater
treatment plant. The urban wastewater is discharged to public water bodies after the
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primary treatment by septic tanks.
The locations of existing wastewater collecting basins and existing wastewater treatment
plans are shown from Figure 2.1-1 to Figure 2.1-3.
(3) Current Status of Wastewater in Rural Area
In rural areas of Quang Ninh Province, the domestic wastewater is to be discharged to
public water body thorough sanitary latrines. As of May 2013, approximately 74% of
rural household in Quang Ninh Province have sanitary latrines. The night soil from the
rural households is treated simply in the sanitary latrines.
However, the gray water from the rural households is not treated before discharge. In
regard to the treatment of gray water, some communities in rural area have simple
wastewater collecting systems which are consisted with sewer pipes and oxidation ponds
as wastewater treatment plants, and the wastewater including the gray water is treated in
the community wastewater treatment plant. At this time there are 125 communes in rural
areas of Quang Ninh Province, and 36 communes have wastewater collecting systems and
small-sized centralized WWTPs as of 2012.
At present, in rural areas the water pollution from the domestic wastewater is not so
serious problem in comparison with urban area because rural areas are less populated than
urban areas.
The largest source of water pollution in rural area is livestock wastewater which is
including highly-concentrated organic matters and nitrogen compounds. As of May 2013,
around 62.4% of rural household in Quang Ninh Province have sanitary cattle sheds, but
the remaining 37.6% have only normal cattle sheds. Therefore, it is necessary to install
sanitary cattle sheds for whole households of livestock activity in order to solve the most
serious problem of rural areas in Quang Ninh Province.
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
2-7
Source: Study Team
Figure 2.1-1 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province
Ha Khanh WWTP
Bai Chay WWTP
Vung Dang WWTP
Coc 5 – Coc 8 WWTP
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Source: Study Team
Figure 2.1-2 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the West of Ha Long City
Existing
Catchment Area
Bai Chay WWTP
(3,500m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Source: Study Team
Figure 2.1-3 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the East of Ha Long City
Existing
Catchment Area
Vung Dang WWTP
(2,000m3/day)
Ha Khanh WWTP
(7,200m3/day)
Coc 5 – Coc 8 WWTP
(2,400m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
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(4) Current Status of Coal Mining Wastewater
Coal mining has driven Quang Ninh Province’s development with significant economic
benefits. Quang Ninh Province produces about 90% of national coal production, and is
the largest coal production area in Vietnam.
Though coal mining is clearly a very important source of GDP and provincial government
revenue, there are increasing concerns over the environmental and people’s health
impacts of mining activities. In regard to water environment, the largest source of
pollution to surface and coastal water is industrial waste, especially wastewater from coal
mining and processing operations. Untreated water from mines flows directly into the
rivers, Ha Long Bay and the other public water bodies. As of May 2013, only 74 % of
mining wastewater was treated before discharge.
As June 2013, Vinacomin has 35 wastewater treatment stations in operations, and
currently under preparing project proposals and construction of other 16 wastewater
treatment stations towards the end of 2013, 2014 and in 2015 The wastewater sources
from underground mining and open mining are treated following the national standard
QCVN40/2011 for industrial wastewater.
Beside treatment of coal mining wastewater, Vinacomin has invested and put in operation
of four (04) Automatic Vehicle Washing Stations
However, VINACOMIN and the other coal companies don’t have enough capacity of
wastewater treatment plants. By 2013, the total volume of mining wastewater from the
whole coal mining zone in Quang Ninh Province is expectedly around 81 million m3/year
(230,000m3/day) excluding run-off water, but they treat only 74% of whole wastewater
by 2012. Therefore, around 20million m3/year of coal mining wastewater (26% of whole
wastewater) is untreated or treated preliminarily before discharging to public water bodies.
Besides, the surface run-off water of the coal mining sites has not been collected and
treated. The feature of untreated coal mining wastewater is strongly acidity (pH=3.3-3.8)
and including heavy metals and suspended solids.
As described above, a large amount of highly-polluted wastewater is discharged from the
coal mining zone to public water bodies, thus the coal mining wastewater causes one of
the major sources of water pollution in Quang Ninh Province.
The locations of existing coal mining wastewater treatment plants are shown in Figure
2.1-4.
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
2-1
1
Source: VINACOMIN
Figure 2.1-4 Locations of Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh Province
: Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plant
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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(5) Current Status of Wastewater from Industrial Zones
Quang Ninh Province has 11 industrial zones proposed in the Master plan for industrial
zone development up to 2015 with vision to 2020. Four of the 11 industrial zones are in
operation, three are under construction, and remaining four have not been developed yet.
The locations of existing industrial zones are shown in Figure 2.1-5.
Source: SEDP
Figure 2.1-5 Locations of Proposed Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh Province
In addition, Quang Ninh has six industrial clusters which are in operation.
In regard to water environment, the industrial wastewater is the one of the major
source of pollution to surface and coastal water. Some industrial zones have
centralized wastewater treatment plants. However, most of industrial clusters don’t
have centralized wastewater treatment plants. The current status of wastewater from
the industrial zones and the industrial clusters in Quang Ninh Province is summarized
in Table 2.1-8.
Table 2.1-8 Summary of Wastewater From Industrial Zones and Industrial Clusters
No. Plant
Wastewater Generation (m3/day)
Capacity of Wastewater Treatment Plant (m3/day)
Current Status Estimation for
2015 Estimation for
2020 Current Future Plan
A. Industrial Zone
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1 Cai Lan IZ 800 2,000 4,000 2,000 4,000 2 Viet Hung IZ 50 2,000 4,000 0 4,000 3 Hai Yen IZ 300 2,000 6,000 1,000 6,000 4 Dong Mai IZ 3,360
Sub-Total 1,150 6,000 14,000 6,360 14,000
B. Industrial Cluster 1 Ha Khanh IC 1,000 2 Hai Hoa IC 120 3 Ninh Duong IC 100 4 Kim Sen IC 2,150
5 Ha An
shipbuilding and repairing IC
400
6 Yen Giang
seafood processing IC
200
Sub-Total 3,970 25,178 26,077
TOTAL 5,120 31,178 40,077 6,360 14,000
Source: DONRE
Currently, total volume of daily wastewater generated from the existing industrial zones is
1,150m3/day and Cai Lan IZ and Hai Yen IZ have wastewater treatment plants, thus 95%
of wastewater generated from the existing industrial zones is treated before discharge. In
addition, a centralized wastewater treatment plant will be completed in Viet Hung IZ
within 2013. Therefore, 100% of wastewater from the existing industrial zones is treated
before discharging to the public water bodies. However, every industrial cluster doesn’t
have a centralized wastewater treatment plant, a part of wastewater from the existing
industrial cluster is not treated before discharging to the public water bodies.
(6) Current Status of Wastewater from the Thermal Power Plants
The power industry is the 4th largest economic activity of Quang Ninh Province,
accounting for 8% of total GDP in 2011. Quang Ninh Province currently has four thermal
power plants in operation, which are the main sources of electricity supply in the region.
Uong Bi thermal plant being in operation since 1976 is the most stable source of power
supply.
In regard to the negative effect to water environment, the discharged wastewater from
thermal plants is the major issue to be considered. The current status of wastewater from
thermal power plants in Quang Ninh Province is summarized in Table 2.1-9.
Table 2.1-9 Summary of Wastewater From Thermal Power Plants in Quang Ninh
Province
No. Plant
Wastewater from Cooling (m3/day)
Other Industrial Wastewater (m3/day)
Capacity of the Existing
WWTP (m3/day)
Average Max Average Max
1 Mao Khe 0 0 1,452 1,704 3,360 2 Uong Bi 1,351,353 1,801,804 286,380 381,840 381,840 3 Quang Ninh 4,147,200 4,147,200 4,483 31,099 2,520 4 Cam Pha 1,666,850 2,246,400 0 0 1,920
Total 7,165,403 8,195,404 292,315 414,643 389,640
Source: DONRE
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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There are two kinds of the pollution sources. One is the wastewater from the cooling
facilities which is discharged at relatively high temperature (i.e. higher than 40oC).
When discharged without cooling, the wastewater negatively affects the surrounding
natural ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the water is cooled before
discharge in order to reduce the impact on the ecosystem.
Another pollution source is the wastewater from the other facilities of thermal power
plants. Each existing four thermal power plant has a wastewater treatment plant, and
wastewater from the plant is treated before discharge to the public water bodies.
Though Mao Khe, Uong Bi and Cam Pha thermal power plant have enough capacity of
wastewater treatment, Quang Ninh thermal power plant does not have enough capacity.
Therefore, it is necessary to expand the wastewater treatment plant in Quang Ninh
thermal power plant.
In addition, more three thermal power plants are planned to be constructed by 2020.
The wastewater from these three planned plants should be cooled down and treated
appropriately as well as the existing thermal power plants.
(7) Current Status of Wastewater from the Tourist Boats
Tourism of Ha Long Bay, the UNESCO World Heritage Site is a key growth sector in
Quang Ninh’s economy today. Total tourist arrivals of Ha Long Bay have increased from
1.78 million in 2007 to 2.57 million in 2012. The number of international arrivals to
Quang Ninh province also increased from 1.46 million to 2.49 million between 2007 and
2012, and domestic arrivals increased from 2.13 million to 4.51 million during the same
period.
The wastewater from the tourist boats is one of the pollution sources of Ha Long Bay.
The pollution load unit from these tourist boats is corresponding to 30% of the pollution
load from the local population. Therefore, if the wastewater will continue to be
discharged from these tourist boats to the Bay, the water environment of Ha Long Bay
will be polluted increasingly.
(8) Current Status of Water Quality
In Quang Ninh Province, water quality monitoring for chemical oxygen demand (COD),
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), cadmium (Cd), lead
(Pb), coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and oil is conducted at 71 monitoring points by
the Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center (EMAC). The EMAC carries out its
monitoring four times per year in all of the monitoring sites. However, it was
implemented only two times in 2009. Table 2.1-10 shows the monitoring sites network
for water environment quality. Each monitoring site monitors different objects in its area.
The locations of monitoring points are shown in Figure 2.1-6.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Table 2.1-10 Monitoring Sites Network of Water Environment
No. Monitoring Point Code
Monitoring Objects
Surface water
Coastal water
Groundwater
Domestic wastewater
Industrial wastewater
1 Domestic well water of Hong Phong Commune – Đông Triều
W1
1 2 Cam River W2 1
3 Wastewater in Kim Son Industrial Cluster W3
1 4 Domestic wastewater of residential area in
Mao Khe Town W4
1 5 Noi Hoang Lake W5 1
6 Yen Trung :ake W6 1 7 Sinh River W7 1 8 Domestic wastewater of residential area of
Quang Trung Ward W8
1 9 Domestic well water of Quang Trung Ward W9
1 10 Uong River W10 1
11 Wastewater of Uong Bi Power Plant W11
1 12 Vang Danh Spring - Lan Thap Dam W12
1 13 12 Khe Stream/Spring W13 1 14 Wastewater of Vang Danh Coal Mine - the
part passing through railway bridge W14
1 15 Chanh River - Bridge W15
1 16 Domestic well water in Phong Coc
Commune W16
1 17 Đồng Ho Dam W17 1
18 Troi River - Estuary W18 1 19 Yen Lap Lake W19 1 20 Tuan Chau Beach W20 1
21 Bai Chay Tourist Wharf W21 1 22 Bai Chay Beach W22 1 23 Cai Dam Wastewater Treatment Plant W23
1
24 Leachate treatment station of Ha Khau Landfill
W24
1
25 Domestic well water near Ha Khau Landfill
W25
1
26 Wastewater from Cai Lan Industrial Zone W26
1 27 Cua Luc Bay - Bai Chay Bridge W27 1
28 Coastal seawater at Halong 1 Market Wharf
W28 1
29 Leachate treatment stations of Deo Sen Landfill
W29
1
30 Dien Vong River – Cau Bang W30 1 31 Domestic wastewater of residential area –
Cot 3 – Department of Justice W31
1 32 Coastal seawater at the area of Cot 5 - Cot 8 W32
1 33 Nam Cầu Trắng Port W33 1 34 Wastewater of Ha Lam Coal Mine W34
1
35 Lo Phong Spring W35 1 36 Flow between Ha Long Bay - Hon 1 W36
1 37 Titop Beach W37 1 38 Cua Van Fishing Village W38 1 39 Leachate treatment station of Quang Hanh
Landfill W39
1 40 Cao Van Dam W40 1
41 6 km port cluster W41 1 42 Ben Do W42 1 43 Domestic wastewater of residential area of
Cam Thanh Ward W43
1 44 Moong Coc 6 Spring W44
1 45 Cua Ong Port W45
1 46 Mong Duong River - Flow W46
1
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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No. Monitoring Point Code
Monitoring Objects
Surface water
Coastal water
Groundwater
Domestic wastewater
Industrial wastewater
47 Van Don Bridge W47 1 48 Cai Rong Port W48
1 49 Bai Dai Beach Area W49
1 50 Co To – Port Bridge W50
1 51 Ba Che River – Ba Che Bridge 1 W51
1 52 Ba Che River – Ba Che Bridge 2 W52
1 53 Tien Yen River – confluence of Pho Cu
River W53
1 54 Hoanh Mo Stream W54
1 55 Stream passing through Binh Lieu Town W55
1 56 Dam Ha River - Bridge W56
1 57 Yen Han Dam - Quang Tan Commune W57
1 58 Ha Coi River - Ha Coi Bridge W58
1 59. Trang Vinh Lake W60
1 60. Dan Tien Port W61
1 61. Quat Dong Lake W62 1
62. Wastewater of Hai Yen Industrial Zone W63
1
63. Ka Long River - Port of Ninh Duong Ward
W64 1
64. Ka Long River - Ka Long Bridge W65 1
65. Bac Luan River - Bridge W66 1
66. T-junction Ka Long River – Bac Luan W67 1
67. Domestic wastewater of residential area of Tran Phu Ward
W68
1
68. Coastal seawater at the area of bird nest mountain
W69 1
69. Tra Co W70 1
70. Domestic well water of Tra Co Ward W71
1
Total 29 21 5 6 10
Source: Decision No.3108/QD-UBND dated 25 September 2008 of Quang Ninh PPC
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
2-1
7
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-6 Locations of Water Monitoring Points
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, vision to 2030
2-18
2.1.2 Comparison with Standards (QCVN)
Table 2.1-11 shows the related water quality standard values in Vietnam, designated by
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 09:2008/TT-BTNMT, QCVN
14:2008/TT-BTNMT, and QCVN 40:2011/TT-BTNMT.
Table 2.1-11 Water Quality Standard Values in Vietnam
Unit: mg/L
No. Parameter Surface water QCVN 08, 2008/BTNMT
Coastal water QCVN 10, 2008/BTNMT
Groundwater QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT
Domestic wastewater QCVN 14, 2008/TT-BTNMT
Industrial wastewater QCVN 40, 2011/TT-BTNMT.
Class A2*1 B1*2 beaches,
water sports - B*3 B
1 COD 15 30 4 4 *4 - 150 2 BOD5 6 15 - - 50 50 3 TSS 30 50 50 - - 100 4 Cd 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.1 5 Pb 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 - 0.5
6 Coliform
(MPN/100mL)
5000 7500 1000 3 5000 5000
7 E. coli 50 100 - 0 - - 8 Oil 0.02 0.1 0.1 - 20 10
Note *1: A2: for domestic water supply purpose, but suitable treatment technology must be applied; conservation of
aquatic lives, or other purposes of B1 and B2
*2: B1: for irrigation purpose or other purposes with demand for similar quality water or other purposes of B2
*3: B: for industrial wastewater discharged into receiving facilities not used for domestic water supply
purposes
*4: COD (KMnO4)
(1) Surface Water
Table 2.1-12 summarizes the achievement rate of surface water quality standards from
2009 to 2012. The achievement rates of BOD5 and COD on QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT are
low at 31% and 57%, respectively. The results suggest that organic pollutants, which are
discharged from various sources including domestic source, will be important targets to
be controlled. The achievement rates of TSS and oil are not so high at 67% and 58%,
respectively. These results show that the relevant pollution sources of TSS and oil should
also be considered.
Table 2.1-12 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Standards from 2009 to 2012
COD BOD5 TSS Cd Pb Coliform Oil Achievement rate
(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring)
57% (227/400)
31% (125/400)
67% (268/400)
88% (84/96)
86% (96/111)
98% (357/363)
58% (217/371)
Source: Project Study Team
Table 2.1-13 shows the achievement rates for cadmium in each year from 2009 to 2012.
At the many sampling points excluding W40 and W66, analytical results of cadmium
sometimes exceeded the surface water quality standards. However, the invariable
pollution of cadmium has not been confirmed.
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Table 2.1-13 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Cadmium in
Each Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012
Unit: %
Cadmium (Cd) Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
W05 50 100 100 75 W10 100 100 100 75 W12 50 100 100 75 W40 100 100 100 100 W46 50 100 100 75 W64 100 100 100 75 W65 100 100 100 75 W66 100 100 100 100 W67 100 100 100 75
Source: Project Study Team
Table 2.1-14 shows the achievement rates for lead in each year from 2009 to 2012. In
2012, all the analytical results did not achieve the surface water quality standards at
Vang-Dam Spring – Lan Thap Dam (W12), Ka Long River (W65 and W67), and Bac
Luan River (W66). At these points, lead contamination should be monitored carefully.
Table 2.1-14 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Lead in Each
Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012
Unit: %
Lead (Pb) Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
W05 100 100 100 100 W10 100 100 100 100 W12 50 0 0 0 W40 100 100 100 100 W46 100 100 100 100 W64 100 25 100 100 W65 50 25 50 0 W66 100 50 50 0 W67 50 50 50 0
Source: Project Study Team
Table 2.1-15 shows the achievement rates for oil in each year from 2009 to 2012. Among
all the sampling stations, the achievement rate of surface water quality standards on oil
has been low during the recent four years at some stations, such as Troi River estuary
(W18), Yen Lap lake (W19), Lo Phong Spring (W35), Moong Coc 6 Spring (W44), Ba
Che River (W52), Ka Long River (W64, W65, and W67), and Bac Luan River (W66).
Table 2.1-15 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Oil in Each
Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012
Unit: %
Oil Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
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Oil Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
W02 0 75 75 33 W05 100 100 100 100 W06 100 100 100 67 W07 50 50 25 100 W10 50 75 25 100 W12 50 100 100 67 W13 100 100 100 100 W15 50 100 100 100 W17 100 100 100 67 W18 0 25 25 0 W19 50 25 0 33 W35 0 50 0 0 W40 100 100 100 100 W44 0 50 25 0 W46 50 75 25 0 W51 50 75 75 33 W52 50 50 25 0 W53 50 100 100 33 W54 50 100 100 0 W55 100 100 100 100 W56 50 25 50 67 W57 50 100 100 100 W58 50 75 100 33 W60 100 100 100 100 W62 50 100 100 67 W64 50 50 0 0 W65 0 0 0 0 W66 50 0 0 0 W67 0 0 0 33
Source: Project Study Team
Table 2.1-16 shows the achievement rates for TSS in each year from 2009 to 2012. At
Cam River (W02) and Lo Phong Spring (W35), the achievement rate has been quite low
during the past four years.
Table 2.1-16 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on TSS in Each Surface Water
Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012
Unit: %
TSS Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
W02 0 0 0 25 W05 100 100 75 100 W06 100 75 75 100 W07 50 25 25 100 W10 50 50 75 50 W12 50 100 75 100 W13 100 100 75 100 W15 50 50 25 75 W17 100 100 75 100 W18 100 75 75 75 W19 100 50 75 100 W35 50 0 0 25 W40 100 100 75 100 W44 0 0 0 0 W46 50 25 75 25 W51 100 100 75 25 W52 100 100 75 100 W53 50 50 75 25 W54 100 75 75 100 W55 100 100 75 100 W56 100 50 0 25
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TSS Year
Station 2009 2010 2011 2012
W57 100 75 75 50 W58 100 75 75 50 W60 100 100 75 100 W62 100 100 75 75 W64 0 75 75 75 W65 50 100 75 75 W66 100 100 75 25 W67 100 100 75 25
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-7 shows the average water quality index (WQI) from 2009 to 2012. This result
was calculated based on Decision No. 132/2008/QD-TTg (On the promulgation of
guidebook for calculation of water quality index). The WQI is a dimensionless number
that combines multiple water quality factors into a single number by normalizing values
to subjective rating curves. Conventionally, it has been used for evaluating the quality of
water of water resources such as rivers, streams, and lakes. Higher number indicates good
water conditions while lower number indicates poor water conditions. The result shows
that a WQI of less than 50 has been observed at four sampling points, and a WQI of less
than 25 resulted at W5, W35, and W44.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
W2
W5
W6
W7
W10
W12
W13
W15
W17
W18
W19
W35
W40
W44
W46
W51
W52
W53
W54
W55
W56
W57
W58
W60
W62
W64
W65
W66
W67
WQ
I
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-7 Average Water Quality Index from 2009 to 2012
Figure 2.1.8 shows the historical trend of WQI in W5, W35 and W44. Almost all
results show a WQI below 20, suggesting poor water conditions. The WQI was
constantly at a low range. However, one result at W35, which was monitored during
the fourth quarter of 2012, showed a higher WQI of more than 90. This was because
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during this time, the results of BOD5, COD and TSS were better than during the other
monitoring time.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
WQ
I
W5
W35
W44
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-8 Historical Trend of WQI in W5, W35, W44
Figure 2.1-9 shows four years of achievement rates for BOD5 in surface water from the
monitoring results. Almost all sampling points are contaminated by organic matter. The
W05, W13 and W40 have moderate levels of WQI. The other sampling stations have an
achievement rate of less than 75%. In the coastal area of Mong Cai City, many polluted
sampling stations have been confirmed. It is unclear whether the contamination originated
from industrial wastewater or domestic wastewater.
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Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-9 Four Years Achievement Rate for BOD5 in Surface Water
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(2) Coastal Water
Table 2.1-17 summarizes the achievement rates for coastal water from 2009 to 2012
based on the monitoring results. The achievement rate of QCVN 10, 2008/BTNMT
from 2009 to 2012 is a measure of the number of samples taken during the year which
passed the water quality standard.
Table 2.1-17 Achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012
TSS Coliform Oil Achievement rate
(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring) 97%
(280/288) 96%
(258/270) 67%
(166/248)
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-10 shows that Bai Chay Tourist Wharf, Halong Market Wharf, Nam Cau Trang
Port, and Cai Rong Port are contaminated by oil. The W21, W28, W32, W33 and W48
stations have non-achievement rates of more than 70%. The W21 and W28 could have
been contaminated by landfill wastewater, which may come from the near W24
particularly from Ha Khau Landfill in the western part of Halong City. On the other hand,
W36, W37 and W38 are not contaminated by oil, which is possibly diffused by ocean
currents.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
W20 W21 W22 W27 W28 W30 W32 W33 W36 W37 W38 W41 W42 W45 W47 W48 W49 W50 W61 W69 W70
QC
VN
N
on
Ach
ievem
en
t R
ate
TSS
Coliform
Oil
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-10 Non-achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards 2009 - 2012
(3) Groundwater
Table 2.1-18 summarizes the achievement rates for groundwater from 2009 to 2012. The
achievement rates of QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 are measures of the
number of samples taken during the year which passed the level of water quality standard.
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Table 2.1-18 Achievement Rate of Groundwater Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012
Coliform Achievement rate
(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring) 40%
(22/55)
Source: Project Study Team
(4) Domestic Wastewater
Table 2.1-19 summarizes the achievement rate for domestic wastewater from 2009 to
2012. The achievement rate of QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 is a
measure of the number of samples taken during the year which passed the level of
wastewater quality standard.
Table 2.1-19 Achievement Rate of Domestic Wastewater Standards 2009 - 2012
BOD5 Achievement rate
(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring)
30% (25/84)
Source: Project Study Team
(5) Industrial Wastewater
Table 2.1-20 summarizes the achievement rates for industrial wastewater from 2009 to
2012 based on the monitoring results. The achievement rates of QCVN 40,
2011/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 are measures of the number of samples taken
during the year which passed the level of wastewater quality standard.
Table 2.1-20 Achievement Rate of Industrial Wastewater Standards from 2009 to 2012
COD BOD5 TSS Cd Pb Oil Achievement rate
(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring)
82% (98/120)
66% (79/120)
91% (109/120)
98% (115/117)
100% (118/118)
86% (19/22)
Source: Project Study Team
(6) Sediment in Halong Bay
In 2011, the sediment quality in Halong Bay was monitored under the JICA technical
cooperation project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay. In the survey, heavy
metal concentration in the sediment was analyzed. According to the monitoring results,
heavy metal pollution exceeding the international guideline values such as Japanese
Sedimentation Quality Guideline Value, was not observed.
2.1.3 Estimated Pollution Load from Domestic and Industrial Wastewater in Quang Ninh
Province
The pollution loads from domestic wastewater were estimated indirectly from the
population data. To estimate the pollution loads from industrial wastewater, the Quang
Ninh Pollution Source Database (QN PSD) created by the JICA Expert Team from 2010
to 2013 under the JICA-funded Project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay was
used. The QN PSD covers pollution sources in the whole Quang Ninh Province. The PSD
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can generate pollution source inventory (PSI) which can be used for the calculation of
pollution load including wastewater volume (WWV), pollutant concentration, and
employee number. The Study Team calculated BOD5 and TSS load from domestic
wastewater and economic activities wastewater. Figures 2.1-11 and 2.1-12 respectively
show the results of total BOD5 and TSS load estimation in each area from domestic and
economic activities wastewater in Quang Ninh Province. Both estimation results show
that tourism areas and residential areas, such as Halong City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City,
Quang Yen Town, Mong Cai City, and Dong Trieu District, are more polluted.
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Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-11 Estimated BOD Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh Province in 2011
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8
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.1-12 Estimated TSS Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh Province in 2011
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2.2 Air Quality Management
2.2.1 Air Quality Monitoring Activities
In Quang Ninh Province, air quality monitoring for SO2, CO, NOx O3 and TSP by EMAC
is conducted at 51 monitoring points since 2009. Table 2.2-1 shows the monitoring
network for air environment with information on the object of monitoring/characteristics
of the area. The locations of the monitoring points are shown in Figure 2.2-1.
Table 2.2-1 Monitoring Network for Air Environment
Area Sample Location of Monitoring Object of Monitoring
I II III IV V VI VII
1 Dong Trieu District
A1 Dong Trieu Township Road Crossing 1
2 A2 Binh Khe Commune 1* 3 A3 Kim Son Industrial Park (IP) 1 4 A4 Mao Khe Road Crossing 1 5 A5 Mao Khe Coal Co. – Coal Screening Plant 1 6 Uong Bi City A6 Construction Materials Area – Phuong Nam
Commune 1 7 A7 National Road 18A, Inner Urban, Section 6,
Quang Trung Ward 1 8 A8 National Road 18A, Section at Road Crossing
to Road No. 10 1 9 A9 Khe Ngat 1
10 A10 Chap Khe IP Not monitored 11 Yen Hung
District A11
Bieu Nghi 1
12 A12 Quang Yen Town 1 13 Hoanh Bo
District A13
Troi Town 1
14 A14 Thong Nhat Commune IP 1 15 Halong City A15 Viet Hung IP 1 16 A16 Ha Khau Landfill 1 17 A17 Tuan Chau Tourism Resort 1 18 A18 Fish Pond Road Crossing 1 19 A19 Cai Lan IP 1 20 A20 Bai Chay Toursim Area 1 21 A21 Halong Bay – Hon Mot 1* 22 A22 Loong Toong Road Crossing 1 23 A23 K67 Tuberculosis Hospital 1 24 A24 Deo Sen Landfill 1 25 A25 Coal Port – Ha Khanh Ward 1 26 A26 Ha Lam Market 1 27 A27 White Bridge – Km 8 1 28 A28 Mining Sites of Ha Tu – Nui Beo 1 29 Cam Pha
City A29
Quang Hanh Landfill 1
30 A30 Km 6 – Quang Hanh Road Crossing 1 31 A31 Do Wharf 1 32 A32 Cam Dong Road Crossing 1 33 A33 Km 6 – Road towards 10 – 10 1 34 A34 Cua Ong Coal Selection Co. 1 35 A35 Mong Duong Road Crossing 1 36 Van Don
District A36
Cai Rong Port 1
37 A37 Bai Dai Tourism Site 1 38 Co To Dist. A38 Co To District 1 39 Ba Che Dist. A39 Ba Che Town 1 40 Tien Yen
Dist. A40
Tien Yen Township 1
41 Binh Lieu Dist.
A41 Binh Lieu Township 1
42 A42 Hoanh Mo 1* 43 Dam Ha
Dist. A43
Quang Tan Commune 1
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Area Sample Location of Monitoring Object of Monitoring
I II III IV V VI VII
44 Hai Ha Dist. A44 Hai Ha Township 1 45 A45 Hai Ha IP 1 46 Mong Cai
City A46
Km 15 - Dan Tien Port 1
47 A47 Hai Yen IP 1 48 A48 Ninh Duong IP 1 49 A49 Mong Cai – Post Office 1 50 A50 Hai Hoa Landfill 1 51 A51 Tra Co 1 Total 4 13 10 9 5 4 6
Notes: (I): Rural areas, mountains, island KV (II): Main transportation routes (III): Urban areas, concentrated residential areas (IV): Areas impacted by industrial parks’ operations (V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining (VI): Areas impacted by landfill sites (VII): Tourism sites
Source: EMAC Report
(1) Comparison with AQS
Basically, the monitoring result should be compared with the hourly air quality standard
(AQS) because the sampling/measurement is conducted with 10 min to 60 min air suction
on the site. Table 2.2-2 shows the limit values of basic parameters in the ambient air/air
quality standard in Vietnam (QCVN 05, 2009/BTNMT). Table 2.2-4 shows the
percentage of AQS achievement; in other words, the concentration rate meets the
standards in Quang Ninh Province from 2009 to 2012.
Table 2.2-2 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air/Air Quality Standard
Unit: μg/m3 No. Parameter Hourly Average 8-hour Average 24-hour Average Annual Average 1 SO2 350 - 125 50 2 CO 30,000 10,000 5,000 - 3 NOx 200 - 100 40 4 O3 180 120 80 - 5 Total suspended particulates
(TSP) 300 - 200 140
6 Dust ≤ 10 μm (PM10) - - 150 50 7 Pb - - 1,5 0,5 Note: (-) means “unregulated”
Source: QCVN 05, 2009/BTNM
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uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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1
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.2-1 Location of Monitoring Points
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Table 2.2-3 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air
Unit : (μg/m3)
TT Parameters Average 1 hr. Average 3 hr. Average 24 hr. Yearly average 1 SO2 350 - 125 50 2 CO 30000 10000 5000 - 3 NOx 200 - 100 40 4 O3 180 120 80 - 5 Suspended dust (TSP) 300 - 200 140 6 Dust ≤ 10 μm (PM10) - - 150 50 7 Pb - - 1,5 0,5
Note: Oil (-) Unregulated
Source: QCVN 05, 2009/BTNM
Table 2.2-4 Percentage of Air Quality Standard Achievement from 2009 to 2012
compared with QCVN 05 (2009/BTNMT) under One-Hour Measurement
2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 – 2012
Percentage of Achievement (%)
SO2 100%
(102/102) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(714/714)
CO 100%
(102/102) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(714/714)
NOx 100%
(102/102) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(714/714)
O3 100%
(102/102) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(204/204) 100%
(714/714)
TSP 96%
(98/102) 86%
(176/204) 74%
(150/204) 59%
(120/204) 76%
(544/714)
Note: (b/a) - a: total number of measurement in the indicated period, b: total number of measurement which meets
AQS
Source: Project Study Team
Among all parameters measured during the four years, SO2, CO, NOx, and O3 meet 100%
of the AQS for all points and all years. Thus, it can be evaluated that air quality of Quang
Ninh Province is good in general. However, TSP exceeds the AQS (300 μg/m3) for one
hour in several monitoring points. Also, it is obvious that the percentage is decreasing
year by year which means that air quality in terms of TSP in Quang Ninh Province
becomes worse in general.
(2) Air Pollution by TSP
The four-year average TSP concentration by monitoring point is shown in Figure 2.2-2.
The list of the ten highest four-year average concentration is shown in Table 2.2-5.
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
A01
A03
A05
A07
A09
A11
A13
A15
A17
A19
A21
A23
A25
A27
A29
A31
A33
A35
A37
A39
A41
A43
A45
A47
A49
A51
TSP
(μ
g/m
3)
TSP (μg/m3)Avg. 2009 - 2012
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.2-2 Four-year Average TSP Concentration by Monitoring Point
A24 (White Bridge – Km 8) shows the highest concentration among all monitoring
network in Quang Ninh which is around 2.8 times of AQS. A35 (Mong Duong Road
Crossing) exceeds AQS by 2.3 times. A30 (Km 6 – Quang Hanh Road Crossing) exceeds
2.1 times of AQS while A22 (Loong Toong Road Crossing) shows 1.9 times of the AQS
value. The two monitoring points are closely related to coal transportation are A30 (Km 6
Roadcross - Quang Hanh), A33 (Km 6 – Road to Port 10-10). A05 (Mao Khe Coal Co. –
Coal Screening Plant), which represents (V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing,
business and other minerals mining, shows 1.9 times of the AQS value. A23 (K67
Tuberculosis hospital) exceeds 1.9 times of AQS and is classified as (III): Urban areas,
concentrated residential areas. A23 belongs to the area which is also close to coal
transportation activities and deemed to be affected by coal. A33 (Km 6 – Road towards
10 – 10), which exceeds 1.7 times of AQS, is classified under (II): Main transportation
routes” but specifically characterized as special road for coal transportation. A25 (Coal
Port – Ha Khanh Ward) shows 501 μg/m3 and characterized as (V): Areas impacted by
coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining. These eight points
mentioned above exceed 500 μg/m3, which is a serious condition for residents.
In addition to the abovementioned seriously polluted area, two points exceed 400 μg/m3.
One is A28 (Mining Sites of Ha Tu – Nui Beo) which shows 442 μg/m3 and belongs to
(V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining. The
other is A04 (Mao Khe Road Crossing), which shows 405 μg/m3 and classified under (II):
Main transportation routes. Mao Khe Road Crossing is a typical intersection affected by
coal transportation activity. A few points listed in Table 2.3-5 belong to non-coal related
areas. Nevertheless, all listed points are more or less affected by coal related activities
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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such as coal transportation, coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining.
The areas where concentrations exceed the environmental standard (300 μg/m3) and further
exceed 500 μg/m3 and 600 μg/m
3 are classified and shown in Figure 2.2-3.
Table 2.2-5 List of Ten Highest Four-Year Average Concentration Points
Point No.TSP
(μg/m3)
VÞ trÝ quan tr¾c
/Location of monitoring
§èi tîng quan tr¾c
/Characteristics of monitoring point
A27 826 CÇu Tr¾ng - Cét 8 C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
A35 682 Ng· ba M«ng D¬ng C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
A30 619 Ng· 3 Km 6 - Quang Hanh C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
A22 564 Ng· t Loong Toßng C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
A05 558 CT than M¹o Khª - nhµ sµngKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña c¸c ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ
biÕn, kinh doanh than vµ kho¸ng s¶n kh¸c
A23 554 BÖnh viÖn K67 Khu ®« thÞ, khu d©n c tËp trung
A33 516 Cäc 6 - ®êng ra c¶ng 10 - 10 C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
A25 501 Khu c¶ng than phêng Hµ Kh¸nhKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña c¸c ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ
biÕn, kinh doanh than vµ kho¸ng s¶n kh¸c
A28 442 Khu vùc khai th¸c than Hµ Tu-Nói BÐoKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña c¸c ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ
biÕn, kinh doanh than vµ kho¸ng s¶n kh¸c
A04 405 Ng· t M¹o Khª C¸c tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh
Source: Project Study Team
Note: Air Quality Standard for TSP (1 hour): 300 μg/m3
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uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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5
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.2-3 Present Situation of TSP Concentration, Four-Years Average of One-Hour Measurement
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2.3 Solid Waste Management
2.3.1 Waste Collection and Transportation System in Quang Ninh Province
(1) Existing Operation
The municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment system in Quang Ninh Province is divided
into 14 administrative units, including 4 cities, 1 town, and 9 districts. Presently, district
government organizations and some private companies are responsible for the collection
of domestic waste. The companies responsible for the collection and transportation of
waste are INDEVCO, Urban Environment Company (URENCO), Halong Municipal
Solid Waste Treatment JSC, Green Environment Co., Hong Hanh Sanitation Co., Hai Yen
Co., and Dong Tam Co..etc. The average total collected waste from the province
including domestic waste and road waste is about more than 1,000 ton/day.
The existing collection system just handles mixed waste without any official recycling or
reuse as well as separation at source. Moreover, there are no recycling facilities and
almost all collected waste is transported to landfill sites except for waste burned at
incineration plant. Table 2.3-1 shows the amount of generated and collected waste in
2012 in Quang Ninh Province.
Table 2.3-1 Data of Solid Waste Generated and collected in Quang Ninh Province in
2012
No. City/District
Population in 2012 Generated Amount of Solid Waste
(ton/year)
Collected Amount of Solid Waste
(ton/year) Total Urban
1 Halong City 367.220 227.952 87.120 79.040 2 Mong Cai City 92.102 54.066 51.292 34.124 3 Cam Pha City 176.005 168.287 75.555 66.065 4 Uong Bi City 114.302 106.763 20.385 819.874 5 Binh Lieu District 29.788 3.529 3.600 3.600 6 Tien Yen District 45.887 7.543 23.100 6.935 7 Dam Ha District 37.149 7.032 6.687 5.476 8 Hai Ha District 57.921 6.851 16.044 4.714 9 Ba Che District 20.216 4.322 4.133 3.325
10 Van Don District 43.372 8.694 9.855 6.570 11 Hoanh Bo District 49.367 10.732 16.120 5.760 12 Dong Trieu District 169.015 44.266 50.968 34.360 13 Quang Yen Town 139.596 134.025 30.026 26.195 14 Co To District 5.441 2.659 2.520 2.160
Total 397.405 244.200
Sources: Following Survey reports of localities
Solid waste collection and transportation generally consists of direct collection and
collecting from the transferal points in all the target areas.
- For residential , household waste: Although the time of collection has been set , but
collecting locations are not specified clearly , so solid waste is normally gatherred by the
road and street sides waited for workers to collect by handcarts several times a day ,
mostly in the afternoons , evenings and early mornings of the next day.
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- For waste from hotels , restaurants and businesses : The restaurants , hotels, businesses
in accordance with regulations must sign a contract with the Urban Environment
Company to colect and transport the solid waste within each day. The process is as
follows: Garbage of hotels , restaurants and businesses is stored in containers (the
container with wheels) and gathered at one point (which is specified for each, restaurant,
hotel and business) then the Urban Environment Company uses the specialized trucks to
collect and transport the solid waste to the transferral points.
At the transferral points, the Urban Environment Company uses a kind of Solid waste
compactor truck for waste compaction, then discharge the waste into trucks to transport to
the landfills.
- For the solid waste of valuables (plastic, metal, etc. ..): are bought by the waste pick-up
people/ private companies directly from the households, business or from the solid waste
transferral points for recycling.
(2) Collection and Transportation Vehicles
According to the records of each transportation agency and result of previous survey
conducted in the SWM Master Plan, the collection and transportation vehicles which are
presently utilized in the operation are summarized in the following Table 2.3-2:
Table 2.3-2 Data of Collection and Transportation Vehicles (as of 2013)
No. City/District Total Truck
Compactor Truck
Truck/ others
Hand-push cart Notes
1 Halong City 9 9 0 725 Push cart:400 liters
2 Mong Cai City 6 - - 402 4tons: 1 truck; 7tons: 5 trucks
3 Cam Pha City 19 - - 1585 Truck:3-10 tons, Push cart:400 liters
4 Uong Bi City 5 5 0 400 Compactor: 3-7,5 tons
5 Binh Lieu District 2 1 1 65 Compactor:5tons; truck: 3tons;
push cart:500 liters
6 Tien Yen District 1 1 0 20
7 Dam Ha District 2 2 0 124 Compactor:4-6 tons; Push
cart:0.4-0.5 m3
8 Hai Ha District 5 3 2 78 Other are small agricultural vehicles
9 Ba Che District 1 1 0 20 Capacity of compactor is 11 tons
10 Van Don District 3 3 0 70 Compactors: 7 tons (2) and 9 tons
(1)
11 Hoanh Bo District 2 2 0 106 compactors: 2.5 tons and 6 tons
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No. City/District Total Truck
Compactor Truck
Truck/ others
Hand-push cart Notes
12 Dong Trieu
District
5 5 0 670 Compactor:8-10 tons; Push cart:0.5
m3
13 Quang Yen Town 4 4 0 477 Trucks are Isuzu: 9m3 (3trucks) and
13m3 (1 truck). 1 truck is broken
14 Co To District 1 0 1 93 Truck capacity: 4 tons
Source: DONRE August 2013
(3) Evaluation of Waste Collection and Transportation System
During waste collection, household waste is collected by handcarts and transported to the
transferral points and then to the landfill sites by trucks or solid waste compactor trucks.
However in the process of collection, the urban solid waste is not separated at the sources,
consequently, a large amount of hazardous waste is mixed with non-hazardous waste at
the landfill site.
The waste collection system is not adequate, i.e., 1) too much labor with less effect, 2)
lack of equipment and bad condition of existing equipment, causing adverse impact of
sanitary conditions on workers, especially in the case of hazardous medical and industrial
wastes etc.
In some roads, waste is dumped directly onto the roads, requiring much labor to load the
waste to the vehicles under unhealthy working conditions. This also causes bad impacts
on traffic flow and urban scenery especially in the urban area in Halong City.
(4) Final Disposal System
1) Conditions of the Existing Landfill Sites
In 2010, there were 15 landfill sites in Quang Ninh Province. Two of these landfill sites
were installed with leachate treatment facilities and have conducted soil covering assisted
through official development assistance (ODA) (DANIDA). Other landfills have open
dumping system without any soil covering and some of them are generating
environmental problems. Table 2.3-3 shows operation conditions of each landfill site. It is
expected that five landfill sites (Deo Sen, Ha Khau, Quang Chinh, Quang Hanh, Voong
Xi) will reach their full capacity within the next two to three years according to the results
of a previous survey. Therefore, planning of new landfill including site selection is
required urgently for the continuous operation of SWM in the province.
For construction of the new landfill sites, now has design standards issued by the
Ministry of Construction, therefore all of the new landfill sites construction must comply
with the regulations specified in the current design standards.
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Photo: Landfill in Co To District
Table 2.3-3 Conditions of Existing Landfill
No. Locality Name Location Capacity
(t/day)
Operating Condition
Notes
1
Halong City
Ha Khau Ha Khau Ward, 30 Operating until 2014
Requires new landfill (LF)
Deo Sen Ha Khanh Ward,
200 Operating until 2015
Requires new LF
2 Cam Pha City
Quang hanh Quang Hanh Ward,
50 Operating until 2014
Requires new LF
3
Uong Bi City
Yen Thanh Yen Thanh Ward,
10 Closed Currently, domestic solid waste is transported to Ha Khanh LF of Halong City for treatment
Vang Danh Vang Danh Ward
32 Closed
Coal Screening WS 130 Than Thung
Thuong Yen Cong Commune
Closed
4
Binh Lieu Dist.
Tai Thoong Orangery , Binh Lieu town
10 Operational Going to be closed
New Landfill site Vo Nhai Commune
20 Under construction, 5 ha
5 Tien Yen Dist.
Nuong Hamlet Landfill site
Tien Lang Commune
20 Operational. Unsanitary without leachate treatment sys.
Requires new LF
6 Dam Ha Dist.
Dong Tam Tan Binh Commune
5.6 Operational
7 Hai Ha Dist.
Hamlet 8 Landfill site
Quang Chinh Commune
12.3 Operating until 2013
Requires new LF
8 Ba Che Dist.
Area 7 Landfill site Ba Che District 6 Operational
9 Van Don Dist.
Cau Cao Landfill site
Dai Lang Village, Van Yen Commune
1.6 Operational
10 Mong Cai City
Village 5, Km 26 Solid waste Treatment Plant
Quang Nghia Commune
150 Operational
11 Hoanh BoDist.
Temporary SW storage site in Area 1
Troi Township, 13 Operational
12 Dong Trieu Dist.
Seam 1B Landfill site of Hoang Que Commune
Hoang Que Commune
Operational
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No. Locality Name Location Capacity
(t/day)
Operating Condition
Notes
13 Quang Yen Town
Cong Hoa Landfill site
Cong Hoa Commune
37.7 Operational
14 Co To Dist.
Voong Xi Landfill site
Co To District 1.3 Operating until 2015
Requires new LF
Source: Following Survey reports of localities
2) Current Disposal Method
Small-scale landfill sites are not sanitary landfills, i.e., they do not have liner systems,
leachate collection, leachate treatment, and gas venting system, like open landfill sites
without cover soil. Some of the site uses lime soil as cover soil but the quantity is far
from sufficient. In almost all landfill sites, waste is unloaded on the ground from the
collection vehicles without covering. Therefore, plastic bags and papers are scattered
everywhere and operational combustion often occurs. Thus, neighboring inhabitants
strongly complain and push Quang Ninh Province to improve or close the existing landfill
sites.
The total capacities of the landfills seem insufficient at present. It appears that operating
staffs at the provincial final disposal sites require improvement. The problems of current
landfill operation and management are summarized below.
Placing daily soil cover over the dumped waste, which is the most fundamental work for
a sanitary landfill, is far from sufficient in landfills. In the small-scale landfills, hauled
waste is unloaded from the vehicles without spreading and compaction by heavy
equipment such as bulldozer. Sanitary and environment-friendly landfill operation is not
conducted in small-scale landfill.
Insufficient cover soil cause health and hygiene problems such as dust, odor, and outbreak
of mosquitoes and flies, as well as frequent natural combustion and littering with plastic
bags on neighboring lands.
Absence of liner system or leachate collection and treatment system also causes potential
risks of health and hygiene problems on groundwater and water bodies. Periodic
monitoring of the quantity and quality of leachate, quality of groundwater and pubic
water bodies, generated gas composition, odor and so on is also important in landfill
operation and management. However, it is not being done.
The above suggests that untreated leachate is penetrating and resulting in heavy pollution
to the groundwater. From these facts, neighboring inhabitants and related organizations
worry about health and hygiene problems caused by the current conditions of landfill
operation and management.
3) Lack of Landfill Equipment
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At present, the organization in charge of the final disposal sites in Halong City has fairly
old bulldozers and wheel loader. As for the small-scale landfill (waste generation is less
than 10 t/day) managed by private company, even rental or donated equipment is not
existing because of financial situations. With such shortage of landfill equipment, it is
hard to execute daily soil covering and compaction at the existing landfill sites.
4) Waste Segregation and Domestic Hazardous Waste
Many kinds of waste are dumped together at the designated disposal sites without
segregation, including industrial wastes, construction wastes, bulky wastes, domestic
hazardous wastes, and so on, although several operational organizations have plans for
the segregation of wastes at the source.
5) Operation Manual
There are no guidelines for the planning, design, and management/operation of final
disposal sites. There are conceptual or qualitative descriptions about landfills but they are
neither detailed nor quantitative.
To improve or solve the current problems, the following should be considered:
Establish an appropriate operation system (sanitary landfill) and educate the
inhabitants regarding segregation of hazardous waste for sustainable and proper
management of sanitary landfills.
Understand the components of sanitary and environment-friendly landfill.
Understand the kinds and quantity of equipment necessary for proper sanitary
landfill operation.
Improve data compilation.
Improve the planning and design of sanitary and environment-friendly landfills
with alternatives using real data quantitatively.
Establish guidelines for the planning and design of sanitary landfills and related
laws and regulations for sanitary and environment-friendly landfill operation and
their strict implementation.
(5) Maintenance of Vehicles and Equipment
Daily and periodic maintenance of vehicles such as compactor truck and landfill
equipment, carried out by a private company under a contract. It is necessary to manage
periodic maintenance work for the safety operation of waste collection and transportation
as well as extension of service life of vehicles. However, the present system seems
inadequate due to the shortage of facilities and equipment.
It is recommended to monitor the maintenance record of vehicles and equipment for their
smooth operation. As for small districts and island areas, it is difficult to establish a
maintenance system. Therefore, maintenance work shall be done by outsourcing
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companies that have sufficient technical capability to maintain and keep their equipment.
(6) Production of Composting by using Domestic Solid Waste
In Halong City, a large-scale composting facility was constructed in Ha Khanh area in
2007 and started operation from 2009. Its operation is being carried out by a private
company, namely, Halong Solid Waste Treatment JSC. However, this facility will be
closed soon due to problems with newly issued environmental laws and concessions for
coal mining activities. `Currently, only one composting company in production in Halong
city. The products are sold to farmers at a unit price of 3.5 million/ton. During the site
visits, we observed that this company has many years' experience with the skills of
well-trained and qualified for producing of composting fertilizer.
Photo: Products of Compost
(7) Recycling System
Organic material has a large portion in MSW. The reduction of organic waste by
utilization for other purposes could contribute to the extension of life span of landfill and
decrease of work load in MSW management. Especially in the urban area of Halong City,
large quantity of biodegradable waste (i.e., kitchen waste) is generated. In such areas,
segregated organic materials can be utilized as raw material for compost instead of
fertilizer or soil conditioner. However, information to encourage people to use organic
matter for this purpose has not been provided because the utilization of organic waste and
its effect on waste reduction had not been highlighted yet. In addition, waste segregation
should be applied at the generation source in order to obtain raw material for composting
in better condition.
(8) Incineration Plant
At present, only one incineration plant is being used for the final treatment of MSW in
Quang Ninh Province in Uong Bi City, all of the collected MSW from urban areas are
incinerated in the plant that was constructed in 2012. The plant, which has a present
capacity of 75 t/day. The treatment cost of the incineration plant is fixed at VND
410,000/t and this unit cost includes the depreciation of the construction cost. The residue
from the incineration process is utilized as construction material in the form of blocks.
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It is observed that the plant is generating a lot of dust in the operation yard in the building.
It is recommended to improve the atmosphere at the plant because many generated dust
from the burning process is affecting the health of the human body. The transportation of
MSW from urban area to the plant is being conducted by URENCO.
Photo: Incineration Plant in Uong Bi City
(9) Inadequate Financial Allocation
Inadequate financial allocation was provided to procure and renew sufficient equipment.
At the existing landfill sites, environmental pollution is generated; however,
countermeasures are not presently done. In addition, the need for recycling is very high
but related project is not implemented by the provincial government or private companies.
There is a shortage of some equipment (bulldozer, dump truck) required for the proper
operation of sanitary landfill system. To promote the smooth operation of MSW, it is
necessary to purchase and construct new facilities as described in several reports related
to MSW management. However, it has not been conducted due to less allocation of
budget for such purpose.
2.4 Noise Environment
2.4.1 Noise Level Monitoring Activities
In Quang Ninh Province, noise level monitoring by EMAC is conducted at 51 monitoring
points, which are the same as the air quality monitoring points shown in Table 2.3-1. The
location of monitoring points is shown in Figure 2.3-1.
2.4.2 Comparison with QCVN
The QCVN 26, 2010/BTNMT is the noise level standard in Vietnam. Table 2.4-1 shows
the achievement rate of noise level in 2012. The achievement rate of QCVN 26,
2010/BTNMT in 2012 is a measure of the number of samples taken during the year which
passed the noise level standard.
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Table 2.4-1 Achievement Rate of Noise Level in 2012
Noise Level (dBA) Number of
Achievement Number of Monitoring
Achievement Rate 65% 130 200
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.4.1 shows the average noise level in 2012. This figure shows that 17 monitoring
stations are above the guideline value. Of these, 12 monitoring stations are near the main
transportation routes. Therefore, these results may have been affected by transportation.
As for noise originating from industrial parks’ operations, A03 is the only monitoring
station which is above the guideline value while the other monitoring stations seem to be
not affected by industrial activity.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
A01
A02
A03
A04
A05
A06
A07
A08
A09
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22
A23
A24
A25
A26
A27
A28
A29
A30
A31
A32
A33
A34
A35
A36
A37
A38
A39
A40
A41
A42
A43
A44
A45
A46
A47
A48
A49
A50
A51
Sou
nd
(d
B A
)
The equivalentsound level(dB A)
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 2.4-1 Average Noise Level in 2012
2.5 Inland / Coastal Forest
2.5.1 Current Status of Forest Change in terms of Quantity
Due to the various efforts of Quang Ninh Province, the area of forestland has increased
rapidly from 228,700 ha (coverage of 38.8% in 2000) to 301,780 ha (coverage rate of
43.6%; according to the revision in 2006).
The area of forestland has increased from 1998 to 2003 by reforestation and regrinding of
the bare hills in all localities of the province. The average rate of increase was 12,800
ha/year from 1992 to 1998, and 5,400 ha/year from 1998-2003. From 2003 to 2004, the
area increased by 4,315 ha. The current forest areas in the province are shown in Table
2.5-1 while the change of forest area from 1999 to 2010 is shown in Table 2.5-2.
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Table 2.5-1 Current Forest Area in the Province
No. Type of Forest Area (ha) Percentage (%) of the Total Area
Total land area of the province 608,391.5 100.0
A Forest land 427,302.3 70.0 I Land with forest 301,751.8 49.5
I.1 Natural forests 149,192.0 24.5 1 Average forest 11,354.4 1.8 2 Poor forest 18,417.5 3.0 3 Restored forest 81,732.6 13.4 4 Mixed forest 5,417.4 0.8 5 Bamboo forests 7,923.9 1.3 6 Mangroves 19,864.5 3.2 7 Forest on limestone 0 0.0
I.2 Plantations 152,559.8 25.0 1 Forest with reserves 66,723.8 11.0 2 No reserves 71,505.0 11.7 3 Forest with specialties 13,875.5 2.2 II Land without forest 125,550.5 20.6
Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province,
Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
Table 2.5-2 Change of Forest Area in the Province
(Unit: ha) Year Category
1999 2003 2005 2010 Change (99-10)
Forested Area 221,797 (36.5%)
241,701 (39.7%)
268,405 (44.1%)
310,358 (51.0%)
+88,561 (+14.6%)
- Natural forest 170, 809 (28.1%)
146, 248 (24.0%)
167, 502 (27.5%)
147, 329 (24.2%)
-23,480 (-3.9%)
- Plantation 50, 988 (8.4%)
77, 453 (12.7%)
100, 903 (16.6%)
163, 029 (26.8%)
+112,041 (+18.4%)
Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province,
Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
During the past ten years, the forest area increased significantly by 88,561 ha. The change
of natural forest area is a concern. Throughout the period, natural forest area decreased by
23,480 ha (2,345 ha per year equivalent to 1.45% of natural forest area).
In the same period, plantation area rapidly went up to 112,041 ha, with an average of
11,200 ha planted per year (increase of 10.47% per year). The plantation area increased
4.21% per year compared with total forest area of the province.
Further efforts are inevitable for keeping and improving the forest resources in the
province. The following are the potential incidents which may have impact on the forest:
Land use change caused by socioeconomic development, especially in the coastal
area (such as industrial zone development, residential area expansion, and
intensive aquaculture development);
Coal mining activities (establishment of mining sites and roads, waste dumpsites,
coal yard, and tree harvesting for the sake of pit props);
Slash and burn cultivation practiced in the surrounding area of the special-use
forest and protection forest;
Forest fire (which may be increased by human activities and climate change);
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High need for timber resources especially for pulp production;
Monoculture plantation system (this may result in vulnerable ecosystem); and
Climate change (Although there may not be significant negative impacts by 2020
in the current scenario shown in the SEDP, the capacity for climate change
adaptation is essential).
2.5.2 Tendency of Forest Change in terms of Quality
(1) Trend of Forest Change in Quang Ninh Province
During the Doi Moi period, the economic management mechanism was changed to
market economy. The state promulgated policies and legal documents to encourage
afforestation and forest rehabilitation. Quang Ninh Province also prepared policies and
resolutions to develop the economy such as afforestation projects, farms development,
and concessional lending which have encouraged forest planting to the local people.
National and local policies have attracted investments for afforestation. National capital
and capital of international organizations, private companies, and households were
invested for forest planting. Therefore, plantation forests have rapidly increased in terms
of area and quality.
The quality of plantation forests has grown and contributed to the economy and
environmental protection.
Now, plantations are no longer a common property of the state; the property is owned by
multiple economic sectors, i.e.: business, group or individual, household, and social
organizations.
Forest trees are getting richer from the traditional species such as pine, Pinus ponytail, white Eucalyptus, Acacia auriculiformis to species which grow faster and have shorter
harvest time and high economic value such as Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus urophylla,
with modern sapling production technology such as tissue culture or beam shoots.
Besides, afforestation can develop rare wood trees such as Dầu, Lim, Lát Hoa, Gụ, Trám,
and some special trees like Quế, Hồi, Trầu, and Sở.
Through afforestation, the forest area of Quang Ninh has increased rapidly, which is
beneficial to the national economy.
It is also reported that the area of primeval forest and special use forest has decreased
substantially; in all provinces, there is no longer any primeval forest at present (Ba Mun
Forest has also been exploited sharply). The conversion of forestland from rich to
medium and poor forests, from land of low quality wood trees to land of shrub and grass,
and from shrub and grassland to treeless and barren land has been rapidly ongoing even in
the mountains and island areas.
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(2) Recent Changes in 1999-2010
Although the total forest area in the province is increasing through the various efforts of
the state and province such as Programs 327 and 661, the quality of the forest is
decreasing as shown in Tables 2.5-3 and 2.5-4.
Table 2.5-3 shows that the natural forest decreased during 1999-2010 while the plantation
forest increased.
Forest planting is a positive solution in order to recover forest area which has been lost.
Besides, plantation forests will provide wood and materials to produce wood goods and
also play important role in maintaining ecological balance in general and in protecting
soil and vacant land in particular. However, in terms of forest quality, the quality of a
plantation forest is evaluated as low from the viewpoint of biodiversity and stability of
the ecosystem since it is basically a monoculture forest.
Table 2.5-4 shows that the wood forest area is decreasing although medium and rich
forests recovered to its 1999 conditions during 2005-2010.
Table 2.5-3 Changes of Three Types of Forest (1999-2010)
(Unit: ha)
Type Natural Forest Plantation Forest Total
1999 2010 Change 1999 2010 Change 1999 2010 Change Production Forest
70,875 (11.6%)
65,419 (10.8%)
-5,456 (-0.9%)
32,564 (5.4%)
120,620 (19.8%)
+88,056 (14.5%)
103,439 (17.0%)
186,039 (30.6%)
+82,600 (13.6%)
Protection Forest
82,215 (13.5%)
61,022 (10.0%)
-21,193 (-3.5%)
17,597 (2.9%)
39,493 (6.5%)
+21,896 (3.6%)
99,812 (16.4%)
100,515 (16.5%)
+703 (0.1%)
Special Use Forest
17,737 (2.9%)
20,375 (3.3%)
+2,638 (0.4%)
827 (0.1%)
2700 (0.4%)
+1,873 (0.3%)
18,564 (3.1%)
23,075 (3.8%)
+4,511 (0.7%)
Others - (0.0%)
513 (0.1%)
+513 (0.1%)
- (0.0%)
216 (0.0%)
+216 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
729 (0.1%)
+729 (0.1%)
Total 170,827 (28.1%)
147,329 (24.2%)
-23,498 (-3.9%)
50,988 (8.4%)
163,029 (26.8%)
+112,041 (18.4%)
221,815 (36.5%)
310,358 (51.0%)
+88,543 (14.6%)
Note: % is the ratio of each area against the total natural land area of the province. Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province, Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
Table 2.5-4 Changes of Forest Conditions (1999-2010)
(Unit: ha)
Type 1999 2005 2010 Increase, Decrease
1999 – 2005 2005 - 2010
Natural forest 170,809 167,502 147,329 - 3,307 - 20,173
Wood forest 120,291 116751 110,455 - 3,540 - 6,296
- medium and rich forest 10,628 5,867 10,690 - 4,761 + 4,823
- poor forest 24,935 27,239 19,983 + 2,304 - 7,256
- recovering forest 84,949 83,922 79,781 - 1,027 - 4,141
Bamboo forest 14,679 13,678 8,656 - 1,001 - 5,022
Wood-bamboo forest 12,870 11,851 7,872 - 1,019 - 3,979
- Mangrove 22,969 21,738 20,346 - 1,231 - 1,392
- Limestone forest - 3,484 - + 3,484 + 3,484
- Plantation forest 50,988 100,903 163,029 + 49,915 + 62,126
Note: It is considered that the inventory of limestone forest is not consistent in the statistical figures prepared by
Quang Ninh Province. Further identification and research are required for limestone forest.
Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province, Period
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2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
Table 2.5-4 shows that the natural wood forest area decreased more than the other
categories of natural forest. From 1999 to 2005, wood forest area declined by 590 ha/year,
which is equivalent to 0.49% of wood forest area in 1999. In 2005-2010, wood forest area
decreased by 1,259 ha/year, which is equivalent to 1.08% of wood forest area in 2005.
Therefore, the average loss of wood forest area in the latter five years is two times higher
than that in the first six years.
Medium and rich forest area decreased once, but improved after the protection of
National Park and Natural Reserve. Poor and recovering forest area decreased constantly.
Because they are near the residential areas, these forests were impacted by various factors
such as land use changes.
From 2005 to 2010, the area of other forests decreased 2-3 times higher than during the
first time such as bamboo forest and wood-bamboo forest. The loss of area was
concentrated in evergreen wet tropical forest in low mountains and secondary evergreen
forest.
In Quang Ninh Province, mangroves grow mainly in coastal areas and river mouth areas
which have alluvium soil. In the past ten years (1999-2010), the mangrove area decreased
by 262 ha/year, equivalent to 1.21% of mangrove area per year. (It is noted that the
mangrove area increased in 2010 by 481.8 ha.)
2.6 Biodiversity
Quang Ninh Province has abundant natural resources and high biodiversity. Biodiversity
is composed of three main categories, namely: (1) species diversity (2) ecosystem
diversity, and (3) genetic diversity. The current status of biodiversity of Quang Ninh is
described in these different components as follows:
(1) Species Diversity
1) Species Composition
Scientific surveys have shown that Quang Ninh is rich in fauna and flora at different taxa.
Scientists have identified some 4,350 species of three kingdoms (plants, fungi, and
animals) belong to 2,236 genus and 721 families of 19 phyla (Table 2.6-1). Of these,
Angiospermae (1,580 species), Arthropoda (722 species), Mollusca (438 species),
Coelenterata (157 species), and Bacillariophyta (153 species) are the most abundant.
Table 2.6-1 Richness of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh
No. Taxa Number Family Genus Species
1 Ngành Ruột khoang Coelenterata 12 41 157 Lớp San hô Anthozoa 12 41 157 2 Ngành Thân mềm Molusca 98 226 438 Lớp Chân bụng – Gastropoda 57 140 277
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No. Taxa Number Family Genus Species
Lớp Hai mảnh vỏ - Bivalvia 34 74 127 Lớp Chân đầu – Cephalopoda 7 12 34 3 Ngành Giun tròn Nematoda (Nemathelminthes) 6 8 15 4 Ngành Giun đốt Annelida 23 45 82 Lớp Giun nhiều tơ – Polychaeta 17 35 51 Lớp Giun ít tơ – Oligochaeta 4 8 29 Lớp Sá sùng – Sipunculidea 2 2 2 5 Ngành Chân khớp 131 409 722 Lớp Giáp xác – Crustacea 67
(33+34) 141 (74+67)
250 (140+110)
Lớp Côn trùng - Insecta (Gồm cả Kiến & Mối) 64 268 472 6 Ngành Có Dây sống (Chordata) Lớp cá - Pisces 97 299 529 Lớp Lưỡng cư Amphibia 6 22 34 Lớp Bò sát Reptilia 18 49 65 Lớp Chim Aves 55 117 174 Lớp Thú Mammalia 21 51 69 GIỚI NẤM MYCOTA 7 Ngành Nấm đảm Basidiomycota 9 19 24 GIỚI THỰC VẬT PLANTAE 8 Ngành Tảo silich Bacillariophyta 16 45 153 9 Ngành Tảo lục Chlorophyta 10 26 67 10 Ngành Vi khuẩn lam Cyano-phyta /-bacteria 5 10 18 11 Ngành Tảo mắt Euglenophyta 1 1 1 12 Ngành Tảo giáp Pyrrhphyta 1 7 16 13 Ngành Tảo vàng ánh Chrysophyta 1 1 2 14 Lan thông – Psilotophyta 1 1 1 15 Thông đất – Lycopodiophyta 3 5 15 16 Cỏ tháp bút – Equisetophyta 1 1 1 17 Dương xỉ - Polypodiophyta 26 65 166 18 Hạt trần – Gymnospermae 8 11 21 19 Hạt kín – Angiospermae 172 777 1580 Lớp Hai lá mầm - Dicotyledonae 132 605 1251 Lớp Một lá mầm - Monocotyledonae 40 172 329 Total 721 2236 4350
Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012
2) Endemic Species
About 182 of the total identified 4,350 species (4.18%) are defined as endemic species in
Quang Ninh at different levels (Table 2.6-2).
Table 2.6-2 Endemism of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh
No Taxa Vietnamese Name No. of Endemic Species QN North
VN VN Indochina
1 Mollusca Ngành Thân mềm 1 1 2 Arthropoda - Crustacae Ngành Chân khớp Lớp Giáp xác 5 2 3 3 Chordata – Písces Ngành Có dây sồng Lớp cá 5 2 3 4 Lycopodiophyta Ngành Thông đất 1 1 5 Polypodiophyta Ngành Dương xỉ 10 2 6 2 6 Angiospermeae Ngành Hạt kín 160 38 30 92 Total 182 44 43 95
Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012
Endemic species within the taxa are not equally distributed. It depends very much on the
characteristics of the expansion and the adaptability of the species to the environment as
well as on the migration routes. Little attention is given to the study of endemism of fauna
and flora in Vietnam, and Quang Ninh is not an exception.
The richness and diversity of the landscapes and ecosystems of Quang Ninh provide great
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habitats for the species on one hand but create a lot of difficulties for scientific surveys on
the other hand.
3) Rare and Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh
General Introduction
The rare and endangered species are clear indicators and evident of the conflicts between
the exploitation of natural resources for development and the conservation and
maintenance of biodiversity and its functions and values. These can also function as
indicators of the degradation of the environment due to the impact of human activities.
After applying the three legal documents at the national and international levels (Sách đỏ
Việt Nam 2007, Nghị định 32/2006/NĐ-CP về Quản lý thực vật rừng, động vật rừng quý
hiếm và Danh lục đỏ IUCN, 2009) for the assessment of Quang Ninh’s fauna and flora,
the list of rare and endangered species of the province is indicated in Table 2.6-3 below.
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Table 2.6-3 List of Rare and Endangered Species of Quảng Ninh’s Fauna and Flora
TT TAXA Vietnam Red Data Book Decree 32/NDD-CP (2006) IUCN Red List (2009) Σ CR EN VU LR DD Σ Ib IIb Ia IIa Σ CR EN VU NT LR LC DD
1 Coelenterata 4 4 2 Mollusca 6 2 2 2 3 Arthropoda 7 6 1 4 Chordata - Pisces 11 1 3 7 5 Chordata -
Amphibia 2 1 1 1 1
6 Chordata - Reptilia
18 3 10 5 12 2 10
7 Chordata - Aves 9 3 4 1 1 4 1 3 8 Chordata –
Mammalia 18 4 6 6 2 18 10 8 14 1
9 3 2
9 Polypodiophyta 1 1 10 Gymnospermae 3 1 2 4 4 6 2 1 3 11 Angiospermae 75 2 28 45 17 4 13 52 2 6 7 1 16 17 3 Total 154 12 55 82 3 2 56 13 22 4 17 72 3 6 18 5 21 17 3
Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012
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Rare and Endangered Plant Species
Scientists have identified a total number of 98 rare and endangered species of plants
which need particular attention (Table 2.6-4).
Table 2.6-4 Conservation Values of Quang Ninh’s Flora
Vietnam Red Data Book
IUCN Red List Decree 32/2006
Red List Total:
CR EN VU NT LR/nt LR/lc
LC DD
57 2 22 33
49 2 5 7 2 2 9 19 3
Decree No. NĐ32 Total:
Ia IIa
20 4
16
Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012
The above table shows that there are up to 57 species listed in the Vietnam Red Data
Book (2007). Among these, two species are in critical status (CR) including Rauvolfia
serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack.) Meisn, 22 are
endangered species (EN), and 33 are vulnerable species (VU). A total of 20 species are
listed in Decree No. 32 with four Ia species and 16 IIa species.
It is considered that these are valuable natural resources of Quang Ninh as well as
flagship species that require proper attention in the conservation efforts.
Insect Species of Conservation Values
Field surveys have shown that among 425 species found in Quang Ninh, five species are
listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) (Table 2.6-5).
Table 2.6-5 List of Insect Species in Vietnam Red Data Book 2007
No. Vietnamese Name Scientific Name Status Location
1 Butterfly Phượng đuôi lá cải Byasa crassipes (Oberthur)
DD Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)
2 Butterfly Phượng Papilio noblei De Nice.
VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (HB) Yen Tu (Uong Bi)
3 Butterfly phượng Troides helena (Felder.)
VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)
4 Butterfly phượng cánh liền Troides aeacus (L. & Felder)
VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)
5 Cánh cam xanh 4 legs Jumnos ruckeri Saunders
VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)
VU: Vulnerable
Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012
The ratio of rare and endangered species in Quang Ninh (15.04%) is rather high
compared to that of the entire country (9.62%).
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Fish Species of Conservation Values
There are four species of inland fish listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book 2007.
- Two species are endangered (EN): Snake-headed fish, Channa maculata, and
Cá mòi cờ hoa - Clupanodon thrissa.
- Two species are vulnerable (VU): Cá lá giang - Parazacco vuquangensis, and
Cá chình hoa - Anguilla marmorata, .
There are eight species of saltwater/marine fish listed in the Vietnam Red Data
Book 2007.
- CR: One specie: Cá bớp - Bostrychus sinensis;
- EN: One specie: Cá ngựa lớn - Hypocampus kuda;
- VU: Six species, as follows:
Cháo biển - Elops saurus,
Cá bướm vằn - Parachaetodon ocellatus,
Cá mòi không răng - Anodontostoma chacunda,
Cá mòi chấm - Konosirus punctatus
Cá mòi cờ mõm tròn - Nematalosa nasus,
Cá bằng chài đầu đen - Thalassoma lunare .
There are five species of freshwater fish found only in Vietnam so far (perhaps these can
be endemic to Vietnam), as follows:
Cá lá giang - Parazacco vuquangensis
Cá bống đá - Rhinogobius boa,
Cá bống đá - Rhinogobius sulcatus,
Bống khe - Rhinogobius variolatus,
Ca bống đá - Rhinogobius virgigena.
(2) Ecosystem Diversity
1) Mountainous Landscapes
Mountainous landscapes have mainly low peaks, high slope with some having altitude of
1,600m.. Between the mountains are deep valleys with rivers that run through them.
Some other ranges and peaks are Dong Trieu, Dong Son-Ky Thuong, Yen Tu, and Cao
Xiem. Natural rainforests remain and are limited in the high altitude mountain area. The
tops of the mountains are sometimes covered by grassland. Most of the mountain area is
covered by secondary forest.
2) Hilly Landscapes
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Hilly landscapes are located along the northwestern area of Road No.18A from Dong
Trieu to Mong Cai. The landscapes cover the greatest percentage of the total acreage of
the province. Most of the hills are lying at less than 200 m altitude.
Secondary forests are created by the forest exploitation activities of humans. These
landscapes cover a large area of the hilly territory of Quang Ninh in Hoanh Bo, Hon Gai
of Halong, northern part of Cam Pha, Van Don, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Tien Yen,
Ba Che, and Mong Cai.
Coal mining landscapes are located mainly in the hilly areas of Dong Trieu, north of
Uong Bi, and east of Halong as well as Cam Pha.
The planted forests cover a quite large acreage of the hilly area of Quang Ninh. Main
plantation species are Acacia, Pine, and Eucalyptus. The landscapes cover a fairly large
acreage of the total land area of Quang Ninh.
3) Narrowed Delta/Flat Landscapes
Narrowed deltas/flats cover a small area of the entire place along the coastline. These
landscapes play a very important role in the socioeconomic development of the province.
Most of the agricultural developments as well as residential and urban developments are
being implemented here. The most populated urban areas include Uong Bi, Halong, Cam
Pha, and Mong Cai cities.
4) Tidal Mudflat Landscapes
Tidal mudflats show the most diversified ecosystems of estuaries, mangroves, seaweeds,
and seagrasses. Together with the beaches, Quang Ninh has a long coastal tidal mudflat
lying from Yen Hung to Mong Cai (Sa Vy Point) where Quang Yen, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, and
Mong Cai share the greatest proportion. The river mouths and estuarine include Bach
Dang, Ba Che, Tien Yen, and Ha Coi.
5) Sea and Island Landscapes
The sea and island zone of Quang Ninh has a unique terrain. There are more than 2,000
islands. The islands are situated along more than 250 km of coast line. These islands are
located in two districts, namely, Van Dong District and Co To District. On Halong Bay
and Bai Tu Long with thousands of limestone islands, there is karst terrain created by
water erosion. The limestone islands have many caves. Islands have unique ecosystem
and many endemic species. There are many unique and endemic creatures such as Blind
Cave Loach especially in the caves.
The islands also have a complex diverse topography suitable for coral growth. There are
mainly four coral reef areas, namely, Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long, Co To Island, and Co
Tran Island.
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(3) Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity is the variation of heritable characteristics present in a population of the
same species. Genetic diversity is generally developed by geographical isolation. There
are more than 2,000 islands in Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, unique genetic diversity
must be present in each island (including mainland). However, no information exists
about the genetic diversity in Quang Ninh Province.
On the other hand, there are several domestic groups with genetic diversity such as the
Mong Cai pig, Tien Yen chicken, duck, and Dam Ha radish which have economic value.
2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation
2.7.1 Changes in coastal seabed
The extend of sedimentation tends to decrease from the shoreline towards the sea,
especially in Cam Pha area, Lo Phong estuary. Strongest sedimentation occur in Quang
Hanh, Cam Thinh, Cam Phu and Cam Son wards, in front of Ha Tu ward, in front of Cua
Luc bay, both sides of Lach Mieu in Cam Pha city, with average depth of deposition is
around 2-3m.
Stable areas with low erosion are mainly navigation fairways. The major fairway from Ha
Long to Bach Dang estuary, lying in the middle of Bai Chay and Cat Ba island, is eroded
with average depth of 0-0.5m, with some places can be as deep as 1m. Along the Lach
Mieu (Mieu fairway), the riverbed is heavily eroded, but on purpose, because the riverbed
here is dredged to make the fairway for ships coming into Cai Lan port.
Topography of Ha Long bay seabed: the bottom topography here has been relatively
stable from 1965 until now, with slightly erosion in some places.
Source: Department of Geology, Vietnam National University – Hanoi, School of Natural Science
Figure 2.7-1 Erosion and Sedimentation Map of Ha Long and Cam Pha Area during
1965-2004
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2.7.2 Topographic Changes, Sedimentation and Erosion in Cua Luc Bay
(1) Changes in surface area, intertidal region and the mangroves
The surface area of Cua Luc bay in 1965 was about 6542 ha, in 2004 was 4720 ha, a
reduction of nearly 2000ha. Significant narrowing occurred mainly in the northern,
western and eastern coasts of the bay. The causes are emerging activities such as making
ponds for aquatic farming, ground leveling etc., that narrowing high-tidal region and the
mangroves.
Source: Environmental Planning to 2015
(2) Seabed and fairway changes in Cua Luc bay
Fairways in Dien Vong river have been having significant changes. The main fairway
navigating to Dien Vong estuary has been changed significantly. Except the part between
Hon Gac and Sa To island where it was narrowed, the hydrodynamics of the river was
increased, thus the depth is maintained, other parts from Ha Khanh ward to Cai Da
waterfall have been aggraded significantly, the river is 2-3m shallower than in 1965. The
main fairway now goes through the Northwest and North of Hon Gac, flowing through
the Northeast direction in other branch to the estuary.
Table 2.7-2 Seabed changes in some areas of Cua Luc bay during 1965 - 2004
Table 2.7-1 Changes of Intertidal Region and Mangroves in Cua Luc Bay
Region 1965 1989 2004 Reduction in ha % of reduction
High-tidal 3402.5 3402.5 3014.2 388 11.4
Low-tidal 2116.74 2116.74 1416 700 33.1
Mangroves 3402.5 3261 2025 1377 40.5
STT Area Type of change Average speed
(cm/year) High-tidal Low-tidal Riverbed
1 Estuary Erosion 1.5
2 Vung Dan Aggradation 0 - 1
3 Do Cao Xanh Aggradation 5 - 6
4 Khu Cao Xanh Erosion 0 - 1
5 Ha Khanh ward Aggradation 1 - 2
6 Ha Khanh ward Aggradation 0 - 1
7 North Hon Gac Erosion 5 - 6
8 North Hon Gac Aggradation 0 - 1
9 West Sa To island Aggradation 0 - 1
10 West Sa To island Aggradation 5 - 6
11 Cai Lan port Erosion 15 - 20
12 Viet Hung commune Aggradation 0 - 1
13 Viet Hung commune Erosion 2 - 3
14 Vu Oai river Erosion 4 - 5
15 Mu village Aggradation 0 - 1
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Source: Environmental Planning to 2015
(3) Prediction of changing trends of erosion, sedimentation and pollution in Cua Luc Bay
The landscape of Cua Luc bay will continue to change significantly and will be replaced
with industrial and urban landscape. Planted forest and agricultural landscape will also be
more and more common, replacing bare land and hills, even in mineral mine pit. Erosion,
sedimentation and pollution will increase strongly, especially in the east of the basin and
Cua Luc bay.
After the development period of infrastructure, urbanization process will accelerate in all
surrounding areas of Cua Luc bay. Wastes from projects in low-areas will be mainly
urban and industrial wastes. Open mining in the North of Halong city will decline until
termination but waste dumping sites and mine pits will still be potential sources for
erosion and water pollution. Erosion, sedimentation and pollution will decline
significantly in coal production areas.
2.8 Natural Hazard
Quang Ninh Province is located in the Gulf of Tonkin which is endowed with valuable
resources such as large-scale coal mines with good quality and island landscape with
many famous scenic spots such as Halong Bay that has been recognized as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. It is famous for its abundant valuable marine resources. Despite
these advantages, Quang Ninh is also facing difficulties due to nature, particularly natural
disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and landslides. Moreover, due to exploitation
activities, natural resources have been damaged. As a result, there is an increased risk of
landslides, debris flood, and sedimentation in estuaries and coastal bays as well as the risk
of environmental pollution.
2.8.1 Situation and Evolution of Natural Hazard
Common natural disasters that have caused the most damage to Quang Ninh include
storm, flood and mud-debris flood, and landslide such as rockslide. These disasters have
not only happened once in a location but also tend to be recurrent.
(1) Storm
According to the statistics of the National Meteorological Centre, an average of nine to
ten storms hit Vietnam every year with about 2.1 storms hitting Quang Ninh. The period
from 1961 to 2008 recorded approximately 240 hurricanes landing in Vietnam, including
44 storms (about 18%) coming to Quang Ninh. Storms that hit Quang Ninh Province,
mostly small- and medium-sized storms, are described in Table 2.8-1.
16 Mu village Erosion 0 - 1
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Table 2.8-1 Percentage of Storm Levels from 1961 to 2008
Level storms 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (*) Total
Number of Storm 4 5 10 3 8 6 2 1 5 44 Rate (%) 9.1 14.4 22.7 6.8 18.2 13.6 4.5 2.3 11.4 100.0
Hurricane Intensity Hurricane, Small and
Medium Strong Storm
Super Typhoon
Storm Intensity Ratio (%)
43.9 31.8 6.8
Note(*) Unidentified
Source: Research Modeling Automated System of Monitoring and Warning Natural Disaster in Quang Ninh
Based on the data of the storm’s path provided by the National Meteorology and
Hydrology, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, road maps of the
storms and the storm’s position in Quang Ninh Province has been developed as shown in
Figure 2.8-1.
Source: Research Modeling Automated System of Monitoring and Warning Natural Disaster in Quang Ninh
Figure 2.8-1 Road Map of Storms Landing in Quang Ninh (1961-2008)
(2) Flood and Flash Flood
Because of its location along the coast, good drainage capacity, and not large river basins
in Quang Ninh, flooding is not common here as in other central areas. However, flooding
still occurred in the urban areas such as Halong and Cam Pha and rural areas such as Ha
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Nam and Quang Yen. The main factors affecting flooding and flash flooding include
heavy rainfall, topography, and geomorphic processes.
Rainy season in Quang Ninh lasts from April to October/November with concentrated
rainfall from May to September, which accounts for 75-85% of the annual rainfall. Heavy
rains caused floods and storms are often accompanied by tropical depression. Under the
influence of topography, flood in Quang Ninh can be divided into two areas:
- Northeast Area located in the highest terrain in the province where rivers are very
short, there is a small basin area, and the slopes of the basin as well as of the river
canal are great; thus, surface factors could not be regulated.
- Southwest Region where the mountain terrain tends to gradually decrease; therefore,
rainfall also tends to decrease from north to south, and flood season lasts from June to
September.
(3) Landslide, Mud-debris Flood
Large-scale mining operation takes place in almost all of Quang Ninh which is covered
by hills and mountains. Every rainy season, Quang Ninh must face the high risk of
landslide and mud-debris flood. Heavy rain leads to landslide of a hundred cubic meters
of soil and rock along the road connecting the plains with mountainous roads. Landslides
and mud-debris flood in Quang Ninh Province are not only directly affecting people
and property, but also cause sedimentation and pollution in Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long Bay,
and Cua Luc.
1) Landslide, Mud-debris Flood Associated with Mining Activities
Quang Ninh has a variety of concentrated large open coal mining sites. During the
exploitation process, the coal companies have created a source of waste rock materials,
most of which are taken to the dumpsite near the mine, which is concentrated on the peak
of the watershed and mountainsides. Due to the high slope on the dumping ground,
landslide and mud-debris flood risks could arise easily in these areas located in the
headwaters of the river, which often threaten the neighboring residential areas and
directly affect the natural world heritage site of Halong Bay. In recent years, there have
been some landslides and mud-debris flows in the Ha Long - Cam Pha coal mining areas.
Typically, the mud-debris flood broke the Khe De Dam, which is associated with the
concentration of large amount of rain from July to August 2006.
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Photo: Debris Flood caused by Broken Khe De Weir in August 2006, Located at the bottom of
the Spoil Sites at Coc 6 Coal Mine (Photo by Dang Van Bao)
2) Landslides and Mudflows Affecting Natural Stone Clusters Mountain Residents
In mountainous areas, landslides are significant in Bac Binh District. In recent times,
many landslides and mudflows have occurred at Binh Lieu causing serious consequences.
A landslide occurred on 9 June 2005 in Ngan Vang Village, Dong Tam Commune wherein
11 people died. Heavy rains have eroded the 15 m high hill, consisting of a mixture of
soil, rock, and water forming muddy river of about 10,000 m3, 400 m long, and 100 m
wide and filling a 15 ha rice field as well as residential flats at the bottom.
Mapping of landslide risk areas in Binh Lieu is divided into five warning levels, namely:
very weak, weak, medium, high, and very high, as shown in Figure 2.8.2 below.
Evaluation results show that the risks of the most powerful landslides are in the villages
of Upper Ngan Meo, Lower Ngan Meo, Ngan Pat, Ngan Kheo in Luc Hon Commune and
in the villages of Thinh Dan, Po Dan, and Khe Mo in The Huc Dong Commune.
Source: The Study of the Geological Processes, Modern Geodynamic for Monitoring Changes in the Caves on the Islands of
Halong Bay
Figure 2.8-2 Zoning Map of Landslides in Quang Ninh Province
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3) Tornadoes
Quang Ninh is located in the region of tropical monsoon, with two distinct seasons, rainy
and dry seasons. At the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season are the
months of "transition of atmospheric circulation", easily for tornado conditions occur,
especially in the mountains and Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long Bay, due to effects of
topography. According to statistics in the recent years, on the Halong Bay waters,
tornado occurs every year. Tornadoes are unpredictable phenomena, often appears very
suddenly and its existence time is only for about 20 minutes to several hours, therefore
preventing them is very difficult.
(4) Natural disasters due to karst slides and collapses of karst caves bottom and ceiling in
Halong Bay
1) Natural disasters due to karst collapse
Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long featuring with limestone island systems always hide
potential complications due to karst landslide. The core zone of Halong Bay World
Heritage Site has 117 points of collapse and break-out of which most of the points are
directly related to the presence of the system fault, destroying tectonic zone and level of
foot vulnerability due to corrosion, drifted and washed limestone .
Figure 2.8.3 Swan Island (left) and Fighting Cocks Island (right) with tectonic fractures
and corrosion at the feet - the risk of collapse and break-out losing of heritage of height
(photo Tran Tan Van )
2) The phenomenon of collapse and falling down of floors and ceilings of karst caves
In some caves, the phenomenon of floor collapse is of potentially high risk. Due to
formations, the cave bottom is usually composed of quite thick and unconsolidated sand
aquifer, it is covered by thick layers of 0.5 - 1m travectin horizontally laid. That is the
cave floor where tourists stand and step on . Due to many different reasons, the bottom
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sandy floors of the caves can be brought away from the cave (natural causes), creating an
empty space at the bottom. That is the premise for the cave floor collapsed. There have
been many caves with phenomenon of floors collapse under this mechanism . Depth of
the sink holes in some places can be up to 4 - 5m and thin layer of travectin walking path
for tourists run just on top. To protect the cave floor and walking paths as well as plain
sites in the caves, need to make directions for water flows in the rainy season and
reinforce pillars for the cave floors.
2.8.2 Impact of Natural Disasters on Society
Natural hazards affect the property and livelihood of people in Quang Ninh including
housing, water supply, infrastructure, and agricultural production. Natural disasters also
have impacts on the lives of all people in Quang Ninh, especially poor people in rural
areas, mountainous and low-lying areas, and coastal areas.
Photo: Devastated Scene due to Floods Caused by Typhoon in 2008 in Tien Yen
The summary of the impacts of natural catastrophes on the socioeconomy of Quang Ninh
is statistically shown in the following Table 2.8.2. The table shows that the damage
caused by these disasters is quite large. Therefore, a strategy with feasible solutions for
adaptation and disaster prevention is needed.
Table 2.8-2 Summary of Damages of Natural Disasters in Quang Ninh Province in
1999-2009
Type of Damage Category Unit Storms Tornado Floods Total
People
Number of deaths People 48 39 43 130 + Children People 1 1 - 2 Number of injured people People 41 61 14 116 + Number of displaced households Households 400 - 9 409 Number of affected districts Districts - - 13 13
Buildings Total number of houses collapsed, gone Item 1.228 9 185 1.422
Total number of houses flooded, damaged, roofs Item 5.513 438 1.640 7.591
Schools Schools pour, float Classroom - 4 - 4 Schools damaged Classroom 88 14 - 102
Agriculture Total rice area is waterlogged, flooded ha 3.615 - 3.798 7.413 + Area lost to recharge ha 407 - 550 957 Total crop area flooded ha 7.130 20 50 7.200
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+ Area lost away ha 23 - 30 53 Plating flooded kg 291 - 272 563 Fallen trees Tree 9.363 - - 9.363
Irrigation
Volume of soil erosion, drift, sedimentation at: m3 555.800 - 3.800 559.600 + Central dike m3 5.000 - - 5.000 + Local dike m3 - - 8.500 8.500 + Canals, dams m3 37.700 - - 37.700 Rock slides, floating m3 16.788 - 40 16.828 Erosion at dike and riverbank m 13.775 - 150 13.925 Canal eroded, damaged m 2.000 - 9.460 11.460 Number of small-scale irrigation broken, drifted Item 2 - 13 15 Number of small-scale irrigation works damaged Item 5 - - 5 Number of small-scale irrigation works damaged Item - - 22 22
Transportation
Volume of soil erosion, drift, sedimentation at: m3 18.770 - 9.340 28.110 + Highway m3 1.000 - - 1.000 + Provincial road m3 2.100 - - 2.100 Number of bridges, culverts collapsed, drifted Item 5 - 8 13 Underground spill damaged Item 3 - 11 14 Ferries, boats drifted Item 2 - - 2 Transport ship sank, lost Item 24 - 1 25 Road length damaged km 876 - - 876 Road surface broken m2 10.800 - - 10.800
Fisheries
Area ponds, fish ponds damaged ha 14.007 - 100 14.107 Cages were drifting item 43 - - 43 Fish, shrimp, crab lost t 110 - - 110 Boats sank, lost item 137 54 16 207 Boats damaged item 1 - - 1 Rafts damaged item 4 - - 4
Contact Info Information column dump item 1 - - 1 Switchboard damage item 1 - - 1
Energy
High-tension poles broken apart item 12 - - 12 Voltage column broken down item 277 1 - 278 Wires cut m 1.820 - - 1.820 Substation, transformer damaged item 2 - - 2 Washed coal t 450 - - 450
Source: Office of the Permanent Committee for the Prevention and Flood Control Central
2.9 Inter-provincial Environmental Impact
Quang Ninh Province is adjacent to several provinces such as Hai Phong Province and
Hai Duong Province, and may be affected by environmental impacts from other provinces.
In this section, possible water quality impact and air quality impact are described.
(1) Water Quality in Bach Dang River
The Bach Dang River flows between Quang Ninh Province and Hai Phong Province, and
its water quality may be affected by pollutants of both provinces. In this section,
analytical results of several water quality parameters are examined.
1) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS concentrations in Cua Cam – Bach region in rainy season is higher than that in the
dry season. Average concentration of TSS in rainy season was 394.4 mg/l at the surface
layer and 182.9 mg/l at the bottom. TSS concentrations in the rainy season exceeded
surface water quality standards. Among the areas surveyed, the Sub-zone No. III, near Ba
Lach – Dong Son estuary, had the highest concentration and Sub-zone No. 4 had the
lowest concentration.
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
I II III IV Khu vùc
mg/l
M.kh« M.ma
GHCP
Source: IMER (2008)
Figure 2.9-1 TSS concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary
(2) Eutrophication
Monitoring results of dissolved mineral nutrients of Cua Cam – Bach Dang in 2006 and
2007 are showed in Table 2.9-1.
Table 2.9-1 Average Nutrient Concentrations in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang area
Sub-zone/Seas
on
Concentration (g/l)
NH4+ NO2
- NO3- PO4
3- SiO32-
Surfac
e
Botto
m
Surfac
e
Botto
m
Surfac
e
Botto
m
Surfac
e
Botto
m
Surfac
e
Botto
m
I
Dry 128.1 119.0 16.2 10.3 184.5 186.0 31.2 31.0 2722 2075
Wet 141.4 145.0 18.0 13.0 221.7 208.2 56.6 23.8 1714 1850
II
Dry 74.0 82.3 8.5 7.8 144.5 112.2 13.0 12.5 1126 621
Wet 111.5 102.4 10.8 9.8 218.5 164.9 31.9 29.4 2300 2225
III
Dry 97.7 106.9 8.4 8.3 189.4 145.5 19.5 16.5 1535 1275
Wet 172.5 - 14.1 - 240.2 - 22.5 - 2260 -
IV
Dry 73.2 84.9 6.9 8.0 134.6 102.8 11.6 11.0 774 742
Wet 112.2 115.0 10.4 9.0 176.3 137.9 23.7 22.2 2322 2046
Toàn vùng
Dry 88.9 96.3 9.0 8.4 161.4 130.0 17.1 15.7 1358 1073
Wet 136.1 112.2 12.7 10.1 212.1 160.3 30.5 23.5 2216 1944
Standard 500 55* 60* 45* 3000**
Note: (*)- Compared to ASEAN standard; (**)- Proposed standard of Project KT.03-07. Source: IMER (2008)
The Total Nitrogen (T-N) in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang in rainy season is 1.2 times
higher than in the dry season. Among the 4 Sub-zones, the Sub-zone No. I and the No. III
were much higher than the Sub-zone No. II and the No. IV as shown in Figure 2.9-2.
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0
1
2
3
4mg/l
Khu vùc M.Kh« 2.92 1.74 2.49 1.58 2.1
M.Ma 3.45 2.14 2.58 2.18 2.48
I II III IV T.vïng
Source: IMER (2008)
Figure 2.9-2 Distribution of T-N concentration in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region
The concentration of Total Phosphorous (T-P) in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region tends to
be higher in dry season. Especially in dry season, in the Sub-region No. III, T-P
concentration showed the highest value.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8mg/l
Khu vùc
M.Kh« 0.54 0.27 0.36 0.22 0.32
M.Ma 0.63 0.54 0.76 0.55 0.61
I II III IV T. vïng
Source: IMER (2008)
Figure 2.9-3 Distribution of T-P in Cam – Bach Dang region
(3) Oil Products
Oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang region tends to be high in the Sub-region No. I
(in the river) and lower towards the sea. In comparison to allowed standard (0.3mg/l), oil
concentration in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region always exceeded, of which concentration
in the Sub-region No. I was the highest.
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0
0.3
0.6
0.9
I II III IV T.vïngKhu vùc
mg/l
M.Kh« M.Ma
GHCP
Source: IMER (2008)
Figure 2.9-4 Variation of oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary
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CHAPTER 3 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FRAMEWORK FOR QUANG NINH
PROVINCE
3.1 Development and orientation point of view (following Resolutions of the Provincial
Peopls’s Council):
1. The Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 is in
accordance with the Green Growth Strategy of Vietnam, the National Environmental
Protection Strategy to 2020, vision 2030 and the Socio – Economic development Master
plan of the Province, the Regional Construction Planning of the Province, the Land use
planning and the Planning of Sectors to provide solutions to prevent and mitigate natural
resources degradations, environmental pollution, gradually improve the environmental
quality, enhance efficiency of exploitation and rational use of natural resources and
environmental management capacity.
2. Application of advanced technologies in which priority is given to high technologies, the
advanced environmental protection models (such as Satoyama Initiative, Japan) for
environmental protection and sustainable development in the fields of environmental
protection and management.
3. Application of environmental standards of the advanced countries.
4. Promotion of awareness raising activities about environment for changing in actions for
implementation of environmental protection.
5. Promotion of measures in order to enhance values of Halong Bay and the surrounding
areas for sustainable development.
6. Promotion of adoption of measures to harmonize between environmental protection and
economic sustainable development in the key areas of industrial development such as coal
mining areas, industrial parks...
3.2 Principal Goals for 2020 and Vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang
Ninh Province
The National Environmental Protection Strategy and the Green Growth Strategy are
actively promoted in changing Vietnam’s socioeconomic structure to have
environmentally friendly characteristics. Considering all of the items mentioned above,
the goals for 2020 and vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh
Province are proposed in Section 3.2.2.
3.2.1 Basic Policy and Strategy to be Referred to in Setting Goals and Vision of the
Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh Province
(1) National Environmental Protection Strategy toward 2020, Vision to 2030
The Decision No. 1216/2012/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister approving the National
Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with a vision to 2030, which came to force on
5 May 2012. The strategy was recognized as a milestone in Vietnam to harmonize
sustainable economic growth with environmental protection. The strategy shall adopt the
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Green Growth Strategy, which aims to reduce environmental pollution, and degradation
of natural resources and biodiversity by 2020, as well as to prevent and reverse these
trends by 2030. The objectives and visions held in the national environmental protection
strategy shall be set as goals and visions of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh
Province.
1) Objectives of the Environmental Protection Strategy for 2020
The objectives of the environmental protection strategy for 2020 are as follows:
To fundamentally control and restrict increases in environmental pollution, and degradation of natural resources and biodiversity; to continue improving the quality of the environment; and to improve capacities to proactively respond to climate change and achieve sustainable development of the country.
Under the abovementioned objectives, the following specific objectives were set:
- To reduce environmental pollution sources significantly;
- To remediate and rehabilitate polluted and degraded areas;
- To improve people’s living condition;
- To reduce natural resources degradation and depletion levels, and control the decline of biodiversity conditions; and
- To strengthen the capacity to respond to climate change impacts with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels.
Considering the above objectives, the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province should
address the reduction of pollution sources, improve people’s living condition, conserve
provincial natural resources, natural environment and biodiversity, and propose mitigation
and adaptation measures on climate change issues.
2) Vision of the Environmental Protection Strategy toward 2030
The vision of the national environmental protection strategy toward 2030 is as follows:
Trends in increasing environmental pollution, natural resources degradation and biodiversity decline should be halted and reversed; the quality of living environments
should be improved; climate change should be proactively addressed; and basic conditions should be created to develop a low waste, low-carbon green economy aiming at achieving economic prosperity and sustainable development of the country.
The vision expects that Vietnam’s environmental management will contribute not only in
mitigating or preventing negative impacts due to economic activities such as passive
environmental management, but also shift the country’s economic activities in order to have
environmentally friendly characteristics such as “active environmental management”.
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(2) Promotion of Green Growth Strategy
According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), green
growth is defined as “fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural
assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which our well-being
relies. To do this, it must catalyze investment and innovation which will underpin sustained
growth and give rise to new economic opportunities.”1. The definition shows that the Green
Growth Strategy covers various fields not only in the environmental management sector but
also in different sectors such as the energy sector or economic sector. In order to achieve the
Green Growth Strategy, all relevant sectors should consider contributing to the strategy’s
purpose. The environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province is also expected to contribute in the
actualization of the Green Growth Strategy.
So far, Quang Ninh Province has conducted actions for actualizing the concept of green
growth strategy. On June 5, 2012, the Quang Ninh Provincial People’s Committee (PPC)
held a workshop entitled “Green Economy and Sustainable Development”. In the
workshop, Mr. Dang Huy Hau, Vice-chairman of Quang Ninh PPC, reported on the Green
Growth Strategy for Quang Ninh Province. He stated that Quang Ninh Province should
shift the growing model from “brown“ to “green”, followed by the same concept of green
growth in the National Strategy. In order to achieve the goal of green growth, which
associates economic growth with sustainable development, Quang Ninh Province
considers the following key tasks needed to be focused on:
a) To find the solutions to overcome and minimize environmental pollution;
b) To increase investment and strengthen socialization of environmental protection
activities;
c) To promote scientific research and application of advanced, clean and environment
friendly technologies;
d) To deploy synchronized planning for environmental protection at provincial and
district levels;
e) To promote communications and education, and to enhance awareness and sense of
responsibility for environmental protection.
On 16 December 2012, the Quang Ninh PPC held a workshop entitled “Green Growth
and Measures to Attract Japanese Investors to Invest in Quang Ninh”. The workshop was
participated by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan External Trade
Organization (JETRO), Japan Business Association in Vietnam (JBAV), Japan Inter
1 Multilingual Summaries for Towards Green Growth
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-green-growth_9789264111318-en/summaries;jsessionid=
d1i8i98i9fp15.delta
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Culture Association, and representative companies from Japan. In this workshop, Quang
Ninh Province signed an agreement with JICA to cooperate in carrying out the relevant
activities for green growth in Quang Ninh Province.
Quang Ninh Province prepared its Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020, Vision toward
2030 (SEDP). In terms of the relationship between the SEDP and green growth strategy,
SEDP was mentioned as follows:
a) Development scheme: SEDP states the three pillars of sustainable development,
economy, society and environment, as the key contents of the master plan. The
shifting of economic structure from brown to green reflects the increase in tourism
services, accounting to more than 50% of growth domestic product (GDP) of
Quang Ninh Province. Open coal mining will be stopped by 2018 and some of the
closed mines are planned to be renovated as tourism spots.
b) Introduction of severe environmental standards: SEDP proposes to introduce the
environmental and emission/wastewater standards of developed countries to
primary residential and tourism areas.
c) Promotion of green tourism/ecotourism: SEDP recommends to promote green
tourism/ecotourism as the primary tourism activities that would contribute not only
to environmental protection but also economic development.
d) Proposal on environmental protection measures: SEDP suggests providing
wastewater treatment plants, solid waste treatment facilities, and other
environmental protection measures, such as promotion of composting, and
improvement of coal mining related facilities.
As mentioned above, the Green Growth Strategy is one of the key concepts in preparing
the vision and goal of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province.
(3) Adaptation on Announcement of Opinion of the Politburo on Socio-economic
Development on Quang Ninh Province
On 1st October 2012, the Central Executive Committee announced the opinion on the
project for rapid and sustainable socio-economic development to ensure the national
defense and security with setting up a pilot of the two special administrative - economic
units of Van Don and Mong Cai district in Quang Ninh Province. The announcement
stated that Quang Ninh province locates at the strategic important area from the political
and economical viewpoints, and has potential advantages compared to other localities in
the region. Quang Ninh Province is considered to perform a role as the powerful
economic center of the Red River Delta and the Northern Economic Belt in Vietnam. To
2020, Quang Ninh Province is expected to become a province of modern services,
industry, an international tourist centre of the northern part of Vietnam. Another important
expectation in Quang Ninh Province is to develop measures to shift economic structure
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from "brown" to "green". The living standards of the people are also expected to be
upgraded, and natural and cultural assets which are represented by the world heritage site
of Halong Bay should be preserved and their worth would be maximized. The
Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province should contribute to actualization of these
concepts suggested by the announcement.
3.2.2 Goal and Target of the Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province
Considering the national environmental protection strategy and concept of the Green
Growth Strategy, the proposed goal and targets of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh
Province are as follows:
Vision to 2030
Quang Ninh Province will be a key leading actor for successful implementation of
environmental protection targets within framework of green growth strategy inVietnam;
The province will have the capability to send information and experiences to other
countries, such as members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Goal to 2020
Quang Ninh Province will be a leading actor in Vietnam for successful implementation of
environmental protection targets within framework of green growth strategy
inVietnam.Targets by 2020
(1) Halong City: will be a typical locality in environmental protection field and
implementation of sustainable tourism in Quang Ninh Province.
a) Development and completion of wastewater collection and treatment systems and solid
waste management systems;
b) Development of sustainable tourism such as ecotourism combining with environmental
awareness raising;
c) Stopping of open mining, minimization of air environment pollution;
d) Construction of sustainable urban via ensuring of natural green areas, solid waste
sorting, limiting number of transportation means that cause smokes and dust in the city
center areas.
(2) Enhance values of provincial natural environment and provincial natural resources
management network
a) Implementation of sustainable management of natural resources and land on the basis
of the environmental zoning, multi-axis management consisting of two headwater
forests systems and three ecological corridors (mountain ecological corridor, coastal
ecological corridor and marine ecological corridor);
b) Establishment, upgrading and expansion of natural protected areas in the key areas of
Quang Ninh Province; improve the natural conditions of important headwater forests
(special-use forest, protective forest, production forest) for protection of water
resources.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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c) Enhancement of regional natural environment worth and sustainable regional natural
resource use by actualization according to categorized as an internationally
well-known criteria such as a Ramsar site or an ASEAN Heritage Park.
(3) Mitigate the forecasted major environmental impacts in high-risk areas in the future
a) Development of wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage systems in high priority
areas.
b) Development of solid waste management system in high priority areas.
c) Implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) on major areas affected
by large-scale development such as in Quang Yen Town and Van Don District.
d) Implementation of adaptation measures to address climate change issues.
(4) Approve the Provincial Green Growth Strategy and carry out implementation
a) Promotion to introduce an ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh Province.
b) Implementation of climate change mitigation measures using international schemes.
(5) Enhance the provincial level capacity on environmental management and monitoring
a) Establishment of geographic information system (GIS) center to supervise
environmental information in Quang Ninh Province.
b) Enhancement of environmental monitoring capacity to respond to development targets
of the country.
c) Participation in international environmental monitoring network such as Acid
Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) to address inter-provincial
environmental issues.
3.2.3 Strategies for the Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province
(1) General Strategy
Environmental measures to be conducted in the Halong Bay area are expected not only to
contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development in Halong Bay area,
but also to contribute to
a) Conduct application of advanced technology for environmental conservation and
sustainable development: Quang Ninh province is expected to be as one of
leading provinces in the country for environmental protection. Therefore,
adaptation of advanced environmental protection technology is to be considered
actively, as in the following activities:
Advanced treatment for wastewater treatment and recycle of sludge
generated through the process of wastewater treatment,
Adaptation of individual wastewater treatment system such as “Jokasho” in
rural area,
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Adaptation of technology to treat tourism boat wastewater such as
“bio-toilet” or “vessel’s wastewater collection system,
Incinerators for treatment of solid waste including industrial and hazardous
waste,
Individual composting system to be able to be applied in rural area,
Advanced end-of-pipe system and technology for process improvement for
thermal power plants and cements plants, and
Application of bio-fuel as tourism boats fuels to reduce amount of GHG
emission.
b) Apply advanced strategies for environmental conservation and sustainable
development: As mentioned above, Quang Ninh province is expected to be as one
of leading provinces in the country for environmental protection. Therefore, the
advanced strategies for environmental protection and sustainable development
will be deployed as follows;
Adaption of strict environmental and emission / effluent standards in
tourism centers and residential areas,
Introduction of watershed and environmental corridor concepts to sustain
provincial natural environment,
Introduction of international concept for harmonizing regional environment
and economic activities, named “SATOYAMA Initiative”, and
Starting consideration for actualizing the concept of low carbon city to the
Halong City.
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Ⅰ-17
Concept of the development of a low-carbon city
• Selection of effective CO2 reduction measures based on the status and structure of CO2 emission in a city is
necessary. • Understanding the current level of CO2 emissions in comparison to other cities is necessary to examine oneself
and decide what measures are effective in which areas. • As for the selection of measures based on self-assessment above, clarified 9 policies for each area of “transport/urban structure”, “energy” and “greenery”, in line with transformation based on compact urban structure
• Specific procedure to understand the effect based on the selection and combination of the measures
Shift to a compact urban structure
Realize compact urban structure that is compact based on mixed-use of facilities for efficient land use and preservation of natural environment
Realize traffic system not excessively dependent on automobile
Efforts to develop a low-carbon city when making shift to a compact urban structure Shift to an urban structure sets right conditions and
provide opportunities to implement measures in energy and green areas .
Move away from city activities dependent on heavy energy consumption and establish energy supply system that circulates in an area
Secure green spaces in every corner of a city and around a city
Realize a low-carbon and compact urban structure
Source: MoE of Japan
Figure 3.2-1 Low-carbon City Development Concept and Policy
c) Promote active environmental awareness activity: For proceeding environmental
protection measures, awareness raising of the concerned organizations and
personals is essential. Quang Ninh Province area has various valiant natural
environment, such as Halong Bay World Heritage Site and Bai Tu Long National
Park. Through the management activities on such natural environment, it is
expected that experiences of environmental awareness raising have and will have
accumulated. These experiences should be disseminated among Quang Ninh
Province.
d) Promote measures to upgrade the worth of Halong Bay and surrounding area for
sustainable development: As mentioned above, the Halong Bay World Heritage
Site and Bai Tu Lon Bay National Park are key resources for environmental
protection and sustainable development not only for Halong Bay area, but also
for Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, it is recommended that the provincial and
local governments and the concerned organizations will take required actions to
upgrade the worth of Halong Bay and surrounding area for sustainable
development.
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e) Promote adopting of measures for harmonization of environmental protection
and sustainable economical development actively: In Quag Ninh Province, there
are many large coal mining areas, which can be considered to apply as trial
fields for adaptation of measures for harmonization of environmental protection
and sustainable economical development actively in these areas, whereby, it is
expected that VINACOMIN cooperates with provincial government to take
required actions not only for preventing environmental pollution, but also for the
field for presentation to show realization and implementation of advanced
measures for achievement of harmonization of environmental protection and
sustainable economical development.
f) Involving environmental management plan by VINACOMIN with Environmental
Planning of Quang Ninh Province
So far, coal industry has been the main industry in Quang Ninh province to
develop its economical condition. On the other hand, coal industry has affected
environmental condition in Quang Ninh province, especially on water pollution
by coal mining wastewater discharge, air pollution by spreading dust due to
mining and transportation of coal, and generation of industrial solid waste such as
surplus materials due to mining activity. Under the policy to actualize green
growth strategy, the coal industry shoud harmonize environmental consideration
in the future. To harmonize economical development by coal industru with
environmental consideration to reduce impact by wastewater, dust and solid
waste generated, it is strongly recommended that Quang Ninh Provice
Environmental Planning will involve environmental management plan prepared
by VINACOMIN. Under this strategy, this environmental planning involves
VINACOMIN’s environmental management projects based on the “The Master
Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with Orientation
toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision No.60/QĐ-TTg on
9th January 2012.
(2) Strategy of Each Environmental Sector
For addressing major issues, it is necessary to identify specific issues to be solved with
the proposed approach for solving the issues, enhancement of institutional systems, and
raising the awareness of the community on environmental protection.
a) Water Environment Management
- Strengthening control of water pollution sources, particular strengthening control
of organic pollutants and suspended solids discharged from urban and rural areas
pollution sources.
- Application of advanced technologies in wastewater treatment, especially attention
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to nitrogen and phosphorus and systems of collection and reuse of sludge incurred
in the processing systems; Application of standards of advanced countries for
waste sources discharged into water sources used for water supply purposes for
drinking, tourism, aquaculture and irrigation.
- Implementation of construction projects for domestic wastewater treatment
systems and drainage networks according to proposed priority levels and perform
feasibility study for the urban centers in the province
- Wastewater from coal mining and processing is treated to meet environmental
standards before discharged into water sources in 2015, special attention is paid to
handling of surface run-off wastewater through landfill sites and mining sites.
b) Air quality management
- Strengthening environmental management capacity from the provincial level to the
businesses, including capacity in environmental monitoring, supervision of the
management and execution bodies in environmental monitoring, air environment
monitoring and making reports for submission to the authorities for monitoring and
supervision of the production facilities that established in the province;
- Strengthening management of dust parameters, including TSP , PM10 , PM2,5 from
the fixed sources of pollution such as power plants, cement plants and mining
industry;
- Implementation of roadmap of applying exhaust emission standards in 2015 and
standards of advanced countries after 2020;
- Deployment of automatic environmental monitoring network in the province
ensuring to be continuous and effective; at the same time promotion of technical
support from domestic and international experts (through international funding) to
standardize the techniques in operation and management.
c) Solid waste Management
- Improvement of urban solid waste management system focusing in: development
of regional domestic solid waste management system, construction and operation
of the sanitary landfill system, waste recycling centers, compost processing
plants, improvement of solid waste collection systems, waste transfer and 3R
activities (reduce, reuse and recycle);
- Development of action plan/ industrial solid waste management for the region;
research for building of complex for solid waste disposal for the areas; promotion
of applying 3R model and cleaner production in industrial zones and enterprises;
- Continuing to encourage local investors to participate in projects of regional solid
waste management; Promote 3R activities through technical assistance projects and
awareness raising;
- Planning and testing land-use of environmentally friendly model in the closed
mines areas; Controlling progress and quality of environmental rehabilitation of
coal mining waste dumps.
d) Forest Management
- Accessing to management on the basis of suitable forest environment network to
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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improve quality and increase areas of protected areas in the province and make
up of a suitable forest environment network; Deploying concept of watershed
forest management from the mountains and sea links; combining multi- axis
management consisting of two watershed forest system and three ecological
corridors (mountain ecology corridor, coastal ecological corridor and marine
ecological corridor);
- Implementation of coastal ecological corridor renovation; sustainable management
of coastal resources with community participation through Satoyama model and
promotion of ecotourism;
- Setting up, changing and enhancement of management of natural protected areas
(such as upgrading the Bai Tu Long National Park to be a marine protected area
and the ASEAN Heritage Parks and upgrading the Yen Tu national forest to be the
National Park and expanding its protected areas, expansion of Dong Son - Ky
Thuong natural protected areas... )
- Strict protection of watersheds and improvement of the watershed forest quality to
protect water resources of the Yen Lap and Cao Van, Trang Vinh lakes;
- Planning the land development and land use in order to create buffer zones to
isolate the mining areas with the surrounding residential areas.
e) Biodiversity conservation
- The State pays special attention to management and conservation of bio-diversity.
- Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
- Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding the ecosystems, species and
genetic diversity
- Enhance the benefits to all parties from the services of biodiversity and ecosystem
- Strengthen the enforcement capacity through participatory planning, the State
management, business and people’s management.
f) Adaptation to climate change issue and mitigation measures
- Continue to implement the Action Plan of Response to Climate changes of Quang
Ninh Province period 2010 – 2015, vision to 2020.
- Enhance the close collaboration and support to each other in communities and
sectors of public and private sector;
- Development of adaptation and low carbon society through ongoing implementation
of adaptation and mitigation.
g) Environmental monitoring
- Development of automatic environmental monitoring system in the province.
- Establishment of Center of provincial geographic information systems (GIS) to
enhance the capacity of environment information management.
- Strengthening international cooperation in inter-provincial and international
environmental pollution monitoring.
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3.3 Environmental Zoning of Quang Ninh Province
(1) Needs of Environmental Zoning
In the Environmental Plan, beside proposal of the priority projects to be implemented for
improvement of environment, it is necessary to clarify the area where should be protected
or restored, and can be developed. By such zoning, effectiveness of the proposed project
will be increase and sound environmental management can be actualized. For
examination of environmental zoning, the followings should be noted;
Currently, the protected areas are located at central and western part of the province.
To sustain desirable environmental condition, protected areas should be distributed in
whole province to keep a network of suitable environment. Therefore, protected area
of the province should be reviewed and extended.
Coastal area of the province has a role as the main area for economical activity. At
the same time, the coastal environment should be managed from the viewpoint of
environmental protection to protect marine environment which is rich and
characterize Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, some coastal area should be managed
considering both environmental protection and economical development.
The area such as open coal mining area should be rehabilitated to restore
environmental condition of Quang Ninh Province
Based on the proposal on socio-economic development plan, Quang Ninh Province
aims to achieve developed country standard to 2020. For actualizing this target, the
area to be covered by developed country standard should be identified.
(2) Principles of Environmetal Zoning in Quang Ninh Province
To realize the objectives proposed in the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province,
considering the characteristics of natural environmental conditions, potential for
economic development and environmental protection, and proposal of the
Socio-economic Development Master Plan. The information referred for developing the
environmental zoning map is as follows;
Report on Socio-economic development Planning of Quang Ninh province
to 2020 , vision to 2030. Quang Ninh PPC, 2013
Report on Land Use Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020,
Quang Ninh PPC (2012) , 180 p.
Land use Planning Map of Quang Ninh Province to 2020.
Existing land use map of Quang Ninh Province in 2010.
SEA Report of Vietnam Coal Industry Development Planning to 2020, with
consideration to 2030.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
3-13
SEA Report of the Socio-economic development Planning of Quang Ninh
province to 2020 , vision to 2030. Quang Ninh PPC, 2013
Quang Ninh DONRE (2010), Master Environmental Protection Planning
and some key areas of Quang Ninh Province to 2020 (synthesis report),
Hanoi , 392 pages (with map).
Quang Ninh DONRE (2007), Environmental Protection Planning of
Halong – Cam Pha – Yen Hung Regions to 2010, and orientations to 2020,
Hanoi , 662 p (with map).
Quang Ninh DONRE (2006), Environmental Protection Planning of
Uong Bi Town to 2010 and orientations to 2020 , Hanoi , 252 p (with map).
Quang Ninh DONRE (2011), Report on the Action Plan of biodiversity of
Quang Ninh province to 2020, (with map).
Quang Ninh DONRE, Environmental monitoring data of water and air in
period 2005-2012 from the Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
Center (EMAC).
Quang Ninh DOC (2009), Study on preparation of solid waste management
planning in Quang Ninh province to 2010, orientation to 2020 (the
project synthesis report), Hanoi, 179 p.
Quang Ninh DOC (2010), Report on Drainage and Waste water Treatment
Master planning in urban areas of Quang Ninh province to 2020,
orientations to 2030 ( the main report ), Hanoi, 355p.
Quang Ninh DOC (2010), Report on the Master Planning of Urban system
development of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Quang Ninh ,118 p.
Quang Ninh DOC (2010), General Notes on Adjustment of Water supply
Planning for Urban and Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh province to 2020,
orientation to 2030, Hanoi, 138 p.
Report on Planning of Urban Drainage and Waste water treatment of
Quang Ninh province to 2020, orientation to 2030, prepared by the Quang
Ninh DOC in 2010.
Report on Master Planning of Transportation Development of Quang
Ninh Province to 2020, orientation to 2030 prepared by the Department
of Transportation of Quang Ninh Province .
Report on Master planning of urban system development of Quang Ninh
province to 2020 prepared the Quang Ninh DOC in 2010.
Ha Long Bay Management Department (2010), Environmental Protection
Plan for the Natural World Heritage Halong Bay to 2011, orientations to
the 2011-2015 period.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
3-14
Report on the Environmental status of Quang Ninh province in the years
of 2005-2010, prepared by DONRE .
Report on the environmental status of Halong Bay, Quang Ninh Province
prepared by the Environmental Management Section of HBMD in 2012.
Report on Results of Halong Bay water environment monitoring prepared
by the Environmental Management Section of HBMD in 2012 .
Environmental Protection Plan of the Natural World heritage Halong Bay
in 2011, and orientations for the 2011-2015 period, prepared by the
HBMD in 2010 .
Department of Science and Technology of Quang Ninh (2004) , Study on
Sediment load of Cua Luc Bay Basin.
Environmental monitoring data on water and air in 2005-2012 period of
EMAC, Quang Ninh DONRE.
Synthesis Environmental monitoring data of the Geographical Faculty ,
University of Natural Sciences , National University in the 2004-2012
period.
Quang Ninh DONRE (2011), Report on Biodiversity Action plan of
Quang Ninh province to 2020
Quang Ninh DONRE, Report on Environmental Status for the years
2005-2010 of Quang Ninh Province.
Documentation of MPA (exact name is given later )
The Study For Environmental Management for Halong Bay in 1999
The environmental zoning is categorized under the following four zones proposed in this
environmental plan;
Conservation zone: an area that is officially authorized by the national and local
governments for environmental protection. These areas include world heritage sites
and protected areas. The area should be controlled based on concerned laws and
regulations. Main measures to be carried out in the proposed conservation zone for
conservation of Halong Bay area are as shown below;
- Conservation of inland forest to sustain suitable environmental condition in
coastal and marine area, such as preventing erosion impacts, supplying
suitable domestic waste source, providing required minerals and nutrients to
sustain coastal ecosystem and sustainable fishery.
- Protection of coastal forest environment which is representative by
mangrove forest
- Protection of good water supply source by control or restricting
development activities in important watershed which has roles as water
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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supply sources.
Active environmental management zone: an area considered for sustainable use of
natural resources and economic activities, respecting/harmonizing environmental
protection. The environmental plan proposes the provincial government to establish a
decree/decision to restrict development activities and promote environmentally
friendly activities, as necessary. Main measures to be carried out in the proposed
conservation zone for conservation of Halong Bay area are as shown below;
- Use as trial fields for actualizing activities of exploitation and economical
development which can harmonize with environmental protection, and
disseminating the experiences obtained to other areas.
- Use as trial fields to deploy international ideas for harmonizing between
regional economic activities for contributing to increase of income for
regional residents and environmental protection for sustaining valiant
environmental resources, such as “SATOYAMA” Initiative.
- Use as one of the key areas to promote environmental awareness raising
activities, and to disseminate the experiences obtained to other areas.
Rehabilitation zone: a deteriorated area that need to be rehabilitated. These areas
include closed mining areas and deforested areas.
Development zone (with environmental consideration measures): an area where
existing concerned regulations are applied for change of land use. For development
activities, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) or SEA is applied to control
environmental impacts.
(3) Description of Subzones
The proposed environmental zoning map is shown in Figure 3.3.1.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
3-16
Figure 3.3-1 Quang Ninh environmental zoning map
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
3-17
Environmental zones and its area (Calculated data based on the Environmental Planning map of 1/100,000)
No Zone Area Note
( ha) (%)
1 Conservation zone (C) 276,544.02 34.73
Proposed - in Sea, island 25,546.44 ha ,(3,17 %), - in main land : 1,220.57 (0,15%)
- Strictly Conservation zone 117,712.26 13.88 - Protection zone 167,841.76 20.85
2 Renovation and restoration zone (R) 13182,06 1.62 3 Active Environmental Management
zone ( A) 197,869.60 24.59
4 Development zone in an Environment – friendly way (D)
314,252.93 39.06
Total 804,858.61 100.00
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Sub – zones of the strictly conservation zone : General characteristics and management and
conservation solutions
No Name Distribution, physical characteristics, environmental issues
Requirements in management and protection
In the marine area C.1 Sub-zone of Ha
Long Bay World Natural Heritage
- Distributed in Ha Long Bay - Typical limestone scenery - Marine ecosystems and ecosystem in limestone islands: diversity, but have potential risks if not managed well. - High biodiversity: In the bay, there are 10 types of unique ecosystems of limestone tropical islands including mangroves, sea grass, soft bottom intertidal zone, tidal zone hard bottom, intertidal sand, coral, lagoon, and frequently flooded areas along the coast, the vegetation on the islands and caves. - The terrestrial vegetation: Recorded 507 species in the Ha Long Bay area. Of these, 21 species are recognized as rare and endangered species listed in the Red Book of Vietnam, and there are 17 endemic plant species. (In the report of Ha Long Bay Biodiversity) - The activities affect the environment of the Bay: tourism, fishing, aquaculture, water transportation, coal mining on the shores of the bay, industrial activity, seafood processing, land reclamation for building infrastructure. - There is process of coastal erosion, sedimentation, water pollution near shore
- Management follows world Natural Heritage laws and national regulations and regulations of Quang Ninh. - World Heritage Convention (1972, 2005) - CIRCULAR 2891/TT-KCM of Department of science, technology and environment in 19 Dec 1996 about guidance on environmental protection in Ha Long Bay - Decision 2055/QD -UB of People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province, dated 06.08.1998 assigning responsibility to collect and treat waste on the Bay - Resolution No. 09 NQ / TU on 30/11/2001 by the Quang Ninh Provincial Party Committee "Regarding the management, conservation and promotion of heritage value Ha Long Bay by 2005". - Decision 142/2002/QD - TTg of the Prime Minister dated 21.10.2002 approved conservation plan and promote the value of heritage Ha Long Bay in 2020.
C.2 Sub-zone of Bai Tu Long National Park
- Distributed in the Bay: Bai Tu Long National Park + Bai Tu Long National Park located in areas with geographic coordinates are : 20 ° 55'05 "÷ 21 ° 15'10" north latitude and 107 ° 30'10 "÷ 107 ° 46'20" east longitude. The natural areas of the park include the land area of all islands within the area coordinates, together with the waters around the islands with the width of 1 km from the coastline of the island, the total area of 15,783 ha. The islands of the national park include: Ba Mun, Tra Ngo Lon, Tra Ngo Nho, Sau Nam, Sau Dong, Dong Ma, Hon Chinh, Lo Ho, Mang Ha Nam, Mang Ha Bac, Di To, Chay Chay, Da Ay, Soi Nhu, ..., and the small islands in the above coordinates. + Species diversity: As of January 2008 have listed 1,909 plant and animal species. In the forest ecosystem: 1,028 species of these groups: vascular plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Marine ecosystems are 881 species, including mangrove plants, algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, worms burning, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, corals and fish. Total number of rare species to 60 species, including 52 species in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (1996), 10 species listed in the Decree of the Government 32/2006/CP-ND list of rare plant and animal species need to protect (ND 32) and 2 species listed in both lists.
- Management according to Decision no 186/2006/QD-TTg on August 14, 2006 on Regulation of forest management. - Decree 23/2006/ND-CP of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development - Decision No. 85/2001/QD-TTg: 01.06.2001 about the establishment of Bai Tu Long National park - Decision on Regulation 635/2012/QD-UBND about management of Bai Tu Long National Park by the People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province issued - Decision 104/2007/QD-BNN 27/12/2007 of Department of Agriculture and Rural Development issued regulations on the management of eco-tourism activities in national parks, protected areas
C.3 Subzone of Marine Protected Area
- Distribution in the island and the sea around the island of Co To island and Tran island - The total area of the MPA Co To is 7,850 ha and Tran Island MPA is 4,200 ha. + CoTo islands had coral region with 114 species of coral just 13 of their 37 (WWF, 1994), of which the most prominent is the branch coral Acropora group developed a very strong dominant and in the presence of all tropical reefs. But in the past few years the survey showed the largest loss of "corals which take up 90% of the coverage and scope the distribution, many reefs die 100%. This is where the greatest degree of degradation and the fastest recorded in
Management according to: - Decree No. 57/2008/ND-CP dated 02/5/2008 of the Government issued regulations on the management of Marine Protected Areas Vietnam with national and international importance;
- According to the planning system of MPAs Vietnam in 2020 was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 742/QD-TTg on 26/5/2010, Quang Ninh has 2 marine protected areas in
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coastal Vietnam and could be called "ecological catastrophe" for the region. - Tran island located in areas bordering on the sea border of Vietnam - China, no residents, the island with walking difficulties should also be investigated at all aspects. + Rich of aquatic species with the largest reserves in the North Sea are subject to human activities by improper mining, ecology, aquatic resources tend dwindling, many rare species are endangered ...
16 parks
C.4. Sub-zone of Proposed Mangrove Reserve under
SATOYAMA INITIATIVE
- Distribution of estuarine areas of Tien Tien river, Yen Yen district, Hoang Tan area, HOT river mouth, - Biodiversity: 15 mangrove species, 35 species of trees involved. - Dong Rui Mangroves are considered as one of highest biodiversity in mangrove systems of the northern region. - Mangroves here are formed from 2 sources: wild forest and plantation trees grow in height, various low. This is the shelter, reproduction and development of many species, such as shrimp, fish of all kinds, mollusks, birds and insects trigger, reptiles ...... - There is residential area with agriculture, mining, fishing, aquaculture and the protection, development of mangrove areas and the protection, development of mangrove forests, - High awareness of community in environmental protection. - Conservation of inland waters must be considered an urgent task, and society, and to adopt policies and measures and the importance of international cooperation for the protection, rational exploitation of resources fisheries and fisheries sustainable development, protection of the diversity of the aquatic ecosystems of inland waters (1479/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 13/10/2008).
Management according to - Decision no 1479/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 13/10/2008 to approve the planning of system of protected areas of inland waters until 2020). - Management model of Satoyama Initiative (SATOYAMA INITIATIVE): the goal to achieve society - communities in harmony with nature
Main land C.5 Sub-zone of
Yen Tu National forest
- Distribution in the northwest city of Uong Bi, Yen Tu mountain areas - Yen Tu is very important special forest in Quang Ninh. The total area of the area is 2,687 ha (1,736 ha are natural forests). - Is one of the scenic spots, tourist attractions, famous traditional festivals of the country, is a center of Buddhism in Vietnam. - In special-use forests of Yen Tu also contain many genetic resources of plants and rare animal including 5 fauna with 380 species, including 38 endemic species of rare flora. Fauna diversity and abundance, of which 23 species are endemic rare in the Red Data Book of Vietnam recorded as: snub-nosed, large flying squirrel, spikes frog... - There is high value in the conservation of genetic resources, scientific research, education and tourism
Management according to: - Decree 23/2006/ND-CP of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development - Decision of the Prime Minister 1671/QD-TTG: Establishment of National Forests and Yen Tu National Forest Investment Project, Quang Ninh Province -Decision no. 104/2007/QD-BNN dated 27/12/2007 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development about regulations on the management of eco-tourism activities in national parks, protected areas, nature reserve
C.6 Subzone of Dong Son – Ky Thuong Natural Reserve
- Distribution in Dong Son Ky Thuong, Hoang Bo District - Total land area is 15637.7 ha in 5 communes including Dong Lam, Dong Son, Ky Thuong, Vu Oai and Hoa Binh. - A typical area of closed broadleaf evergreen forest ecosystems in lowland area, which have the largest natural forest in Northeast Vietnam and rich fauna and flora. - There are 485 species of vascular plants, belonging to 280 genera and 101 families, including the species listed in the Vietnam Red Book. About 249 species of animals available in their 79 and 28 sets, including 58 species of mammals, birds, 154 species of reptiles and amphibians 43 species. Of the 249 species, 30 species are rare and endangered, listed in the Red Book of Vietnam (2007) and the IUCN Red list (2007). The species are globally threatened, such asSơn Dương (Naemorhedus sumatraensis), Gấu ngựa (Ursus thibetanus), Khỉ mặt đỏ (Macaca arctoides), Voọc xám (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Cáo lửa (Vulpes vulpes) , Cầy gấm (Prinodon pardicolor), Cầy vằn
Management according to: - Decision No. 186/2006 / QD-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister on forest management - Decision 1822/QD-UBND on approving project proposals in conservation planning and sustainable development of natural protected areas Dong Son Ky Thuong, Hoang Bo District, Quang Ninh Province in 2020 - Decision No. 440/QD-UBND in Feb. 2003 on the establishment of the Management Board of nature conservation Ky Thuong Dong Son-affiliated provincial forest protection department
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Bắc (Chrotogale owstoni), Báo lửa (Catopuma temminckii), Sóc bay trâu (Petaurista petaurista)...
C.7 Subzone of Quang Hanh limestone ecosystems Reserve (Proposed )
- Located in Quang Hanh area, - Limestone terrain - These typical ecosystems of limestone mountains, - There are a number of endemic species; -White cheeked gibbon, - Mountain-Goats, -Monkey with red face (Macaca arctoides) Birds having white belly (Arthracoceros albirostris)
- Strictly forbid any activity which reduces the biodiversity of karst areas in Quang Hanh, - This area is protected and managed as biosphere reserves - Nature reserves. - Need early decision on the recognition of natural reserves , the management regulations togethe with establishment of Management Board of this - Nature reserves
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Sub-zones of Protection zones – General characteristics, management and protection solutions
No Name Distribution, physical characteristics,
environmental issues Requirements in management and
protection C.8 Subzone of
headwater protection forest
- Distributed primarily in high hills where have steep slopes in the watershed border of the river basin of Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Hoang Bo, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha located along the border with the Bac Giang, Lang Son - Function: to regulate the flow of water, the reservoirs to limit flooding, reduce erosion, protect soil, prevent sedimentation of river, lake. - Requirements for Upstream protection forest are to create area with many species, multi-tiered, with canopy cover (as a general rule to cover 60% or more), -Status: original natural forests in this sub- zone was basically destroyed, replaced by secondary forests, including trees and shrubs do not occupy the entire area. There are some areas planted with protective function, - The biodiversity in this sub - zone is less than bio diversity in the sub- zones of strictly conservation zone , but still higher than the other sub- zones in the protection zone
- Management following Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg dated August 14, 2006 by Prime Minister of Vietnam - Protecting forests and biodiversity, combined forest regeneration forest cover stable at high percentage to 60% or more - The size of the upstream protection forests in accordance with the scale of river basins and upstream protected forest management associated with integrated management of river basin. - The decision 34/2011/QD-TTG of the Prime Minister on 06.24.2011 amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister
C.9
Subzone of protection forest in land
- Distributed in the hilly areas of most districts: Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hoanh Bo, Ha Long and Cam Pha, Dam Ha Tien Yen, Mong Cai -Protection forest in Quang Ninh is used primarily to protect water resources, soil conservation, erosion control, limiting natural disasters, climate control, environmental protection, -Situation: is planted forest with mainly protection function . -Simple Ingredients species, mainly acacia, eucalyptus glue mixed, pine.
- Management according to: + Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; + The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 24/06/2011 about amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister, - It is strictly forbidden deforestation activities.
C.10
Subzone of cultural - historic - environment forest
- Distribution in the special use forest, has cultural, historical and environmental values in Uong Bi, Hoang Bo, Ha Long and Dam Ha districts . - The region consists of one or more landscapes with aesthetic value represents valuable cultural history to serve the cultural activities, tourism or study, including:
• The areas have aesthetic values of landscape.
• Areas with ranked historical-cultural values.
Management according to: -Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; - Decree No. 117/2010/ND-CP dated 17/12/2010 of the Government on management and organization of special use forest system; - The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 06/24/2011 on amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister
C.11 Subzone of protection forest in Marine and Island
- Distribution in coastal area, river mouth (North of Cua Luc bay, coastal area from Tien Yen to Mong Cai), around the island. -The functions are to reduce the impact of waves, wind, shore erosion and protect coastal works, to prevent the Sea water intrusion, protecting habitat for marine species, especially in context of climate change and sea level rise, - Coastal protection forests are mostly mangroves with simple component species: Aegiceras corniculatum (Sú), Bruguiere (vẹt), Rhizophora stylora (đâng), Kandelia canden (trang). Excoecaria (Giá),
Management according to: - Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; - Decree No. 117/2010/ND-CP dated 17/12/2010 of the Government on management and Organization of special-use forest - The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 24/06/2011About amend and supplement a number of forest management regulationsissued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg dated august
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Sonneratia caseolaris (Bần chua), Avicenniaceae (mắm).. This forest has a high biological potential, habitat of aquatic animals and seabirds. - Currently in many areas of mangroves have been cut down for aquaculture, there is the fishing activity affects the development of the forest. -Forest area tends to decrease, -Biological productivity in these forests is declining.
14, 2006 of the Prime Minister, - Number 99/2006/TT-BNN November 6, 2006 guiding the implementation of some articles of the Regulation on forest management. - Synchronized, integrated and efficient solution: + Promote the universal dissemination to civil society organizations, local communities in coastal mangrove area; + Strengthening and improving the system of forest management units, including forests and ensure effective operation; + Promote protection of mangrove ecosystem-based planning and scientific fundamental. + Cooperation in scientific research and protecting mangroves
C.12 Subzone of marine ecosystem protection area
- Distribution mainly in the area between the Hon My and Mieu Island, - Rich in biological resources, but currently degraded,
- Prevent, restrict fishing activities, - Prevent activities that pollute the sea water (oil pollution ..)
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Subzones of Environmental renovation and restoration zone - general overview, management and protection solutions
No Name Distribution, physical characteristics,
environmental issues Requirements in management and protection
R.1 Subzone of coal production environmental areas
- Distribution in the coal-producing region with large area in Hon Gai , Cam Pha, and Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, including the mining, waste dump area, the land after mining, manufacturing and other related areas. -The major environmental issues: + Topography is a fundamental change, destroying vegetation, soil disturbance (layer of fertilize soil disappeared, less stable level), + Soil erosion and landslides have occurred up to the rainy season, causing sedimentation of low area, + Water Pollution + Dust pollution, in dry season increased deflation process, dust pollution especially the mining area and the coal transport route.
This region due to human improvement, with major operations: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining and apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. - For disposal areas: necessary planning and design of the disposal area, and control the the disposal activities under planning and design, -For the closed mines, there are some solutions as following: * The mining pits need to be renovated as planned (i) filling the planting space, or (ii) renovating a number of mining pits to water lake, or (iii) at least for one pits to plan and design building coal mining Heritage museum of Quang Ninh for tourism in the future, (iv) the land area after mining - waste dumps should be stabilized under planning and design; planting in stable waste dumps (Choose plants with wide ecological amplitude, fast-growing, potentially improving nitrogen fixation and soil, reduce erosion and landslides stone). -For areas adjacent to residential areas and urban centers such as Cam Pha, Hon Gai, Mao Khe required zoning of buffer under 2 small strips have different functions: + The outer edge of the coal mining strip to plan site for solid and waste water treatment + Nnecessary planning tree lines separating the coal production site and the resident areas.
R.2
Subzone of environmental mineral mining areas
- Distribution in most mining areas in other districts, except District of Co To Island. However, the areas of mining region are small, this kind of mines can be shown on the zoning map of district. - The natural characteristics, environmental issues similar to R.1
The main solutions: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining; apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. - For disposal areas: necessary planning and design of the disposal area, and control the the disposal activities under planning and design, - For the stopped mining operations : there are following solutions: filling the planting space, or renovating mining pits to water lake; the post-mining waste dumps should be stabilized under planning and design; Afforestation greening stabilized waste dumps (Choose plants with wide ecological amplitude, growing fast, capable of nitrogen fixation and improve soil, reduce erosion and landslides rock) * For the rocks exploitation site: The main solutions: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining; apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. + Minimizing dust in the crushing stage. In the processing of stone, to install misting equipment for the entire crushing and screening system to reduce dust. + Apply new blasting technology to minimize the impacts of blasting, particularly the impact of ground vibration, and explosions,. + Increase tree planting around mining site, reinforcement, expansion and spread across the asphalt transportation routes. +Ensure frequent watering of the mine roads, planting trees along the roadside. + The transport vehicle should be fully covered on the road. At the same time, reinforcing the banks of the Wall opening is less than 700 slope against landslides.
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Subzones in Active Environmental management zone - general overview, management and protection solutions
No Name Distribution, physical characteristics,
environmental issues Requirements in management and
protection A.1
Buffer subzone of Ha Long World Natural Heritage
- Distributed in transition space between Ha Long city with the Core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage (including shoreline, coastal and Cua Luc bay). - Main development activities: Urban expansion, population growth, industrial zone construction, tourism activities and services (restaurants, hotels) and coal mining operations; In the bay (activities of tourist boats, fishing boats, port operations, transportation ). - Environmental issues: water pollution, oil pollution, solid waste from the above activities; sedimentation.
- This zone is considered as an ecotone with its functions as environmental and ecosystem protection in Ha Long Bay World Heritage core zone. - Prevent water pollution, prevent solid waste leak into water body of the bay. - Enables the development activities in the limit. - Identify the area where aquaculture can be developed - Should be controlled by strict regulations.
A.2.
Buffer subzone of Ha Long World Natural Heritage and Bai Tu Long Nat.Park
- Distributed in transition space transition between Cam Pha city and Cai Bau island with the core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage and core zone of Bai Tu Long National Park . - Main development activities: Urban expansion, population growth, industrial zone construction, tourism activities and services (restaurants, hotels) and coal mining operations; In the bay (activities of tourist boats, fishing boats, port operations, transportation). - Environmental issues: water pollution, oil pollution, solid waste from the above activities; sedimentation, and landscape changes .
- This zone is considered as an ecotone with its functions as environmental and ecosystem protection of the core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage and Bai Tu Long National Park. - Protect the environment, prevent waste discharge into the bay. - Enables the development activities in the limit. - Identify the area where aquaculture can be developed - Should be controlled by strict regulations
A.3
Subzone of mangrove forest, aquaculture and lagoon
- Distribution in Hot river area, Tien Yen estuaries, coastal area of Hai Ha, Mong Cai. - This zone has high potential for aquaculture, as well as for economic development of Quang Yen town. - This zone has high value of soil salinity in mangrove area; water quality with the suitable physical and chemical indicators for aquaculture.
- Mangroves is shown the trend with declining fast, in which a large portion was converted into aquaculture mashes.
- Protecting and improving water quality in aquaculture mashes. - Stopping deforestation and then speeding up mangrove expansion. - Expanding the farming models for cultivating high economic value species;. Maintaining the traditional species.
A.4
Subzone of Vinh Thuc & Cai Chien islands’ marine aquaculture and fishing
- Distribution along the bay side of the island of Hai Ha (The Cai Chien Island), Mong Cai (Vinh Thuc Island). - Aquaculture mainly dependents on natural water conditions. - Water quality tends increasingly more and more polluted, affect to immature fish development. This is one of the reasons that make disease control difficultly. - Mangroves are shown the trend of declining sharply in recent years. Many natural fishery resources decline. There is a grave risk of local extinction for many high economic value species as shrimp or crabs
-Sustainable management and exploitation, and marine resource protection.. - Mangroves restoration with purpose of restoring natural aquatic resources and biodiversity. - Development offshore fishing. - Raise awareness for local people about land-island, environment, climate change and sea level rise adaptation.
A.5
Environmental Industrial Subzone
- Industrial zones are invested for construction on the tidal bare land including ship building and repairing industrial zone, or industrial synthetic multifunctional industrial zone.
- Protect marine water environment by preventing pollutions and oil spills affected to marine ecosystems. -Application of advanced technologies to ensure product quality, reduced fuel input and the output of waste in ensuring the permissible limit - Strict management of waste from factories and enterprises to ensure environmental quality following in Vietnam standards. - Industrial audit -Industrial enterprises sign commitment to environmental protection
A.6.
Mountain ecological
- Distribution in some hilly areas of the district of Dong Son in Hoanh Bo district, Dai Thanh in Ba Che district.
- Protecting habitat and natural corridors aim to maitaining landscape connectivity. - To attach wildlife corridor designing
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corridor subzone
- Quang Ninh mountainous area has the high level of biodiversity, and rare species. + Forest fragment - habitat of the species, distributed separately, affecting the movement of the species. However, forest patch habitat was fragmented due to human activity. - Designing and planning a mountainous wildlife corridor aimed at reconnecting fragmented habitat patches. Corridor allowed animal flows through forest habitats in mountainous landscape.
and planning for ensuring harmony between conservation and socio-economic development purposes in mountainous areas of Quang Ninh province.
A.7
Border gate economic subzone
- Distribution in border gates of Mong Cai, Bac Phong Sinh and Hoanh Mo areas, - Urban resettlement with international commerce - import and export and related services, - Causing cross border environmental problems: + Disease as cargo, type of organism is difficult to control. + Mechanical increasing population and the increase a number of vehicles on roads and freight so the risk causing sewage pollution, solid waste, and noise pollution and dust.
- Strict control of export and import goods, - Collection and treatment of waste water and solid waste, - Use vehicles to ensure less pollution in urban operations to avoid air pollution (dust and noise).
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Development zone in an Environment – friendly way : general overview, management and protection solutions
No Name Distribution, physical characteristics,
environmental issues Requirements in management and
protection Application of International standards (QCQT) D.1
Subzone of Priority for superior tourism
- Distributed in sub-zones that have high potential for high-grade tourism development in Bai Chay, Van Don, and Yen Tu areas. - Main activities: + Service activities in restaurants, hotels, etc. - Environmental issues: + Pollutions due to sewage and solid waste from restaurants and hotels have not been solved yet. +Air pollution (dust and noise) caused by transportation.
- Strictly environmental management - Innovatively vehicles use - Making good habits for visitors,
local people and people who are now working in tourism branch consciously implement environmental protection.
Application of Vietnam standards ( QCVN) D.2 Subzone of
Industry and Industrial urban
- Including separated industrial zones (Hai Ha, Nha Mac marshland, etc.) and mixed urban residential -industrial areas, or adjacent industrial areas (Uong Bi, Dong Trieu, Cam Pha urban areas) - The main environmental pollutions are sewage, dust, and others emitted from industrial factories. - In the crowded urban area, local people’s life is
effected by pollutions from adjacent industrial areas.
- Environmental Management based on QCVN. -Requires transfer "brown" production to "green" one by applying advanced and appropriate techniques. - Performing an environmental industrial audits,
D.3
Subzone of commerce- service and tourism Urban
- Distributed in urban areas as Quang Yen and Ha Long ( Dai Yen – Hoang Tan located in south of 18A road) and Mong Cai. - Key activities are trade, services and tourism. - The main environmental problems are sewage collection and treatment system need to be set up, and solid waste collection should be up to rate of 100%.
-Environmental management based on QCVN - Improving air quality - Improving sewerage and wastewater treatment, - Improving the efficiency of solid waste collection.
D.4
Subzone of residential – administration urban
- Distributed mostly in urban areas within Quang Ninh province (Hoanh Bo, Tien Yen, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, etc.). - Environmental issues: + Sewage should be collected and treatment, + Solid waste should be collected
- Environmental management based on QCVN, - Improvement of sewerage and wastewater treatment, - Improving the efficiency of solid waste collection. - Raise awareness and community involvement in the protection of the neighborhood environment.
D.5
Environmental rural resident and agro-forestry sub-zone in hill and mountain
- Distributed in the mountainous rural areas (Dong Trieu, Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Tien Yen, Hai Ha and Dam Ha District) - Population with high density concentrated in the center of town, and vice versa. - Main activities are agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry. - Main environmental issues: +Lack of clean water; rural sanitation is not good (due to toilets, pig, no drainage ditches) + Hazardous waste from agriculture and forestry was not considered as a matter of pressing concern. + Soil erosion due to inappropriate farming activities + Solid waste is collected and burned by local people, but can’t be 100%.
- Environmental management based on QCVN -Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development - Initially guide local people themselves collect and burn trash in the traditional way.
D.6
Subzone of environmental rural resident and agricultural areas in coastal plains
- Shown mainly in some coastal rural areas (Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Quang Yen,Tien Yen,Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Mong Cai) - Paddy field or aquaculture mashes surround dense population settlement - Environmental issues: +Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water and no collection to all garbage . + Hazardous waste in agriculture has not been collected and treated seriously
- Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development
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D.7
Subzone of environmental rural resident – agricultural and industry areas in coastal plains
- Shown in the plain communes. - Distribution in the rural commune plain (Area of Yen Duc - Hong Thai Tay and Hong Thai Tay in North East southeast of Dong Trieu district) and plain and hill areas along the island: Doan Ket- Dai Xuyen area in northwest and north of Cai Bau island in Van Don district . - Rural population, agricultural and industrial development - Environmental issues: + Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water, + Hazardous waste in agriculture and forestry has not been collected and treated seriously + Risk of environmental pollutions due to industrial development
-Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development - Management strictly pollution emissions from industrial facilities.
D.8
Subzone of rural residential- agricultural areas and mineral mining
- Distributed in communes in hill area (South of An Sinh - Tan Viet- Binh Khe of Dong Trieu district, area of Lê Lợi in Hoanh Bo district) - Develoment activity: Rural settlement, agricultural and mining development - Environmental issues: + Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water, + Hazardous waste in agricultural production has not been collected and treated seriously +The risk from air pollution (dust and noise) due to mining activities
-Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development
- Management strictly pollution emissions from industrial facilities.
D.9
Subzone of production forest
- Distributed mostly in hill - mountainous communes of districts and towns (Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Hoanh Bo, Cam Pha, Ba Che, Tien Yen, Van Don, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, Dam Ha, Mong Cai). -Environmental issues of concern: + The risk of soil erosion has occurred during the forest planting and harvesting + Contamination of soil by use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products; + Toxic waste in forestry production has not been collected and treated seriously;
- Having a regulation for growing, harvesting and protection of forest in accordance with each specific conditions to minimize soil erosion and soil pollution. - Soil erosion control - Improving mechanisms and policies, including the duty to protect forest and land for forestry company and those individuals involved in production forests.
3.4 Key Environmental Areas to be Cared by Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh
Province
As mentioned in the environmental zoning section, conservation areas, active
management areas, and rehabilitation areas will be important areas for environmental
management in Quang Ninh Province. Separately, in this Environmental Plan, the
following areas are considered as important areas.
(1) Halong City
Halong city is expected to be a leading city for Quang Ninh Province for environmental
protection. Therefore, in this environmental plan, for development of wastewater
treatment system and solid waste management system, Halong city was set as the highest
priority area. Regarding the solid waste management, introduction of regional solid waste
management system cooperating with Cam Pha City and Hoang Bo District as proposed
by DOC.
Halong City is also expected to be a core actor for actualizing sustainable tourism in
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Quang Ninh Province. In the future, it is expected to introduce advanced tourism
measures such as eco-tourism with environmental awareness raising activities in
mangrove area, or implementation of new measures for city environmental management
such as deployment to ensure greenery area for sustain urban natural environment,
segregation of solid waste cooperating with tourists, local private enterprises engaging
tourism activity, and application of new measures on environmental protection in traffic
such as restriction of vehicle operation in city center area.
(2) Van Don District
Van Don District is planned to be developed as an economic zone in the future, and at the
same time, the area is associated with Bai Tu Long National Park. The area should be a
model for harmonization of economic development and environmental protection.
Strategic environmental assessment should be implemented for developing the economic
zone, and it is recommended to involve private sector to construct and operate pollution
abatement system such as wastewater treatment plant ad solid waste treatment system as
much as possible.
(3) Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay
As mentioned before, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are core area for environmental
management and developing sustainable tourism in Quang Ninh Province. In this
Environmental Plan, to sustain the natural environment in Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long
Bay, watershed and environmental corridor concepts are proposed, and upgrading of Bai
Tu Long National Park with nominating ASEAN Heritage Park is also proposed.
(4) Wetland of Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen District, and Mong Cai City
Along the coastal area of Quang Ninh Province, mangrove forest areas to be managed
carefully are distributed. Propose to implement as pilot area for actualization of
sustainable development by application of the international concept for biodiversity
conservation, “SATOYAMA Initiative”, cooperating with local residents, management
agencies and the concerned organizations.in the wetlands of Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen
District, and Mong Cai City.
(5) Main Watershed Supplying Domestic Water
The main watersheds having a role to supply domestic water, are the Yen Lap, Cao Van
and Trang Vinh reservoirs. These watershed should be protected carefully. In this
Environmental Plan, restriction of coal mining activities is proposed, and enhancement of
management activities by designating as protected area is recommended for watershed
related to Cao Van reservoir.
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3.5 Strengths and Weakness of Organizational System
3.5.1 Existing Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE
Department of Natural Resource and Environment of Quang Ninh DONRE has advisory
functions for the Quang Ninh Provincial People’s Committee in implementation of State
Management tasks in the province. The existing organization structure of Quang Ninh
DONRE is shown in Figure below:
Source: DONRE
Figure 3.5-1 Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE
Main role of each section is described as follows:
(1) Administrative division
Administrative division is a professional division that supports Directors of DONRE in
organizational work, general administrative work; to ensure the smooth operation of
DONRE, being the coordinating organization, managing internal and external relations of
DONRE.
(2) Inspection division
To implement administrative and professional inspection works (including sanctioning
and complain settlement) in land resources, water resources, mineral resources,
environment, hydro-meteorology, cartography in accordance with the laws.
(3) Financial planning division
To support Directors of DONRE in state management in natural resources and
environment as planning; especially planning in land use; land allocation, land leasing,
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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changing purpose of land use and land acquisition
(4) Land use right registration office
To assist the Director in performing the state management functions of land in: land-value
evaluation annually, land registration, to establish, manage, revise, cadastral
documentation; to carry out statistics of land use data, land inventory, classification of
land, transfer of land use right, evaluation and approval of land use right certificate, to
develop land compensation policy, to support resettlement in case land is acquired as
prescribed by the law.
(5) Geodesy and cartography division
Geodesy and Cartography division is a professional division to support Directors of
DONRE in performing state management function in the fields of geodesy and
cartography in the territory of Quang Ninh province.
(6) Mineral resources division
Mineral Resources Division is a professional division to advise Directors of DONRE in
performing state management function in the fields of mineral resources, geology in the
territory of Quang Ninh
(7) Water resources, hydro-meteorology division
Water Resources, Hydro-meteorology division is a professional division to advise
Directors of DONRE in performing state management function in the fields of water
resources, hydro-meteorology in the territory of Quang Ninh
(8) Sub-department of Environmental Protection
Sub-department of Environmental Protection is an organization under the DONRE,
assisting the Director of DONRE in performing state management in the field of
environmental protection in the province. Sub-department has the function of advising the
Director of DONRE in issuing and approving legislation, programs, plans, projects and
schemes for environmental protection and implementation of laws, programs, plans,
projects and schemes for environmental protection promulgated or approved by central
governmental agencies, provincial People's Committee or Director of DONRE.
(9) Sub-department of Seas and Islands
Sub-department of Seas and Islands is a professional division to advise Directors of
DONRE in performing general state management functions and unified management in
all matters related to seas, islands in the territory of Quang Ninh
(10) Information technology center
Information Technology Center has the functions to support Director of DONRE to
implement strategies for development and application of information technology in the
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fields of natural resources and environment in the province of Quang Ninh, to collect,
integrate, process, manage, store and exploit the database systems of natural resources
and environment (not including land management) in the province. To support state
management and community development, to support applications of information
technology and shared database for the organizations, divisions, sub-departments under
DONRE, and districts, towns and cities in the province. To store and protect information
and data under authorization of DONRE, as well as under the supervision, direction and
guidance on professions of Department of Information Technology under the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment.
(11) Cadastral techniques center
Cadastral Techniques Center has the function in implementing technical operations in
consulting activities, geodesy and cartography, development of document system to
support the state management of land resources , water resources, mineral resources,
environment, to implement land-use planning in the province, jointly under the guidance
on professions of Geodesy – Cartography Division under DONRE and the Department of
Geodesy and Cartography under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
(12) Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center
Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center is a professional-business unit under
DONRE, implementing technical works in environmental monitoring and analysis,
applying advanced and modern technologies in environmental monitoring and analysis,
doing services in environmental protection in accordance with the laws.
(13) Land use right registration office
Provincial Land use Registration Office under the DONRE, is the public service
organization having functions of land registration and unify the variations of land use,
managing cadastral documents in Quang Ninh province; to support DONRE in executing
administrative procedures in managing, using land in accordance with the laws.
(14) Center for development of land resources
Center for Development of Land Resources has the functions in implementing the land
clearance, compensation, providing assistance in resettlement in case of the land is
acquired by the State for planning, planning of land use and managing land resources in
in urban areas and areas where land has been reserved for urban development but not yet
transferred or leased. To prepare the land for the projects of construction of public works,
urban areas, industrial zones, export processing zones, etc., in accordance with land use
planning.
3.5.2 Organizational Functions to be Enhanced
Though Quang Ninh DONRE has deep experience on environment and natural resource
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management, it is recommended to enhance the following functions to actualize green
growth strategy in Quang Ninh Province.
(1) Enhancement of Capacity for planning, monitoring and reviewing of Strategy for
Actualizing Green Growth Strategy
To actualize green growth strategy, Quang Ninh DONRE is required to cooperated with
the relevant organizations with own’s strategy for actualizing green growth strategy. It is
better to prepare a road map to actualize the strategy to 2020, and monitor and review the
implementation condition of the prepared strategy. For this activity, it is recommended to
dispatch full-time assigned officers with required human resource training.
(2) Enhancement of Capacity for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
For harmonization of environmental protection and economical development,
environmental consideration should be examined in early-phase of the planning. As a tool
for such examination, SEA can be utilized for decision-making among the concerned
organizations of which targets are different. It is necessary to enhance capacity for
implementation of SEA. At the same time, the capacity for monitoring predicted impacts
by SEA should be secured to avoid unforeseeable negative serous impacts on
environment.
(3) Enhancement of Capacity on Environment Check and Inspection
Based on the proposal by socio-economic development plan, the strict standards for
environmental management, of which level is same as the developed countries will be
applied to 2020. To secure compliance with such standard value, environmental check and
inspection capacity of Quang Ninh DONRE should be enhanced. Especially, regarding
inspection on flue gas, capacity development is essential with introduction of required
instrument. Automatic environmental monitoring network will also assist inspection
activity to check irregular condition of air and water quality.
3.6 Other Matters to Pay Attention on Solution in Implementation of Planning
For implementing the proposed Environmental Plan, the following matters should be paid
attention to:
(1) Harmonization with Other Master Plans
Currently, Quang Ninh Province is planning other master plans such as the Regional
construction planning, Land use planning, Human resources developing, Science –
technology developing and the Sustainable tourism development planning. These plans
have closed relationships with the Environmental Planning proposed. To obtain
synergistic effects, during planning and implementation, responsible bodies of the plans
should be cooperated, exchange information, and review implementation condition.
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(2) Identification of Capacity of Halong Bay Area
It is expected that various tourism resources will be developed to 2020. However, even
though Halong Bay will have kept a role as core tourism resource in Quang Ninh
Province. According to the estimation of DOIT, number of tourist and tourism boat will
increasing to 2020 at Halong Bay. Consequently, it is better to implement survey for
identifying capacity of Halong Bay Area as tourism resources. As necessary, control of
number of tourist may have to be conducted based on the examination. For increasing
income from tourism activities, the survey to identify willingness to pay is also
recommended to be implemented.
(3) Control of Large Pollution Source Activity in Core Tourism and Residential Area
For actualizing compliance on the strict standards for environmental management in core
tourism and residential areas, as necessary, it should be considered to control activities of
existing and planned large pollution sources such as thermal power plants and cement
plants. Such pollution sources should install required pollution abatement equipment by
renovation of existing facilities or developing new facilities. Quang Ninh DONRE is
recommended to list up such large pollution sources, and instruct them to install required
equipment regularly with inspection of their effluent and emission. When illegal pollutant
discharge is found and such status continue long time, Quang Ninh DONRE is
recommended to instruct pollution sources to stop their operation or instruct relocation of
the plants after a certain extension of time. The provincial government is recommended to
set new regulations to support such instructions and control development of new facilities
in core tourism and residential areas.
(4) Increasing of Alternatives of Budget Sources
For increasing of alternatives of budget sources, promotion to private sectors to involve
environmental measures implemented in Quang Ninh Province is important. When
industrial zone and economic zone is developed, pollution abatement facilities are
recommended to be constructed by investors. Provincial government is recommended to
show guidance on required pollution abatement technique. VINACOMI is also an
important actor to actualize green growth strategy, so it is recommended to cooperate with
VINACOMIN to secure budget for environmental protection such as establishment of
funds to support pollution control activities for not only the organizations related to coal
mining activities but also others. For reduction of amount of GHG emission, various
funds are existed, so it is better to examine possible measures to apply for such funds.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
4.1 Forecasted Impact to 2020
4.1.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be solved to 2020
(1) Urban Wastewater
1) Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020
The forecast of wastewater generation in 2020 is made as shown in Table 4.1-1.
Table 4.1-1 Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020
No. City / Town /
District
Urban Population Including
Visitor (2020)
Per Capita Water
Demand (2020)
(L/person/d)
Wastewater Generation
Ratio (%)
Commercial &
Institutional Wastewater
Ratio (%)
Ground Water
Infiltration Ratio (%)
Wastewater Generation (m3/day)
1 Ha Long City 318,800 180 95
25 10
74,600 2 Mong Cai City 175,000 150 95 34,130 3 Cam Pha City 220,600 150 90 44.500 4 Uong Bi City 155,700 150 90 29.200 5 Quang Yen Town 22,600 100 90 7.750 6 Binh Lieu District 16,000 100 90 2.000 7 Tien Yen District 65,800 150 90 12.340 8 Dam Ha District 6,000 100 90 1.270 9 Hai Ha District 13,000 100 90 1.630 10 Ba Che District 6,000 100 90 750 11 Van Don District 150,000 150 90 28.130 12 Hoanh Bo District 13,300 100 90 2.200 13 Dong Trieu District 57,500 100 90 18.330 14 Co To District 3,000 100 90 450
TOTAL 254.280
Source: 1) Urban Population, Per capita Water Demand: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN
to 2020, orientation to 2030, 2) Wastewater Collecting Rate, Non Domestic Rate, Ground Water Infiltration Rate:
Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030
2) Forecasted Impact
Quang Ninh Province’s total amount of the forecast of urban wastewater
generation in 2020 is calculated 254,280m3/day which is estimated 2.0 times of
the wastewater generation in 2012. If the treatment capacity of urban
wastewater will not be expanded, the impact on water environment around Quang
Ninh Province will become bigger and bigger.
3) Issues to be Solved
Only 41% of wastewater in the urban area of Ha Long city is treated before
discharging to water bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional
wastewater treatment plant and sewer pipelines immediately in Ha Long city.
In the other urban area except for Ha Long city there is no centralized
wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a wastewater
treatment system in a densely-populated area such as the center of each district.
(2) Wastewater in Rural Area
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In rural areas, the water pollution from the domestic wastewater is not so serious in
comparison with urban area because rural areas are less populated than urban areas.
However, 100% of night soil and gray water from every household should be treated
before discharging to public water bodies.
In order to treat night soil, Quang Ninh Province has a stable target concerning the
rural household sanitation in which 74% of rural households will have sanitary latrines
by 2013 and the percentage of installed sanitary latrines of households will be
increased year by year.
The most serious issue related to rural water environment is livestock wastewater. In
order to improve the water environment in Quang Ninh Province, the issue of
livestock wastewater is required to be solved. Quang Ninh Province People’s
Committee (hereinafter called QNPPC) has considered the livestock wastewater as a
prioritized issue, and they are carrying forward an appraisal of one pilot project of
livestock wastewater treatment in two communes of Dong Trieu district. The pilot
plant will have advanced wastewater treatment facilities which are consisted of a
sedimentation tank, an aeration tank and an UV disinfection tank. After the pilot
project, QNPPC has a plan to expand the livestock wastewater control project to whole
rural area of Quang Ninh Province.
(3) Coal Mining Wastewater
Presently, there are three coal processing and filtration area in Quang Ninh Province,
and a large amount of highly-polluted wastewater is discharged from the coal mining
zone to the public water bodies. In addition, according to VINACOMIN’s analysis,
the future demand for coal in Vietnam will rise significantly from 33 million tons in
2011 to 220.3 million tons in 2030, an annual growth of 11.1% which is described in
SEDP.
Though the largest source of pollution to surface and coastal water is untreated
industrial effluent, especially wastewater from coal mining and processing operations,
only 74% of mining wastewater is treated before discharging as of 2013.
VINACOMIN and the other operating company of coal mining & industrial zone
should develop their private wastewater treatment plants, and 100% of wastewater
from coalmining & Industrial zone must be treated appropriately before discharge.
Special attention is paid to treatment of surface run-off wastewater through the coal
mining waste dumping sites and mining sites.
To 2013, Vinacomin has invested in construction of 35 wastewater treatment plants
and other mining wastewater treatment stations. To 2015, plans for continuing
construction of 16 additional mining wastewater treatment stations and 9 mining
vehicles, carriages washing stations have been prepared. In the period between 2016 –
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2020, there will be 21 mining wastewater treatment stations (new construction of 13
stations and capacity upgrading of 8 old stations) and 14 mining vehicles, carriages
washing stations will be constructed. As a result of this development project of
WWTPs, total wastewater treatment capacity will increase more than 80million
m3/year. The proposed locations of the additional coal mining wastewater treatment
plants are shown in Figure 4.1-1.
Moreover, VINACOMIN has considered that the prioritized coal mining zones to be
developed the wastewater treatment plants immediately are Ha Long city and Cam Pha
city.
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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Source: VINACOMIN
Figure 4.1-1 Proposed Locations of the Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh Province
: Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plant
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(4) Wastewater from Industrial Zones
Presently, there are three industrial zones and six industrial clusters in operation, and
the current total amount of industrial wastewater is 5,120m3/day. The total industrial
wastewater generation is estimated to be 40,077m3/day in 2020, accordingly, if the
industrial wastewater will not be treated appropriately, the effect on the water
environment will become bigger.
Currently, Viet Hung Industrial Zone which is one of the operating industrial zones in
Quang Ninh Province doesn’t have a wastewater treatment plant. However, a
wastewater treatment plant is planned to be installed in Viet Hung Industrial Zone by
2013, and Cai Lan Industrial Zone and Hai Yen Industrial Zone which is the other two
operating industrial zones are planned to increase the treatment capacity of wastewater
in accordance with the forecasted generation of industrial wastewater.
For promoting required wastewater treatment system for all of the industrial zones, it
is recommended to develop a guideline to introduce required wastewater treatment
process by each type of industry considering application of developed countries
effluent standard.
(5) Wastewater from the Tourist Boats
In order to protect the water pollution by the wastewater from the tourist boats, some
Japanese case examples of countermeasures are introduced as follows.
Tightening the regulation to prohibit discharging of wastewater to inner bay
from ships and boats
Pumping up and collection of wastewater from small size ships at docks
Source: Website of Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Figure 4.1-2 Wastewater Collecting Facility at Tokyo Bay
Tightening the regulation to install wastewater treatment facilities to large size
ships
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4.2 Targets to be Achieved
The target to be achieved to 2020 and 2030 on the project for urban wastewater
management is suggested as shown in Table 4.2-1.
Table 4.2-1 Target to be Achieved to 2020 and 2030
Year Status
2020
1) 20% of urban wastewater in Quang Ninh Province is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.
2) 70% of urban wastewater in Halong City is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.
3) 33% of urban wastewater in Ha Long Bay area is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.
4) 70% of rural wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
5) 100% of industrial wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
6) 100% of thermal power plant wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
7) 100% of coal mining wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
8) Measures to treat tourism boat wastewater are actualized.
2030
1) 100% of urban wastewater in Quang Ninh Province is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.
2) 100% of rural wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
3) 100% of tourism boat wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.
Source: Study Team
4.3 Approaches for Wastewater Management Measures
4.3.1 Vision for the Target Amount of Wastewater Generation
The target amount of wastewater generation shall be based on the population in 2030,
the scales of required facilities and the project cost will be based on this target value
for the following reasons.
• A great deal of time and cost are required to develop the wastewater management
systems in whole area of Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, though a part of the
priority projects can be completed by 2020, it is extremely-difficult to complete
the every project to develop urban wastewater treatment facilities in whole Quang
Ninh Province by 2020.
• Some of the priority projects are expected to be completed by 2020. However, if
the project fund procurement will proceed with difficulty, even the priority
projects will be difficult to be completed by 2020.
Therefore, it seems to be achievable actually to put the target amount of wastewater as
the forecasted wastewater generation in 2030, and it is recommended to commence
some of the priority projects as soon as possible.
Countermeasures against each type of wastewater are summarized in Table 4.3-1.
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Table 4.3-1 Countermeasures against Each Type of Wastewater
Type of Wastewater Countermeasure
Wastewater from urban area (Domestic, Commercial, Hospital, Institution)
-Development of sewerage system
Wastewater from coal mining area
-Wastewater treatment plants will be constructed at every coal mining zone by 2020.
Wastewater from industrial zones and clusters
-Industrial zones: 100% of wastewater from every industrial zone will be treated before discharging within 2013. -Industrial clusters: It is necessary to develop wastewater treatment facilities for every industrial cluster.
Wastewater from thermal power plants
-It is necessary to expand the wastewater treatment plant in Quang Ninh thermal power plant.
Wastewater from rural area
-Domestic: It is necessary to install sanitary latrines for every residence. It is necessary to conduct a feasibility study on installation of JOKASO to treat gray water. -Livestock: Currently, QNPPC are carrying forward an appraisal of one pilot project of livestock wastewater treatment in two communes of Dong Trieu district. After the pilot project, QNPPC has a plan to expand the livestock wastewater control project to whole rural area of Quang Ninh Province.
Wastewater from tourism boats
-Tightening the regulation to prohibit discharging of wastewater to inner bay from ships and boats -Pumping up and collection of wastewater from small size ships at docks -Tightening the regulation to install wastewater treatment facilities to large size ships
Source: Study Team
4.3.2 Effluent Standards
Quang Ninh Province currently follows the Vietnamese environmental standard
according to the regulation QCVN 10:2009/BTNMT for its coastal waters. The
standard for coastal water used for aquaculture, beaches and water sports purposes is
in line with international safety levels except for coliform. The Quang Ninh
government will propose to the central government to allow improving the water
quality standard of its coastal waters used for aquaculture, beaches and water sports.
The new Quang Ninh standard for coliform would be revised to 126 MPN/100ml from
1000 MPN/100ml based on EU standards.
In addition, Quang Ninh government will issue the stricter Technical Environmental
Standards with effluent standards on the wastewater discharged into water bodies used
for tourism or other critical uses like aquaculture, domestic water supply and irrigation.
The proposed Technical Environmental Standards with effluent standards on
wastewater discharge would be set in accordance with EU standards, as in Table 4.3-2
below for household wastewater and Table 4.3-3 below for industrial wastewater.
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Table 4.3-2 Effluent Standards for household wastewater
Parameter For plants discharging in waters used
for tourism and domestic purposes (based on EU standards)
For plants discharging in waters not used for tourism and domestic
purposes (based on Vietnam standards)
pH 6.5 – 9.5 5-9 BOD (mg/L) 25 30 – 50 TSS (mg/L) 35 50 – 100 NO3 (mg/L) 10 – 15 30 – 50 Phosphorus (mg/L) 1 – 2 6 – 10
Source: SEDP
Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standards for industrial wastewater
Parameter For plants discharging in waters used
for tourism and domestic purposes (based on EU standards)
For plants discharging in waters not used for tourism and domestic
purposes (based on Vietnam standards)
pH 6.5 – 9.5 5-9 BOD (mg/L) 25 30 – 100 TSS (mg/L) 35 50 – 200 NO3 (mg/L) 10 – 15 15 – 60 Phosphorus (mg/L) 1 – 2 4 – 8
Source: SEDP
It is required advanced wastewater treatment technologies and high project cost to
meet the proposed effluent standards. However, Ha Long Bay is one of the world
heritages and most important resources for tourism, thus it is appropriate for Vietnam
and Quang Ninh Province to apply the stricter standard to preserve the water
environment of Ha Long Bay and the other coastal areas in Quang Ninh Province.
4.3.3 Wastewater Treatment Process
According to the Vietnam Standard TCVN 7957:2008 and Planning of Drainage &
Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030, the standard
influent quality of wastewater treatment plant in urban area is as below.
BOD5 = 250 – 300 mg/L
TSS = 200 – 250mg/L
T-N = 40 – 60mg/L
Meanwhile, as described in Table 4.3-2 the standard effluent quality for household
wastewater is as below.
BOD5 = 25mg/L
TSS = 35mg/L
T-N = 10 – 15mg/L
In order to follow the standard and protect water environment in Quang Ninh Province,
advanced wastewater treatment processes are required to be installed for every
wastewater treatment plant in urban area.
The following four processes are picked up as the applicable wastewater treatment
processes.
• Conventional Activated Sludge Process (CAS)
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• Sequencing Batch Reactor Process (SBR)
• Oxidation Ditch Process (OD)
• Membrane Bioreactor Process (MBR)
The comparison of four wastewater treatment processes is shown in Table 4.3-4.
Table 4.3-4 Comparison of the Four Wastewater Treatment Processes
Item CAS SBR OD MBR
Removal of BOD, SS More than 90% More than 90% More than 90% More than 90%
Removal of N, P Possible with
advanced treatment Possible with
advanced treatment Possible with
advanced treatment Possible
Required Space Relatively small Relatively small Large Small Construction Cost Relatively high Relatively high Relatively high High
O & M Cost Relatively high Relatively high Relatively high High
Other A lot of experiences in city area of Vietnam
Two existing SBR plants in Ha Long City
Especially suitable for small-scale plants
Installed in many countries in recent years
Source: Study Team
Before each project will commence, the feasibility study is required for every
wastewater management system of each cities, towns and districts. The wastewater
treatment processes of each plant should be studied in detail and selected in the
feasibility studies.
4.3.4 Treatment of Hospital Wastewater and Commercial Wastewater in Urban Area
After the wastewater treatment system will be developed, the effluent from hospitals,
commercial buildings and the other facilities can be connected to sewer pipe lines.
However, if the effluent from these facilities involves any components which are
untreated in a wastewater treatment plant, the owners and the operators of these
facilities must treat the effluent before discharge to sewer pipe lines as required to
comply with a wastewater treatment plant. In addition, Quang Ninh Government must
set a regulation for the effluent from these facilities using other county’s regulation as
a reference.
4.3.5 Wastewater in Rural Area
In rural areas, the rate of treatment of night soil and gray water from every household
should be improved. To improve treatment condition of night soil. In order to treat
night soil, Quang Ninh Province has a stable target concerning the rural household
sanitation in which 74% of rural households will have sanitary latrines by 2013. and
the percentage of installed sanitary latrines of households will be increased.
In order to treat gray water, introduction of the advanced on-site wastewater treatment
system is proposed. In this section, two possible techniques are proposed.
(1) Septic Tank System Named “JOKASO”
As one of on-site domestic wastewater treatment system, a septic tank system named
“JOKASO” is recommended to be installed at each household or commune for the
future. In rural area, it is not necessarily the case that centralized wastewater treatment
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system is cost-effective because the distance between residents is longer than urban
area and length of sewer network is required to be long. The futures of JOKASO are
described as below.
In general JOKASO consists an anaerobic reactor, an aerobic tank, a
sedimentation tank and a disinfection tank, and can treat influent BOD to
be less than 20mg/L.
Minimum sized JOKASO has a treatment capacity for five persons.
Large sized JOKASO has a treatment capacity for more than 200 persons.
Cleaning and maintenance works are required more than once a year.
Source: Website of Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Figure 4.3-1 Layout of Jokaso Model
(2) Introduction of Bio-gas Reactor for Treatment of Human Waste
Vacuum toilets produce little diluted black water which is transported by the vacuum
system to a bio-gas reactor in which black water is treated anaerobically together with
bio-waste from kitchens. A well managed anaerobic digester can produce 1
m3 gas/m
3 volume. The methane can be used as a source of renewable energy and can
be used to produce electricity as well as cooking and lighting gas. The sludge, which is
rich in nutrients and organic matter can be used after sanitisation in agriculture as a
fertilizer. This technology is thought as a means to provide energy for rural
households.
Anaerobic Filter Tank-1
Anaerobic Filter Tank-2
Aeration Tank
Sedimentation Tank
Disinfection Tank
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4.4 Proposed Projects to 2020
4.4.1 List of Proposed Projects
(1) Proposed Projects by Environmental Planning
Table 4.4-1 shows the list of proposed projects. The proposed projects comprise of
construction of urban wastewater treatment system, planning of rural wastewater
treatment system, preparing guidelines for control of industrial wastewater, and
improvement of water supply by examination of measures to reduce non-revenue
water amount.
Table 4.4-1 List of Proposed Project
Field Project Period Cost
(Million USD)
Urban
Domestic
Wastewater
1 Development of
Wastewater Treatment
System for Halong City
Component applied to
JICA Yen loan
2013-2020 95.0
2 Other component 2014-2022 170.0
3 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Mong Cai City
2014-2022 98.0
4 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Cam Pha city
2014-2022 135.0
5 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Uong Bi city
2014-2022 98.0
6 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Van Don District
2014-2022 23.0
7 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Quang Yen Town
2016-2027 15.0
8 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Dong Trieu District
2016-2027 54.0
9 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Binh Lieu District
2018-2030 6.0
10 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Tien Yen District
2018-2030 15.0
11 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Dam Ha District
2018-2030 8.0
12 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Hai Ha District
2018-2030 129.0
13 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Ba Che District
2018-2030 11.0
14 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Hoang Bo District
2018-2030 41.0
15 Development of Wastewater Management System
for Co To District
2018-2030 4.0
Rural Domestic
Wastewater
16 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment
System in Quang Ninh Province
2014-2016 1.0
Industrial
Wastewater
17 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control
Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU Standards
2015-2017 1.0
Water
Environment
Improvement
18 Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong,
Khe Re, Mong Duong River and Dien Vong river
2014-2020 10.3
Water Supply
Improvement
19 Project for planning to decrease the amount of
non-revenue water
2015-2016 0.3
Treatment of
waste water
from livestock
20 Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater
Treatment Improvement
2016-2020 1.0
Treatment of
waste water
from
21 Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater
Treatment Improvement
2016-2020 1.0
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-12
Field Project Period Cost
(Million USD)
aquaculture
Note: Highlighted projects are priority projects.
Source: Study Team
(2) Proposed Projects for Wastewater Treatment by VINACOMIN
“The Master Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with
Orientation toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision
No.60/QĐ-TTg on 9th January 2012 states strategies and plans of developing coal
mining sector. Based on the master plan of development of coal mining sector,
VINACOMIN has prepared “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang
Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”, following Decision No.
1052/QĐ-VINACOMIN dated 18/6/2013 and proposed projects for reducing impacts
by coal mining wastewater.
1) Improvement of River Environmental Condition by Preventing Erosion and
Securing Water Course with Dredging
All stages of a pit coal mining project from construction phase (ground leveling, road
construction, support facilities construction...), coal exploitation stage (mine blasting,
excavation of ground, soil, rock, coal, transportation and disposal of waste...) and
ending stage of coal mining, mine closure (ground leveling, dismantling of works) as
well as opencast coal mining have risks of erosion, causing unstable conditions of
slopes, landslides of the mine banks, runoff of landfill cover, causing siltation of rivers
and streams, not only reduce the drainage capacity of the water bodies, but also
adversely affects to water quality by waste, wastewater from coal mining activities
which often accompanied by multiple pollutants. Therefore, construction of the
embankments, dams against washing off, drifting and dredging of rivers and streams
are necessary to prevent erosion of slopes, mine banks, prevent wastewater, solid waste
floating down the streams, rivers, limit the river sedimentation to ensure drainage
capacity of the rivers and streams in the coal mining area.
2) Construction of WWTPs for Treatment of Coal Mining Wastewater
The coal mining activities generate large amounts of wastewater with the following
characteristics: high levels of suspended solids, oil and grease contamination. Without
preventive measures and appropriate treatment, it will increase turbidity and suspended
solids concentrations in the receiving waters, causing groundwater pollution in shallow
layers and sedimentation at the receiving waters. Therefore, construction of wastewater
treatment facilities (WWTP) for existing and new mines is necessary to protect the
water environment in the mining area. The proposed projects for construction of
WWTP to treat coal mining wastewater are shown in Table 4.4-2.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-13
Table 4.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Water Environment Management
Sector to 2020
No Name of project/program Number of
projects
Expenditure
(Million
VND)
1 Dredging of rivers and streams affected by coal mining 7 114,000
1-1 Cam Pha area 5 86,500
1-2 Hon Gai area 0 0
1-3 Uong Bi area 2 27,500
2 Construction of WWTP for Treatment of Coal Mining Wastewater 37 1,380,830
2-1 Cam Pha area 22 827,030
2-2 Hon Gai area 4 145,800
2-3 Uong Bi area 11 408,000
Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh
Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”
4.4.2 Outline of Proposed Projects
Outline of proposed projects are shown in Table 4.4-3 to 4.4-7.
Table 4.4-3 Project on Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment System (for Each
City, Town and District)
Item Detail
Project Name Project on Development of Wastewater Management System (for Each City,
Town and District)
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE
Goal The Project to develop wastewater management system in each city, town and
district.
Output 1. Construction of wastewater treatment system
2. Construction of sewerage network system
3. Development wastewater standard receiving by developed wastewater
treatment system
4. Enhancement of capacity of human resources for operation of wastewater
treatment system
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-4 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh
Province
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh
Province
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE
Goal The project is to examine individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in
Quang Ninh province.
Output 1. Plan for constructing individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in
Quang Ninh province
2. Technical training to operate individual wastewater treatment system such as
Jokaso and bio-gas reactor
3. Awareness raising program for operating individual wastewater treatment
system for local residents in rural areas
4. Pilot project for operating individual wastewater treatment system
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-14
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-5 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy
EU Standards
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU
Standards
Target Area Industrial zones related to main residential and tourism areas
Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE
Goal The project is to prepare guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU
level effluent standards.
Output 1. Guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU level effluent standards
to enterprises
2. Examination of impact on river and marine environment by discharging of
cooling water from thermal power plant
3. Technical assistance program for enterprises to meet EU level effluent standards
4. Financial assistance program for enterprises to meet EU level effluent standards
5. Program for enhancing inspection and monitoring activity by DONRE
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-6 Project for Improving of environment in areas of Dien Vong River, Lo Phong
Stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Improving of environment in areas of Dien Vong River, Lo Phong
stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River
Target Area The estuary areas of Lo Phong stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong river
Responsible Bodies DONRE, DARD, VINACOMIN.
Goal The project is to actualize environment improvement model towards using land
environmentally friendly for the estuary area of Lo Phong stream, Khe Re, Dien
Vong river and Mong Duong River
Output 1. Environmental improvement plan for estuary area of Dien Vong river, Lo Phong
stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River
2. Engineering work for environmental improvement for estuary area of Dien Vong
River, Lo Phong stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-7 Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies DOC
Goal The Project is to examine possible measures to decrease non-revenue water
Output 1. Case study of measures for reducing non-revenue water in developing and
developed countries
2. Road map for decreasing rate of non-revenue water as developed country-level
to 2030
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-8 Projects for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE
Goal The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced
treatment system for wastewater from livestock
Output 1. Planning of livestock waste water treatment improvement
2. Implement a pilot project of advanced livestock waste water treatment
Source: Study Team
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-15
Table 4.4-9 Projects for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE
Goal The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced
treatment system for wastewater from aquaculture
Output 1. Planning of aquaculture waste water treatment improvement
2. Implement a pilot project of advanced aquaculture waste water treatment
Source: Study Team
Table 4.4-10 Projects on Improvement of River Environmental Conditions proposed by
VINACOMIN
Item Detail
Project Name Improvement of River and stream Environmental Condition by dredging and
securing Water Course
Target Area Construction of embankment to prevent soil, rock sliding and dredging streams in
areas of Cam Pha, Hon Gai and Uong Bi
Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN
Goal - Prevent erosion, sliding at banks of rivers, streams.
- Ensure water flow, drainage of rivers and streams; prevent sedimentation at
down-streams
Output The main contents of the project include:
3. Construction of embankments to prevent land-sliding at banks of the rivers and
streams
4. Dredging rivers and streams to secure water course
Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh Coal
Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”
Table 4.4-11 Projects on Construction of Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Stations
Proposed by VINACOMIN
Item Detail
Project Name Group of Projects on Construction of Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment
stations
Target Area Construction of New Wastewater Treatment stations, Expansion of existing
stations:
- Cam Pha area: 22 stations (New: 17, Expansion: 5)
- Hon Gai area: 4 stations (New)
- Uong Bi area: 11stations (New: 8, Expansion: 3)
Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN
Goal The Projects is to construct wastewater treatment stations for coal mining area
which do not have wastewater treatment system or expansion of the existing ones
to meet standards before discharging to the environment
Output The main contents of the project include:
- Construction of new coal mining wastewater treatment stations or expansion of
the existing ones.
- Developing coal mining wastewater monitoring system
- Developing operation and maintenance system for the best operation of
wastewater treatment systems
Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh Coal
Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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4.4.3 Preliminary Project Cost of Urban Wastewater Management Project
On the basis of forecasted wastewater generation in 2030, the preliminary
development plan and project cost of wastewater management system in each city,
town and district are summarized in Table 4.4-10. The preliminary project cost
estimation is based on the results of the feasibility study report for Ha Long City
Environment Protection Project and the other project cost of the other city in Vietnam.
Table 4.4-12 Preliminary Project Cost
No. Area Items Specification Quantity Preliminary Project Cost (1,000 USD)
1 Ha Long City 1-1 West-1:Hung Thang Area 1) Construction Cost
WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 L.S. 23,000 Sewer Line D400 1.7km 800 D500 0.5km 240 D600 0.8km 400 D800 203km 1,120 Sub-Total 25,560 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 510
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 2,560
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 2,560 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 2,560 TOTAL 33,750
1-2 West-2:Gieng Day Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 L.S. 23,000 Pumping Station 12m3/min 1 L.S. 2,830 Sewer Line D400 2.0km 940 D500 3.0km 1,440 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 29,210 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 580
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 2,920
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 2,920 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 2,920 TOTAL 38,550
1-3 West-3:Dai Yen Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 L.S. 34,850 Sewer Line D400 1.5km 710 D500 1.5km 720 D600 0.8km 400 D700 0.8km 420 D800 1.0km 560 D900 1.2km 700 D1100 1.2km 740 Sub-Total 39,100 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 780
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 3,910
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 3,910 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 3,910 TOTAL 51,610
1-4 West-4: Bai Chay Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 7,500m3/d 1 L.S. 17,250 Sub-Total 17,250 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 350
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 1,730
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 1,730 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 1,730 TOTAL 22,790
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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No. Area Items Specification Quantity Preliminary Project Cost (1,000 USD)
1-5 East-1: Ha Tu 1) Construction Cost WWTP 22,000m3/d 1 L.S. 39,600 Pumping Station 15m3/min 1 L.S. 3,540 Sewer Line D400 0.6km 280 D500 2.0km 960 D600 0.7km 350 D1000 1.0km 600 D1100 1.5km 930 D1200 0.2km 130 Sub-Total 46,390 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 930
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 4,640
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 4,640 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 4,640 TOTAL 61,240
1-6 East-2:Hong Hai 1) Construction Cost WWTP 24,000m3/d 1 L.S. 43,200 Sub-Total 43,200 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 860
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 4,320
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 4,320 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 4,320 TOTAL 57,020
2 Mong Cai City 1) Construction Cost WWTP 50,000m3/d 1 L.S. 55,000 Sewer Line D400 11.5km 5,300 D600 14.6km 7,300 D800 0.8km 2,050 D1000 0.8km 1,100 D1200 1.0km 1,700
D1200
(Trenchless) 1.2km 1,800
Sub-Total 74,250 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,490
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 7,430
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 7,430 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 7,430 TOTAL 98,030
3 Cam Pha City 1) Construction Cost WWTP 34,000m3/d 1 L.S. 47,600 29,000m3/d 1 L.S. 40,600 Sewer Line D400 4.0km 1,880 D500 5.5km 2,640 D700 3.6km 1,910 D900 3.3km 1,910 D1000 2.5km 1,500 D1100 2.5km 1,550 D1200 1.5km 950 D1500 2.5km 1,750 Sub-Total 102,290 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 2,050
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 10,230
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 10,230 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 10,230 TOTAL 135,030
4 Uong Bi City 1) Construction Cost 98 WWTP 52,000m3/d 1 L.S. 57,200 Sewer Line D400 2.6km 1,220 D500 6.6km 3,170 D700 3.3km 1,750 D800 1.1km 620 D1000 2.4km 1,440 D1000 0.2km 620
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
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No. Area Items Specification Quantity Preliminary Project Cost (1,000 USD)
(Trenchless) D1500 2.1km 1,470
D1500
(Trenchless) 0.2km 940
D1800
(Trenchless) 1.2km 5,860
Sub-Total 74,230 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,480
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 7,420
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 7,420 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 7,420 TOTAL 97,970
5 Van Don District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 13,000m3/d 1 L.S. 14,300 Sewer Line D300 3.6km 1,800 D400 2.4km 720 D600 3.4km 500 Sub-Total 17,400 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 350
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 1,740
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 1,740 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 1,740 TOTAL 22,970
6 Quang Yen Town 1) Construction Cost WWTP 5,000m3/d 1 L.S. 6,500 Pumping Station 8m3/min 1 L.S. 1,130 Sewer Line D300 4.0km 1,800 D400 2.0km 940 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 11,370 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 230
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 1,140
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 1,140 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 1,140 TOTAL 15,020
7 Dong Trieu District Construction Cost WWTP 8,500m3/d 1 L.S. 27,200 2,100m3/d 1 L.S. 1,350 Sewer Line D300 2.0km 900 D400 4.0km 1,880 D500 2.0km 960 D600 2.0km 1,000 D700 2.0km 1,060 D800 2.0km 1,120 Sub-Total 40,870 Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 820
Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 4,090
Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 4,090 Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 4,090 TOTAL 53,960
8 Binh Lieu District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 4,000m3/d 1 L.S. 3,300 Sewer Line D300 3.3km 770 D400 1.8km 470 Sub-Total 4,540 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 90
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 450
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 450 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 450 TOTAL 5,980
9 Tien Yen District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 L.S. 9,000 Sewer Line D300 1.5km 680
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-19
No. Area Items Specification Quantity Preliminary Project Cost (1,000 USD)
D400 1.0km 470 D500 2.7km 1,200 Sub-Total 11,350 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 230
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 1,140
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 1,140 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 1,140 TOTAL 15,000
10 Dam Ha District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 5,100 Sewer Line D300 2.1km 950 Sub-Total 6,050 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 120
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 610
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 610 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 610 TOTAL 8,000
11 Hai Ha District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 3,000m3/d 1 L.S. 88,820 Sewer Line D300 8.0km 3,600 D400 5.0km 2,350 D500 4.0km 1,920 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 97,690 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,950
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 9,770
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 9,770 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 9,770 TOTAL 128,950
12 Ba Che District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 6,080 Sewer Line D300 5.0km 2,250 Sub-Total 8,330 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 170
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 830
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 830 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 830 TOTAL 10,990
13 Hoanh Bo District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 2,500m3/d 1 L.S. 15,000 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 13,350 Sewer Line D300 4,0km 1,800 D400 2,0km 940 Sub-Total 31,090 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 620
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 3,110
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 3,110 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 3,110 TOTAL 41,040
14 Co To District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 600m3/d 1 L.S. 1,680 Sewer Line D300 3.0km 1,350 Sub-Total 3,030 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 60
3) Engineering Fee
(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 300
4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 300 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 300 TOTAL 3,990
GRAND TOTAL 902,310
Source: Study Team
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-20
4.4.4 Selection of the Priority Projects
As described above, Quang Ninh Province is divide into 14 administrative units which
is including four cities, one town and nine districts. It is ideal to develop all required
wastewater systems promptly, but it is difficult because a great deal of time and cost
are required. Therefore, it is important to select the priority projects and develop all
required wastewater systems in a step-by-step manner.
The priority level is decided being based on the scale of urban area, the amount of
wastewater generation, the property of city and the immediate effectiveness of
development in accordance with the following concepts.
1) Priority I: Ha Long City
Ha Long City is the center of politics, economics and tourism of Quang Ninh
Province, and the forecasted wastewater generation is largest. Therefore, the
urban wastewater of Ha Long City is the one of the most major source of water
pollution and the improvement of water environment in Ha Long City will be
directly linked to the improvement of water environment of Ha Long Bay.
Thus Ha Long City is evaluated as the most effective and prioritized to develop
the wastewater management system.
2) Priority II: Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, Van Don District
The forecasted wastewater generations of these three cities are much larger than
the other town and districts except for Ha Long City. Cam Pha City and Uong Bi
City are the centers of coal mining and power generation, so many people
related to these activities are in the urban areas. Mong Cai City is located at the
border with China and has a large economic cooperation zone between Vietnam
and China. In addition, Mong Cai City has a role as one of the centers of trade
between ASEAN and China. These three cities are the hubs of industrials and
trade, and they are expected the further development now and in the future.
Van Don District is not more populated than these three cities. However, Van
Don District has a large economic zone and a commercial port, thus Van Don
District is expected to be more populated and urbanized in the future.
Accordingly, these three cities and one district is evaluated as the
second-most-effective and prioritized to develop the wastewater management
systems.
3) Priority III: Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu District
The forecasted wastewater generations of these two areas are larger than the
other districts except for city areas. Quang Yen Town and Dong Trieu District
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-21
are located at western part of Quang Ninh Province and close to some industrial
zones and seaport. In addition, there are many cultural and historical relics
around these two areas. In consideration of the amount of wastewater generation
and the property of city as above, these two areas are evaluated as the
third-prioritized.
4) Priority IV: Binh Lieu District, Tien Yen District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha
District, Ba Che District, Hoanh Bo District, Co To District
The scale of urban areas and forecasted wastewater generations of these seven
districts are much smaller than the other cities and town because these seven
districts are rural areas and the population of these districts are smaller than the
other cities and town. Therefore, these seven districts are evaluated as the
forth-prioritized.
Table 4.4-13 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System
Priority Level City / Town / District
I Ha Long City II Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, Van Don District III Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu District IV Binh Lieu, Tien Yen, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Ba Che, Hoanh Bo, Co To
Source: Study Team
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-1 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System
IV
I
II
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
II
IV
IV
IV
IV
Ha Long
Cam Pha
van Don Co To
Quang Yen
Uong Bi Dong Trieu Hoanh Bo
Ba Che
Tien Yen
Dam Ha
Binh Lieu
Hai Ha
Mong Cai
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-22
4.4.5 Preliminary Layout Plans of the Priority Projects
The preliminary layout plans of the priority projects are illustrated in Figure 4.4-2
–4.4-7.
4-2
3
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
(1) Ha Long City West
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-2 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the West of Ha Long City
Proposed Catchment Area
Proposed Catchment Area
Proposed Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed WWTP
(10,000m3/day)
Proposed WWTP
(10,000m3/day)
Proposed WWTP
(17,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
1) Hung Thang Area
WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 1.7km
D500 0.7km
D600 0.8km
D800 2.3km
2) Gien Day Area
WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 LS.
Pumping Station 12m3/min 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 2.0km
D500 3.0km
D600 2.0km
3) Dai Yen Area
WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 1.5km
D500 1.6km
D600 0.8km
D700 0.8km
D800 1.0km
D900 1.2km
D1100 1.2km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
4-2
4
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
(2) Ha Long City East
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-3 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the East of Ha Long City
Proposed Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed WWTP
(22,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
WWTP 22,000m3/d 1 LS.
Pumping Station 15m3/min 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 0.6km
D500 2.1km
D600 0.7km
D1000 1.0km
D1100 1.5km
D1200 0.2km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
4-2
5
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
(3) Mong Cai City
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-4 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Mong Cai City
Proposed Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed WWTP
(50,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
WWTP 50,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 11.5km
D600 14.6km
D800 3.8km
D1000 2.0km
D1200 3.2km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
4-2
6
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
(4) Cam Pha City
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-5 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Cam Pha City
Proposed
Catchment Area
Proposed
Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed WWTP
(34,000m3/day)
Proposed WWTP
(29,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
WWTP 34,000m3/d 1 LS.
29,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 4.0km
D500 5.5km
D700 3.6km
D900 3.3km
D1000 2.4km
D1100 2.5km
D1200 1.3km
D1500 2.5km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-27
(5) Uong Bi City
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-6 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Uong Bi
City
Proposed
Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed WWTP
(52,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
WWTP 52,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 2.6km
D500 6.6km
D700 3.3km
D800 1.1km
D1000 2.6km
D1200 2.5km
D1800 1.2km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
4-2
8
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
(6) Van Don District
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-7 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Van Don District
Proposed
Catchment Area
Proposed Sewer Lines
Proposed
Catchment Area
Proposed WWTP
(30,000m3/day)
Proposed WWTP
(31,000m3/day)
0 1.0 2.0km
WWTP 30,000m3/d 1 LS.
31,000m3/d 1 LS.
Sewer Line D400 3.6km
D500 2.4km
D600 3.4km
D700 3.3km
D800 5.0km
D900 2.3km
D1000 1.1km
D1100 2.1km
Legend
WWTP
Sewer Line
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-29
4.4.6 Preliminary Project Implementation Plan
The preliminary project implementation plan is illustrated as below and shown in
Figure 4.4-8.
• Priority Project I: 2013 – 2022
• Priority Project II: 2014 – 2024
• Priority Project III: 2016 – 2028
• Priority Project IV: 2018 – 2030
The urban wastewater treatment system of Ha Long City will be developed by 2020,
and the urban wastewater treatment system of whole Quang Ninh Province will be
completed by 2030.
4.4.7 Plan for Achievement of Urban Wastewater Treatment
The forecast of wastewater generation and the amount of wastewater treatment in
whole Quang Ninh Province from 2012 to 2030 is described in Figure 4.4-8. This
chart is the plan for achievement of urban wastewater treatment which is based on the
project implementation plan shown in Figure 4.4-9.
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-8 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Quang Ninh Province
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
20
21
20
22
20
23
20
24
20
25
20
26
20
27
20
28
20
29
20
30
Am
oun
t of
Was
tew
ater
(m
3/d
ay)
Year
Amount of Treatment
Wastewater Generation
I: 79,260m3/day
125,580m3/day
236,970m3/day
363,800m3/day
I: 46,000m3/day
II: 242,200m3/day
III: 306,500m3/day
IV: 363,800m3/day
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-30
Similarly, the plan for achievement of urban wastewater treatment in Ha Long City is
described in Figure 4.4-9.
Source: Study Team
Figure 4.4-9 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Ha Long City
4.5 Recommendation of Advanced Technology
4.5.1 Introduction of the Installation of Sewer Pipes by Trenchless Method
It the planning stage of the development of wastewater management system, the
number of wastewater treatment plant should be considered to be as few as possible,
because the more the number of wastewater treatment plant is, the more the operation
works and the operation cost increase. Therefore, centralizing of wastewater
treatment plant will provide the efficient operation & maintenance works.
In general, in case that a city is divided into two areas by a river or a canal, two
wastewater treatment plants will be planned to be constructed. However, in recent
years sewer pipes can be installed under the river, canal, railway and the other
underground structures by Trenchless Method in many cities around the world. By
utilize of Trenchless Method, Quang Ninh Province also can centralize a wastewater
treatment plant.
(Source: Study Team)
Figure 4.5-1 Concept of the Centralization of Wastewater Treatment Plant
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
20
21
20
22
20
23
20
24
20
25
20
26
20
27
20
28
20
29
20
30
Am
oun
t of
Was
tew
ater
(m
3/d
ay)
Year
Amount of Treatment
Wastewater Generation
Catchment Area-A Catchment Area-B
WWTP-A WWTP-B
Riv
er
Catchment Area-A Catchment Area-B
Riv
er
Sewer Pipe under the River
Installed by Trenchless method
Centralized
WWTP
36,640m3/day
15,100m3/day
74,600m3/day
97,930m3/day
46,000m3/day
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-31
In general, the Trenchless Method is classified into two kinds of pipe laying method
which are named the pipe jacking method and the shield tunneling method. The
features of two methods are described as below.
Pipe Jacking Method
This is a method that a pipe is pushed by jacking machine set in a vertical shaft,
excavated earth is removed and a new pipe is added. Works which is done in the
open air is limited in a vertical shaft. There are various jacking methods which can
be applied to almost all soil types. An area required for construction of a vertical
shaft is smaller than that for shield tunneling. In past days this method is not applied
for long distance construction exceeding 1 km or sharp curve construction. However,
in recent years the technology of pipe jacking method has advanced, this method can
be applied for long distance construction and sharp curve construction little by little.
(Source: Study Team)
Figure 4.5-2 Outline of Pipe Jacking Method
Shield Tunneling Method
A vertical shaft provides working space for constructing a tunnel the same as pipe
jacking method. Instead of pushing a pipe in case of pipe jacking method, shield
machine equipped at the head of tunnel excavates earth and advances by fabricating
segments which form a pipe later. This method is suitable for long distance
Jacking Pipe
TBM (Tunnel
Boring Machine)
Gantry Crane
StrutPush Plate
Jack
Drive Shaft
Installed Jacking Pipe
Plant (for Jacks, Slurry
Treatment, etc)
Chamber
Intermediate
Jacking Station
Thrust Reaction
Wall
Cutting Wheel
Jacking FloorPipe Material for Jacking
Pipe Jacking Machine Inside of the Vertical Shaft
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-32
construction or for a structure with large cross section. This method is often applied
for construction of metro line. Generally the cost for the shield tunneling method is
expensive than that for the pipe jacking method if pipe diameter is less than 2,000 mm.
(Source: Study Team)
Figure 4.5-3 Outline of Shield Tunneling Method
It is necessary to study in detail and select the pipe laying methods in the feasibility
study and the detailed design stages.
4.5.2 Recommended Specific Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method
In Mong Cai city and Uong Bi city there are some recommended specific sites for the
installation of sewer pipes by the Trenchless Method which are described as below.
(1) Mong Cai City
The urban area of Mong Cai city is divided into two areas by the Mong Cai River, so
two wastewater treatment plants are required to be constructed in the respective
separated catchment areas in the original “Planning of Drainage & Wastewater
treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030”. However, if the sewer
pipes will be installed under the Mong Cai River by the Trenchless Method, the
wastewater can be collected to the one centralized wastewater treatment plant as
Slurry Plant
Slurry Pipe
Chamber
Assembled SegmentCutting Wheel
Slurry Pump
Gantry Crane
Segment
TBM (Tunnel
Boring Machine)
Driving Shaft
Segment of Pipe
Shield Tunneling Machine Inside of the Vertical Shaft
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
4-33
shown in Figure 4.5-4.
Figure 4.5-4 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Mong Cai city
(2) Uong Bi City
The urban area of Uong Bi city is divided into five areas by several small rivers and
canals, so five wastewater treatment plants are required to be constructed in the
respective separated catchment areas in the original “Planning of Drainage &
Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030”. However, if
the sewer pipes will be installed under the rivers and canals by the Trenchless Method,
the wastewater can be collected to the one centralized wastewater treatment plant as
shown in Figure 4.5-5.
Figure 4.5-5 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Uong Bi city
This is a just vision for the development project. It is necessary to conduct
topographical surveys and geographical surveys, and to study the possible application
of the Trenchless Method for these sites in detail in the feasibility study and the
detailed design stages.
Crossing the river by Trenchless Method
Centralized WWTP Original WWTP
Mong Cai River
Centralized WWTP
Original WWTPs
Crossing the rivers by Trenchless Method
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-1
CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
5.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Air Environmental Management
toward 2020
5.1.1 Prediction of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Concentration
As mentioned in Chapter 2, air quality in Quang Ninh Province is good in general,
except for dust/TSP. The pollution sources of dust/TSP are from various fields
including stationary sources, such as thermal power plants, cement plants, and other
industries discharging emissions, and mobile sources such as vehicle transportation.
Additionally, in Quang Ninh Province, the coal mining industry is one of the major
pollution sources of dust/TSP. Relevant facilities and activities of the coal mining
industry should be controlled carefully, such as backyard, coal pile at the port, coal and
mineral mining area, and coal waste dumpsite. Due to the development of provincial
economy and change of status of facilities operating currently, it is considered that the
following issues will affect the concentration of dust/TSP toward 2020.
(1) Impacts of Large Air Pollution Sources
Most of the power plants and cement plants have started their operation after 2006
except for Uong Bi Power Plant 1 and Lam Thach Cement 1. In general, these are
newly established plants which apply new technologies for their boiler, combustion,
and treatment system. Therefore, emission is well-controlled at the beginning for a few
years. It is very important for all these plants to keep this initial condition by
performing periodic maintenance and repair. It is desirable to keep it well until the end
of the design year. According to some examples of operation in other provinces, due to
the aging of equipment and lack of knowledge on technologies and so on, the
efficiency of treatment of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as well as dust is decreasing as time
goes by, together with energy consumption efficiency. In other words, there is a
possibility that emissions from plants meet the emission standards at first for some
years, but after 10 to 20 years it may exceed the emission standard.
(2) Impacts of Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities
1) Coal Transportation
Despite the efforts to improve air pollution with relation to coal transportation, there
are issues remaining, as follows;
- Overloading on trucks for coal transportation seems to be sometimes observed.
-Trucks used for coal transportation are not completely covered with sheet in
some cases.
-Destruction of the coal transportation road due to heavy trucks and water
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-2
sprayed on the road, with no maintenance.
-Too much spraying of water on the road makes it muddy.
-Spraying water on the road is not well-designed.
-Coal and soil powder are easily scattered by strong wind/fugitive dust.
2) Stockpiles at Coal Selection Plant and Port for Coal Transportation
From the stockpiles of coal selection plant and port for coal
transportation/shipping, coal and soil dust scattered by wind is a big issue in
Quang Ninh.
3) Mining and Dumpsite
Fugitive dust from large-scale field facilities such as an open pit coal mining and
coal waste dumpsite is another big issue in Quang Ninh.
(3) Trend of TSP Concentration
The annual average concentration of TSP for the past three years are shown in Figure
5.1-1.
154
227
357
246
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2010 2011 2012 3 years Ave.
Concentration of TSP (Annual Average)
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 5.1-1 Annual Average of TSP Concentration
It is unreasonable to analyze the annual average value obtained from the monitoring
result in Quang Ninh which used a sampling of 60-minute monitoring because TSP
monitoring is conducted four times a year. In other words, using an average of four
hours is not scientifically correct to consider the annual value, which should have an
average of 8,760 hours ideally. Considering these conditions, if the annual average
value is compared, an increasing trend of TSP concentration is obvious. If appropriate
measures are not taken, the concentration of TSP pollution in 2020 will likely be
higher.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-3
5.1.2 Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management to 2020
(1) Pollution Control by the Local Government (DONRE/EMAC)
1) Difficulty in the Laboratory
In Quang Ninh, the Environment Monitoring and Analyzing Center (EMAC) is
in charge of the environmental monitoring of air and water and perform some
parts of inspection activities. But the technical infrastructure of the center still
has some limitations, which affect the quality of monitoring and analysis. From
the standpoint of air quality management expert and chemist of air quality
analysis, the following difficulties were listed.
a) Ambient Air Quality and Laboratory
- Electronic Balance:
The detection limit/resolution of the balance weighing equipment (supplied by
Adam Equipment) is 0.0001 g. The resolution of 0.0001g is too poor to measure
TSP sample by a 60 min suction of air. The detection limit of TSP should be
from 60 to 80 μg/m3.
- Teledyne 900 System:
This is a mobile auto air quality monitoring system, loaded on “Ford truck”. It is
purchased in 2008. Some equipment needs to be repaired. Furthermore, spare
parts and consumable need to be replaced. In general, auto air quality monitoring
system requires 5% to 10% of purchased budget as maintenance cost every year.
- Room for Weighing:
The room for weighing should be separated from other facilities and temperature
of 21.5 ±1.5 ºC and relative humidity of 50 ±5% should be kept. But it is
about 70% humidity now. Furthermore, the Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS), which burns acetylene is installed in the same room.
The burning of acetylene shall produce water vapor to increase moisture. During
weighing of filters on which TSP is loaded, the filter absorbs the moisture and
then increases the weight, where overestimation might occur.
At the present, EMAC put a filter on the electric dryer at 110 °C before and after
sampling in the field as preconditioning of weighing. But it is recommended to
put it in a desiccator with room temperature and relative humidity of 50 ±5%.
Purchase of desiccator is also necessary. The desiccator can be used temporarily
instead of a room for weighing.
- Low Volume Air Sampler:
For TSP measurement, it is recommended to use a high volume air sampler
(flow velocity of 1,000 to 1,500 L/min). On the other hand, a low volume air
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-4
sampler, (flow velocity of 20 to 30 L/min), it is very difficult to measure TSP
with good accuracy for one hour sampling. Detection limit might be about 60 to
80 μg/m3)
- Digital Dust Meter (SKE-EPAM-5000):
This is a very effective and highly sensitive device to measure ambient TSP
concentration instead of the low volume air sampler, although the obtained value
is the instant value. It is not a standard method based on Vietnam Standards
(Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam: TCVN) but the detection limit is 1 μg/m3 and maximum
limit is up to 20,000 μg/m3. Unfortunately, it is out of order temporarily;
therefore repair is urgently needed.
- Air Quality Monitoring of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):
Due to limitation of equipment, only nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is measured
because the portable ambient nitric oxide (NO) analyzer is not available until
now therefore, there is no other choice but to regard or calculate NO2 as NOx. In
general, more than 90% of NOx emission from combustion process and engine
on car is NO, therefore underestimation must occur in the monitoring point near
the main road and large factories.
- Selection of date and time:
Due to the detection limit of TSP equipment and electronic balance, the field
measurement is conducted except for rainy day and a day after the rain or two
days after the rain in most cases. In general, dust in the atmosphere will be
washed out by the rain. Thus, a day of high concentration is selected
intentionally. And due to the available working hours in the office, measurement
is conducted during daytime. Field measurement is conducted four times a year
at the same point. Therefore, when the average value such as 24-hour average or
annual average is discussed, the measured data is not a good representative of
the 24-hour data as well as the annual data, and overestimation might occur.
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 5.1-2 Balance, Teledyne 900 System, Low Volume Air Sampler and EPAM-5000
b) Stack Emission: Dust Sampling and Calibration of Equipment
- Isokinetic Sampling:
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-5
Through the activities of information and data collection performed by the
environmental consultant, it was found out that flue gas measurement activities
are conducted using a portable gas analyzer without on-site calibration with
cylinder of standard gases of CO, NO, and SO2 in Vietnam. As for dust
(particulate matter) measurement, methodology of isokinetic sampling, a kind of
international and authorized method, is not yet conducted. For effective
command and control of pollution sources by authorities, it is essential to
measure more precisely the flue gas dust concentrations which are listed in
QCVN 19:2009/BTMNT.
- Portable Gas Analyzer:
The TESTO 350XL is a very convenient equipment to measure gaseous
components such as SO2, NOx, CO, O2, and CO2. It is easy to use and made in
Germany. The sensors are calibrated before shipment. It is recommended that
this equipment should be calibrated every three years or sensors should be
replaced. The TESTO 350XL at EMAC was purchased in 2008; therefore, it is
recommended for calibration.
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 5.1-3 Example of Isokinetic Sampling and TESTO 350XL at EMAC
(2) Pollution Control by Industry
1) Plans of Strengthening Emission Standards: 2015 Problem
Emission limit values for air pollutants from thermal power industry, cement
manufacturing industry, and other industries are listed in the “National Technical
Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry” (QCVN 22/2009/BTNMT),
“National Technical Regulation on Cement Manufacturing Industry”
(QCVN23/2009/BTNMT) and “National Technical Regulation on Industrial
Emission of Inorganic Substances and Dusts” (QCVN 19/2009/BTNMT),
respectively in Vietnam. These standards are summarized in Table 5.1-1, Table
5.1-2 and Table 5.1-3.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-6
Table 5.1-1 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry
Coal VM Content
>10%
Coal VM Content
≦10%
200 500 600 1,000
Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)
at Vietnamese Standard Condition *NOx (as NO2)
SO2Dust
Target
Thermal Power Industry
*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa with 6% of O2 in the flue gas.
**: Type of fuel is coal.
***: These values can be applied in thermal power plant operating after 17 October 2005.
Source: QCVN22/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team
Table 5.1-2 National Technical Regulation on Emission of
Cement Manufacturing Industry
Dust SO2 NOx (as NO2) CO
Column A:
- Operated before 16 January 2007
with Application Period until 1st
November 2011
400 1,500 1,000 1,000
Column B1:
-Operated before 16 January 2007
with application period from 1st
November 2011to 31 December
2014)
-Operated after 16 January 2007
with application period to 31
December 2014
200 500 1,000 1,000
Column B2:
- All cement factories and facilities
after 1st January 2015.100 500 1,000 500
Target
Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)
at Vietnamese Standard Condition *
Cement
Manufacturing
Factories
*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa.
Source: QCVN23/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team
Table 5.1-3 National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of
Inorganic Substance and Dust
Acid Manufacturing Other Sources
400 1500 2,000 1,000 1,000
200 500 1,000 850 1,000
Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)
at Vietnamese Standard Condition *
Column A: Industrial Processes
(existing plant **)
Dust SO2
NOx (as NO2)
Column B: Industrial Processes
(new plant ***)
CO
Target
*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa
**: These values are applied in the industrial facilities operated before 16 January 2007 with application period
until 31 December 2014.
***: These values can be applied in the industrial facilities operated since 16 January 2007 and all facilities after 1
January 2015.
Source: QCVN 19/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-7
a) Power Plant
Regarding thermal power plants in Quang Ninh, QCVN 22 will be applied
because all power plants except for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1 are operating
after 17 October 2005. But as for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1, “National
Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Inorganic Substances and Dusts”
(QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT) is applied. Because the regional coefficient “Kv” is
“0.8” in Uong Bi Town, they can manage to meet the standards at the present.
But standards in column B with the regional coefficient “Kv=0.8” will be
applied by 1 January 2015. Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1 needs to decrease dust,
SO2, and NOx concentration to 160 mg/Nm3, 400 mg/Nm
3, and 680 mg/Nm
3,
respectively. With this, the new standards for dust and SO2 is very difficult to
attain for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1.
b) Cement Plant
As for QCVN23:2009/BTNMT, all cement factories are required to meet
column B1 standards from 1 November 2011 until 31 December 2014, and
column B2 after 1 January 2015. By 1 January 2015, all cement factories are
required to meet column B2 standards with the capacity coefficient “Kp” and the
regional coefficient “Kv”. In case of Kp=1.0 and Kv=1.0, the cement plant needs
to meet dust, CO, NOx, and SO2 concentration of 100 mg/Nm3, 500
mg/Nm3,1,000 mg/Nm
3, and 500 mg/Nm
3, respectively. If it is Kp=0.8 and
Kv=0.8, the cement plant needs to meet dust, CO, NOx, and SO2 concentration
of 64 mg/Nm3, 320 mg/Nm
3, 640 mg/Nm
3, and 320 mg/Nm
3, respectively.
However, it is very severe standards for old plants, especially for old-aged one.
For example, Lam Thach Cement 1 which started operating in 1997 is going to
be closed in 2014 by order of the government.
2) Regular Reporting from the Plant
Quite a few number of plants reported results of flue gas measurement.
Quang Ninh Power Plant and Cam Pha Cement Plant issued reports that
included flue gas measurement results. But for other power plants and cement
plants, their regular reports included ambient air quality results only.
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5-8
Table 5.1-4 Situation of Reporting from Plants
Name of Plant Flue Gas Result in Report Remarks Quang Ninh Power Plant Reported regularly Quarterly Cam Pha Cement Plant Reported regularly Quarterly Uong Bi Power Plant Not reported regularly Irregularly for Phase 1 Unit Cam Pha Power Plant Not reported regularly One time in environmental
impact assessment (EIA) procedure on approval
Thang Long Cement Reported but it is not stack gas concentration
Some figures for production control
Mao Khe Power Plant Not reported at all - Lam Thach Cement Not reported at all - Halong Cement Not reported at all -
Source: Project Study Team
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 5.1-4 Photos of the Quang Ninh Power Plant, Cam Pha Cement Plant, Uong Bi
Power Plant, Cam Pha Power Plant, Thang Long Cement, Dong Trieu Power Plant, Lam
Thach Cement, and Halong Cement
(3) Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities
1) Coal Transportation
Based on Decision No. 60/2012/QD-TTg, entitled Approving the Master Plan on
the Development of Vietnam's Coal Industry through 2020 with the Prospects
toward 2030, in recent years, some improvements are observed on coal
transportation activities. Examples of improvements are listed in Table 5.1-5.
Table 5.1-5 Examples of Improvements for Coal Transportation
Area Contents of Improvement Mao Khe Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from
Mao Khe +56 to Mao Khe Power Plant (3.44km) Mao Khe Tube conveyor was introduced in coal transportation from Mao Khe +56 to Ben
Can Port (3.67 km) Uong Bi A over bridge to avoid crossing between Road 18A with coal transportation
road/railway Uong Bi – Dien Cong Uong Bi Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from
+56 Nam Mau to Khe Than coal yard (4.32 km) Uong Bi New construction of railway Lan Thap – Uong Bi (17.5 km) and Khe Than –
Lan Thap (2.00 km) Uong Bi Rehabilitation and extension of Vang Danh – Uong Bi – Dien Cong railway
(20.00 km) Uong Bi Rehabilitation and extension of concrete road Vang Danh – Uong Bi (20.00km)
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5-9
Hon Gai Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from Suoi Lai coal mine to Quang Ninh Thermal Power Plant (1.51 km)
Hon Gai New concrete road from Suoi Lai Coal Mine to Lang Khanh port (5.00 km)_
Source: “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects
toward 2030”
In addition, the“Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with
Consideration of Prospects toward 2030” shows the road construction and conveyor
belt development plan. The road and conveyor belt development plan is shown in
Table 5.1-6.
Table 5.1-6 Road and Conveyor Belt Development Plan
Area Contents of Improvement Mao Khe Conveyor from Trang khe industrial yard to Mao Khe +56 site (4.34 km) Mao Khe Concrete road from Non Dong guard station to Mao Khe +56 site (3.00 km) Uong Bi Conveyor from Khe Than to Uong Bi (7.14 km) Uong Bi Conveyor from Uong Bi to Dien Cong Port (7.90 km) Hon Gai Conveyor from Quang Ninh Thermal Power Plant to Lang Khanh Port (4.86
km) Hon Gai Conveyor for coal supply to Nam Cau Trang Coal Selection Plant (5.00 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Lep My to Port Km6 (4.00km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant to Mong Duong Thermal
Power Plant (8.50 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant – Khe Day Port (8.50 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Cao Son Coal Mine – Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant (1.20
km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham 2 Open Pit Mining – Khe Cham Coal Selection
Plant (2.40 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham 2 Under Ground Mining – Khe Cham Coal
Selection Plant (1.50 km) Cam Pha Rehabilitation and upgrade Cao Son – Mong Duong – Cua Ong Railway (12.5
km) Cam Pha Rehabilitation and upgrade Coc 6 Train Station - Cua Ong Railway (8.00 km)
Source: “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects
toward 2030”
5.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved to 2020
“Targets to be achieved” are designed to meet the environmental standard of TSP and
PM10 in all areas of Quang Ninh by 2020. Of course, other air pollutants such as SO2,
CO, NOx, O3, and Pb should be kept to meet the standards.
Regarding TSP, at present, hourly average conducted four times a year is the only
available data, but 24-hour average and annual average must meet the standards of 200
μg/m3 and 140 μg/m
3, respectively.
Regarding PM10 or inhalable particulate matter, the diameter is less than 10 μm,
which is smaller than TSP. PM10 has to be measured and must meet the 24-hour
average and annual average standards of 200 μg/m3
and 140 μg/m3, respectively.
Environmental standards for particulate matter are shown in Table 5.2-1.
Table 5.2-1 Air Quality Standards: Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10) Unit: μg/m3
Parameter Hourly Average 8-hour Average 24-hour Average Annual Average
Total suspended
particulates (TSP) 300 - 200 140
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Dust ≤ 10 μm
(PM10) - - 150 50
Note: (-) means “unregulated”
Source: QCVN05/2009/BTNMT
5.3 Approaches for Air Quality Management
5.3.1 Air Quality Management by Local Government
(1) Continuous Air Quality Monitoring
As described in Subsections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2, it is unreasonable to discuss the annual
average value from the monitoring result obtained in Quang Ninh because the
monitoring of TSP is conducted four times a year. One monitoring represents the
average concentration of 60 minutes sampling. In other words, it is not scientific to
discuss the annual value which should be the average of 8,760 hours, using an average
of 4 hours. By the same reason for annual average, the measurement is conducted only
at daytime, which is illogical to compare with 24-hour standard. In order to grasp air
quality condition and compare it with air quality standards of 1-hour, 24-hour average,
and annual average, continuous monitoring is indispensable. And parameters to be
measured are particulate matter (TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, SO2,
especially PM10 and PM2.5 are important. The details are described in Section 5.4.1,
(2).
(2) Real-Time Monitoring on Stack Flue Gas from Major Plant
This system is very common and most effective method/tool used to control the largest
air pollutants of emission sources, such as thermal power plant, cement plant, and iron
manufacture directly and semi real-time by local governments in European Union
(EU) countries, the United States of America (USA) and Japan. Beside the inspection
activities done by DONRE, it is very effective since it gives a sound alert for the
neighbors of the plants that serious accident may happen or gaseous pollutants/toxic
pollutants are being emitted. And in some severe air pollution episodes such as
photochemical smog episodes and high PM concentration may happen, the local
government shall ask the plants to reduce their production rate to lessen the emission
temporarily. The local government can confirm whether the emission is reduced or not
by this system. The details are described in Section 5.4.1, (2).
(3) Capacity Building of DONRE Staff in Air Quality Field
Some international projects in relation to capacity development for environmental
protection, emission control, planning of monitoring, and pollution source inventory
were conducted recently. But unfortunately, the contents of the activities are related
only to water quality. It is indispensable for DONRE to have a project or technical
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cooperation on capacity building in the field of air quality management. For example,
the training for ambient air quality measurement, flue gas measurement, air pollution
source inventory, inspection to the plants and quality assurance/quality control
(QA/QC) are definitely necessary. Especially, the abovementioned activities, i.e., (1)
Continuous Air Quality Monitoring, and (2) Real-Time Monitoring on Stack Flue Gas
from Major Plant are most important.
(4) Air Quality Control by Ambient Air/QCVN 05 and Direct Control by
Emission/QCVN 19, 22, and 23
Currently, the monitoring activities done by DONRE/EMAC focus on the ambient air
quality monitoring by QCVN 05 rather than the emission monitoring/flue gas
measurement by QCVN 19, 22, and 23. The ambient air quality monitoring is very
important in order to grasp air quality condition in the environment and to protect
human health, therefore, it should be maintained. But in parallel, the emission
monitoring/flue gas measurement by inspection activity is also equally important. If
ambient dust concentration near the plant exceeds air quality standards of QCVN 05,
there is no direct evidence to identify the source. However, when the emission
monitoring/flue gas measurement in inspection is conducted, direct evidence of the
source who exceeded the emission standards of QCVN 19, 22 and 23 is identified,
thus, DONRE could directly control the plant by itself.
5.3.2 Stationary Emission Source/Air Quality Management by Industries
(1) Introduction to Self-monitoring
Flue gas measurement on the stacks of the factory as well as periodical reporting to
local governments is a logical thing to do in EU countries, USA, and Japan. It is called
“self-monitoring”. In Quang Ninh, quarterly monitoring and reporting to DONRE for
ambient air is conducted as a scope of the EIA obligation of most plants listed in Table
5.1-4, except for those plants which have not conducted EIA. Among them, Quang
Ninh Power Plant and Cam Pha Cement Plant issue reports containing flue gas
measurement results on a quarterly basis. Introduction of self-monitoring to large-scale
plant is an approach used for air quality management by industries.
(2) Rehabilitation of Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1
As mentioned in Section 5.1.2 (1), 52 years have passed since Uong Bi Power Plant
Phase 1 has started its operation in 1961, the original design of the operation, which is
25 years, has already exceeded. Because the emission standards, QCVN
19:2009/BTNMT, is design to be stringent from 1 January 2015. Uong Bi Power Plant
Phase 1 needs to decrease dust, SO2, and NOx concentration to 160 mg/Nm3, 400
mg/Nm3 and 680 mg/Nm
3, respectively. Regarding dust and SO2, the plant will face
difficulty to meet the new standards, therefore major rehabilitation is indispensable. If
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Power Generation Corporation/EVN plans to continue its operation, it is
recommended for the local government to order a halt in their operation, in case major
rehabilitation will not be conducted and flue gas will exceed the emission standard.
(3) Anxiety for 2030 on Sources of Air Pollution
Largest sources of air pollution, i.e., thermal power plants and cement plants are listed
in Table 5.3-1. As mentioned in Section 5.1.1, there is a possibility that emission of air
pollution from plants meet the emission standards at the start, for the first 5 years,
however, after 10 to 20 years, the values may exceed the emission standard. Therefore,
the inspection including on site flue gas measurement is very important. By inspection,
if the plant continues to exceed the emission standards, it is recommended that local
government should order a stop on its operation in the future.
Table 5.3-1 Largest Sources of Air Pollution
Name of Plant Starting Operation Designed Year of
Operation (Lifetime)
Quang Ninh Power Plant Phase 1: July 2011 Phase 2: May 2013
25
Uong Bi Power Plant 1 1976 25 but extended
twice Uong Bi Power Plant 2 December 2006 25 Uong Bi Power Plant 3 March 2011 25
Cam Pha Power Plant Phase 1: January 2010 Phase 2: February 2011
25
Mao Khe Power Plant Phase 1: July 2012 Phase 2:June 2013
25
Mong Duong Phase 1 1st quarter, 2015 30 Mong Duong Phase 2 3rd quarter, 2015 30
Lam Thach Cement 1 September 1997 Going to stop in
2014
Lam Thach Cement 2 Line 1: December 2006 Line 2: June 2009
Not clear
Thang Long Cement November 2008 50 Halong Cement April 2010 50 Cam Pha Cement Plant May 2008 50
Source: Project Study Team
5.3.3 Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities
According to Decision No.60/2012/QD-TTg, entitled Planning on Development of
Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030,
development objectives of “environmental protection” are described as follows:
“By 2015, to basically achieve major environmental standards in sensitive areas (urban
centers, residential quarters, tourist attractions, etc.): by 2020, to fully satisfy all
environmental standards in all areas of coal mining”.
Within the frame of the Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020
with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030, the following plans are to be conducted:
- To close Suoi Lai Open-pit Mining by 2015.
- To close Nui Beo Open-pit Mining by 2017.
- To close Ha Tu Open-pit Mining by 2027.
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- To renovate and expand existing mining.
- To renovate, upgrade, and construct some internal roadway and accessible
roads in Uong Bi, Hon Gai and Cam Pha: to maintain and upgrade existing
special-use internal roads by 2015.
- To renovate, expand, and upgrade existing railway lines, use locomotives of
over 1,000 HP to increase railway transport capacity by 2015.
- To invest in continuing building 11 new conveyor lines with a total length of
about 55.34 km by 2020.
- To make investment to maintain the constructed external transport system by
2015.
- To make investment to maintain the constructed external transport system for
2016-2020 period.
(1) Coal Transportation
The contents of the road construction plans of the abovementioned master plan are
focused mainly on new road construction activities. However, following the approach
including rehabilitation of existing road is recommended. As proposed in the
recommended project, it is necessary to conduct the basic design survey for two
months by road construction design experts. However, it is impossible to conduct the
survey within the project period. General recommendations are as follows;
1) Further promotion of a completely covered conveyor belt instead of truck
transportation.
2) Well-designed road reconstruction/rehabilitation and maintenance plan
It is recommended to rehabilitate the existing coal transportation roads in order
to prevent scattering of coal dust. It is essential to reconstruct the coal
transportation roads and introduce plans to regularly repair the roads in order to
prevent scattering of coal dust.
a) Toughness of transportation road and thickness of asphalt/concrete have to be
carefully redesigned.
-Thickness of asphalt: It is necessary to calculate carefully based on assumed
traffic volume and weight of truck.
- Thickness of concrete: It is necessary to calculate carefully based on assumed
traffic volume and weight of truck.
-Thickness of aggregate: more than 50 cm is desirable.
-Thorough compaction of soil and aggregate before pavement is desirable.
b) Frequency of repair has to be carefully redesigned.
- Frequency depends on traffic volume and weight of truck.
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-Once every 4 to 6 years is recommended in general.
3) Well-designed spraying water plan with installation of gutters along the drainage
system.
- It is necessary to adjust the amount of water, the size of water droplet/mist/fog,
and the frequency of spraying water by computer simulation.
-In order to avoid muddy condition of the road, it is recommended to install
gutters within the drainage system on the shoulder of the road.
4) General control measure for unpaved roads.
(2) Stockpiles at Coal Selection Plant and Port for Coal Transportation
1) Building wall fences combining with planting trees on the coal storage area
Depending on specific conditions, building walls or barrier fences combining with
growing green belt surrounding the coal storage area.
- Height of wall, barrier fence: 2.0 m or higher
- Distance between trees is less than 1.0 m, number of tree rows is not less than
3.
2) Other solutions
- Installation of dust capture at head of conveyors, pouring funnels.
- Internal roads, bases: Permanent, clean the coal spillage, watering.
(3) Mining and Dumpsite
The open-pit coal mining in Quang Ninh will be closed by 2018 in the Halong area,
according to Decision No. 60/2012/QD-TTg, Planning on Development of Vietnam
Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030. However, from
now to 2018, some measures to prevent dust scattering/fugitive dust are recommended,
as follows:
1) Measure for Coal Mining Site
Depending on the type, scale, machine used, and climate of coal mining and
from processes such as mining, loading, transport and dumping, there are many
candidate measures to prevent fugitive dust.
2) Measure for Coal Dumpsite
The environment restoration is the most effective measure to prevent scattering
of fugitive dust from coal waste dumpsite. Revegetation is recommended to coal
waste dumpsite after stopping dumping activity as soon as possible. It is
effective not only to prevent dust pollution but also to prevent landslide and
leaching water from coal waste to Halong Bay. The detailed discussion will be
mentioned in “Coastal Forest Management” section. Examples of rehabilitation
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as good practices are shown in Figure 5.3-1.
Nui Beo Mining Chinh Bac Nui Beo Mining Chinh Bac South Deo Nai Dumpsite, Deo Nai Coal Company
Figure 5.3-1 Examples of Rehabilitation of Dumpsite
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5.4 Proposed Projects to 2020
5.4.1 Necessity for Projects Proposed by DONRE/EMAC
The Project Study Team has examined three project proposals which were prepared by
DONRE and EMAC. Basically, the Project Study Team recognizes the necessity and
supports these projects strongly. The air quality management expert comments are as
follows:
(1) Project for Strengthening Capacity for Environmental Management
1) Comment on the Project
Basically, the set of equipment listed in the project is necessary for better
operation. The following items are listed in order of priority below, as well as
the requirement to purchase/replace as soon as possible. Especially, analytical
balance (five digits) is needed urgently (Refer to Section 5.1.2, (1), 1)).
a) No.39: Analytical balance (five digits): sensitivity/detection limit (0.00001 g:
10 μg)
b) No.22: Ambient air dust sampling equipment, high flow (High volume air
sampler)
c) No.21: Quick dust measurement equipment for PM10, PM2.5, PM1
d) No.17: Flue dust sampling equipment
e) No.1: Global positioning system (GPS)
2) Implementation Schedule
From 2013 to 2014 for half a year
3) Approximate Budget
USD 0.65 million
(2) Project for enhancing EMAC’s capacity on science and technology
1) Comment on the Project
Basically, the project importance is on the construction of a new building rather
than equipment procurement. In fact, it was observed that there was a leak in the
office ceiling on the third floor after every heavy rain. The room next to the said
office is the director’s room with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
(GC-MS), therefore, water leak may damage the GC-MS.
In addition, regarding 1) list of instruments for environmental inspection, 2) list
of field monitoring instruments, and 3) list of laboratory instruments, some
equipment are overlapping with (1) the Project for Strengthening Capacity for
Environmental Management. Closer investigation and reconsideration are
necessary.
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2) Implementation Schedule
From 2015 to 2016 for a year
3) Approximate Budget
USD 3.0 million
5.4.2 Foreign Expert for Capacity Development on AQM and PEM
(1) Project Description
Together with the Project for Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring
Stations in Quang Ninh, the Capacity Development on AQM and PEM (Plant
Emission Monitoring) for DONRE/EMAC staff is required through technical support
of international expert, who has experiences in air quality monitoring of ambient air
and stack emission measurement at the factory. This capacity development will help to
solve difficulties of dust measurement in the field and laboratory encountered by the
staff, and to promote smooth initial operation of “auto AQM station” and “auto PEM
station”.
In Vietnam, auto AQM stations had been established in HCMC and Hanoi almost 12
years ago. The total number of stations are more than 30 but most of them have been
out of operation. Of course, there are some Vietnamese experts in this field, but taking
into account the lesson learned in the past ten years, an international expert with
enough experience is necessary.
In addition, it is preferable to conduct the following activities:
- Introduction of international standard method, isokinetic sampling, and flue gas
dust measurement of stack/chimney;
- Introduction of standard oxygen concentration for calculation/conversion;
- Strengthening of inspection/measurement by DONRE/EMAC;
- Strengthening of Air Pollution Source Inventory; and
- Introduction of QA/QC for air quality monitoring.
One candidate has an official request to international donor to dispatch an expert. As
an example, some contents of the application form are presented in Table 5.4-1.
Table 5.4-1 Example of Application and Description
Example of Items on Application Draft Description
-Period of Assignment and Desirable Time of
Dispatch
-One year, starting from just before the operation of
“auto AQM station” and “auto PEM (Plant Emission
Monitoring) station” .
- Number of Expert(s) Required
- Category of Service
-One person
-Technology diffusion
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Example of Items on Application Draft Description
- Name of Related Project/Scheme -
-Name of Requesting Ministry/Organization
and Specific Department/Division/Unit to
which the Expert is attached
-
Source: Project Study Team
The procedure is to be done through the Department of Planning and Investment (DPI)
and the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI).
(2) Implementation Schedule
From 2014 to 2015 for one year
(3) Approximate Budget
USD 0.24 million, mainly from the donor
5.4.3 Mandatory Reporting of Flue Gas Measurement Value to Local Government
(1) Project Description
It is recommended to introduce self-monitoring of flue gas in the stack/duct for
large-scale plants as a mandatory report which contains flue gas measurement result
on a quarterly basis.
An example of result tables for power plant and cement plant is shown in Table 5.4-2
Table 5.4-2 Example of Result Tables to be Attached in the Quarterly Report
Item Unit QCVN(19,22,23) A-Cmax Kp=*.*, Kv=*.*
Measured Value
General condition at the
measurement
Height of stack measured m
Stack diameter on the top m
Flue gas velocity m/s Flue gas volume m3/h Temperature ºC Oxygen concentration (O2) %
Concentration of air pollutants
Dust mg/Nm3 CO mg/Nm3 SO2 mg/Nm3 NOx mg/Nm3
Operating conditions at the
measurement
Power generation at measurement for power plant
MW/hour
Production (clinker) amount at measurement for cement plant
t/hour
Fuel/coal consumption at measurement
t/hour t/day
Source: Project Study Team
(2) Implementation Schedule
From 2013 to 2014, for one year
(3) Approximate Budget
Within the operation of Quang Ninh DONRE
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5.4.4 Introduction of “European Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Independently
(1) Air Quality Standards; Comparison with EU
Table 5.4-3 shows the limitation values of basic parameters in the ambient air/air
quality standards in Vietnam (QCVN 05, QCVN 06/ 2009/BTNMT) Table 5.4-4
shows the air quality standards in EU.
Table 5.4-3 Air Quality Standards in Vietnam (Unit: μg/m3)
Note: Values highlighted in green: similar, values highlighted in yellow: different
Source; QCVN 05, 06/ 2009/BTNM
Table 5.4-4 Air Quality Standards in EU (Unit: μg/m3)
By comparing the air quality standards in Vietnam and EU, most of the figures in the
tables are similar with each other. In general, air quality standards in Vietnam are at
the same level as in EU. However, PM10 and benzene in EU are worse than Vietnam
twice or thrice. The 24-hour standard of PM10 in Vietnam is 150 μg/m3, whereas in
EU is 50 μg/m3. The annual standard of benzene in Vietnam is 10 μg/m3, whereas in
EU is 5 μg/m3, while in Japan it is 3 μg/m3.
(2) Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM)
Primary air pollutants in Vietnam are TSP and benzene. TSP in Quang Ninh includes
all particulate matter. There are some types of particulate matter being used as air
quality standards (AQS) in the world. Types of PM and their definition are shown in
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Table 5.4-5. As explained in the table, TSP concentration is variable depending on the
wind speed. It is somewhat not so quantitative and reliable as AQS. Therefore tt is
recommended to use PM10 in parallel with TSP after the operation of “auto AQM
station” will be stable, i.e., half a year has been past.
Table 5.4-5 Types of PM in the World
Type of PM Definition Note Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)
Particulate with diameter less than 40 to 50 μm (Maximum diameter will change depending on wind speed, not so quantitative)
Currently, EU, USA, and Japan do not adopt TSP as AQS. In the US, it was adopted from 1971 to 1987.
PM10 Particulate with diameter less than 10 μm
US: Limit value was adopted in 1987 instead of TSP EU: Limit value took effect in 2005.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Particulate with diameter less than 7 to 8 μm
SPM was adopted in Japan in 1973. SPM is roughly similar to PM7 to PM8.
PM2.5 Particulate with diameter less than 2.5 μm
US: Limit value was adopted in 1997 and strengthened in 2006. EU: Limit value will take effect in 2015. Japan: Limit value took effect in 2009.
Note: Concentration of TSP≥PM10≥SPM≥PM2.5
Source: Project Study Team
(3) Introduction of “Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Independently
As a leading environmental province, it seems that the AQS for a 24-hour standard of
PM10, at 150 μg/m3 is not fitted to be compared with developed countries’ standard.
At least three years of accumulating “auto AQM station” data, and establishing of a
scientific committee to discuss its own AQS in Quang Ninh, that may be the desirable
time to adopt Quang Ninh PM10 standard independently. The limitation value might
be between 50 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m
3. Adoption of new limitation value will be in 2020.
(4) Implementation Schedule
From 2016 to 2020, adoption of new limitation value in 2020.
(5) Approximate Budget
USD 0.02 million, expenditure of five professors for three years (four times of
meeting/year) and DONRE staff.
5.4.5 Recommendation on Installation of Coal Dust Prevention Mesh Net at Coal Selection
Plant and Port for Coal Loading
(1) Principle of Dust Prevention
The principles of dust prevention are: 1) Decreasing wind speed by mesh net and 2)
Catching coal dust by mesh. The computer simulation of the effect using net is shown
in Figure 5.4-1.
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Simulation of effect by Net
Before InstallationWind
After InstallationWind
Fence with Net
Height :15m
Area of Blue color indicates low wind speed
Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd., http://www.jfe-civil.com/pole/pdf/TechnicalNote_ECOPOLE.pdf
Figure 5.4-1 Simulation of the Effect using Net
The area of blue color indicates low wind speed and deep blue is lower wind speed.
The technology is applied to the coal pile at the storage yard in thermal power plant
and iron manufacture, and effectiveness has been demonstrated.
(2) Installation of Dust Prevention Mesh Net
Examples of specifications of construction/installation works are as follows:
- Area it could be applied: 1 to 8 ha
- Height of the fence: 15 m
- Designed maximum wind speed: 47 m/s
- Construction period: 3 to 7 months
- Example of construction cost in Japan: USD 0.9 million/100 m of fence with net
If there is a prevailing wind direction through the year, it is not necessary to put the
fence with net on four sides of the square. It is possible also to put it on two sides
along prevailing wind to save the cost.
Due to the limitation of area to be applied, 1) Coal selection plant and 2) Port for coal
loading are candidates in Quang Ninh. It might be possible to apply small coal mining.
Possible candidates of facilities on which “dust prevention mesh net” could be
installed are listed in Table 5.4-6.
Table 5.4-6 Possible Candidate of Facilities for Dust Prevention Mesh Net
Type of Facility Name of Candidate
Coal selection plant
+56 Coal Selection Plant in Mao Khe Vang Danh Coal Selection Plant Khe Than Coal Selection Plant Nam Cau Trang Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong I Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong II Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong III Coal Selection Plant Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant
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Port for coal loading
Dien Cong Port Ben Can Port Lang Khanh Port Viet Hung - Hoanh Bo Port Cam Pha (Cua Ong) Port Km 6(Cam Thach) Port Khe Dai Port
Source: Project Study Team
Sequence of photos on fence construction is shown in Figure 5.4-2 and example of
structure diagram of dust prevention net (about 180 m2) is shown in Figure 5.4-3.
Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd.
Figure 5.4-2 Images of Fence Construction using Net
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030
5-2
3
Structure Diagram of Dust Prevention Net
Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd.
Figure 5.4-3 Structural Diagram of Dust Prevention Net
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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CHAPTER 6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
6.1 Forecasted Impacts and Issues on Environmental Management up to 2020
6.1.1 Structure of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Problems
The problems concerning the present MSW management are classified into the
following categories:
Collection and Transportation
Condition of Landfills and Operation
Condition of Equipment
Reuse and Recycling
Education and Training System
Management System and Institution
Social Awareness
6.1.2 Estimation of Generated Municipal Solid Waste
(1) General Conditions
Basis for preparation of Planning
Research and Planning of SWM in Quang Ninh Province in 2010 (RPSWM2010)
Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020,
Vision 2030 (SEDP)
The target areas of the proposed project are both urban and remote areas. The collected
data were including of updating the in-house data for MSW including landfills and
collection and transportation system.
(2) Basic Plan
Basically, the Solid Waste Management Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2010,
vision to 2020 recommended three main items for improvement of current SWM
system and improvement of environment in the province which are sanitary landfill
system, recycling center composting plant and 3R activity for future SWM operation
targeted 2010-2020. Our basic idea for the MP is prepared according to the
RPSWM2010 concept. The result of study showed high reliability and basic
philosophy for the waste treatment and is similar to our idea. However, recommended
ideas and methodology proposed by RPSWM2010 report for proposed facilities and
equipment are not clearly mentioned. Therefore, in this Report, we prepared more
details for the proposed facilities utilizing our experiences and in-house data.
(3) Generated Amount of Solid Waste in 2020
Due to population increasing and economical development, the generated amount of
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solid waste will increase. Table 6.1-1 shows the results of estimation of generated solid
waste amount at each city, town and district.
Table 6.1-1 Estimation of Generated Solid Waste Amount in Target Areas in
2020
No. Area Waste Generation
(ton/day)
Waste Generation
(ton/10 years)
Waste to Landfill
(ton/10years)
1 Halong City 224.5 847,878 805,484
2 Mong Cai City 70.6 280,550 252,495
3 Cam Pha City 70.5 295,760 266,184
4 Uong Bi City 36.9 154,735 139,262
5 Binh Lieu District 5.8 25,775 20,620
6 Tien Yen District 9.1 40,614 32,491
7 Dam Ha District 6.5 29,006 23,253
8 Hai Ha District 10.2 42,859 36,430
9 Ba Che District 3.9 17,280 13,824
10 Van Don District 9.8 41,090 34,926
11 Hoanh Bo District 10.0 41,472 35,252
12 Dong Trieu District 29.8 132,571 106,057
13 Quang Yen Town 25.1 105,151 89,378
14 Co To District 1.1 4,677 3,742
Total 513.7 2,059,478 1,859,398
Source: Quang Ninh DONRE
6.1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Compositions
The waste generated in Halong City is composed of around 49% organic waste, 2%
paper, 16% plastics, and 33% other materials. Considering the current conditions of
other big cities, it was found that their composition has not changed so much in the
recent years. Consequently, the waste composition of Halong City will not change so
much during the period of the Project.
6.1.4 Industrial Solid Waste
As Quang Ninh Environmental Master Plan to 2020 stated that besides the coal mining
industry, Quang Ninh Province will also focus on mineral exploitation (clay, sand
construction stone; construction material production; F & B, agricultural, forestry and
seafood processing; machinery and electronics industry; garment and leather; and
chemical industry) and a majority of these sectors shall carry out their productions,
processing, fabrication in centralized industrial zones.
It is assumed that all industrial zones, industrial clusters in Quang Ninh Province will
be occupied up to 70%, 80%, and 100% in 2015, 2020, and 2030, respectively. The
ISW generation is forecasted to be on the rise in the period of 2015-2030, as shown in
Table 6.1-2 below.
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Table 6.1-2 Forecasting Generated Volume of ISW
No Industrial Zone Location Volume of ISW (t/year)
2015 2020 2030 1 Cai Lan Industrial Zone Halong City 32,000 32,000 32,000 2 Viet Hung Industrial Zone Halong City 22,000 25,000 32,000 3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone Mong Cai City 14,000 16,000 20,000 4 Phuong Nam Industrial Zone Uong Bi City 53,000 61,000 76,000 5 Dong Mai Industrial Zone Quang Yen Town 12,000 13,000 17,000 6 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone Hoanh Bo
District 51, 000 58, 000 73, 000
7 Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone
Hai Ha District 196, 000 225, 000 281, 000
8 Cam Pha Coal Supporting Industrial Zone
Cam Pha City 30, 000 34, 000 43, 000
9 Dam Nha Mac Service Industrial Zone
Quang Yen Town 113, 000 129, 000 162, 000
10 Quan Trieu Industrial Zone Dong Trieu District
11, 000 12, 000 16, 000
11 Tien Yen Industrial Zone Tien Yen District 11, 000 12, 000 16, 000
Note: The figures are rounded.
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
Table 6.1-2 above shows that the amounts fluctuate periodically in most industrial
zones, except for Cai Lan Industrial Zone, which is 100% occupied at present. As a
result, the figures for this industrial zone are in a stable trend. For the other industrial
zones, it was assumed that they will be occupied up to 70%, 80%, and 100% in 2015,
2020, and 2030, respectively. Considering the key industrial zones and key sectors
analyzed in the socioeconomic development planning of Quang Ninh Province to
2020, vision toward 2030, the environmental impacts from ISW were forecasted in the
short-term period (2015-2020) and in the long-term period (2020-2030), as shown in
the tables below. From the forecasted data, appropriate countermeasures and solutions
will be considered for implementation in specific industrial sectors as well as in key
areas of the province.
The results in Table 6.1-2 were calculated roughly using the following formula:
S x GF x OP x 360 = ∑ GA
In which:
- S: Total area of industrial zone
- GF: Generation factor (0.3 t/ha/day)
- OP: Occupancy percentage
- 360: 360 days
- ∑ GA: Total of generated amount per year
(1) Halong City
There are two important industrial zones in Halong City that were selected for priority
development in the short-term period (2013-2020), namely, Cai Lan Industrial Zone
and Viet Hung Industrial Zone. In particular, Viet Hung Industrial Zone will be a
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-4
high-tech center orientated on EMS. Accordingly, the industrial waste generation
amount is projected to increase in 2015, 2020, and 2030, as shown in Table 6.1-3
below.
Table 6.1-3 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Halong City
Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area
(ha) Occupancy
Rate
Emission Factor
(t/ha/day)
Amount of Generated Waste
(t/year) 2015 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6
Viet Hung 300.9 70% 0.3 22,748 2020 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6
Viet Hung 300.9 80% 0.3 26,369.2 2030 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6
Viet Hung 300.9 100% 0.3 32,497.2
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
(2) Mong Cai City
Hai Yen Industrial Zone is listed as a key industrial zone for key sectors in the
socioeconomic development planning to 2020, vision toward 2030. As a result, the
amount of waste generated is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years as
shown in Table 6.1-4.
Table 6.1-4 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Mong Cai City
Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area
(ha) Occupancy
Rate
Emission Factor
(t/ha/day)
Amount of Waste Generated
(t/year) 2015 Hai Yen 192.7 70% 0.3 14,568.1 2020 Hai Yen 192.7 80% 0.3 16,649.2 2030 Hai Yen 192.7 100% 0.3 20,811.6
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
(3) Hai Ha District
Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone is located in the Mong Cai strategic border gate
economic zone and expected to attract a number of potential investors. The economic
activities are expected to operate vigorously in the huge industrial area of 2,605 ha as
planned in the latest socioeconomic development planning. As a result, the amount of
industrial waste is predicted to increase rapidly in the near future, as described in Table
6.1-5.
Table 6.1-5 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hai Ha District
Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area
(ha) Occupancy
Rate
Emission Factor
(t/ha/day)
Amount of Waste Generated
(t/year) 2015 Hai Ha 2,605 70% 0.3 196,938 2020 Hai Ha 2,605 80% 0.3 225,072 2030 Hai Ha 2,605 100% 0.3 281,340
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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(4) Hoanh Bo District
Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone is also identified for priority development in the period of
2013-2020 in the socioeconomic development planning of the province. Table 6.1-6
below shows the forecasted amount of ISW in Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone.
Table 6.1-6 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hoanh Bo District
Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area
(ha) Occupancy
Rate
Emission Factor
(t/ha/day)
Amount of Waste Generated
(t/year) 2015 Hoanh Bo 681 70% 0.3 51,483 2020 Hoanh Bo 681 80% 0.3 58,838 2030 Hoanh Bo 681 100% 0.3 73,548
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
(5) Quang Yen Town
According the socioeconomic development planning of the province, Dam Nha Mac
Industrial Zone will be a multifunctional industry-service industrial zone in
combination with Tien Phong Port/Lach Huyen and Dinh Vu Industrial Zone in Hai
Phong City. It is predicted that economic and industrial activities will be developed
actively and ISW is forecasted to increase accordingly as summarized in Table 6.1-7.
Table 6.1-7 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Quang Yen District
Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area
Occupancy
Rate
Emission Factor
(t/ha/day)
Amount of Waste Generated
(t/year) 2015 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 70% 0.3 113,400 2020 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 80% 0.3 129,600 2030 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 100% 0.3 162,000
Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK
6.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved in 2020-2030
6.2.1 Target of SWM in 2020
(1) 3R and Waste Segregation
For the conservation of the natural environment of the Halong Bay area, the quality of
SWM has to be improved. The 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) activities of
households shall be started in Halong City and the coastal areas of Halong Bay
including Cam Pha City, Hai Ha, Van Don, Hoanh Bo and Quang Yen Town. For the
treatment of collected waste, the construction of recycling centers in these cities and
districts shall be completed. In the target areas, the construction of composting plants
shall also be completed and their operations started as soon as possible.
90% percent of the total urban domestic solid waste shall be collected and treated
safely, 75-80% of which should be recycled, reused, used for energy renewal, or
produced as organic manure. (Residue from composting production will be disposed
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-6
into landfill : Approx. 30% )
(2) Landfill Facilities
Some of the following existing landfill sites are expected to reach its full capacity
within a few years, it is essential that site selection and planning of new sanitary
landfills according to government regulations shall be carried out:
• Deo Sen Landfill : Halong City
• Ha Khau Landfill : Halong City
• Quang Chinh Landfill : Hai Ha District
• Quang Hanh Landfill : Cam Pha City
• Voong Xi Landfill : Co To District
In addition to the above sites, construction reaching standards and operation of the
landfill sites in the districts along the coastal areas of Halong Bay such as Cam Pha
City, Van Don, Hoanh Bo, and Quang Yen Town, as well as sufficient equipment
provided are necessary.
6.2.2 Target of SWM in 2030
(1) 3R and Waste Segregation
The 3R activities of households shall be started in all districts of Quang Ninh Province.
For the treatment of collected waste, the construction of recycling centers and
composting plants in all the districts shall be completed and their operations started.
100% percent of the total urban domestic solid waste shall be collected and treated
safely, 90% of which should be recycled, reused, used for energy renewal, or produced
as organic manure.
(2) Landfill Facilities
The sanitary landfill facilities in all provinces shall be constructed and completed by
2030 and operated properly in the whole province according to sanitary landfill
guidelines. By 2030, the operation of sanitary landfill ensures to be carried out, and all
the necessary equipment for landfill operations including transportation vehicles shall
be procured. The targets to be achieved in the SWM plan by 2020 and 2030 are shown
in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1 Targets to be Achieved in the SWM Plan by 2020 and 2030
Site 2020 2030
Notes Landfill 3R Landfill 3R
Halong City ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Mong Cai City ◎ ◎ - - Cam Pha City ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Uong Bi City ◎ ◎ - - Binh Lieu District ◎ ◎ - - Tien Yen District ◎ ◎ - - Dam Ha District ◎ ◎ - - Hai Ha District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-7
Site 2020 2030
Notes Landfill 3R Landfill 3R
Ba Che District ◎ ◎ - - Van Don District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Hoanh Bo District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Dong Trieu District ◎ ◎ - - Quang Yen Town ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Co To District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project
Notes:
◎ : Completion of the Project
“Landfill” includes leachate treatment system and landfill equipment.
“3R” includes segregated collection, composting plant, and recycling center.
Source: Study Team
6.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste
According to Decision No. 2149/2009/QĐ-TTg, dated 17 December 2009, of the
Prime Minister on approval for the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste
Management to 2025, Vision to 2050, 80% of non-hazardous ISW, and 60% of
hazardous ISW shall be collected and treated properly to protect the environment, of
which 70% shall be reused and recycled by 2015. Furthermore, 90% of non-hazardous
ISW and 70% of hazardous waste shall be collected and treated to sustain the
environment, in which 75% shall be reused and recycled by 2020. And by 2025, 100%
of non-hazardous ISW and hazardous ISW shall be collected and treated for
environmental protection. Similarly, the generated volume of Quang Ninh Province’s
industrial zones shall be forecasted in each period for appropriate industrial zone
planning.
6.3 Approaches for Solid Waste Management
6.3.1 Promotion of 3R Activities
(1) Background of 3R
In Vietnam, the lack of landfill sites is a serious issue in the SWM sector, and Quang
Ninh Province is not an exception. It was reported that the remaining lifetime of five
landfill sites is only a few years more. Also, such landfill sites are facing
environmental issues in their surrounding areas. In addition, composting is widely
introduced in Vietnam. However, many composting plants in Vietnam face difficulties
in producing better quality compost products because of mixed collection and
discharge of municipal waste. Therefore, in Quang Ninh Province, 3R activities are
necessary mainly to: 1) improve the lifetime of landfills, and 2) achieve better quality
of compost. Accordingly, it is believed that a sound “material cycle society” will be
established through 3R.
The National Strategy on Integrated SWM to 2015, Vision to 2050, clearly stated that
3R is inevitable in Vietnam and all related agencies should take responsibility. On the
other hand, Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP, dated 9 April 2007, on SWM stated the
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-8
guidelines on introducing source segregation in Vietnam, including the roles and
responsibilities of relevant stakeholders, i.e., provincial/district/ward people’s
committee, residents, waste collection/treatment companies, etc. It was clarified that
waste reduction through 3R activities is an important measure to be applied in the
SWM sector in Vietnam.
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Steel /Aluminum
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residu
Residue
Household Waste
Final Disposal Site
Medical
Waste
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Glass etc.
Construction Materials
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Steel /Aluminum
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Biodegradable
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Materials
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Household
Final disposal site
Medical
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Construction Waste
Aluminum Can
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Residue
Residue
Household Waste
Landfill
Medical
Waste
Burning
Non Hazardous
waste
Hazardous Waste
Glass etc.
Industrial Waste
Plastic/Pet Bottle
Others
Recycle Center
Composting Plant
Landfill
Selling
Compost Selling
Segregate Collection
Road
Cleaning
Landfill
Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-1 Flow of Waste by 3R
(2) Outline of the 3R Project
The components of the proposed 3R Project are the following:
• Development of model project and its implementation
– Source separation
– Improvement of compost quality
– Environmental education on 3R
– Public relations and awareness enhancement on 3R
• Dissemination and expansion of model activities
• Preparation of strategic paper and action plan on 3R/source segregation
• Capacity development of stakeholders
In general, the lack of waste segregation at source and waste collection hinder the
efficient utilization of recyclable materials transported to the recycling center. If
recyclable materials from MSW arrive at the center without being mixed with other
substances, they can be suitable for segregation by material. On the other hand,
picking up recyclable materials from mixed wastes, which include non-recyclable
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-9
materials such as some rotting materials, is so tough and dirty. Therefore, it is
necessary to introduce this system during the first stage. Once segregation has been
started by well-trained residents, the operation of the recycling center will be carried
out smoothly and properly by the workers.
(3) Segregated Storage and Discharge
The introduction and improvement of segregated collection require segregated
discharge by waste generators. For smooth segregated discharge, segregated storage is
also needed. Therefore, segregated storage utilizing methods that are easy for
households and business establishments is to be promoted.
• Storage of biodegradable, recyclable, and residual wastes with proper segregation
in households or business establishments is necessary.
• Discharge of segregated waste in semi-transparent plastic bags of different colors
at a designated date and time for each area is necessary.
• The main discharge location should be designated with signboards.
The activities for proper segregated storage and discharge are as follows:
• Preparation of guidelines on segregated storage methods at households or
business establishments which are suitable for segregated collection;
• Provision of trash bins for each category, i.e. biodegradable, recyclable, and
residual waste, at every waste collection point;
• Organize dissemination workshops and preparation of a manual regarding the
methods;
• Promotion and financial support for utilization of colored transparent plastic bags
for each type of waste to be segregated at the sources; and
• Preparation of signboards at the solid waste collection points.
(4) Recommended System
Construction of composting plants with Windrow-type and recycling centers are
recommended for reducing waste generated in the target areas. Table 6.3-1 shows a
comparison of various biodegradable waste treatment methods.
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Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Biodegradable Waste Treatment Methods
Method Process Advantage Disadvantage Evalua
tion
Composting (Windrow)
After unloading the waste, biodegradable waste is brought into the platform, turned twice a week, and after curing, the compost is produced.
Operational cost is relatively low. There are many experiences in Vietnam using this method.
Materials are spread on the platform and need a large area for curing.
○
Composting (Vermicomposting)
Vermicomposting is the technology to prepare compost through the action of earthworms.
Initial and operational costs are low. The quality of compost is relatively good.
Careful handling of vermicompost is needed. It takes a relatively long time to prepare the compost product.
×
Composting (Mechanical)
After unloading the waste, biodegradable waste is put into a bioreactor. After processing and curing stage, the compost is produced.
It can treat large volumes of waste.
Initial and operational costs are high. Not suitable for small-scale districts. It needs a curing stage to produce good quality compost.
△
Biogas Biogas such as CH4 is generated from a biogas system through fermentation of biodegradable waste.
There are demands for energy.
Initial and operational costs are high. There are very few experiences in utilizing this method.
×
Note:○:Suitable, △:Applicable, ×:Not Suitable
Source: Study Team
(5) Hazardous Household Waste
The definition of “hazardous waste” should be made. Then, the quantities of hazardous
waste at generation sources should be measured and appropriate treatment and
disposal methods should be arranged. The existing regulations and guidelines will be
reviewed, and if necessary, will be revised to provide a clear definition of hazardous
waste. Furthermore, major hazardous waste such as waste oil and hazardous hospital
waste will be focused on the preparation of a more detailed plan. Hazardous household
waste such as batteries, paint, insecticides, and pesticides will be collected by the
Functioning Agencies of MSW. Appropriate treatment options such as isolated
storage/landfill, incineration, or detoxification will be introduced.
It is recommended that a hazardous waste collection program be implemented for
collection of all small quantities of hazardous waste from households and other
locations. This program should be coordinated and publicized by the operator of MSW
of the Province (DOC and PC of the Districts), and the necessary transportation and
other assistances shall be provided at each district. Door-to-door collection of waste
could take place on designated days. It is essential that households be notified of the
collection and what types of waste would be separated and collected during designated
days. Safety precautions during collection should include the following:
• Personal safety equipment including overalls, rubber gloves, safety boots, and
safety glasses;
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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• Training of all personnel regarding the risks involved and proper use of safety
equipment and techniques;
• Installation of eye-washing and body-washing facilities in case of contact with
hazardous wastes;
• First aid kit on collection trucks;
• Spill-proof containers (e.g., plastic drums or tubs) used for storing waste before
and after collection; and
• Guidelines on which types of hazardous substances are incompatible with each
other, and on correct segregation of such substances.
Households should be encouraged to dump their hazardous waste at temporary local
drop off centers, which would be established specifically for the collection program,
on designated day or days. The drop off centers should be conveniently located in each
area to make it easy for households to deliver their hazardous waste. These drop off
centers should be provided with secure spill-proof containers to store the wastes and
be staffed at all times to ensure that accidental spills are prevented or avoided. The
staff are required to undertake safety precautions as outlined above.
All hazardous wastes collected need to be transported to a central secure storage area
which will be established by the operator of MSW. During transport, the hazardous
wastes are necessary to be fully contained within spill-proof containers, and
incompatible materials have to be transported separately.
The secure storage area should be provided with the following:
• Completely spill-proof containment;
• Separate storage areas for different categories of materials with design features to
ensure that incompatible materials cannot come into contact with each other, even
if spilt;
• Proper labeling of all materials;
• External security to prevent unauthorized access;
• Protection from weather; and
• Ventilation to ensure that fumes do not build up or can be vented.
In the longer term, a provision should be made for the delivery of hazardous wastes to
transfer points. Small secure storage areas should be established for small quantities of
waste oil, automotive and marine batteries, pesticides, paint and other chemicals, and
other hazardous wastes. These storage areas should be regularly cleared. Batteries can
be transferred to a battery storage area for recycling, while uncontaminated waste oil
can be used in energy recovery programs. Other hazardous wastes should be
transported to the landfill site designated as storage area.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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(6) Construction Waste
1) Construction Waste Generation
The economy of Quang Ninh Province is rapidly increasing presently, and the
construction activities in the urban areas has likewise increased. As a result, many
waste are also generated from the economic boom. Generated construction waste shall
be treated properly otherwise the environment in the province will be negatively
affected. Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or
incidentally by the construction. This includes building materials such as insulation,
nails, electrical wiring, and rebar, as well as waste originating from the site preparation
such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and various rubbles. Construction waste may
also contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances. Therefore these waste shall
be disposed properly at designated landfill site according to the regulations and landfill
management which shall be conducted by responsible Government organization.
2) Establishing Regulations
For the proper treatment of the generated construction waste, it is recommended that
appropriate regulations be established by responsible organization. To reduce the
environmental impact by waste going to landfill, construction waste shall be disposed
and treated according to regulations including a series of exemptions and permits that
apply to the use, treatment, disposal and storage of waste. Several materials used in the
construction can be reused with corresponding exemption.
Hazardous materials such as asbestos materials shall be kept separately at the
designated place. Permits and exemptions must be obtained prior to the activity taking
place. Construction waste includes:
• crushed bricks, concrete, rocks and aggregate - to create a noise bund around a
new development and then using soil to landscape
• road plannings and rubble - to build a track, road or car park
• wood-chip - to construct a track, footpath
• bringing in soil from another development for landscape use at a housing
development
3) Management
Identification of the most appropriate and locally suited environmentally sound
technologies (EST) for managing and utilizing debris particularly reuse/recycle
technologies and including identification of potential technology suppliers. EST are
those technologies that have a minimum negative impact on the environment in its
entire life cycle from production, manufacture, use and decommissioning. This activity
will identify the most appropriate EST that are locally suited for the context.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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4) Conditions of Disposal Site
Where most of the materials that will be placed into a construction waste disposal site
are inert, and generally not subject to significant decomposition and settlement, the
engineering and environmental standards are often significantly different than those
for MSW landfills. The following standards are typical for a construction waste
disposal facility:
• A synthetic (plastic) liner may not be required
• Daily covering of the disposed waste materials may not be required
• A control system for subsurface landfill gas may not be required
• Leachate collection system should be in place, but an on-site treatment system
may not be required
• Control of odors, dust, and litter is required
• Control of site access and disposal is required
• Leveling and compaction of disposed waste materials is required.
(7) Recycling of Scrap Cars
By recycling old scrap car, it is possible to reduce emissions to the environment and
cut down on pollutions. Therefore it is necessary that old scrap car be collected and
broken down to pieces in the special car factory. In the future, it is expected that the
demand for the treatment of scrap cars will increase. The government requested to
assist in the recycling activities of scrap cars and further requested the establishment
of regulations for recycling. In Japan, several millions of cars per year are collected by
local private recycling factory (not car dealer) and treated according to regulations.
When purchasing a new car, the user paid a certain amount as final treatment cost in
advance and the car dealer issued a certificate of payment according to regulations.
Breaking down of cars properly in order to harvest valuable materials and to collect
waste safely is a long, expensive process, requiring specific equipment and
infrastructure.
1) The Scrapping Process
Scrap cars have been identified as a priority waste stream, and are covered by the
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive. The directive set targets for 85% of scrap vehicles to
be recovered and recycled, rising to 95% by 2015 in European country.
First the car is transported to a covered depollution building. The battery is removed
for recycling and the airbags deployed. The tires are removed and sent for retreading,
recovery or fuel replacement. The tires are a toxic mix of rubber hydrocarbon, carbon
black, oil, sulphur, zinc oxide and other chemicals, including inorganic fillers and
organic vulcanization activators and accelerators.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Hazardous materials such as mercury switches, are removed and the air conditioning
fluid is removed. The vehicle is then connected to a depollution rig to have its fluids
pumped out into sealed tanks: petrol, diesel, waste oil, coolant, screen fluid and brake
fluid. These are then sent to specialist for recycling or disposal. Specified parts can
now be removed from the vehicle, including catalytic converters or oil filters, glass,
bumpers and other large plastic items, and the dismantled parts are sent to specialist
recycling or disposal. The metal shell of the car is sent to a shredder for further
processing. Finally, the collected and pressed raw materials are sold to recycling
agencies and are then utilize again as materials for new products.
Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-2 Flow of Composting (Reference)
Table 6.3-2 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Recycling Plant
Name of Equipment
Source of Recyclable Waste (t/day)
Notes Type A: 20~50
Type B: Under 20
Belt conveyor 1 0 Crusher for bottles 1 1 Refer to Catalog in Annex Press machine for metallic cans 1 1 Refer to Catalog in Annex
Note: Recyclable waste over 50 t/day is not available in the target districts.
Source: Study Team
Disposal of Waste
Waste Separation (manually and
conveyor belt) Grinding
Mixing with sludge and
organic enzymes
Piling for aerobic disintegation in
closed area
Maturing of compost in
ventilated store
Sieving Final Compost Sales /Distribution
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Table 6.3-3 Types of Proposed Recyclable Materials
Category Name Plastics Plastic goods Glass Bottles Textile Textile Paper and cardboard Books, newspaper, cardboard Wood Wood Ferrous scraps Scraps of steel, fused iron, stainless steel Non-ferrous scraps Scraps of aluminum, copper, bronze, lead Other metal scraps Zinc, silver, tin
Source: Study Team
Table 6.3-4 Room and Function for Composting
Room Function Windrow Platform
After segregation of recyclables, organic waste will be brought into the windrow platform, which consists of a large area for the decomposition of waste. Waste brought in will be piled up for a week at one location and then shifted to the second location so that the next set of waste can be received. Shifting will be carried out three times and the volume will decrease by 20% in a week. The windrow will be turned twice a week (on the 4th day on its own place and on the 7th day to new place as next week windrow by wheel loader). The process takes 28 days.
Curing Area Digested material from the windrow will be spread on the platform up to a height of 1-1.5 m, and kept there for 15 days for the removal of moisture.
Refinement Section and Storage
Materials above 6 mm are rejected by the vibro screen (6 mm), and are stored here.
Source: Study Team
Table 6.3-5 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Composting Plant
Name of Equipment Source of Composting Waste
(t/day) Note Type A: 20~50 Type B: Under 20
Trommel 1 1 Wheel loader 1 0 150 hp Vibro screen 1 0 Refer to Catalog in Annex Water supply 1 1 Mini wheel loader 0 1* 60 hp
Note*: One mini wheel loader is commonly used in a small-scale landfill site and composting plant.
Source: Study Team
The typical plans of recycling centers (Type A and Type B) are shown in Figures 6.3-3
and 6.3-4, respectively, for reference.
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Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-3 Recycling Center Plan: Type A (for Reference)
Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-4 Recycling Center Plan: Type B (for Reference)
Photo: Composting Plant Photo: Composting Plant
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6.3.2 Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste Management System
The major concern of the proposed Project is to improve the MSW management
system in Quang Ninh Province. With respect to industrial solid waste, the current
conditions and problems regarding collection and disposal of MSW, as well as the
operations and maintenance capacity of concerned organizations, should be improved
or solved during the Project implementation period. The following are the targets of
the Project:
• Collection and management of domestic waste generated in the province and
industries and handcart units in accordance with sanitary standards;
• Sanitation improvement, reduction of environmental pollution (soil, water, and
air) caused by solid waste, and improved public health;
• Minimizing pileup of solid waste in the main roads in urban areas of the city,,
reduction of storage of domestic waste generated in production units, making a
contribution to attract investment funds for industrial development of domestic
and foreign organizations and individuals into the city;
• Improvement of collection, transportation, and treatment of solid waste in order to
contribute to the improvement of urban public transportation, scenery, as well as
efficiency of labor;
• Enhanced training and public education in order to increase the public’s
awareness on the potential risks and threats regarding solid waste; and
• Creation of a green, beautiful, and clean environment that would contribute in
attracting domestic and foreign investments in the city.
• Contribution to finalize and develop infrastructure, creating an urban environment
in order to meet the general development needs of Quang Ninh Province up to
2030.
• Currently, many handcarts are damaged to varying extent causing a reduction in
operating performance. For instance, compactor trucks need much time for waste
collection when loading and unloading waste to and from vehicles due to
damages. The lack of waste bins has worsened the environmental conditions of
the city. In order to improve the operating performance of SWM, additional waste
bins and handcarts shall be purchased.
• Waste collection and transportation to the landfill shall be mainly carried out by
curbside collection, or the combination of station collection and primary
collection with segregated collection. The collection of biodegradables is carried
out daily in all tourist and commercial areas and areas of high population density
because biodegradables require immediate treatment due to odor and vermin
problems. On the other hand, recyclables and residual waste can be stored for a
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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few days. In this regard, biodegradable waste will basically be collected daily,
while recyclables and residual waste will be collected on alternating days of the
week.
• For the improvement of the collection and transportation system, procurement of
new compactor trucks is recommended with consideration of the future plan and
performance of field operation. Table 6.3-6 shows the proposed equipment and
quantities. Three types of compactor trucks are recommended (4-m3, 8-m3, and
10-m3) for smooth operation.
Table 6.3-6 Proposed Collection and Transportation Vehicles
No. City/District Compactor
Truck Truck Notes
1 Halong City 16 2 Types of compactor trucks: 4-m3, 8-m3, and 12-m3 2 Mong Cai City 7 2
3 Cam Pha City 7 2 4 Uong Bi City 4 1 5 Binh Lieu District 2 1 6 Tien Yen District 3 1 7 Dam Ha District 1 1 8 Hai Ha District 2 1 9 Ba Che District 3 1
10 Van Don District 2 1 11 Hoanh Bo District 3 1 12 Dong Trieu District 4 1 13 Quang Yen Town 4 1 14 Co To District 0 1
Source: Study Team
6.3.3 Selection of Location of New Landfill Site
(1) General Matter
Proposed landfill sites were studied in the RPSWM2010 report which was already
approved by the QN PPC. In this report, the following 10 criteria for site selection are
established and applied for evaluation to assess the suitability of proposed landfill.
• Suitable topography, geotechnical, soil, and the site does not affect the
mineral resources, and free from natural subsidence, landslides, cracks
terrain;
• Suitable for hydrology and hydrogeology, avoid wetlands, far from sources
of surface water and groundwater;
• Suitable climate, meteorology and less flood;
• Do not affect sensitive ecosystems;
• In accordance with the construction plan and have ability to socio-economic
development;
• Land having enough size and capacity to meet the necessary demand of
treatment based on forecast of 2020;
• Priority of selection is operation, carry out research of the projects for solid
waste treatment facilities to upgrade the service.
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• Distance to the waste sources, convenient to transport solid waste to
treatment area;
• Located far from urban area, and not near the historical, religious, cultural
area, resort area and sensitive buildings;
• In accordance with the land use plan, approved by the community
In general, the above conditions is similar to the site selection method conducted in
Japan. In the study, the site condition of targeted area was evaluated by point system
according to the above concept. Basically, the conditions of natural and social
environment are evaluated in the proposed project sites. Therefore, the results of
evaluation have high reliability.
(2) Preliminary Study of Grouping for Improvement of Solid Waste Management
In the existing operation of MSW, the management of landfill operation is conducted
by each district as responsible organization. In the small scale landfill site, no
permanent staff is assigned for the landfill operation. Presently, it is quite difficult to
construct a sanitary landfill facilities based on the government guidelines and laws
governing each small district due to the following reasons:
Construction cost is a huge amount and the arrangement of funds resource
will be difficult for each small district.
Operation of leachate treatment system for landfill will require special
technical skills and it is difficult to employ a skilled staff for a landfill site
especially for small scale landfill.
(3) Recommendation of Study for Site Selection for Regional Landfill Site for Halog
City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District
For the implementation of the grouping, there are three sites selected by DOC for the
proposed landfill for Halong City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District. Each site is
located and accessible by road leading to the existing Dien Vong Water Plant.
Basically, all of the three sites are surrounded by hilly mountain and located along the
valley site. The existing area was of the same conditions as that of the tree covered
production forest.
In September 2013, Quang Ninh DONRE implemented reviewing 3 candidate sites of
the regional landfill site as shown in Figure 6.3-5. The evaluation result is show in
Table 6.3-7. Based on the reviewing work, Site 3 was selected as the most suitable site
for construction of landfill site and relevant solid waste management facility.
For finalization of project site evaluation, the following environmental study and
survey are required additionally. Also it is recommended that the Feasibility Study
(FS) of the selected site including EIA shall be urgently implemented for the final
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evaluation and clarifications. The issues to be paid attention to when selecting this
location are:
Surface water will be discharged finally to Dien Vong River through small
stream, therefore survey of the existing small stream and confirmation of the
conditions of water flow shall be carried out and clarified.
Water utilization such as fishing activity, irrigation, etc. at the downstream of
Dien Vong River shall be surveyed and the impact of social and natural
environment shall likewise be confirmed.
Flow rate in the Dien Vong River shall be checked for both dry and rainy
seasons
For avoiding future troubles regarding odor, wind direction at the proposed
sites shall be checked
Land survey and soil survey to verify the nature of the soil in the site shall be
carried out for confirmation of construction method and cost.
Possibility of reserving a flat area in the site for leachate treatment plant shall
be studied.
Study of water pollution by soil erosion to be generated by the civil work in
the construction work during rainy season shall be conducted.
In the FS report, EIA report shall be prepared all in according with the Vietnamese
Laws and standard. For reducing environmental impact, the proposed landfill site shall
be evaluated and selected based on the collected data and information. It is supposed
that the existing landfills (Deo Sen, Ha Khau for Halong City and Quang Hanh for
Cam Pha City) will be reaching its full capacity in the very near future; therefore,
quick action and immediate planning is required for the site selections.
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Source: Quang Ninh DONRE
Figure 6.3-5 Preliminary Evaluation of Candidate Sites of Regional Landfill Site for
Halong City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District
Table 6.3-7 Reviewing Result of Candidate Site for Regional Solid Waste
Facility
No. Evaluation criteria Location I Location II Location III
1 Socio-economic
Dev.Planning
Suitable Suitable Suitable
2 Land use Planning Suitable Suitable Suitable
3
Possibility of
compensation, site
clearance
Easy to implement
(existing status is the
hilly land of
production forest)
Easy to implement
(existing status is the
hilly land of
production forest)
More difficult to
implement
(Existing status is
the production forest
land, with farm land
of 1 household)
4
Risks on natural disasters
such as flooding,
subsidence, landslides in
the region
With high risk
because the location
is in the water
convergence and
drainage of the basin
with a large area.
With high risk
because the location
is in the water
convergence and
drainage of the basin
with a large area.
With low risk
because the location
does not affect to the
drainage flow of the
area.
5
- Potential impacts on
the environmental elements
and socio-economic
objects
- Potential high
levels impacts to
surface water due to
difficulty in building
- Potential high
levels impacts to
surface water due to
difficulty in building
- Potential low
levels impacts to
surface water due to
convenience in
Site 1 Site 2
Site 3
Water Supply Facility
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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its own system of
rainwater collection;
- Impacts due to
emissions when using
burning method as
well as impacts of
odors arising (due to
organic substances
such as NH3,
CH3SH, ¬ H-2S, ...)
from operations of
gathering and
disposal of solid
waste impacting
significantly to
operations of the
Dien Vong Water
Plant, due to the near
distance and
frequency of South
wind which is rather
high (nearly 20%
according to the data
at the wind station
of Cua Ong)
its own system of
rainwater collection;
- Impact due to
emission and odors
with levels of impacts
similar to the
Location I.
building its own
system of rainwater
collection;
- Low impacts due
to emission and
odors from organic
substances to the
Dien Vong Water
Plant. Also low
impacts to the
resident areas of the
Quang Hanh Ward.
6
Possibility of water
drainage of the area
Impact strongly to
the flow and
drainage possibility
of the area.
Impact strongly to
the flow and
drainage possibility
of the area.
Minor impacts
7 Possibility of water supply
of the area
Convenient Convenient Convenient
8 Possibility of Power
supply of the area
Convenient Convenient Convenient
9
Transportation conditions Convenient The worst
convenient
Less convenient
compared to
Location I.
Source: Quang Ninh DONRE
6.3.4 Construction of Sanitary Landfill System
The landfill’s general layout shall be designed taking into consideration the facilities’
functional connection, as well as the future development plan. Basically, the design
conditions for the new sanitary landfill should meet the landfill design standards
(TCXDVN261:2001) issued by the Vietnamese government. The landfill plan is
provided below as reference.
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gas vent (used drum)evaporation precipitation landfill gas
(emission)
landfill gas
Leachate Treatment System
leachate
air
removal of surface water
waste
P
airleachateair leachate collection pipe
leachate retention pond
landfill gas
Final Covering
Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-6 Proposed Landfill System (Reference)
1) Design of Final Soil Covering
When closing the landfill, the final soil covering of disposed waste including the
face of the slope of the landfill site shall be used. The depth of the final cover
will be approximately 1.0 m in order for plants to grow and transform the
landfill into a park as the ultimate land use. The final soil covering is to be
carried out in sequence with the completed areas of installation of leachate
collection pipe. Clay soil will be used as the final soil covering in order to
reduce the amount of rainwater infiltrating the landfill.
2) Required Volume of Covering Soil
In order to reduce environmental pollution, once the waste layer becomes
2.0-2.5 m thick, it will be covered with daily soil cover of 10-15 cm thickness;
and when the height has reached a certain level, it will be covered with
intermediate soil cover of 40-50 cm thickness. Past overseas researches on
landfills suggest that the amount of the abovementioned soil cover and
embankment should make up around 15-25% of the total landfill capacity.
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(2) Necessary Equipment for Landfill Operations
In order to establish a high-performance sanitary landfill system in the landfill site, it
is recommended to utilize a combination of equipment such as bulldozers, wheel
loaders, and power shovels. Presently, these equipment are being used for solid waste
operation in many countries and their effective performance has been confirmed.
Therefore, in order to improve operating conditions, such necessary equipment shall
be procured because of the following reasons:
• Landfill operation in Halong City does not use equipment such as power shovels,
wheel loaders and dump trucks for soil covering which are indispensable for the
operation of the sanitary landfill system. In case such equipment are not available,
it would be difficult to carry out soil covering works in landfill operation.
• The recommended power shovels and wheel loaders are for multipurpose use.
Many of such equipment are being used in the country and it is easy to get spare
parts in the local market presently.
In order to improve sanitary landfill operations, the recommended equipment are
essential in each landfill site. In this Project, landfill equipment are classified into
three categories, as shown in Table 6.3-8 below. The table shows the list of heavy
equipment required for landfill operation and dumping site operation by each
management agency.
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Table 6.3-8 Category and Required Number of Equipment
Name of Equipment
Generated Waste (t/day) Notes
A: Over 50 B: 20~50 C: Under 20 Bulldozer 1 0 0 21-t class Wheel loader 1 1 0 150 hp Dump truck 1 0 0 15 t Weighing scale 1 1 0 40 t Tractor 0 0 1
Source: Study Team
6.3.5 Closure and environmental restoration of Existing Landfill Site
In case of closing landfill site, the responsible organization (Private company or
Government) must install a final cover that is designated to minimize infiltration and
erosion. The responsible organization shall prepare a closure plan that describe the
steps necessary to close all landfills at any point during their active life in accordance
with design requirement. The major work items and corresponding processes for the
closure of the existing landfill will be as follows:
• Covering of the existing landfill
• Surface water drainage system
• Slope protection from erosion
• Control of landfill gas
• Control and treatment of leachate
• Environmental monitoring system for protect human health and
environment
• Reforestation of the closed landfill
The process in the closure work of the landfill shall be carried out based on available
information. The following items below presents some details of the proposed process
for major works, although the proposed process and measures will be further
elaborated following detailed field investigation:
(a) Covering work
The existing landfill shall be covered with impermeable materials such as clayey soils,
double sided textured HDPE, geotextile, protection soils and fertile topsoil. As such,
the following procedure for the covering work is considered to be practical and proper:
• Compact the existing landfill and level the uneven surface by bulldozer)
• Place and compact the earth materials to make gentle slope on the side slopes of
the existing landfill. (Earth work by bulldozer will be possible on the gentle slope.
Thus, the earth materials will be placed by dump truck, and will be pushed and
compacted by bulldozer upward from the ground level)
• Spread and compact the impermeable clayey soils on the prepared slope by
bulldozer working upward from the ground level.
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• Install double-sided textured HDPE and geotextile over portions where the
impermeable clayey soil layer is completed.
• Spread and compact the protection soils over portions where installation of the
textile is completed.
• Spread and compact topsoil over portions where the protection soil layer is
completed.
• Cover the flat portion of the landfill where the gravel layer is placed prior to and
under the impermeable clayey soil layer on portions where the covering on the
slope is completed.
(b) Surface water drainage system
The area should be provided with a sufficient surface water drainage system to ensure
the stability of the closed landfill. Therefore, a drainage system consisting of ditches
will be constructed on the flat portion of the closed landfill and with beams on the
slope and at the top of the slope.
The slope stability and slope protection from erosion should be secured also during
construction, so drainage ditches will be provided following the covering work of the
landfill.
(c) Slope protection from erosion
The slope of the closed landfill will be vulnerable to water erosion and will require
suitable protection. Although the surface drainage system with ditches will be useful
for slope protection, a grass cover over the slope is recommended to provide for slope
protection. In order to avoid erosion also during construction work, the grass covering
on the slope will be carried out following the covering work of landfill.
(d) Control of landfill gas
Landfill gas will be controlled by releasing the gas through pipes to be embedded in
the flat portion of the closed landfill. This work can be done after completion of the
covering work of landfill.
(e) Control and treatment of leachate
Control and treatment of leachate would be conducted by using the existing facilities
if available. Necessary rehabilitation or supplemental works if any will be executed by
the completion of the closure work of landfill.
(f) Post-Closure care
Post–Closure care activities consist of monitoring and maintaining waste containment
systems and monitoring groundwater to ensure that waste is not escaping and polluting
the surrounding environment. Specific post-closure care requirement consist of
maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the following:
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• Final cover system
• Leachate collection system
• Groundwater monitoring system
• Methane gas monitoring system
6.3.6 Examination of Introduction of Modern Incineration Plant in the Future
(1) Background
A huge amount of plastic (PET) bottles, beer cans, and glass jars are consumed on a
daily basis, and such wastes threaten to rapidly exceed the landfill capacity of the final
waste disposal site. Some metals and valuable resources including aluminum are
recoverable and recyclable. In order to reduce the volume of waste in the future, 3R
activities shall be promoted in Quang Ninh Province. The Vietnamese government and
the Quang Ninh PPC also urge the advancement of this objective by promoting 3R
activities for waste treatment. The acquisition of appropriate landfill sites will be
difficult in the future. The reduction of waste volume at landfills is necessary to
control waste in the province; therefore, it is important for the province and its districts
to proactively encourage segregation and recycling, which in turn will lengthen the
landfill’s life.
For the reduction of final disposal volume, incineration plants are being used in many
countries around the world. A modern incineration plant has not yet been introduced in
Halong City at present. However, incineration will be an effective waste treatment
method in the future as available land for waste disposal is limited. The benefit of
incineration is that waste volume is reduced (residue after incineration is 10-15%), and
hazardous substances (germs, etc.) are detoxified. Not only will it result to volume
reduction but also to disinfection and extermination.
In addition, due to the existing social situation of Halong City, being a tourism area
with high population density, it is essential that a hygienic environment suitable for
tourism be established through proper waste management. In this regard, the
introduction of incineration facilities in the future shall be beneficial.
There is an increasing trend toward incineration as a means of waste disposal, and this
process is becoming more common worldwide particularly where land is limited and
at a premium. In many countries, potential land is becoming unavailable, or is
restricted as a matter of policy. As such, alternative means of disposal must be
explored.
(2) Characteristics of Facility
Manufacturers of incinerators these days have provided some measures for toxic gas
such as dioxin, and technical operations of incinerators are not a problem. Waste
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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treatment by incineration is implemented by almost 90% of all municipalities in Japan.
Moreover, incineration plants are now used in so many countries including developing
countries.
In order to efficiently utilize thermal energy from waste, an incineration plant will
utilize its produced thermal energy for its own power, and then supply the remaining
power to general customers through grid interconnection with the power company’s
network. By installing a generator that uses the heat generated from waste incineration
to reduce the load of the power station, it can also lessen the consumption of fossil fuel,
and as a result help in the prevention of global warming.
The application of incineration technology recognized worldwide shall be very
beneficial. Especially in small islands where land area is limited, the introduction of
such facilities can bring in large benefits from a long-term perspective. A high
proportion of waste in recent years is from petrochemical-based products such as
polyethylene, which is used for shopping bags or plastics. Wastes of such material do
not decompose and assimilate into the soil through time after the landfill’s life.
However, these types of waste generate a high calorific value when combusted. In
Japan, many incineration facilities, which combust such materials for the purpose of
both waste treatment and power generation, have been introduced.
(3) Components of Works and Required Infrastructure
In the first stage, a study on the basic conditions, including financing, considered
emission criteria, and residue management, of the incineration plant, shall be carried
out. The incineration plant shall have the following functions:
• Waste reception and incoming waste handling facilities;
• Waste charging equipment;
• Dual furnaces (possibly more than one stream);
• Waste heat boilers and power generators;
• Ash handling equipment;
• Flue gas cleaning facilities; and
• Chimney and vents.
In addition, some major plants will require normal infrastructure facilities such as
reception area, weighbridge, storage bunkers, offices, utilities, and electrical substation
or transmission lines.
(4) Possibility of Private Sector Participation
The proposed project for the construction of new modern incineration facilities for
urban waste is possible to be carried out through private sector participation. In this
case, can call on private companies to invest through a contract with the PPC for
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construction and operation of the system..
(5) Implementation Process
In introducing a modern incineration system, the following systematic evaluation and
development procedure shall be considered. Figure 6.3-7 shows the flow diagram of
such a plan. An incineration plant shall be considered for Quang Ninh Province as part
of their integrated MSW management plan. To determine whether an energy recovery
project is feasible as a waste management alternative for the community, the following
points shall be clarified.
Establish Project Team
Define SWM Goal
Assess Feasibility (preliminary)
Identify potential energy market, technologies, site
Select best alternative
Select alternatives for detailed evaluation
Define execution plan-Design & construction approach
-Operation/ Tender -Risk study
Authorization to proceed
Project execution
Finish
Source: Study Team
Figure 6.3-7 Incineration Plant Project Development Plan
(6) Study of Introduction of Modern Incineration Plant
For the introduction of modern incineration plant in Quang Ninh Province, we
recommend to carry out an FS for more detail study such as site selection, preparation
of basic design economic analysis (Financial rate of return, Redemption, Construction
cost, Operational cost), management system and EIA study. The arrangement of FS
shall be implemented by the responsible organization according to introduction
schedule at early stage (2015). In the case of utilizing international fund (JICA, World
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Bank, ADB), the FS have to be completed before application for the fund.
Table 6.3-9 Incineration Plant
No. Items of Technology Utilization
01 Incineration plant
Many countries are now using incineration plants for final treatment of waste. The waste originally dumped into a landfill are reduced to 10% of the original volume therefore extending the landfill’s service life and saving costs borne from the operation of the landfill. There are many experiences and technologies now available in the world related to incineration plants, i.e., automatic control system for incineration plant operations wherein only a few workers are required. In addition, by utilizing the energy from waste through the operation of a boiler, a power generator can be used to produce electricity which can be sold commercially or used on site.
Photo: Incineration Plant Solid Waste Treatment Complex (Japan)
Treatment of waste
Source: Study Team
6.3.7 Industrial Solid Waste Management
(1) Coal Mining Sector
According to the overall socio-economic development master plan of the province to
2020, vision to 2030 vision, priorities are given to formulation and implementation of
sustainable coal mining practices to make sure that coal mining operation is in line
with the set targets for tourism development and quality of life. Therefore, Quang
Ninh need to make their best endeavour in cleaning coal mining in order to contribute
to making Vietnam as a leading country in the Southeast Asia in environmental
friendly coal mining. The province has a chance to set the standard and become a
modal for the region, demonstrating that coal mining and tourism development can go
along together sustainably.
(2) Thermal Power Plant
Quang Ninh will prioritize renewable energy projects, particularly wind and solar
energy for rural districts and remote areas where it is difficult to get access to the
power grid and power transmission lines, such as in Quan Lan commune, Van Don
district. Quang Ninh should also minimize waste and reduce power consumption cost
for agricultural farms and processing businesses by establishing plants to convert
waste into energy.
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(3) Process Industry
The Planning on processing sector outlined clearly the actions to be taken for each
sub-sector development. This master plan will focus on development: Focus
synchronization operations in food processing in Viet Hung industrial park to promote
the shift to processing canned foods and high quality seafood.
(4) Industrial Park
The new industrial zones will be planned along corridors NH5, NH18, NH10, NH2,
NH1A, and NH38 in order to attract more investors/tenants for reasons such as
convenient transportation and road access. Moreover, the existing industrial zones will
be enhanced to attract tenants having high technology, electronic manufacturing
services (EMS), biotechnology, and/or food and beverage (F & B) processing.
According to the socioeconomic development planning of the province to 2020, vision
toward 2030, six industrial zones will be prioritized for investment of resources,
mechanisms, and policies based on the principles of successful special economic zones
in the world (SEZ Version 2.0) to concentrate on key sectors in some key industrial
zones. These industrial zones, as summarized in Table 6.3-10 below, are expected to
become the manufacturing centers of the province.
Table 6.3-10 Key Industrial Zones and Key Sectors to be Prioritized
No Priority
Industrial Zone
Planned Area Location Priority Sector
1 Viet Hung Industrial Zone
300.9 ha Viet Hung Ward, Ha Long City
- To prioritize in auxiliary manufacturing, metallurgy, forestry product processing, etc.
- To attract three leading EMS investors to set up manufacturing plants.
- To establish large-scale F & B processing centers.
2 Cai Lan Industrial Zone
305.3 ha Bai Chay Ward, Halong City
- To prioritize in auxiliary manufacturing, food processing, animal feed production, light manufacturing, metal metallurgy, forestry product processing and construction material.
3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone
192.7 ha Hai Yen Ward, Mong Cai City
- To prioritize in machinery manufacturing, textile and light industry.
- Expand the industrial zone to accommodate more potential manufacturing tenants, especially those enterprises related to garment and textile.
4 Hai Ha Industrial Zone
3,900 ha (2,605 ha)
Hai Ha District - Focus on heavy and high-tech manufacturing.
5 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone
681 ha Hai Yen Ward, Hoanh Bo District
- To prioritize in clean and hi-tech manufacturing, auxiliary manufacturing and those enterprises with potential environmental pollution are not encouraged.
- Accelerate to work with target interested tenants to develop in the zone.
6 Dam Nha Mac Industrial Zone
3,710 ha (1,500 ha)
Phong Coc, Yen Hai, Tien Phong and Lien Vi Wards, Quang Yen Town
- Key sector has not been confirmed. - Potentially develop logistics, transportation
service, seafood and packaged food processing to projected demands as soon as Tien Phong/Lach Huyen Port Complex and Dinh Vu Industrial Zone from Hai Phong City.
Source: SEDP Report of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030, compiled by NK
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-32
Among the six mentioned industrial zones, Viet Hung Industrial Zone was selected to
have the highest priority, since the industrial zone covers important sectors including
EMS model and F & B.
Corresponding with the priority industrial zones and key sectors, industrial waste
amount and industrial waste composition will be generated accordingly.
(5) Other Proposed Measures for Industrial SWM
• Apart from the regulations issued by Quang Ninh Province mentioned in
Subsection 1.2.1, all legal documents on ISW and other relevant environmental
regulations should be reviewed and stricter regulations need to be promulgated,
especially the regulations focusing on collection, transportation, treatment, and
recycling of sludge (from EMS and F & B processing activities).
• For the 2015-2020 period, an action plan should be prepared and focused on the
specific regions, particularly on the target districts/cities covering the six key
industrial zones as oriented in the latest SEDP.
• A regulation on the 3R model should be prepared and applied for the six priority
industrial zones from the present to 2020, and in the 2021-2030 period.
• It is necessary for Quang Ninh Province to formulate an appropriate mechanism
and policy to implement industrial SWM efficiently as indicated in the SEDP; tax
exemptions for investments for upgrading of technology by industrial zones,
incentives and subsidies should be given to the industrial zones which apply 3R
and cleaner production models.
• There should be organized coordination among the relevant departments, namely:
DONRE, QEZA, DOC, and the Department of Environmental Police (DoEP), and
the District Environmental Division.
(6) Education and Awareness
• Awareness on industrial SWM should be enhanced for relevant bodies such as
QEZA, the management boards of industrial zones (especially the six priority
industrial zones in 2015-2020), and tenant leaders in these industrial zones.
• Training courses should strengthen the capacity of directors, division head/leaders,
experts from DONRE, DOC, QEZA, DoEP, and target district environmental
divisions in key areas where the industrial zones are located including Halong
City, Mong Cai City, Hai Ha District, Hoanh Bo District, and Quang Yen Town in
the 2015-2020 period and for the other remaining districts in the 2020-2030
period.
• Tenants, factories and enterprises in industrial zones will be strictly monitored
and managed by state management bodies by implementing regulations on ISW
management.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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(7) Planning
• From the present to 2020, concentrated ISW treatment complexes should be
studied, planned, and constructed at appropriate locations. For example, one
complex will be assigned for Cai Lan, Viet Hung, Dam Nha Mac and Hoanh Bo
Industrial Zones, and another complex for Hai Yen and Ha Ha Industrial Zones, in
order to ensure convenient transportation for treatment and disposal, and to
minimize costs and maximize economic benefits.
• In 2021-2030, inter-regional landfill planning will be continued to an in-depth
study, design, plan and construction in line with the local plan in order to avoid
conflict among localities and to apply advanced technology on waste disposal to
avoid pollution in the air, surface water, and groundwater. At the same time, a
series of consultation meetings must be held among stakeholders including target
DPC, local residents, and investors in order to have mutual understanding about
the social benefits as well as their benefits in the sound material-cycle society as
shown in Table 6.3-11.
Table 6.3-11 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning
Treatment Complex Available
Land Area
Planning Orientation
Target Region Source
Son Duong Solid Waste Treatment Complex, Hoanh Bo Dist., Quang Ninh
100 ha New construction
Provincial region (urban area in the west)
Coastal planning, North east planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning
Solid Waste Treatment Complex in Dong Ngu Comm., Tien Yen Dist.
10 ha New construction
Provincial region (urban area in the center of the province)
Northeast planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning
Hai Son Treatment Complex, Mong Cai City
20 ha Expansion from the existing landfill
Provincial region (urban area in the east)
Coastal planning, northeast planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning
Duong Hoa Solid Waste Treatment Complex, Hai Ha Dist.
10 ha New construction
Provincial region (urban area in the center of the province)
Coastal planning
Source: Report No BVMT-KSMT dated Sept. 2011 provided by EPsD, Quang Ninh DONRE.
(8) Science and Technology
In order to comprehensively and efficiently manage ISW, an integrated system will be
introduced, as illustrated in Figure 6.3-8 below, to increase the amount of collection,
reduce collection and transportation costs, and minimize environmental burdens by 3R
system introduction, new model with advanced technology, and appropriate policies.
This model was built to 2020, vision toward 2030, in accordance with the
development orientation in the SEDP 2013. Based on the available budget, actual
situation, and specific regions, the suitable technology and policies are applied in an
appropriate period.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-34
From the present to 2020 (corresponding to the “red color” in Figure 6.3-8)
• The 3R model for industrial zones: In April 2005, the 3R Initiative was formally
launched at the 3R Ministerial Conference in Tokyo. This model has been
conducted successfully in domestic waste management in Japan, Singapore,
Indonesia, and other developed countries. Additionally, it has contributed to the
reduction of waste at the disposal site and establishment of a sound material-cycle
society. This model was piloted in four core wards in Hanoi City in 2006-2009.
Some achievements were made as a result of the pilot project. This 3R model may
be applied in industrial SWM in order to minimize the amount of ISW at the
dumping site, to improve the environment, and to bring economic benefits to
stakeholders. The method on ISW separation at source is described in Figure
6.5-2. Source segregation at factories will be carried out by the workers at the
final production stage. Generated waste will be sorted out and stored in specific
containers. Recyclable wastes (bottles, plastic pallet, carton box) will be reused
for production activities. The other types of waste (metal, glass, cloth, rubber,
sludge) will be collected by factory cleaners and transported to the storage site
within the factory. Afterwards, they will be collected and transported by
authorized companies to recycling centers.
• Barcode method: During 3R implementation, a barcode system will be applied to
encourage the tenants/factories to separate their waste more efficiently for both
organic waste (from factory kitchens or canteens) and recyclable waste. Tenants
will accumulate recyclable materials (plastic, paper, metal, rubber, glass, etc.) and
discharge them on a monthly basis. On the other hand, the organic waste will be
collected on a daily basis to avoid odor problems. Moreover, the inorganic waste
will be collected on designated days in a week in order to minimize transportation
and other costs. All data on the enterprises’ separated wastes will be recorded into
a database center. After a specific period of time (e.g., quarterly basis), data will
be calculated and deducted directly from their monthly collection fees or pay an
amount of money based on their accumulated amount.
• Incineration to recover energy: Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste
(EfW) is a process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from
waste incineration. This technology should be studied further, and then applied
and invested to key areas/industrial zones and key sectors aimed at contributing to
the grid.
• Compressing and hardening waste: Inert waste, residue from incineration, and
other residues can be compressed and hardened into construction material or
concrete to be used for land reclamation.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-35
Source: Planning of ISWM of Quang Ninh province to 2010, orientation to 2020 (2005, modified by NK)
Figure 6.3-8 Industrial SWM Model to be Applied
In the 2021-2030 period (corresponding to “green color” in Figure 6.3-8)
• Biogas or energy generation: While compost output has not been sold or used
popularly by farmers, this amount becomes redundant in the market. In this
regard, the organic waste from the above flow can be degraded and fermented
into biogas or fuel for energy generation. In the 2021-2030 period, it is predicted
that a number of industrial zones (including Quang Trieu Industrial Zone, Dong
Mai Industrial Zone, Phuong Nam Industrial Zone, Cam Pha Industrial Zone, and
Industrial zones
Production
Activities
3R Collection Recyclables &
sludge Reuse
Collected, transported by authorized companies
Collected, transported by specialized vehicles by authorized companies
Preliminary treatment
Hazardous waste Non-hazardous
waste
Recycling center
Non-hz waste treatment complex
Hz-waste treatment complex
Incinerator Other solid waste Degradable waste (organic waste)
Energy recovery (WTE) Pressing &
solid Energy
generation/biogas
Sanitary & safe disposal
Recycling center
Composting
Sanitary disposal
RPF Technology
Barcode method
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Tien Yen Industrial Zone) will be developed actively and a huge amount of
organic waste will be generated. It is a potential source of alternative energy for
sustainable treatment.
• Refuse plastic and paper fuel (RPF) technology: The residue from recycling
centers is comprised of shredded plastic and paper, which will be converted to
clean fuel through RPF technology. According to Takenaka’s presentation, RPF
technology is high quality solid fuel using non-reclaimable used paper and plastic
waste as raw materials. It is used as clean fuel with high calorific value. The RPF
technology has characteristics such as stable quality, handling easiness, easy
emission gas control at incineration process in a boiler (no chlorine gas or dioxins
emission), economical thriftiness, and reduction of CO2 gas emission. In the
2021-2030 period, Quang Ninh Province should take this technology into
consideration and develop it as an alternative energy source and for emission
reduction.
(9) Investment and Funding
• According to Decree 174/2007/ND-CP dated 29/11/2007 of the Prime Minister in
regards of Environmental protection charges on solid waste, organizations,
individuals, businesses, industrial manufacturing establishments do not have to
pay more than 40,000 VND/ton for normal solid waste and 6,000,000 VND/ton of
hazardous waste, based on actual conditions of each locality on treatment,
burying of solid waste, the People's Councils of the provinces and cities that are
under the direct management of the Central Government, shall specify the
applicable environmental protection fee for specific type of solid waste, specific
areas and specific payers.
• Thereby, Quang Ninh PPC needs to establish a regulation on collection of
environmental protection charges for solid waste to be in accordance with the
province’s characteristics and conditions. In the intermediate period between now
and 2020, the province may consider the charge level of 20,000 VND/ton for
normal waste and 4,000,000VND/ton for hazardous waste to encourage
businesses, factories, IZ to voluntarily pay the fees. After that, the fee will be
increased up to the allowed level as specified in this Decree, i.e. 40,000VND/ton
for normal waste and 6,000,000VND/ton for hazardous waste during the period
from 2021 - in 2030.
• Concerning operation mechanism of the fund, an agency or unit shall be assigned
by the PPC to direct collect the fee and prepare local budget income items
(100%) for treatment of solid waste to environmental standards, to disburse for
solid waste separation supports, landfill investment supports, solid waste
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-37
treatment facility supports, commendation to production establishments,
industrial zones or plants for their serious compliance of regulations in terms of
management and application of advanced technologies and cleaner production
mechanisms.
• On a monthly basis or quarterly basis, collected fees shall be contributed to the
state budget by the collecting unit after making necessary deductions for their
operation expenses. Each year, within 60 days from the date of 01 December 01
of the calendar year, the fee collection unit has to make the final account for
collection, remittance, management and ultilisation of the collected fees in the
area for the previous year with tax authorities in accordance with the law on tax
administration. Tax authorities have the responsibility to inspect, supervise and
finalize the collection, remittance, management and utilisation of such
environmental protection charges for solid waste submitted by the collecting
units.
(10) Management organization (To the principle generator must pay)
• Environmental fee must be imposed on the factories or industrial zones which
pollute the environment. Therefore, in order to realise this it is necessary to have
suitable rules and appropriate policies to be released by the PPC and seriously be
applied to maintain the environment in general and solid waste treatment in
particular.
• State management and monitoring roles on industrial SWM must be strengthened
for relevant departments, and follow the legal regulations by industrial zones.
Thereby, the Environmental improvement and waste management bureau under
MONRE should closely monitor and give necessary guidance to the locality,
namely Quang Ninh Province People's Committee in solid waste management in
general and industrial solid waste in particular and compliance with the
provisions of laws.
• Industrial zones, factories, and enterprises in the territory of Quang Ninh province
including prioritised development industrial zones are encouraged to apply the
ISO 14001 standard in industrial SWM, and product management, such as
ecolabelling and green sticker labelling. In exchange, these industrial zones and
plants shall be exempted on a partial basis of their environmental fee remittance
for solid waste.
• To maintain effective industrial SWM operations, the concept of “generator must
pay” should be ensured. Factories which benefit from industrial SWM must also
pay. In the immediate period, it is necessary to establish and formulate this
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-38
principle for those industrial zones that are in operation namely Cai Lan Industrial
Zone, Viet Hung Industrial Zone, from now until 2020, then these industrial zones
which are under construction and under planning shall follow this principle in the
next period.
• Encourage and reward factories or enterprises which strictly follow and apply
industrial SWM. Specifically, Viet Hung IZ is the pilot IZ for establishing the
economic zone version 2.0 in the near future, when there will be many businesses
/ factories who are supposed to seriously abide by regulations on solid waste
management, in exchange they will be rewarded for reducing solid waste,
improvement of production efficiency, taking into account environmental
protection.
• Develop an effective coordination mechanism among relevant bodies, localities,
and manufacturing enterprises or factories for industrial SWM implementation. .
Accordingly, the PPC shall instruct and DONRE shall be the coordinating agency
with DOC, Department of Science and Technology, Economic Zone management
board, Environmental Police Bureau in solid waste management in general and
industrial solid waste in particular. To realise this, it is required that the duties and
responsibilities of each sector should be clarified;
(11) Database on Industrial SWM
• At the moment, DONRE is implementing a project on survey of industrial waste
through out the province including coal mining, thermal power, plants, industrial
zones. Thereby, a database center on industrial SWM shall be established. The
management agency as well as factories/enterprises will be provided with a
database containing the number of operating industrial zones, their
business/manufacturing sector, waste amount generated monthly, quarterly and
yearly, disposal schedule, accumulated points via barcode method, legal
documents, other statistics, etc.
• In the 2021-2030 period: The information system will be upgraded into a shared
network among the 11 industrial zones in the province. The system is aimed at
updating and disseminating relevant information/regulations/technology in a
regular basis. Thereafter the database on industrial SWM will be shared
nationwide and on the global network for intermediate exchange and lesson
learning with other localities nationwide in terms of new technology in solid
waste management and treatment, and in the next period 2021-2030 will
exchange with advanced countries in the environmental protection towards
construction of a province with development of environmentally friendly industry,
green industrial park and synchronous environmental information and solid waste
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-39
management system.
6.3.8 Hospital Solid Waste Management
75 % to 90 % of hospital wastes are similar to household refuse or municipal waste
and do not entail any particular hazard. The other 10% to 25% is called hazardous
medical waste or special waste. This type of waste entails health risks, and it can be
divided into five categories according to the risks involved. Table 6.3-12 gives a
description of those various categories and their sub-groups.
Table 6.3-12 Categories and Sub-groups of Medical Waste
No. Catergories Sub-group of Medical Waste
1 Sharps > Waste entailing risk of injury.
2 a. Waste entailing risk of
contamination
b. Anatomical waste
c. Infectious waste
> Waste containing blood, secretions or excreta
entailing a risk of contamination.
> Body parts, tissue entailing a risk of
contamination
> Waste containing large quantities of material,
substances or cultures entailing the risk of
propagating infectious agents (cultures of
infectious agents, waste from infectious patients
placed in isolation wards).
3 a. Pharmaceutical waste
b. Cytotoxic waste
c. Waste containing heavy metals
d. Chemical waste
> Spilled/unused medicines, expired drugs and
used medication receptacles.
> Expired or leftover cytotoxic drugs,
equipment contaminated with cytotoxic
substances.
> Batteries, mercury waste (broken thermometers
or manometers, fluorescent or compact
fluorescent light tubes).
> Waste containing chemical substances:
leftover laboratory solvents, disinfectants,
photographic developers and fixers.
4 Pressurized containers > Gas cylinders, aerosol cans.
5 Radioactive waste > Waste containing radioactive substances:
radionuclides used in laboratories or nuclear
medicine, urine or excreta of patients treated.
Source: Medical Waste Management (ICRC)
The choice of treatment and disposal techniques depends on the following factors: the
quantity and type of wastes generated, whether or not there is a waste treatment site
near the hospital, the availability of reliable means of transport, whether there is
enough space around the hospital, the availability of financial, material and human
resources, etc. The method must be selected with a view to minimizing negative
impacts on health and the environment. Where there is no appropriate treatment
infrastructure in the vicinity, it is the responsibility of the hospital to treat or pre-treat
its wastes on-site. This also has the advantage of avoiding the complications involved
in the transport of hazardous substances.
The following treatment or disposal techniques may be used for hazardous medical
waste, depending on the circumstances and the type of waste concerned:
Disinfection
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-40
Chemical treatment: addition of disinfectants (chlorine dioxide, sodium
hypochlorite, peracetic acid, ozone, alkaline hydrolysis);
Thermal treatment
low temperatures (100° to 180°C): vapour (autoclave, micro-waves) or
hot air (convection, combustion, infrared heat);
high temperatures (200° to over 1000°C): incineration (combustion,
pyrolysis and/or gasification);
By irradiation: UV rays, electron beams;
Biological: enzymes;
Mechanical processes: shredding (a process which does not decontaminate the
waste);
Encapsulation (or solidification) of sharps;
Burial: sanitary landfills, trenches, pits.
The appropriate treatment and disposal techniques for the various types of waste are
shown in Table 6.3-13. Figure 6.3-9 is an example of a diagram intended to support
decision-making on the treatment methods to be used in the absence of appropriate
regional infrastructures.
Table 6.3-13 Treatment and Disposal Techniques for Various types of Medical Waste
Type of waste /
Technique
Sharps Waste
entailing risk
of
contamination
Anatomical
waste
Infectious
waste
Medicin
al waste
Chemical
waste
Rotary kiln 900-1200°C yes yes yes yes yes yes
Pyrolytic or
dual-chamber
incinerator >800°C
yes yes yes yes no no
Single-chamber
incinerator 300°-400°C
yes
with
precautions
yes
with
precautions
yes
with
precautions
yes
with
precautions
no no
Chemical disinfection yes yes no yes no no
Autoclave yes yes no yes no no
Encapsulation yes no no no yes yes
small
quantities
On-site burial pit yes yes yes yes
after
decontaminati
on
yes
small
quantitie
s
no
Needle pit yes no no no yes
small
quantitie
s
no
Off/site sanitary
landfills
yes
small
yes
with
no yes
after
no no
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6-41
Type of waste /
Technique
Sharps Waste
entailing risk
of
contamination
Anatomical
waste
Infectious
waste
Medicin
al waste
Chemical
waste
quantities,
using
encapsulation
precautions decontaminati
on
Source: Medical Waste Management (ICRC)
Source: Medical Waste Management (ICRC)
Figure 6.3-9 Example of Diagram for Hospital Waste Treatment
Yes
Ash
No
Yes
Yes Yes
Domestic waste
Small
incinerator
On-site waste burial pit
Is there plenty
of space
available
on-site?
Is it densely populated area
(people living within a radius of
less than 50m)?
Is it possible to train staff
and invest resources in
incineration or
alternative methods?
Are the
incineration
conditions
acceptable?
Reduction of waste production
Sorting
Sharps Infectious or potentially
contaminated waste
On-site
treatment
Locally treated only
No
No No
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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6.4 Proposed Project to 2020
6.4.1 List of Proposed Projects
(1) Proposed Projects by Environmental Planning
Table 6-4-1 Shows the list of proposed projects by the Environmental Planning of
Quang Ninh Province.
Table 6.4-1 List of Proposed Project for Solid Waste Management Sector
Field Project Period Cost
(Million USD)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Management
1 Project on awareness raising on solid waste
management
2014-2018 0.7
2 Preliminary Study on regional solid waste
management
2014 0.2
3 Development of regional solid waste
management system for Halong City, Cam Pha
City, and Hoang Bo District
2014-2018 21.3
4 Development of solid waste management
system for Uong Bi city
2014-2018 3.6
5 Development of solid waste management
system for Hai Ha District
2014-2018 1.6
6 Development of solid waste management
system for Van Don District
2014-2018 1.6
7 Development of solid waste management
system for Quang Yen Town
2014-2018 3.0
8 Development of solid waste management
system for Co To District
2014-2018 0.9
9 Development of solid waste management
system for Mong Cai City
2014-2019 6.2
10 Development of solid waste management
system for Binh Lieu District
2014-2019 1.4
11 Development of solid waste management
system for Tien Yen District
2014-2019 1.7
12 Development of solid waste management
system for Dam Ha District
2014-2019 1.3
13 Development of solid waste management
system for Ba Che District
2014-2019 1.3
14 Development of solid waste management
system for Dong Trieu District
2014-2019 2.9
Industrial Sold
Waste
Management
15 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid
Waste Management
2014-2015 1.0
Coal Mining
Waste
Management
16 Project for Assessing the stability; Identifying
potential risk areas of soil and rock slide and
proposing the prevention solutions for the outer
dumping sites due to coal mining in the Halong
and Cam Pha areas.
2014-2025 4.8
Note: Highlighted projects are priority projects.
Source: Study Team
(2) Proposed Projects for Coal Mining Waste Management by VINACOMIN
“The Master Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with
Orientation toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision
No.60/QĐ-TTg on 9th January 2012 states strategies and plans of developing coal
mining sector. Based on the master plan of development of coal mining sector,
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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VINACOMIN has prepared “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang
Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”, and proposed projects for
rehabilitation of coal mining dumping site and expansion of hazardous waste treatment
plant.
1) Rehabilitation of Coal Mining Dumping Site
The coal mining operations, especially opencast coal mining, always create the huge
volume of waste soil and rocks. Forecasted volume of soil and rock disposal of the
whole Quang Ninh province coal mining region in 2020 will be 1,077,138 thousand
m3, of which in Uong Bi is 29,202 thousand m
3, Hon Gai is 6,446 thousand m
3, and
Cam Pha area is 969,210 thousand m3. Due to not having regulations on environment
protection, during the whole period of the minerals mining industry development in
Vietnam in general and coal industry in particular, activities of environmental
protection, environmental restoration, re-landscaping, mining sites have not been paid
attention, and not implemented as planned. Scenery of mining sites, dumping sites
have many notable features, as follows:
Many dumping sites have nature of "temporary", small, scattered, being
formed during coal mining, existed at any locations that can accommodate the
soil and rock coal waste, so the phenomenon of erosion, landslides, drifting,
sliding often occur, especially during the rainy seasons, causing sedimentation in
streams, rivers, even causing environmental accidents leaving major
consequences to be overcome for a long time;
Many large dumping sites are for inter-mines (East Cao Son, Chinh Bac) have a
long history of far away but continued to receive waste discharge, so the
environmental restoration of these landfill sites is very difficult.
Due to the process of social - economic development, many dumping sites,
including the ones with a long history of formation, even from the French time,
are now fallen into the urban areas, between heart of the city and become subjects
of criticism due to their impacts to environment and landscape.
Due to the above characteristics, conducting of restoration and renovation of the
dumping sites are the urgent tasks.
2) Expansion of Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant
The amount of hazardous waste generated from coal production, processing in Quang
Ninh Province is approximately 1,600 tons per year, consisting of different types of
wastes, can be divided as follows:
Group 1: Industrial hazardous waste such as tires, metals, plastic, non-chemical
packages etc., which can be collected and recycled depending on characteristic of
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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materials.
Group 2: Industrial hazardous wastes with less economical values when being
recycled, such as: wasted oil, lead-acid battery, oil-contaminated tanks,
chemical-contaminated packages etc., which can be collected, stored and recycled
in accordance with state’s regulations for hazardous waste.
Group 3: Industrial hazardous waste which cannot be recycled such as:
oil-contaminated cloths, oil-contaminated sludge, sludge contaminated with
hazardous contents, waste from metal surface processing etc., will be collected
and burnt in incinerator.
In 2012, VINACOMIN invested in 1 hazardous waste treatment plant in Quang Ninh
to manage the collection and treatment of hazardous waste for its members, with the
total investment of more than 173 billion VND. From 2013 onwards, hazardous waste
generated from coal mining and processing activities in Quang Ninh will be collected
and processed locally by VINACOMIN. Therefore, the need for an expansion of the
hazardous waste treatment plant is necessary to meet the demand of treating hazardous
waste locally of VINACOMIN.
Table 6.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Coal Mining Solid Waste Management to 2020
No Name of project/program Number of
projects
Expenditure
(Million VND) 1 Rehabilitation of Coal Mining Dumping Site
1-1 Cam Pha area to 2015 5 188,760
1-2 Hon Gai area to 2015 4 344,750
1-3 Cam Pha area to 2020 6 389,450
1-4 Hon Gai area to 2020 8 445,800 2 Expansion of Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant
2-1 Expansion of Waste Processing Plant Phase
II to 2015 1
150,000
Total Cost 1,518,760 Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of
Quang Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”
6.4.2 Outline of Proposed Projects
Outline of proposed projects are shown in Table 6.4-3 to 6.4-7.
Table 6.4-3 Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management
Item Detail
Project Name Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies PPC, DONRE, DOC
Goal The project includes 3R component as follows:
- Promotion of 3R at provincial level
- Promotion of 3R on tourism solid waste
- Awareness raising for enterprises in improvement of industrial solid waste
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Item Detail
management
Output 1. Materials for awareness raising on 3R components
2. Key actors for proceeding awareness raising on 3R components
3. Proposal on regional system for promoting 3R activity
4. Experiences on pilot project for applying 3R activity
Source: Study Team
Table 6.4-4 Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management
Item Detail
Project Name Preliminary Study on regional solid waste management
Target Area All province
The following area is a pilot area for the study.
Uong Bi city, Dong Trieu District, and Quang Yen town (western area)
Halong city, Cam Pha city and Hoang Bo district (central area)
Mong Cai City ad Hai Ha district (eastern area)
Responsible Bodies PPC, Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE
Goal The Project is for study the regional solid waste management by grouping a
number of districts, cities and towns.
Output 1. Candidate site of final disposal site
2. Regional waste segregation and collection plan
3. Regional recycling and composting promotion plan
4. Regional cooperation mechanism on promotion of 3R activities
Source: Study Team
Table 6.4-5 Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City,
Town and District)
Item Detail
Project Name Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City,
Town and District)
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies PPC, Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE
Goal The Project for development of solid waste management includes construction
of landfill, improvement of collection system, construction of bio composting
plant to serve recycling of solid waste
Output 1. Construction of sanitary land fill site
2. Construction of recycling center
3. Construction of compositing plant
4. Development of regional waste collection system
5. Measures for promotion of composing in each household
6. Program on awareness raising on 3R activities
Note For Halong City, Cam Pha City, and Hoang Bo District, regional solid waste
management system will be developed. For other areas, possibility on
developing regional solid waste management system will be examined by the
Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management.
Source: Study Team
Table 6.4-6 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management
Item Detail
Project Name Study on Improvement of Industrial solid Waste Management
Target Area All province
Responsible Bodies PPC, DONRE, DOC
Goal The project is to prepare a load map to actualize suitable industrial solid waste
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Item Detail
management
Output 1. Plan of inter-regional industrial solid waste treatment facilities
2.Enhancement of organizational capacity for industrial solid waste management
3.Guideline for industrial solid waste management for industrial zone and economic
zone
4. Plan for introducing advanced technology for industrial solid waste management 5. Initial database for registration of industrial solid waste
Source: Study Team
Table 6.4-7 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Assessing the stability; Identifying potential risk areas of soil and rock slide
and proposing the prevention solutions for the outer dumping sites due to coal mining in
the Halong and Cam Pha areas
Target Area Halong City and Cam Pha City
Responsible Bodies PPC, VINACOMIN
Goal - Evaluate and identify potential areas having risks of soil & rock slides and mud
floods of the outer dumping sites due to opencast coal mining in Ha Long and Cam
Pha City.
- Identify the areas affected by soil & rock slides, mud floods due to the opencast coal
mining in Ha Long and Cam Pha City.
- Select and apply for engineering solutions with advanced and appropriate
technologies to minimize the adverse impacts on the surrounding areas and the Cua
Luc Bay, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, due to transportation of sedimentation
to streams and rivers derived from the outer coal mining waste dump area.
Output 1. Evaluation Results of the overall levels of stability, the dangers and risks of rock &
landslide, debris flood from the outer dumping sites from Ha Khanh to Mong
Duong area
2. Identification of priority areas to avoid impactsby the flows of debris to the areas
surrounding the outer dumping sites with evaluation of level of risks.
3. Conducting engineering solutions with advanced and appropriate technologies to
minimize the adverse impacts on the surrounding areas and the Cua Luc Bay, Halong
Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, due to transportation of sedimentation to streams and
rivers derived from the outer coal mining waste dump area.
Source: Study Team
6.5 Modern Technology of SWM
Table 6.5-1 shows examples of modern technologies which will be considered in the
planning of the SWM system in the future, if applicable. For the introduction of such
technologies, it is necessary to carry out a more detailed study of each item by taking
into consideration its technical and financial aspects. At present, the utilization of these
technologies in Vietnam is still limited. Thus, difficulty in their operation is expected
at present. The construction cost is also expected to be huge for these technologies.
Table 6.5-1 Examples of Modern Technologies
No. Items of Technology Utilization
1 Leachate treatment system for landfill
In Japan, there are many experiences for the operation of this system. All of the generated leachate from the landfill site (landfill for residue after burning) are treated by a special treatment plant using chemical injection which removes heavy metals. Quality of incoming leachate changes progressively according to phase and time; therefore, the required operation technology is dependent on the inflow quality of leachate.
Leachate treatment
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Photo: Leachate Treatment Plant (Japan)
2 Gas utilization generated in landfill site
Landfill gas is generated through the degradation of MSW by microorganisms. The generated landfill gas can be utilized for electricity generation and direct use. Direct use is the utilization of gas for various small-scale applications. However, if the landfill gas extraction rate is large enough, it could be used for the gas turbine or internal combustion engine such that it will be able to produce electricity and be sold commercially or used on-site.
Figure: Gas Extraction Pipe Photo: Gas Generator (China)
Landfill
Source: Study Team
6.6 Recommendations
(1) Common Utilization of Landfill Facilities
In the existing operation of MSW, the management of landfill operation is conducted
by each district as the responsible organization. There are no permanent staff assigned
for landfill operation in small-scale landfill sites. Presently it is quite difficult to
construct sanitary landfill facilities based on government guidelines and laws of each
small district due to the following reasons:
• Construction cost is huge, and the arrangement of funds is difficult for each small
district.
• The operation of leachate treatment system for landfill will require special
technical skills. It is difficult to employ skilled staff for landfill sites, especially
for small-scale landfills.
Therefore, it is recommended that landfills be operated jointly by small districts. In
this case, a large-scale landfill, which has the capacity to cover waste volume of two or
three districts, will be constructed at one site. As a result of the joint operations of the
large-scale landfill, maintenance works of the leachate treatment system will become
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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easier as compared to individual landfill operation. Increasing the landfill capacity will
lead to lower construction cost and waste treatment unit price. Also, the procurement
of equipment needed for a sanitary landfill, such as dump trucks, bulldozers and wheel
loaders, will be easier. The assignment of necessary equipment and permanent staff
could be carried out in a sanitary landfill system. However, the distance between
collection points and the landfill will be longer and the average daily mileage of
collection vehicles will increase accordingly. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the
number of vehicles for MSW operations. The coverage area of the landfill site shall be
studied according to the estimation of economical distance, conditions of roads, and
waste collection routes. For the unification of SWM, it is necessary to establish a
consensus from each target district at the local government level.
(2) Preparation of FS Report
In case of requesting assistance for international funding for the improvement project,
more studies on the proposed Project are required. Especially, a report on basic design,
cost study, and environment survey shall be completed at the stage of loan application.
Therefore, it is recommended that an FS on the SWM system in Quang Ninh Province
be prepared for the improvement of waste treatment system in the next stage. The
proposed FS shall include the following items:
• Detailed field survey of the existing SWM system,
• Preparation of detailed development plan including recommendations,
• Basic design and cost estimate for recommended project (sanitary landfill and
leachate treatment system, civil works, equipment, etc.),
• Environmental study including monitoring at the landfill site,
• Preparation of action plan on 3R or source segregation,
• Implementation plan for the recommended project,
• Field survey for construction (boring, site survey, geological survey, etc.), and
• Chemical analysis survey of solid waste.
Present international guidelines on infrastructure development suggest that
environmental and social considerations have become critical factors affecting the
feasibility of a project. Environmental and social considerations are mandatory,
especially in cases when financial resources are mobilized or sourced from
international financial institutions (IFI). In the case of JICA, they established the new
JICA Guidelines on Environmental and Social Considerations in April 2010. The
application of this guideline is compulsory for all of their lending operations.
The proposed projects would surely require clearance for environmental and social
safeguards based on the policies of IFIs such as WB, IFC, and JICA, which mandates
adequate environmental and social considerations for development projects.
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(3) Program on Prohibition of Using Specific Packages
In order to reduce the amount of waste generated at sources, the “avoidance” of the
use of materials which may become waste after use should be considered as much as
possible. This program would prohibit utilization of specific types of packaging
material in Halong City. The elimination of waste from specific types of packaging
material in Halong City will be introduced by DONRE.
The following activities will be planned for the “Program on Prohibition of Using
Specific Packages” in Halong City:
• Selection of target packaging materials to be prohibited for use in Halong City.
The packaging materials are to be selected from among wastes which may
become residual waste. The target packaging material with available substitute
should be selected.
• Explanation of the prohibition system to residents and business establishments
and obtain their consensus.
• Introduction of a checking and monitoring system for enforcement of the
program.
One of the possible targets for waste avoidance are the small plastic packages used for
shampoo or liquid soap, which are often used at hotels or resorts, and called “sachets”.
Instead of sachets, refillable bottles are recommended for use.
(4) Source Reduction of Biodegradable Waste
Households with relatively large gardens should implement composting at home.
Home composting is mainly carried out in rural areas. This activity should be
promoted and carried out with the local communities in the district. Biodegradable
waste is sometimes used for livestock feed, or given to nearby farmers. This activity is
expected to be conducted continuously in remote areas in the province. This will
further reduce biodegradable waste. In order to promote reduction of biodegradable
waste at the source effectively, a home composting program, as shown in Table 6.6-1,
is proposed.
Table 6.6-1 Content of Home Composting Program
Content Target Generation Source Target Area Materials to be Addressed Promotion of composting of biodegradable waste
Households and small-scale business establishments
Rural areas in districts and cities
Food waste and garden waste
Source: Study Team
The following activities shall be planned for the home composting program:
• Promotion of home composting of food waste and garden waste through a series
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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of dissemination workshops and trainings including introduction of various kinds
of home composting methods such as those using compost bins or compost pits;
• Introduction of incentive schemes such as for reduction of volume of landfill
wherein business establishments which reduce the amount of their biodegradable
wastes are provided rewards or incentives; and
• Introduction of monitoring and instruction systems regarding home composting
activities.
(5) New Landfill Site Planned by Central Government
Presently, the central Government has issued its decision “Approval the planning on
construction of solid waste treatment facilities in three northern, central Vietnam and
southern key economic regions up to 2000” dated October 6, 2008. Regarding the
landfill site selection for proposed project, we would like to recommend the
implementation and selection of Quang Ninh province due to the following reasons:
• Details of selected site (100ha) is not clear
• Budget of the above landfill facility is expected at US$ 68 million including
foreign aid and this implementation plan is not clear
• New Landfill site for Halong City is urgently required
• Halong City is already starting a study of new landfill site based on
common utilization of solid waste treatment by grouping
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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CHAPTER 7 FOREST MANAGEMENT
7.1 Forecasted Impact and Priority Solutions to 2020
7.1.1 Potential Impact by Projects in the Socio–Economic Development Plan (SEDP)
Table 7.1-1 shows the potential impact on forest and coastal ecosystem by the priority
projects identified in the SEDP to 2020, Vision to 2030.
Halong-Hai Phong Highway and Dam Nha Mac Industrial Zone (Quang Yen
City): Potential significant impact on the mangrove ecosystem in Quang Yen
Town.
Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone (Hai Ha District): Potential significant impact on
the mangrove ecosystem and coastal marine ecosystem, especially the areas of My
Islet and Mieu Islet (marine resource conservation area).
Van Don Economic Zone and Van Don Airport (Van Don District): Potential
significant impact on the mangrove ecosystem (protection forest area) especially
due to airport construction. Also, the potential impact on Bai Tu Long National
Park due to the construction of the economic zone should be strictly avoided.
Halong- Mong Cai Highway and Halong – Hai Phong Highway: Potential impact
on ecosystem. Highway construction may trigger the impacts on ecosystem
especially by changing topography, hydrology and ecological corridors. The
concept of “Eco-road” promoted by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism of Japan can be applied to avoid, mitigate and compensate the
impacts. Eco-road concepts promote “minimizing loss of habitat”, “avoiding
habitat fragmentation”, “minimizing degradation of habitat” and create new
habitat by utilization of road space.
Table 7.1-1 Potential Impacts of the Priority Projects in SEDP
No. Priority Projects Period Potential Impact on Forest/Coastal
Ecosystem Start End I. Projects for Immediate Implementation (2013-2015) 1 Halong-Mong Cai Highway
2013 2016 Forest conversion Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor
2 Halong-Hai Phong Highway
2013 2014
Forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on Ha Nam Important Bird Area (IBA) Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor
3 City Wastewater Treatment 2013 2020
Forest conversion Mangrove conversion
4 Project to Protect and Remedy the Environmental Contamination caused by the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Group (VINACOMIN)
2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected)
5 Railway Cai-Ha Noi 2013 2013
Forest conversion Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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No. Priority Projects Period Potential Impact on Forest/Coastal
Ecosystem Start End 6 Project on Solid Waste Treatment
2013 2020 Forest conversion
7 Renovation and Upgrading of the Cai Lan Port
2013 2018 Mangrove conversion Impact on coastal ecosystem
8 International Hospitals in Halong 2013 2015 Forest conversion 9 Tien Phong Port
2013 2013 Coastal forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on marine ecosystem
10 Implementation of Stringent Environmental Regulations
2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected)
11 Halong Bay Water Pollution 2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected) 12 Implementing Agency 2013 2020 N/A 13 Investment Promotion
2013 2020 Forest conversion Mangrove conversion
14 All Tourism Projects 2014 2020
Overuse of natural resources Forest conversion Mangrove conversion
15 Mong Cai Border Trade 2014 2020 N/A 16 Packaged Food Manufacturing -
SEZ Initiative 2014 2020 Forest conversion
II. Projects to Start in Mid Term (2015-2017) 17 Halong-Noi Bai Highway 2015 2018 Forest conversion 18 Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) 2015 2020 Forest conversion 19 Halong-Van Don Highway
2015 2017
Forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on national park Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor
20 Hai Ha Port Construction 2016 2019
Mangrove conversion Impact on marine resource conservation area
21 Van Don Airport 2016 2020
Mangrove conversion Forest conversion
22 Pig Production on an Industrial Scale in Hai Ha 2016 2020 Forest conversion 23 Aquaculture 2016 2020 Mangrove conversion III. Projects to Commence in Long Term (2017-2020) 24 Pork Processing 2017 2020 Forest conversion 25 Seafood 2017 2020 Forest conversion
Source: SEDP of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, and Vision to 2030
7.1.2 Current Protected Area Management
(1) Distribution of Protected Areas
Currently, there are two protected areas in the mountainous areas and one in the
marine/island areas, namely Yen Tu National Forest, Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature
Reserve, and the Bai Tu Long National Park.
Moreover, on a geographical point of view, there is lack of protected areas in the
eastern part of the province and along the coastal area except in the Coastal
Environmental Protection Corridor (CEPC) proposed by the Halong Bay
Environmental Protection Project implemented by the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA).
The current protected area in the province (for both special-use forests and protection
forests) is 162,241.8 ha, which is 26.7% of the total area of the province.
(2) Issues on Protected Area Management
Currently, the management of protected areas is still under preparation and
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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improvement. Although ten management boards exist for the special-use forest and the
protection forest, the improvement of the implementation capacity of the management
boards, infrastructure development, community participation approach, research and
development are required. The major issues to be solved are as follows:
Preparation of detailed plan;
Improvement of the buffer zone management;
Allocation and capacity development of human resources;
Improvement of facilities; and
Smooth budget allocation.
It is also noted that currently, there are no management boards in Binh Lieu District,
Cam Pha City, Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu City, and Co To District. Management of
protection forest and establishment of management boards in these areas should be
considered.
Table 7.1-2 Special-use and Protection Forests Managed by the Management Board
(Unit: ha)
Management Board City/
District
Total
Areas
Protection
Forest
Land
Special-use
Forest
Land
Production
Forest
Land
Forest
Land
Non-forest
Land
Special-use and
Environmental Landscape
Forest in Halong City
Halong City 4,381.8 3,201.1 247.5 933.2 4,117.0 264.8
Mong Cai City Protection
Forest
Mong Cai
City 12,436.0 12,436.0 - - 8,500.0 3,939.0
Ba Che Protection Forest Ba Che
District 8,156.7 8,156.7 - - 5,371.1 2,785.6
Truc Bai Son Protection
Forest
Hai Ha
District 12,029.9 12,029.9 - - 7,910.1 4,119.6
Yen Lap Protection Forest Hoanh Bo
District 13,812.4 13,812.4 - - 11,136.3 2,676.1
Dam Ha Protection Forest Dam Ha
District 10,539.8 10,539.8 - - 9,060.2 1,479.6
Tien Yen Protection Forest Tien Yen
District 8,156.9 8,156.9 - - 5,011.3 3,145.6
Yen Tu Special-use Forest
(National Forest)
Uong Bi
City 2,783.0 - 2,783.0 - 2,605.8 177.2
Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don
District 5,942.0 - 5,942.0 - - -
Dong Son-Ky Thuong
Nature Reserve
Hoanh Bo
District 15,637.7 - 15,637.7 - 13,753.6 1,884.1
Total 93,876.2 68,332.8 24.610.3 933.2 73.407.6 20,468.6
Source: Forest Management Section, Sub-department of Forest Protection, 5 June 2013
(3) Protected Area Management Plan
Currently, there are various plans to improve the protected area network in Quang
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
7-4
Ninh Province. The management boards are planning the upgrade of the Yen Tu
National Forest to national park (which is already approved by the Prime Minister in
February 2013) and the change of status of the Bai Tu Long National Park under the
special-use forest (SUF) system into a marine protected area (MPA) system.
Furthermore, Dao Tran and Dao Co To are planned to become marine protected areas.
(4) Headwater Protection Forest
There are strategically important water reservoirs which supply water to Halong, Cam
Pha, and Mong Cai City. There are headwater protection forests designated for these
reservoirs, namely, Yen Lap, Cao Van, and Trang Vinh. The conditions of these forests
are summarized in Table 7.1-3 below.
Table 7.1-3 Important Watersheds and Forest Areas
(Unit: ha)
Headwater Protection
Forest
City/
District
Total Areas of
Watersheds
Special-use
Forest Land
Protection
Forest Land
Production
Forest Land
Other Land
Yen Lap Hoanh Bo 18,070.0 14.9 13706.1 1830.6 2,518.4
Cao Van Hoanh Bo 5,382.0 2272.0 2225.1 454.9 430.0
Trang Vinh Mong Cai 6,709.0 5435.0 464.0 810.0
Source: Land Use Map Data, Quang Ninh Province
Table 7.1-4 Important Watersheds and Forest Condition
(Unit: ha)
Special-use and Protection Forests Production Forest
Headwater Protection
Forest
City/
District Good Degraded Not good Good Degraded Not good
Yen Lap Hoanh Bo 3,995 4,971 4,754 324 781 726
Cao Van Hoanh Bo 802 2,595 1,100 0 46 409
Trang Vinh Mong Cai 1,555 1,111 2,769 56 45 363
“Not good” means “sparse”, “grassland”, “bare land” or other land use.
Source: Satellite image analysis result by Project Study Team/Remote Sensing Center
7.1.3 Potential of Forest Resources for Tourism Resource
The development of the tourism sector is the key to sustainable development of the
province. To increase tourism beside the Halong Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
the potential of ecotourism of the forest area and other protected areas should be
developed so that the duration of stay per tourist will be longer.
Table 7.1-5 Potential Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province
Area District Potential Features (a) Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don Very High Scenic view of limestone islands, marine
resources, forest resources on island, and sandy beaches
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Area District Potential Features (b) Yen Tu National Forest Uong Bi Very High Historical, cultural, and religious tourism and
ecotourism with precious ancient trees (c) Co To and Tran Island Co To and
Mong Cai High Marine and natural resources including coral
reefs, beaches, and island ecosystem/historical importance (Co To)
(d) Yen Lap Protection Forrest Hoanh Bo High Cultural heritage/boat ride/protection forest/easy access from Bai Chay area
(e) Special-use Forest in Halong City
Halong High Easy access (walking in Bai Chay area)
(f) Quang Yen Wetland (mangrove-friendly aquaculture area)
Quang Yen High Easy access from Bai Chay area, mangroves, and sociocultural landscapes
(g) Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Hoanh Bo Medium Large forest area with some precious species
(h) Tien Yen Bay Wetland (mangrove-friendly aquaculture area)
Tien Yen Medium Large forest
Source: Study Team
7.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020
7.2.1 Targets in National Strategies
The following targets in Table 7.2-1 are indicated in the strategies at the national level:
Table 7.2-1 Major Targets of the National Strategy on Environmental Protection until
2020 and Vision toward 2030 (Excerpt on Forest and Natural Resource)
Source: Appendix, Indicators for Monitoring and Assessing Results of Environmental Protection until 2020 (Attached
to Decision 1216/QĐ-TTG dated 5 September 2012 by the Prime Minister)
No. Indicators Competent Agencies
Roadmap 2010 2015 2020
3 Mitigating deterioration and exhaustion of natural resources; curbing degradation of biodiversity
e. Aqua product resources in sea waters near the coast
MARD - Not lower than
2010 Not lower than 2010
g. Forest coverage MARD 40% 42-43% 45%
h. Area of primitive forests MARD 0.57 million
ha Not lower Not lower
i. Area of mangroves MARD - Not lower than
2010 Not lower than 2010
k. Area of sea grass beds MoNRE 18.500 ha Not lower than
2010 Not lower than 2010
l. Area of coral reefs MoNRE 110.000 ha Not lower than
2010 Not lower than 2010
m. Total area of natural reserves MoNRE 2.5 million
ha up to 10%
against 2010 3.0 million ha
n. Number of endangered rare and precious species
MoNRE 47 Not higher than 2010
Not higher than 2010
o. Number of extinct rare and precious species
MoNRE 9 species
(2001-2010) No No
p. Number of precious and valuable genes lost
MoNRE - Not higher than 2010
Not higher than 2010
q. Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beauty spots
MoCST - Not
deteriorated than 2010
Not deteriorated than 2010
r. Cases of losing biosafety due to genetically-modified organisms
MoH - No No
s. Number of exotic species and their harmfulness
MoNRE - Not higher than 2010
Not higher than 2010
4 Increasing capability of responding to climate change and mitigating the increase of greenhouse gas emissions
c.
Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change
MoNRE - up to 20%
against 2010 up to 60%
against 2010
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Table 7.2-2 Major Targets of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (2006-2020)
No. Indicators Roadmap
2010 2015 2020 Sustainable Forest Management and Development
1 Classification, planning, and identification of permanent forest estate on the map and in the field
16.24 million ha - 16.24 million ha
2 Land allocation and lease 100%
100% 3 Zoning for regeneration 803,000 ha
803,000 ha
4 New afforestation, including centralized production (orientation targets)
750,000 ha
2.25 million ha
5 Afforestation of protection and special-use forests 250,000 ha
250,000 ha
250,000 ha
6 Forest enrichment 500,000 ha 100%
7 Scattered tree planting 1 billion trees 3 billion trees
8 Development of data and monitoring system to manage 14 million ha of forests
1 system - -
9 Develop forest management database and proposal for production units
100% - -
10 Management capacity improvement for forest owners, development of standards, and forest certification issuance
- Capacity building for forest owners
- Standards development and
30% of area is certified
100% area of
production forest
11 Forestry seed program
60% accepted seed/seed-lings; 40% vegetative
seedlings
80% accepted seed/seedlings; 50% vegetative
seedlings
12 Domestic large timber production (support zoning and enrichment)
3.7 million m3 10 million m3
13 Small timber production (support zoning and enrichment)
6 million m3 10 million m3
14 Non-timber forest products (NTFP) production value for domestic consumption
USD 0.4 USD 0.8
Forest Protection Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Services Development
1 Development of protection forest system 5.68 million
ha
5.68 million ha
2 Development of special-use forest system 2.16 million ha 2.16 million ha 3 Forest protection contracts 1.5 million ha 1.5 million ha
4 Forest protection system established in forested communes and villages
100% 100% 100%
5 Establishment of forest management boards/groups (state or community)
100% 100% 100%
6 Development and implementation of forest protection and development plans
100% 100% 100%
7 Piloting and scaling up participatory forest protection and development approaches
30% - 100%
8 Assessment of environment services and payment mechanisms
100% - -
9 Development of Forest Protection and Development Fund
100% by 2007
- -
10 Number of violations of the Forest Protection and Development Law
Reduced by 40%
Reduced by 80%
Forest Products Processing and Trade Program
1 Re-organization of wood and NTFP processing sector
70% 100% 100%
2 Imported timber (large timber) 5.0 million m3 - 3.5 million m3 3 Sawn timber production 4.0 million m3 - 6.0 million m3 4 Particle board production/year 68,000 m3 - 320,000 m3
5 Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) board production/year
170,000 m3 - 220,000 m3
6 Wood product export value/year (3.4 million m3 product/year)
USD 3.4 billion - USD 7 billion
7 Value of NTFP product export/year USD 0.5 billion - USD 0.8 billion
8 Job creation 0.5 million laborers - 1.5 million
laborers 9 Ratio % of NTFP income in household economy 10% - 15-20%
10 Pulp production 0.85 million tons - 2 million tons
(60% of Demand) Research, Education, Training, and Forestry Extension (RETE)
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
7-7
No. Indicators Roadmap
2010 2015 2020
1 Investments in forestry research 2% GDP forestry
- 2% GDP forestry
2 Research on seed and seedlings 40% area planted
with tissue cuttings
- 60% area planted
with tissue cuttings
3 Improvement of wood processing technology and NTFPs secondary processing
40% of enterprises and craft villages
using new technology
-
70% of enterprise s and craft
villages using new technology
4 Study and development of breakthrough policies Pilot and scale-up Complete policies
5 Regular training in forestry schools 5,000 students/year 5,000
students/year
6 Vocational training
50% of farmers occupied forest
and in craft villages
50% of farmers occupied forest
and in craft villages
7 Training for managers
30% of total staff
80% of
total staff
8 Establishment of linkage between research, training, and forestry extension
- - Network
completed
9 Development of schools with international standards
- - 1 to 2 schools
10 Forestry extension
30% of farmer
households trained
80% of farmer
households trained
11 Participation in forestry extension activities Attract 20%
private and mass organizations
Attract 50%
private and mass organizations
12 Commune forestry extension system
100% communes with large forests
have forest extension workers
100% communes with large forests
have forest extension workers
13 Development of voluntary commune and village extension
30% communes with forest
100% communes
with forest
14 Development of extension programs and materials Develop and
produce Complete and
update
15 Development of linkages: forestry extension, training, forest owners and enterprises
Develop and announce
Finalize network
Renovation of the Forestry Sector Institutions, Policy, Planning, and Monitoring
1 Development and update of the policy, legal, and forestry institutional systems
Develop and implement
Update
and complete
2 Development of mechanisms to promote the participation of private sector, community, and households in forestry activities
Develop and implement
Complete
3 Reorganization and improvement of effectiveness of the state administration system on forestry
Completed - Completed
4 Re-organization of state forest companies in key forestry areas
100% of forestry
companies
100% of forestry
companies
5 Development of community forestry management 2.5 million ha
community forests
4 million ha community
forests
6 Establishment of state forestry extension organizations at all levels
Complete Complete
7 Development of M&E unit, linked with strengthening planning system 50%
Develop and implement
Complete
Source: Viet Nam Forestry Development Strategy 2006 to 2020 (Attached to Decision 18/2007/QĐ-TTg by the Prime
Minister)
7.2.2 Targets to be Considered in the Provincial Plans
The following targets are indicated in the existing strategies at the provincial level:
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Table 7.2-3 Targets of Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan in the Period of
2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
No. Indicators Competent Agencies
Roadmap 2010 2015 2020
a Forest Cover DARD - 54% 55%
b Forest Production Area DARD
150,000 ha (pit prop /
chip) 20,000 ha (special forestry product)
c Improvement of cultural, historical, and tourist areas
DARD 1.5–2 million
trees
d Production forest improvement (forest cover increase)
DARD 176,000 ha
(66.4%) 195,000 ha
(73.6%) 224,300 ha
(84.7%)
e Protection forest improvement (forest cover increase
DARD 105,230 ha
(77.2%) 116,200ha (85.3%)
116,700 ha (85.6%)
f Special-use forest improvement (forest cover increase)
DARD 23,750 ha (91.4%)
24,300 ha (93.4%)
24,950 ha (96.0%)
g Pulp production plantation DARD 20,000 ha 30,000 ha 40,000 ha h Wood production plantation DARD 25,000 ha 30,000 ha 34,000 ha i Pit prop plantation DARD - 40,000 ha 36,000 ha j Valuable tree plantation (e.g., cinnamon) DARD - 8,000 ha 10,000 ha
K Planted NTFP in production forest (bamboo, fruit, etc.)
DARD 800 ha - 3,000 ha
l Number of forestry farms DARD 200
(6,000 ha) 500
(10,000 ha) 1,000
(20,000 ha)
Source: Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan, Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020
Table 7.2-4 Targets of VINACOMIN
No. Indicators Competent Agencies
Roadmap 2010 2015 2020
a Mines will meet the environmental standards
VINACOMIN - In sensitive
areas All areas
b Closure of open cast mines VINACOMIN Suoi Lai (2015)
Nui Beo (2017)
Ha Tu (2027)
Source: Master Plan on Development of Vietnam’s Coal Industry through 2020, with the Prospects toward 2030
(Decision No. 60 /QD-TTg dated 9 January 2012), and information from VINACOMIN
7.2.3 Targets to be Considered in the Quang Ninh Provincial Environmental Master Plan
until 2020, Vision toward 2030
Considering the abovementioned targets, the following targets are set in the
Environmental Master Plan of Quang Ninh Province. These targets are based on the
targets in Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province,
national strategies on environmental protection and forestry development.
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Table 7.2-5 Targets of Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province until 2020,
Vision toward 2030
No. Indicators Competent
Agencies
Target until 2020
1 Forest cover DARD 55%
2 Establishment of concentration forest production area
DARD 150,000 ha (pit prop/chip)
20,000 ha (special forestry product)
3 Improvement of cultural, historical, and tourism area
DARD 1.5–2 million trees planted DCST Not deteriorated than 2010
4 Production forest improvement (forest cover increase)
DARD 224,300 ha
(84.7%)
5 Protection forest improvement (forest cover increase)
DARD 116,700 ha
(85.6%)
6 Special-use forest improvement (forest cover increase)
DARD 24,950 ha (96.0%)
7 Area of certified forest DARD 67,290 ha
(30% of production forest) 8 Chain of Custody (CoC) Certification DARD More than 3 organizations
9 Area of mangroves DARD 3,000 ha is planted
10% of protection mangrove forest is rehabilitated
10 Area of sea grass beds DONRE Not lower than 2010 11 Area of coral reefs DONRE Not lower than 2010
12 Improvement of protected areas DONRE Expansion (2)
New establishment (5)
13 Rehabilitation of coal mining areas DONRE/VINA
COMIN
14 Conservation measures are planned and implemented for 12 Critically Endangered (CR) species
DONRE 12 CR species
15 Number of extinct, rare, and precious species DONRE Zero 16 Number of precious and valuable genes lost DONRE Not higher than 2010
17 Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beautiful spots
DCST Not deteriorated than 2010
18 Cases of losing bio-safety due to genetically-modified organisms
DoH No
19 Number of exotic species and their harmfulness DONRE Not higher than 2010
20 Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change
DONRE Up to 60% against 2010
21 Aqua product resources in sea waters near the coast
DARD Not lower than 2010
Source: Study Team
7.2.4 Thematic Issues to be Considered in the Environmental Master Plan until 2020, Vision
toward 2030
(1) Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Area Management
For conservation of Quang Ninh to be more effective for existing natural conditions in
the province, the following protected areas are either expanded or newly established
for effective protection of the natural condition in Quang Ninh Province. It also
includes the change of status from national park (special-use forest system) to national
park cum marine protected area.
With regard to Bai Tu Long National Park, Decision No. 85/2001/QD-TTg on the
transfer of Ba Mun Nature Reserve in Quang Ninh Province into Bai Tu Long
National Park specifies 15,783 ha as its area, while Decision No. 1296/QD-TTg in
2009 on the development plan of Van Don Economic Zone states 1,754 ha as the area
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of national park. Considering its natural ecological importance, the area of Bai Tu
Long National Park should not be decreased. It should be reviewed to expand the area
with due consideration of marine habitats. Furthermore, Bai Tu Long National Park
should be registered as an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Heritage
Park for high level conservation and ecotourism.
Table 7.2-6 Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Areas
(Unit: ha) Protected Area Type of Protection Area Change Remark
(1) Bai Tu Long National Park
National Park cum MPA TBD Current SUF system to MPA system for better management of marine area
Change status
(2) Yen Tu National Park National Park TBD Expansion of the area and upgrade from national forest to national park
Upgrade
(3) Dong Son – Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Nature Reserve (SUF) TBD (Approx. 21,000)
Current 15,637.7 ha of the nature reserve is expanded by adding Cao Van Lake Watershed areas
Expand
(4) Binh Lieu–Hai Ha Nature Reserve
Nature Reserve (SUF) 9,287.9 New establishment (proposed in the provincial biodiversity action plan)
New
(5) Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve
Ramsar Reserve 7646.9 New establishment (designated as IBA by the Bird Life International)
New
(6) Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve
Ramsar Reserve 16,820.9 New establishment (one of the identified 79 wetlands of national importance by MOSTE/NEA in 2000)
New
(7) Mong Cai Ramsar Reserve
Ramsar Reserve 13,759.6 New establishment (proposed in the provincial biodiversity action plan)
New
(8) Dao Tran and Dao Co To Marine Protected Area
MPA TBD New establishment (Planned Dao Tran MPA and Dao Co To MPA to be merged into one)
New
Source: Study Team
(2) Strengthening Protected Area Management
To strengthen the management of protected areas, the following should be given high
priority:
Management planning;
Protection and conservation with law enforcement;
Buffer zone management;
Scientific research;
Smooth budgeting; and
Human resource management and capacity development.
(3) Improvement of Planted Forest and Production Forest
The plantation in protected areas (special-use forest and protection forest) needs to be
improved in terms of ecological condition and soil conservation. Especially the
monoculture plantation, such as acacia and pine plantation, that should be converted
into multistorey forest with native species in the province.
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The production forest should be managed better in order to achieve sustainable forest
management in the province. The concentrated production forest should be designated
in the productive and less soil eroding areas. Productivity development can improve
sustainable forest management as a whole for the province, and would result in the
reduction of pressure on natural forests and also on production forest in the hilly areas.
(4) Management of Mangrove and Coastal Areas
Mangrove areas have been suffering severe pressures from the change of land use by
the development activities. It is necessary to stop the decrease and degradation to
conserve the ecosystem in the coastal areas.
It is also required to start the monitoring and management of vegetation on limestone
to conserve the landscape of Halong and Bai Tu Long bays.
(5) Rehabilitation and Management of the Coal Mining Area
According to the “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with
Consideration of Prospects toward 2030 (Decision No. 60/QD-TTg of January 9,
2012)”, closure of open mines is scheduled for Suoi Lai (by 2015), Nui Beo (by 2017),
and Ha Tu (by 2018). However, due to changes of condition of natural resources and
for assurance of coal source to be supplied for the economy, VINACOMIN made a
proposal to the Prime Minister for adjustment of the Planning and the schedule of
closure of Ha Tu was changed to be by 2027. The rehabilitation of the closed mines
should be conducted in accordance with the existing plans.
Especially the mines along the coastline (e.g., mines in Cam Pha City) should be
prioritized since it may cause negative impact directly to the Halong Bay area.
Moreover, it is also recommended to plant trees within the area bordering the
residential area as green belt to mitigate the impacts of coal mining.
7.3 Approaches to Forest Management
7.3.1 General Approaches to Forest Management in Quang Ninh Province
Since Quang Ninh Province is called “small Vietnam” and is located in the area
“where land and sea meet”, sustainable development can only be achieved through
harmonizing the socio-economic development and environmental conservation by
connecting the upstream terrestrial ecosystem down to the marine ecosystem as
watershed systems.
Thus, the following approaches will be emphasized in the Environmental Master Plan
of Quang Ninh Province so that the benefit generated from nature and natural
resources can be maximized in terms of socio-economic development, production,
safety, and comfort of the people in line with biodiversity conservation:
Watershed-based approach from both natural and socio-economic point of views;
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Harmony of conservation and development considering trade-off and off-set
concept;
Ecological corridor approach;
Zoning approach;
Participatory natural resource management (community based management and
co-management), reflecting the Satoyama Initiative concept;
Sustainable forest management;
Application of payments for environmental services (PES); and
Development of ecotourism.
7.3.2 Concept of Approach
(1) Watershed-based Approach from both Natural and Socio-economic Points of View
This approach emphasizes that the watershed will conserve the water resources and
marine areas. Both rich forest and rich coastal ecosystems are indispensable for the
conservation of the marine area.
This approach also promotes the concept of production, processing, and consumption
in each watershed, enabling less energy consumption and transportation emissions and
more benefit generation within the region.
With regard to conservation, the watersheds supplying water to populated areas
especially the watersheds flowing into Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay should be
given higher priority.
This approach is further discussed and explained in 7.3.3 and 7.3.4 below.
(2) Harmony of Conservation and Development Considering the Trade-off and Off-set
Concept
In boosting the sustainable socio-economic development, it is necessary to achieve the
harmony of conservation and development in order to prevent damage to the precious
tourism resources of Quang Ninh Province. For achieving this harmony, it is necessary
to conduct the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and environmental impact
assessment (EIA) for each project in SEDP to consider the trade-off and off-set of the
impact. In order to provide the full function of each forest type, the three types of
forest categories (special-use forest, protection forest, and production forest) should be
reviewed in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development (MARD) and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
(DARD) and should be updated periodically.
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(3) Ecological Corridor Approach
In improving the flora and fauna habitat the ecological corridor approach is effective,
which can contribute to the stabilization of wildlife population. Therefore, in the
Environmental Planning until 2020, Vision toward 2030, it is targeted to connect the
core areas of each habitat area to form large habitats which will contribute to a
healthier and more stable ecosystem. To connect the core areas in the mountain region
such as Yen Tu National Forest and Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, a corridor
on plain land should also be managed. Furthermore, the corridor part may be set in the
production forest area or socio-ecological production landscape (such as Satoyama
landscape area) covering agricultural areas. In such case, keeping such land use in the
corridor is requested.
The major types of ecological corridors are shown in Figure 7.3-1.
Box Trade –off and Off-set Concept
To harmonize environment and economic development, the trade–off and off-set concept should
be carefully examined.
Trade-off: Advancing conservation requires careful consideration of the complexities of
trade-offs. In case a win-win relationship between conservation and development is not
realistic, the trade-off concept should be considered from multiple perspectives and due
decision making process and gain something valuable even though something else of value
is lost. It is necessary to consider not only the monetary benefit but also to consider the
short and long time frame, multi-stakeholder, local, and global scale.
Off-set: The negative impact which cannot be avoided and should be mitigated completely
can be compensated with biodiversity off-setting concept through the establishment and
rehabilitation of the damaged ecosystem in other areas. If the impact is compensated
100%, it is called No Net Loss, and if compensatory measures exceed the negative impact,
it is called Net Positive Impact or Net Gain.
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Core Area
Buffer
Zones
“Stepping Stones”
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
along river
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 7.3-1 Image of Ecological Corridors
(4) Zoning Approach
Land use and resource planning is important to conserve the precious ecosystems
together with sustaining the livelihood of people living in and around these areas.
Especially in the protected areas in Quang Ninh Province, practical buffer zone
management is required to conserve the protected areas and also, to conduct integrated
watershed management. Figure 7.3-2 shows that the downstream area of Dong
Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve needs buffer zone management to mitigate the
impact by practice of traditional slash and burn cultivation without countermeasures
on soil erosion.
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-2 Downstream Area of Dong Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
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(5) Participatory Natural Resource Management (community-based management and
co-management), Reflecting the Satoyama Initiative concept
The ideas of the Satoyama Initiative advance socio-ecological production landscapes
and seascapes for the benefit of biodiversity and human well-being. The Satoyama
Initiative was officially launched through International Partnership at the Tenth
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention on Biological
Diversity in October 2010.
It means that participatory natural resource management is required to keep the
socio-ecological production landscapes such as in the agriculture practice in the
mountain areas, paddy areas, and aquaculture/fishery in mangrove areas. It is required
to establish models for community participatory resource management in these areas.
Not only involving the natural resource users in the area but also the concept of
establishing a school forest can be one form of achieving co-management and
environmental education.
The following areas are examples of potential model areas:
Quang Yen and Tien Yen areas where mangrove-friendly (extensive or
semi-intensive) aquaculture is conducted or can be promoted;
Tien Yen and Mong Cai mangrove and mudflat areas where resource management
of shellfish is conducted or can be promoted; and
Mountainous areas where traditional slash and burn cultivation is conducted.
(6) Sustainable Forest Management
In order to maximize the potential of large production forest, which reaches up to more
than 30% of the provincial area, the following measures should be promoted:
Improvement on the monitoring of production forest areas to ensure replantation;
Acquisition of forest certificate on sustainable forest management;
Setting up of concentrated production area;
Establishment of a seed orchard for important plantation species;
Low impact logging;
Improvement of the forest road network;
Development of a non-timber forest product (NTFP);
Development of forest-related industry within the watershed; and
Research and development.
(7) Application of Payments for Environmental Services
The payments for environmental services (PES) are one of the tools that will be
applied in generating the awareness of the people enjoying the benefits of
environmental services and the budget for the management of forest areas. The PES
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mechanism could be applied in the management of headwater forests and costal
mangrove forests.
The Vietnamese government has already issued related regulations such as Decree No
99/2010/NĐ-CP on the Policy for Payment for Forest Environmental Services. Also,
there are some pilot projects of PES application in the headwater forest of Dong Nai
Province (support of USAID and ARBCP) and the mangrove forests of Kien Giang
and Thanh Hoa provinces (support of the Katoomba Group, Forest Trends, GTZ and
SNV)
(8) Development of Ecotourism
To generate the budget for forest management, it is necessary to promote ecotourism
in the forest and coastal areas of the province. It is also effective to involve the people
living in the buffer zone in order to support the reduction of pressure on natural
resources utilization.
Ecotourism is also the key to diversify the tourism activities in Quang Ninh Province,
not relying fully on Halong Bay area, but to extend the length of stay of tourists by
attracting them to activities other than the Halong Bay cruises. There are various
potential tourism options such as the nature and cultural tourism in Yen Tu National
Forest areas and the natural tourism in Bai Tu Long National Park.
7.3.3 Geographical Planning Concept of Management
To achieve both the watershed approach and ecosystem approach, emphasis is needed
on the following multi-axis management, namely, the vertical axis that consists of
three systems of watersheds and the horizontal axis that consists of three ecological
corridors as shown in Figure 7.3-3.
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Source:Study Team
Figure 7.3-3 Axis of Natural Management
(1) Vertical Axis (Three yellow triangles)
Western systems of watersheds
Central systems of watersheds
Eastern systems of watersheds
(2) Horizontal Axis
Mountain ecological corridor (Red color)
Coastal ecological corridor (Green color)
Marine ecological corridor (Blue color)
7.3.4 Systems of Watersheds
(1) Concept of Watershed
In Quang Ninh Province, as shown in Figure 7.3-4, a watershed is not only for the
cycle of water flow, but an ecosystem along the river as well as a socio-economic
system which gives benefit to the people.
Rich forest in the upstream area ensures clean water resources for people and
agriculture and also for the river and marine ecosystem. The appropriate land use and
river management in the plain area also mitigates flood damage. Mangrove and coastal
forest has various functions including the mitigation of wind-blown sand, tidal surge,
and typhoon (See also Table 7.3-1 for the functions of mangrove more in detail).
From the socio-economic point of view, a watershed can be the unit of production,
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processing, and consumption. For example, by processing wood products harvested
within the watershed, value-added processes in the same watershed will benefit the
residents both in the upper stream and in the urban areas where factories are located.
Comparing with transportation to farther places, processing and consumption in the
same watershed will also contribute effectively in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
The impact on ecosystem may be expected due to climate change. Regular and
continuous monitoring and careful resource management is the key to sustain the
fishing and tourism activities which are very important economic sectors of the
province. The potential risks include water quality degradation brought about by
drought and flood, temperature change, sea level rise, and typhoon.
Especially because Quang Ninh has Halong Bay, the UNESCO World Heritage Site, it
is important to preserve its value by conserving water resources through the
conservation of headwater forest and coastal mangroves. Seafood are essential part of
the tourism attractions in Quang Ninh Province, thus, the improvement and
maintenance of mangrove vegetations is necessary together with the marine resource
management measures.
Considering the importance of the upstream condition for the benefit of the
downstream, namely, the clean water resources, fishery resources, and the tourism
resources, the benefit generated in the downstream should be shared appropriately
with the management of the upstream areas. Application of the PES system and
awareness raising should be considered so that sustainable investment will be made for
the headwater forest protection activities.
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Protection Forest
Water Reservoir
Paddy
Shrimp Pond
Mangrove
Coastal Forest
Residential Area
Production Forest
Habitat/Shelter
Protect People
Protect Land
Water Quality
Fishery Resource
Management
Production
Tourism Resource
Tourism Resource
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-4 Concept of Watershed
Box Concept of Watershed
There are several cycles and systems in a single watershed and the following are examples of
these:
Water Regime: Rain falls in the headwater forest, flows into rivers then finally into the
ocean. During the cycle, water is utilized by human activities for domestic water and
agriculture purposes.
Production: Forest product is processed in the downstream. Fisheries and agriculture
resources will be maintained in the watershed ecosystem and will be harvested sustainably.
Ecosystem: Rich nutrients will be supplied by the rich forest in the upstream and
mangroves to the river and marine ecosystems. Mangroves also provide habitat and shelter.
Protection: Forest and vegetation cover protects land from soil erosion/landslide and
coastal vegetation protects land and people from wind, typhoon, and storm surge.
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(2) Western Systems of Watersheds
The western systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into
Halong Bay, the western part of Bai Tu Long Bay (facing the south of Cam Pha
District) and Bach Dang River. To conserve Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, it is
necessary to consider that the watershed system consisting of headwater forests, plain
Box Watershed Management in Japan~Forest Rehabilitation by Fishermen
The famous social movement in Japan is known as “the sea is longing for the forest, the forest
is longing for the sea”.
Kesennuma Bay, located in the northern Japan, is famous for its rich fishery resources.
Aquaculture of oyster, scallop, and Kombu (a kind of sea grass) is well-known over Japan.
Red tide (harmful algal blooms) frequented in the 1970s and 1980s and devastated the
aquaculture in the bay. A fisherman noticed that the condition of the upstream deciduous
forest was severely degraded, and was replaced with monoculture cedar plantation. He also
noticed that the banks of the major river (Okawa River) flowing into the bay were covered
with concrete for protection and the mad flat in its river mouth disappeared.
To bring back the rich sea environment, a local oyster fisherman started planting deciduous
broad-leaved trees since 1989, and about 30,000 trees have been planted in the upstream of
the Okawa River.
After plantation started, the water quality in the bay improved (including red tide), and the
bay regained its rich fishery production capacity.
Currently, even after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, the people has continued
the plantation in the upstream and re-started the aquaculture activities.
Red Tide, or
harmful algal bloom
(Often in 1970s, 80s)
Planting (1989~)
Oyster production could sustain
Fisherman became one of
the first forest heroes by UN
Source: Yomiuri shimbun (Newspaper)
Source: http://www.mori-umi.org/
Source: http://mizuyama-oyster-farm.com/index.html
Source: Wikipedia
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areas, and coastal vegetation are important for the final flow into these precious bays.
Firstly, the management of headwater protection forests is inevitable in keeping the
water quality and productivity of the marine area of Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay.
The forests in Yen Tu National Forest, Yen Lap Protection Forest, Dong Son–Ky
Thuong Nature Reserve, and the protection forest for Cao Van Water Reservoir are
very important. The Yen Lap Water Reservoir and Dong Ho Water Reservoir are the
sources of water for the western area of Halong City. Whereas, part of Hoanh Bo
District and Cao Van Water Reservoir are important for the eastern area of Halong City
and Cam Pha City area. The catchments of these reservoirs are so important that strict
conservation is required for such areas. Furthermore, forest rehabilitation over the coal
mines in the Cam Pha area is also required so that contamination of soil and soil
erosion will not occur in such area.
Though the coal reserve is reported in these systems of watersheds, considering the
needs for drinking and irrigation water of Halong City and Quang Yen Town,
exploitation should be avoided.
Secondly, coastal management ensures that mangrove forest will nurture marine
resources such as crabs, shells, and fish. The mangrove and coastal forest also protect
the land and people from wind, sand blows, salt, tidal surge, typhoon, and tsunami.
(3) Central Systems of Watersheds
The central systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into Tien
Yen Bay, including Tien Yen, Ba Che, Lang Cong, and Pho Cu rivers. To conserve the
mangrove ecosystem and aquatic resource in Tien Yen bay area, it is necessary to
consider that the watershed system consisting of headwater forests, plain areas, and
coastal vegetation are important for the final flow. In this sense, vegetation in the
northern part of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, the forests in Ba Che, Tien
Yen, and Binh Lieu districts are critically important. Especially water from Ba Che
River will be utilized more in the future considering the increase of water demand in
the province; it is worth starting the conservation of its headwater forest area soon.
In the area of central systems of watersheds, production forest stretches in a large area.
Thus, conservation of headwater protection forest is not only needed but also
sustainable management of production forest area should be promoted, especially by
avoiding the unplanted area and the promotion of low impact forestry practice.
(4) Eastern Systems of Watersheds
The western systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into Tien
Yen estuaries and South China Sea that stretches over Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, Tien Yen,
Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, and Hai Ha districts and Mong Cai City. In the river mouth,
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though under the pressure of development, the mangrove and mad flat areas stretch,
where rich fishery resources can be produced.
It is noted that most of the rivers are not very long, which means that water resource
conservation against floods and droughts is important in the upstream areas. Trang
Vinh Dam and its catchment area are considered very important for Mong Cai City.
Since there are not as many islands as the western part of the province, coastal
vegetation or “green wall” will be even more important considering the tidal surge and
typhoon which may be triggered by climate change, and also the potential tsunami
damage.
7.3.5 Ecological Corridors
(1) Mountain Ecological Corridor
The mountain ecological corridor includes special-use forests, headwater protection
forests, and production forests distributed in the northern part of the province. The
corridor stretches along the ridge line. Moreover, the corridor protects the mountain
ecosystem and biodiversity, ensuring water resources for the people in the
downstream.
For climate change, the corridor serves as the areas to keep water resources, mitigating
both the impacts of drought and flood.
The major areas included in the said corridor are: Yen Tu Proposed National Park, Yen
Lap Watershed Protection Forest, Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, and the
proposed nature reserves in Binh Lieu–Dam Ha–Hai Ha as shown in Figure 7.3-5.
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-5 Mountain Ecological Corridor
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The mountain ecological corridor also has high potential for ecotourism activities,
especially in Yen Tu Proposed National Park area with the combination of historical
and cultural heritages. Though it is already a popular destination for Quang Ninh
population, further domestic and international tourism can be developed in Yen Tu.
However, the development should be planned in accordance with the carrying capacity
of natural conditions of the area. Yen Lap Protection Forest also has cultural relic sites
as tourist destination, while Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve and the proposed
nature reserve in the northeastern part of the province are importantly regarded as
large habitat.
The zoning concept should be applied in the management of this corridor. Core zones
can be set considering both the ecological value and function of water resources
conservation. While the core zone should be protected, the buffer zone near the core
zone should be conserved ensuring the current utilization by local residents. To
improve the function of the corridor, the production forest distributed in the corridor
should be managed through the promotion of low impact forestry system and the
improvement of operation to multistorey forest with native species.
(2) Coastal Ecological Corridor
The coastal ecological corridor promotes sustainable land use by harmonizing the
environment and development. The coastal ecological corridor includes coastal
mangrove areas and forest areas distributed along the coastal areas all over the
province. The corridor works as the connecting area of the terrestrial and marine areas
of the province, ensuring the rich marine ecosystem in the mangrove and tidal flat
areas. These areas are also important for migratory birds which are conserved globally.
From an economic point of view, this corridor requires investments for industrial
development. And from the point of view of livelihood and security of human being,
the corridors have high potential for fishery production. Furthermore, the corridor
contributes to land erosion prevention, wind prevention, farmland conservation from
salt, tidal mitigation, and tsunami mitigation. It will be even more important in case of
climate change in the low ground area such as Ha Nam Area in Quang Yen Town. It
also contributes to water quality improvement, conserving the precious bays of Halong
and Bai Tu Long for their ecosystem and tourism values. The functions of mangrove
system are summarized in Table 7.3-1.
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Table 7.3-1 Summary of Direct Use and Non-use Benefits from Mangroves System
Direct Value Indirect Value - On-site fisheries (crabs, fish, and shellfish) - Supporting off-site fisheries - Areas for hatchlings - Source of timber, poles, and firewood - Local use, medicinal plants, and honey - Tourism - Erosion control - Reduced threats from waves, storms, storm surges, and tsunami
- Biodiversity - Carbon sequestration - Water quality control (mangrove systems play an important role in sequestering inorganic and other potential pollutants from coastal rivers)
Source: Implementation Completion and Results Report of Coastal Wetlands Protection and Development Project in
Vietnam, World Bank (2008) with revision by the Project Study Team
This corridor will be more important in protecting the land and people with regard to
its adaptation to climate change.
The major areas included in this corridor are: mangroves and coastal vegetations such
as in Ha Nam Island of Quang Yen Town (proposed Ramsar Site/Important Bird Area),
in the estuary of the Cua Luc River of Hoang Bo District, in the estuary of Tien Yen
District, and in the estuaries along the coasts of Dam Ha District, Hai Ha District, and
Mong Cai City as shown in Figure 7.3-6.
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-6 Coastal Ecological Corridor
While there is high demand on the development of flat coastal areas for economic
development, the mangroves and coastal vegetations are crucial in harmonizing
coastal landscape and seascape. Thus, compensation measures, which are mitigating
measures on the impact on mangroves and coastal vegetations, are required in case the
area in this corridor is used for development purposes.
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Moreover, considering the current land use and the fact that people are utilizing the
natural resources, strict protection in this area will be carefully limited to the core zone.
Promotion of the participatory resource management will be the main ways to
maximize the benefits for the people and nature. Satoyama Initiative is one of the
concepts to achieve the participatory resource management (See Chapter 8 for details).
(3) Marine Ecological Corridor
The marine ecological corridor includes marine protected areas (MPA). These areas
are designated for the marine resource conservation distributed from the northeastern
part of the provincial marine area. The corridor stretches along the coastline of the
province up to Cat Ba National Park of Hai Phong City. This corridor protects the
marine resources and biodiversity, ensuring sustainable fishery activities for the people
of Quang Ninh Province and sustainable tourism for the province.
The impact on ecosystem may be expected due to climate change. Regular and
continuous monitoring and careful resource management is the key to sustain fishing
and tourism activities which are very important economic sectors of the province.
The major areas included in this corridor are: Dao Tran and Dao Co To Proposed
National Park (proposed as MPA), Bai Tu Long Bay National Park (currently a
national park and proposed as MPA), the core zone of Halong Bay, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, and several areas for marine resources conservation.
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-7 Coastal Ecological Corridor
In this corridor, management of fishery resources will be implemented.
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Not only will the marine environment be conserved but also the island ecosystem such
as forest ecosystem in Co To islands and the islands of Bai Tu Long Bay National Park.
The limestone islands in Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are also significantly
special that further research and conservation which contributes to sustainable tourism
activities are expected.
Though the establishments of two MPAs, namely, Tran Island MPA and Co To Island
MPA are listed in Decision 742/QĐ-TTg approving the system of Vietnam’s MPA
toward 2020, it is recommended to connect these two MPAs into one, so that this
coastal ecological corridor can be managed more efficiently with larger refuge for
marine flora and fauna. In the corridor, important areas especially for spawning of
marine fauna, and also areas for corals and sea grasses should be conserved with the
introduction and enforcement of closed sessions for each important species.
7.3.6 Priority Protected Areas to be Established by 2020
In order to conserve the three systems of watersheds and three ecological corridors, the
following priority protected areas are needed to be established to supplement and
improve the protected area systems of Quang Ninh Province:
Table 7.3-2 Priority Protected Areas to be Established
Priority Protected Areas to be Established
District Proposed Status Current Land Use Potential Area(ha)
(1) Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don National Park cum MPA ASEAN Heritage Park
Special-use forest Change status
(2) Yen Tu National Park Dong Trieu Uong Bi
National Park National Forest TBD
(3) Binh Lieu–Hai Ha Nature Reserve Binh Lieu Hai ha
Nature Reserve Protection Forest 9,287.9
(4) Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve Quang Yen Wetland Reserve Ramsar Site
Protection Forest 7,646.9
(5) Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve Tien Yen Wetland Reserve Ramsar Site
Protection Forest 16,820.9
(6) Mong Cai Wetland Mong Cai Wetland Reserve Protection Forest 13,759.6 (7) Dao Tran and Dao Co To MPA Co To
Mong Cai Marine Protected Area
Protection Forest TBD
Source: Study Team
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Quang Yen
Ramsar Reserve
Dao Tran and
Dao Co To MPA
Tien Yen
Ramsar
Reserve
Yen Tu
National Park
Binh Lieu-Hai Ha
Nature Reserve
Mong Cai
Ramsar
Reserve
Source: Study Team
Figure 7.3-8 Location of Priority Protected Areas to be Established
7.4 Proposed Projects Toward 2020
Table 4.4-1 Shows the list of proposed projects. The proposed projects comprise of
introduction of the corridor concept, improvement of protected areas management,
improvement of forest environment with enhancing of its function as water supply
source, and rehabilitation of coal mining areas
Table 7.4-1 Proposed Projects Toward 2020
Project Target Area Responsible Body Budget Schedule Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement in Quang Ninh Province
Coastal Districts/Towns
DONRE: Land use planning (LUP), Wetland Reserve, Ramsar DARD: Management
USD 11.0 million
2014-2022
Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park and registration for being an ASEAN Heritage Park
Van Don DONRE: LUP BTL MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance
USD 3.6 million
2014-2020
Project for Establishment and upgrading of Yen Tu National Forest to Yen Tu National Park
Uong Bi DONRE: LUP Yen Tu MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance
USD 6.0 million
2014-2019
Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Hoanh Bo DONRE: LUP DS-KT MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance
USD 5.6 million
2016-2021
Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area
Binh Lieu and Hai Ha
DONRE: LUP DARD: Inventory and management
USD 2.1 million
2013-2020
Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest (Yen Lap and Trang Vinh)
Hoanh Bo and Mong Cai
DONRE: LUP DARD: Inventory and management
USD 3.3 million
2014-2020
Project for Afforestation in Communes along Vietnam - China- Border Line
Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, and Mong Cai City
DONRE, DARD USD 4.5 million
2016-2022
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Project Target Area Responsible Body Budget Schedule Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest-Fire Control, Biodiversity Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector
Province DONRE, DARD, Department of Education and Training
USD 1.8 million
2016–2020
Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry
Province DARD, DOST USD 1.4 million
2016-2020
Study on Plantation Technology Province DARD, DOST USD 1.7 million
2017-2022
Project for Sustainable Forest Management
Province DARD, DOST USD 5.5 million
2017-2025
Project for Ecotourism Development
Province DARD, DCST USD 2.4 million
2014-2020
Project on Environmental Rehabilitation and Restoration of Coal mines
DARD, DOST USD 11.5 million
2015-2030
Examination for Minimizing of Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay
Hoanh Bo, Ha Long, and Quang Yen
DONRE, DARD USD 1.5 million
2018-2021
Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, and encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest
Province DONRE, Land use planning (LUP) DARD
4.8 2016-2020
Developing of Green Belt in Halong and Cam Pha Cities
Halong and Cam Pha City
DOC, DONRE USD 12.0 million
2014-2018
Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental Friendly around Closed Coal Mines
Halong and Cam Pha City
PPC, VINACOMIN USD 2.6 million
2015 - 2020
Source: Study Team
7.4.1 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement (mangrove and coastal forest
plantation)
In order to connect the mountain and sea as the systems of watersheds, rehabilitation
of mangrove and coastal forest in the province is essential. It should be done together
with the establishment of a sustainable management model for coastal natural
resources by community participation including schools for environmental education.
The target areas should cover all the coastal cities and districts, namely, Quang Yen
Town, Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, Cam Pha City, Van Don District, Tien Yen
District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha District, Mong Cai City, and Co To District.
As one of the project’s features, Tien Yen and Quang Yen towns will be selected as
community-based sustainable models through Satoyama Initiative. These areas will be
proposed to be designated as Ramsar sites.
Table 7.4-2 below shows the summary of the Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor
Improvement.
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Table 7.4-2 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement
Target Area Coastal cities and districts: Quang Yen Town, Halong City, Hoanh Bo District,
Cam Pha City, Van Don District, Tien Yen District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha
District, Mong Cai City, and Co To District
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP, Wetland Reserve, Ramsar
DARD: Management
Budget USD 11.0 million
Schedule 2013-2022
Goal To rehabilitate the mangrove and coastal forest in the province and establish a
sustainable management model.
Output 1. Around 3,000 ha of mangrove and coastal forests are newly established, and
around 20,000 ha of existing forests are regenerated or sustainably managed.
2. Model for community-based coastal management is established.
3. Technologies on mangrove-friendly aquaculture in the province.
4. Plantation and rehabilitation technologies for mangrove and coastal plantation
is established and compiled as a manual.
5. In Tien Yen District and Quang Yen Town, the model of community-based
mangrove management system through Satoyama Initiative is established and
the area will be designated as Ramsar Site.
6. Peoples’ awareness on the importance of the mangrove and coastal
vegetations is enhanced.
Activities 1. Preparation of the inventory of coastal vegetation.
2. Preparation of the coastal management plan with community participation and
environmental education in schools.
3. Technical development of mangrove-friendly aquaculture.
4. Technical development of seedling production and plantation, including
setting up of a seed orchard.
5. Establishment of Ramsar Reserve in Quang Yen, Tien Yen, and Mong Cai.
6. Public awareness activities.
Source: Study Team
7.4.2 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park and ASEAN Heritage Park
The Bai Tu Long Bay area is currently managed as a national park and the bay is as
important and precious as the UNESCO World Heritage, Halong Bay. Considering its
importance not only in the ecosystems of the islands of Ba Mun and Cai Lim, but also
its marine ecosystem, it is proposed to change its status into MPA cum national park to
enhance its capacity to manage its marine area more efficiently. Furthermore, the MPA
cum national park should be registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park for high level
conservation and ecotourism. In order to be registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park,
surveys and procedures should be completed to get an agreement with the ASEAN
Senior Officials on the Environment (ASEON) Working Group. The target area covers
the terrestrial and marine areas of Bai Tu Long National Park, with potential expansion
of the area.
It is planned to establish an ex-situ conservation facility and rescue center for better
conservation of biodiversity in the national park.
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Table 7.4-3 below shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-3 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park (change from national
park to MPA, management planning, forest rehabilitation, development of
ecotourism, and biodiversity conservation)
Target Area Bai Tu Long National Park
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
Management Board of Bai Tu Long National Park: Management
Sub-department of Fisheries: Marine conservation plan
Budget USD 3.6 million
Schedule 2013-2020
Goal To strengthen the management capacity of Bai Tu Long National Park.
Output 1. The national park is changed to MPA category.
2. The national park is registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park.
3. Management planning is updated.
4. Management capacity is improved.
5. Forest is rehabilitated.
6. Ecotourism activities are developed.
7. Biodiversity is conserved.
Activities 1. Prepare the plan of MPA.
2. Preparation of a management plan for the MPA cum national park and
ASEAN Heritage Park.
3. Improvement of infrastructure and human resources on management.
4. Ecotourism plan is prepared.
5. Improvement of facilities for ecotourism.
6. Construction of ex-situ conservation facility and rescue center.
7. Study and research on biodiversity and ecosystem.
Source: Study Team
7.4.3 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest
In order to conserve the watershed of Dong Trieu District and Uong Bi City,
connecting the mountain and sea, as the western systems of the watersheds and the
rehabilitation of headwater forest in the province, are essential. This area is rich in coal
resources as well, and rehabilitation work is required especially in the buffer area of
Yen Tu National Park.
The target area to be managed is the proposed expansion area of Yen Tu National Park.
Since records showed that the change in forest cover in Dong Trieu District and Uong
Bi City areas are worse compared with other parts of the province, the expansion of
the national forest to a national park together with the buffer zone management is
important. The forest and ecosystem condition in this area is connected with the
ecosystem of the Bach Dang River, Cat Ba, and Halong Bay area of great importance.
Currently, the Yen Tu National Forest is one of the most popular tourism destinations
in the province, with features of historical, religious, and natural importance. It is one
of the 34 special national monuments in Vietnam. It has further potential as an
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attraction to people for its mountain ecosystem and landscape with cultural, historical,
and religious value. For the sustainable use of this tourism resource, a concept of
ecotourism and cultural tourism should be well-developed considering its carrying
capacity.
Table 7.4-4 below shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-4 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest
Target Area Uong Bi City and Don Trieu District
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
DCST: Co-management
DARD: Co-management
Budget USD 6.0 million
Schedule 2014-2019
Goal To upgrade Yen Tu National Forest to Yen Tu National Park and its sustainable
management.
Output 1. Yen Tu National Forest is upgraded to Yen Tu National Park.
2. The management plan of Yen Tu National Park is prepared with the buffer
zone management plan.
3. Herbal garden is established for ex-situ conservation and ecotourism.
4. Ecotourism and cultural tourism development considering carrying capacity
of the area.
5. Rehabilitation of forest including the conversion of mono-culture forest into
multistorey forest with native species.
5. Conservation and regeneration of precious old trees like Xich Tung.
Activities 1. Upgrade to a national park.
2. Management planning including the buffer zone management.
3. Establishment of a herbal garden.
4. Forest rehabilitation.
5. Improvement of a monoculture forest with native species.
6. Preparation of an ecotourism plan in accordance with the carrying capacity of
the area.
7. Development of an ecotourism facility and human resources.
8. Biodiversity conservation.
Source: Study Team
7.4.4 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
The Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve is located in the center of the province, and
the biggest protected area in the province. Considering its important function as water
reservoir for Halong City and Hoanh Bo District, the management of this nature
reserve and its surrounding buffer zone is the key for the water supply in Quang Ninh
Province. Thus, it is recommended to consider the integration of Cao Van Protection
Forest with Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve for better integrated management
of the watershed and ecosystem. By merging Cao Van Protection Forest Area and the
current nature reserve area, new area of Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve will be
approximately 21,000 hectare.
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It is necessary to include buffer zone management since the surrounding area is
degraded due to slash-and-burn cultivation. Considering its importance as the water
source for the Halong City area, it has the potential to involve schools for
co-management and environmental education.
The existence of this nature reserve is also important in terms of connecting the
mountain ecological corridor from the northeast to the west of the province.
Table 7.4-5 below shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-5 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Target Area Hoanh Bo District
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
DARD: Management
Budget USD 5.6 million
Schedule 2013-2020
Goal To improve the management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve.
Output 1. Management plan is prepared.
2. Boundary is set.
3. Infrastructure for the management of the nature reserve is improved.
4. IT system to monitor the forest resource is launched.
5.Capacity to manage the nature reserve is improved
6. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation is conducted.
Activities 1. Management planning.
2. Forest rehabilitation.
3. Forest improvement of monoculture forest with native species.
4. Development of ecotourism.
5. Biodiversity conservation.
Source: Study Team
7.4.5 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area
In the northeastern part of the province there is a large portion of natural forest which
is designated as a headwater protection forest. Considering its importance as the
natural forest and as water source, it should be well protected.
This proposed new nature reserve will be important for both the eastern systems of
watersheds and the mountain ecological corridor of the province.
It is necessary to conduct a detailed inventory before changing the land use from
protection forest to special-use forest so that the current natural resources used by the
local people will not be prohibited. If there are forest-dependent people living in the
area, it is necessary to consider the introduction of participatory natural resource
management systems. Moreover, it has potential to involve schools for
co-management and environmental education.
Table 7.4-6 shows a summary of the project
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Table 7.4-6 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area
Target Area Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, and Dam Ha districts
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
DARD: Management
Budget USD 2.1 million
Schedule 2013-2020
Goal To conserve the natural forest cum headwater protection forest area as a new
nature reserve area.
Output 1. Boundary of the new nature reserve area is demarcated considering the natural
forest area and protection forest area paying attention to the use of local people.
2. The forest area and socio-economic situation are surveyed, putting emphasis
on the local resource use.
3. Management plan is prepared.
4. Buffer zone is set for the needs of the local people.
5. Model for community based forest management is established.
6. Biodiversity conservation plan is prepared based on the biodiversity survey.
7. Potential of ecotourism activities are studied.
Activities 1. Baseline survey (forest inventory, socio-economic survey, and biodiversity
survey)
2. Preparation of management plan based on conservation needs analysis.
3. Preparation of buffer zone management plan and community-based natural
resource plan.
4. Boundary demarcation.
5. Forest fire protection work.
6. Forest rehabilitation.
7. Ecotourism study.
8. Land use change from protection forest to special-use forest.
9. Designation of a new nature reserve.
Source: Study Team
7.4.6 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest
The rivers are rather short in the province due to its topography, thus, water resources
should be well conserved to utilize it efficiently. For Halong, Cam Pha, and Mong Cai
cities, headwater protection forest are designated for the water reservoir dams.
The headwater protection forests are important for the supply of clean water for the
population in these cities; therefore, conservation should be given highest priority for
the management of these areas. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of the degraded areas
and conservation from development should be prioritized.
Table 7.4-7 shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-7 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest
Target Area Hoanh Bo (Yen Lap) and Mong Cai (Trang Vinh)
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
DARD: Management
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Item Detail
Project Name Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest
Budget USD 3.3 million
Schedule 2014-2020
Goal To conserve two headwater protection forest areas for water supply.
Output 1. Boundary of protection forest area is demarcated paying attention to the use of
local people.
2. The forest area and socio-economic situation is surveyed, putting emphasis on
the local resource use.
3. Management plan is prepared.
4. Buffer zone is set for the needs of the local people.
5. Model for community-based forest management is established in the buffer
zones.
6. The degraded forest area within the boundary is planted so that soil erosion is
stopped.
Activities 1. Baseline survey (forest inventory, socio-economic survey, and biodiversity
survey)
2. Preparation of management plan.
3. Preparation of buffer zone management plan and community-based natural
resource plan.
4. Boundary demarcation.
5. Forest fire protection work.
6. Forest rehabilitation.
7. Soil erosion control works.
Source: Study Team
7.4.7 The Project for Afforestation in Communes along the China-Vietnam Border
There are hilly areas including ridge lines in the areas bordering China and other
provinces where conservation needs are high in terms of water resource management,
erosion control, and biodiversity conservation. At the same time, the area bordering
China requires proper management considering the security system of the country.
Thus a project is necessary to manage, conserve, and improve the forest area along the
border of China. This forest improvement along the border will contribute greatly to
the mountain ecological corridor of the province.
Considering the importance of these border line areas as part of the mountain
ecological corridor, this project may cover the area bordering other provinces (Lang
Son and Bac Giang) and the corridor area as well, although the national border area
has higher priority. It is shown in Figure 7.3-1-Image of Ecological Corridor. These
corridor areas connecting core areas are shown in the environmental zoning map as the
active management zone (such as the one connecting the bordering area with Bac
Giang Province and Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve).
Table 7.4-8 shows a summary of the project.
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Table 7.4-8 Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border
Target Area 12,269.0 ha in 37 bordering villages of 11 communes under the districts of Binh
Lieu, Hai Ha, and Mong Cai City
Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP
DARD: Management
Budget USD 4.5 million
Schedule 2013-2022
Goal To manage appropriately the forest area in the areas bordering China and other
provinces.
Output 1. Boundary of protection forest area is demarcated paying attention to the use of
local people.
2. The forest area and socio-economic situation is surveyed, putting emphasis on
the local resource use.
3. Management plan is prepared.
4. Buffer zone is set for the needs of the local people.
5. Model for community based forest management is established in the buffer
zones.
6. The degraded forest area within the boundary is planted.
7. Soil erosion is controlled.
8. Income from NTFP is increased.
Activities 1. Baseline survey (forest inventory, socio-economic survey, and biodiversity
survey).
2. Preparation of management plan.
3. Preparation of buffer zone management plan and community-based natural
resource plan.
4. Boundary demarcation.
5. Forest fire protection work.
6. Forest rehabilitation.
7. Soil erosion control works.
8. Development of NTFP production.
Source: Study Team
7.4.8 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control, Biodiversity
Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector
To conserve and utilize a large area of forest in the province, the management and
conservation capacity is important to maximize the benefits of forest to the people and
the ecosystem. Public awareness activities and environmental education are important
in order to promote watershed concept together with PES. It will also promote
participatory management and co-management of forest by various bodies.
Table 7.4-9 shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-9 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control,
Biodiversity Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control,
Biodiversity Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector
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Target Area All provinces
Responsible Bodies DONRE/DARD/Department of Education and Training
Budget USD 1.8 million
Schedule 2016–2020
Goal To enhance the capacity of concerned management staff at all levels as well as
related economic parties on forest protection, forest fire prevention, and law
enforcement in the forestry sector.
Output 1. Public awareness on the forest protection is enhanced.
2. Capacity of the staff at all levels including various stakeholders in forest
management (forest protection, fire prevention, and law enforcement) is
improved.
Activities 1. Enhance public awareness activities, such as through mass media, increase
publicity through posters, textbooks, and pamphlets on the necessity and
importance of forest management.
2. Organize training courses to provide technical guidance on forest protection
and forest fire control such as trainings, seminars, study tours, and exchange
visits for forestry-related staff and local people.
Source: Study Team
7.4.9 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry
To achieve sustainable forest management, improvement of forestry production is
necessary as an incentive. Considering the large area of production forest in the
province, forestry-related industries need to be developed. From the viewpoint of
watershed management, the production from the forests of Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, and
Tien Yen District areas should be considered to be processed in the downstream areas
so that the benefits of the forest can be better shared within the area.
Table 7.4-10 shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-10 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry
Target Area Province
Responsible Bodies DARD, DOST: Technical development
DPI: Investment promotion
Budget USD 1.4 million
Schedule 2016-2021
Goal To improve the forest industry in the province and to increase forestry
production amount
Output 1. Forestry production development plan is prepared.
2. Branding of products (such as oil/resin of pine trees in Dong Trieu).
3. NTFP production and processing plan is prepared.
4. Investment promotion on pulp factory and other factories in accordance with
the plan.
Activities 1. Forestry production development planning.
2. Branding of products (such as oil/resin of pine trees in Dong Trieu).
3. NTFP production and processing plan.
4. Investment promotion on pulp factory and other factories in accordance with
the plan.
Source: Study Team
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7.4.10 Study on Plantation Technology
In the province, the following plantation technologies are highly required for further
development:
Multispecies and multistorey plantation;
High-value species plantation;
Plantation of headwater forest;
Forest improvement practice to change monoculture plantation into multispecies
and multistorey plantation;
Mangrove rehabilitation and plantation; and
Maintenance of matured coastal plantation (Casuarinas) by regeneration and
plantation practice.
Table 7.4-11 shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-11 Study on Plantation Technology
Item Detail Project Name Study on Plantation Technology Target Area Province Responsible Bodies DARD: Study, seed orchard
DOST: Study Budget USD 1.7 million Schedule 2017-2022 Goal To develop forestry technologies to achieve sustainable forest management. Output 1. Technologies to change the monoculture plantation into multispecies and
multistorey plantation are studied. 2. High value species to be planted in the province is studied. 3. Headwater plantation technology considering soil conservation is developed. 4. Mangrove rehabilitation and plantation models are studied in each vegetation
type. 5. Maintenance and plantation technologies of coastal forest are studied in sandy
coastal area. Activities 1. A total of 300 ha of experimental forest is established to change the
monoculture plantation into multispecies and multistorey plantation. 2. Targets of high value species to be planted in the province are selected
considering the market condition and technology development of plantation and processing is conducted.
3. A total of 300 ha of experimental forest is established to study headwater plantation technology considering soil conservation.
4. A total of 300 ha of experimental mangrove forest in Halong, Tien Yen, and Mong Cai areas are established and models of rehabilitation and plantation are studied.
5. Maintenance and plantation technologies of coastal forest are studied in sandy coastal area in accordance with necessity.
Source: Study Team
7.4.11 Project for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
Considering the large area designated as production forest and high demands for pit
prop and chip, it is necessary to improve further the forestry production in a
sustainable manner. To reduce the environmental impact by forestry activities, the
concentrated production forest area should be designated where the impact is less (e.g.,
the area with steep hills can be left for protection purposes). In addition, low impact
logging with dense forest road development can make forestry activity more
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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sustainable. It is also important to consider the safety of forest workers and fire
protection for SFM practice.
Table 7.4-12 shows a summary of the project.
Table 7.4-12 Project for Sustainable Forest Management
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Improvement of Sustainable Forest Management
Target Area Province
Responsible Bodies DONRE:
DARD: Management
DARD, DOST: Technical development
DOET: Environmental Education
DPI: Investment promotion
Budget USD 5.5 million
Schedule 2018-2025
Goal To practice sustainable forest management in the province and to acquire forest
certification on SFM for the 30% of production forest.
Output 1. Forest certification system is introduced commonly in the province.
2. Concentrated production forest is established.
3. Density of forest road is improved.
4. Low impact logging is conducted.
5. Safety management of forestry workers.
6. Fire protection.
7. Environmental education of schools (school forest can be set).
Activities 1. Forest certification system is introduced commonly in the province.
2. Forest road survey and development.
3. Introduction of low impact logging technology.
4. Training and education of safety management of forestry workers.
5. Fire protection.
6. Involving schools for forest management (establishment of school forest).
Source: Study Team
7.4.12 Project for Ecotourism Development
This activity is closely related to the Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor
Improvement, and detailed plans are discussed in Chapter 8 on biodiversity
conservation.
With regard to ecotourism activities related to forestry sector, potential activities can
be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Value of natural condition;
2. Cultural practice of natural resource management;
3. Tourist can “experience” something related to tourism resources; and
4. Access is easy from the Halong Bay area.
The development of potential ecotourism areas is shown in Table 7.4-13, Potential
Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province.
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Table 7.4-13 Project for Ecotourism Development
Item Detail
Project Name Project for Ecotourism Development
Target Area Province
Responsible Bodies DCST: Overall management
DARD, DONRE, HBMD and DPCs: Coordination and implementation in
accordance with the location
Budget USD 2.4 million
Schedule 2014-2020
Goal Ecotourism potential is studied and ecotourism activities in Quang Ninh
Province are diversified.
Output 1. Potential ecotourism activities and sites are identified.
2. Ecotourism activities are initiated for the models of community-based natural
resource management.
3. Ecotourism activity development in special-use forest in Halong City.
4. Experiences in each area are shared.
5. Ecotourism guides are trained.
6. “Industrial tourism” can be started as trial for the mines including the restored
area.
Activities 1. Potential ecotourism activities and sites are identified.
2. Ecotourism activities are initiated in the models of community-based natural
resource management (to be selected at least in Yen Tu National Forest, Dong
Son–Ky Thuong, Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve, Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve, Bai
Tu Long National Park, and Co To MPA).
3. Planning of ecotourism activities in the special-use forest in Halong City.
4. Facility development (walking trail) in the special-use forest in Halong City.
5. Facility for tourism on mining activities is developed.
Source: Study Team
7.4.13 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines
Coal mines are located in environmentally important and populated areas such as Cam
Pha and Halong (close to the Halong Bay area), Uong Bi (close to the Yen Tu National
Forest area), and Dong Trieu (close to residential area). Thus, rehabilitation (greening)
of the closed mines and dumping sites, improvement of landscape, and mitigation of
coal dust from mining areas through development of green belt (multi-storey forests
are appropriate) are highly required. If properly prepared, coal mining areas and
rehabilitated areas can be the industrial and cultural tourism resources which can be
used for environmental education.
Table 7.4-14 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines
Item Detail
Project Name Project on Environmental Rehabilitation and Restoration of Coal mines
Target Area Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Halong, Cam Pha
Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN: Planning and implementation
DARD: Technical support
DONRE: Monitoring
Budget USD 11.5 million
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Item Detail
Schedule 2015-(Suoi Lai)
2017-(Nui Beo)
2027-(Ha Tu)
Goal To appropriately mitigate pollution from coal mining areas and dumping sites
and to rehabilitate degraded landscape.
Output 1. Plantation technology is developed.
2. Closed open-pit mining areas are rehabilitated.
3. Green belt is established.
4. Public information activity regarding rehabilitation technology is conducted
and practiced in Quang Ninh.
Activities 1. Technical development of the plantation on (i) fast growing species, (2) native
species, (iii) biodiesel plant species, (iv) slope plantation, and (v) green belt.
2. Rehabilitation of open mines (by 2020, complete restoration of disposal sites,
open pit mines, sites that are closed from 2015)
3. Plantation of green belt between the residential areas and mining areas (both
closed and operating mining areas).
4. Public information activities including technical and academic exchange with
other provinces and countries.
Source: Study Team
7.4.14 Status Assessment and recommendation of measures for Minimizing of
Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay
Environment of Cua Lac Bay and Halong Bay have been affected by sedimentation in
recent years, of which speed has increased. The sedimentation causes unsuitable
coastal condition, such as "being the swamps" by sediment with red mud layers
exposed at foot of the cliffs. Some of access channels to the port areas have been
shallowed up pretty quickly, and have to be frequently dredged.
In addition to impacts from coal mining, tourism, aquaculture activities in the Bay and
the general operations on the shoreline are contributing to the significant increase in
the amount of sediment as well as hazardous substances to the bottom environment
of Halong Bay. There must be positive solutions to reduce the harmful effects of
sedimentation and sediment pollution, contributing to create a clean and healthy
environment for Cua Lac Bay and Halong Bay to protect the biodiversity and the
precious value.
Table 7.4-15 Status assessment and recommendation of measures for minimizing of
Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay
Item Detail
Project Name Status assessment and recommendation of measures for Minimizing of
Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay
Target Area Hoanh Bo District, Halong City
Responsible Bodies DONRE, HBMD, VINACOMIN
Budget 0.7 million USD
Schedule 2014-2015
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Item Detail
Goal To study and mitigate the condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in
Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.
Output 1. Assessment result of amount of sediment, sedimentary environment, the
marine motive fossil factors associated with sediment dispersal in Halong
Bay;
2. Evaluation result of the status, speed, trends of sedimentation and
environmental pollution of the bay seabed
3. Solutions to minimize sedimentation and sediment pollution Activities 1. Identification of the current status of the sediment pollution and siltation in
Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.
2. Mapping the degree of sediment pollution and siltation in Cua Luc, Halong
Bay, and their shorelines.
3. Planning of mitigation and control of activities causing sediment pollution and
siltation in Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.
Source: Study Team
7.4.15 Developing of Green Belt for Reducing Erosion Impact from Coal Mining Area in
Halong City and Cam Pha City
Coal mining activities in Halong City and Cam Pha City have strong impacts on
environment of surrounding residential areas, and Halong Bay. Cam Pha City has
identified environmental protection roadmap for the period 2015-2020. Accordingly,
Cam Pha will cease dumping waste in the South side of the City, the whole areas are to
be restored, assigned to organizations for planting protective trees for creating green
trees belt, forming dust shield for the city. For Halong city, in order to reduce sources
of sedimentation materials to Halong Bay, it is recommended to improve the
residential environment, especially to create environmentally friendly landscapes in
accordance with the Halong Bay Natural World Heritage Site. Therefore, it is
necessary to make planning for the green tree belt systems as a buffer zone to isolate
the coal mining areas from the residential areas.
Table 7.4-16 Developing of Green Belt in Halong City and Cam Pha City
Item Detail
Project Name Developing of Green Belt in Halong City and Cam Pha City
Target Area Halong City, Cam Pha City
Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE, Vinacomin
Budget 12.0 million USD
Schedule 2014-2018
Goal To study and mitigate the condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in
Cua Luc Bay, , Halong Bay, and their shorelines.
Output 1. Detailed plan of development of the green space for Ha Long City and Cam
Pha City
2. Development of green space in the two cities; designing the forms of the
trees of being natural or trimmed, bent in certain shapes to be fit with
landscape and environmental functions of the area
Activities 1. Investigation and assessment of the landscapes and environment status
2. Preparation of detailed planning of the green space for Ha Long City and
Cam Pha City
3. Investment in design and implementation of construction of green space in
the two cities
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Source: Study Team
7.4.16 Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental friendly around
Closed Coal Mines as Buffer Zone
Coal mining activities cause significant impacts on environment, causing many types
of serious natural disasters. Soil quality in the coal mining areas is increasingly
depleted, the amount of nutrient is getting poorer, the soil becomes dry and
friable. The coal mining operations change dramatically the topography surface, create
deep pits, high coal waste dumps sites; causing loss of vegetation carpets on the
surface. The volume of soil and rock layers taken off from open pit coal mines
exploitation is very large, by disposal will form the terrain hazards of landslides, flood
flashs washed away together with sand and mud, causing filling of surface flows,
sedimentation of the Bays. Together with these impacts is the deterioration of quality
of ecosystems on land and in water, shrinking areas of forests, especially mangroves
downstream.
To minimize the adverse impacts, of coal mining as well as of soil and rock waste to
the environment, need to have appropriate solutions. In addition to designing of the
dumping sites as height restrictions, appropriate layering as well as creating drainage
water channels around, trees planting and greening the dumping sites, controlling
erosion, landslides etc. Need to have the comprehensive solutions towards land use
environmentally friendly.
Table 7.4-17 Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental
friendly around Closed Coal Mines
Item Detail
Project Name Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental
friendly around Closed Coal Mines as Buffer Zone
Target Area Halong City, Cam Pha City
Responsible Bodies PPC, VINACOMIN
Budget 2.6 million USD
Schedule 2015-2017
Goal To build up the land use planning in the direction of environmentally
friendly of the coal mining operations, and test the model of land use
environmentally friendly in the key areas.
Output 1. Land use planning with environmentally friendly in and around the
coal mining areas
2. Model project on environmentally friendly land use
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Item Detail
Activities 1. Investigate, evaluate the overall status (natural conditions, natural
resources, environment, ...) of the coal mines and the impact on the
environment around the mines;
2. Survey, assess the needs, conditions and ability to plant the species of
valuable plants in the coal mining areas after mine closure;
3. Make land use planning environmentally friendly in the coal mining
areas of Quang Ninh;
4. Survey, make detailed assessment of some key areas for testing of
models of environmentally friendly land use;
4. Test the model of environmentally friendly land use (spatial design of
land use, investment to materials, equipment, plant seedlings, ...,
plant and care, assessment, ...);
Source: Study Team
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CHAPTER 8 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
8.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Environmental Management toward
2020
8.1.1 Current Status of Biodiversity
8.1.2 Forecasted Impacts and Issues to be Solved
According to the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to
2020, Vision toward 2030, Quang Ninh has achieved significant economic growth in the
past 10-15 years due to its focus on developing “brown” manufacturing industries with
the coal mining industry as the leading contributor to the province‟s economy. Despite its
impressive growth and contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP), these industrial
activities have resulted to negative impacts on Quang Ninh‟s natural environment. The
rich and diverse biodiversity of Quang Ninh has been degraded through time, and it will
constantly be threatened due to increasing human and economic activities.
Critical actions are needed from the local government of Quang Ninh to address these
environmental problems while also conserving the province‟s natural resources for future
generations.
In addition, based on the Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020, the
forecasted impacts and issues to be solved have been reviewed, and described as follows:
(1) Structure of Management and Biodiversity Conservation across the Government and
Society
One of the strengths of Quang Ninh Province is that many of its staff and leaders have
been trained at various levels about biodiversity conservation. In addition, there are so
many biodiversity conservation tasks stipulated in national and provincial legal
documents. On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses and threats with regard
to biodiversity conservation:
Quang Ninh Province has its biodiversity action plan toward 2020; however, the
conservation activities in this plan have not been started.
The community‟s awareness on and capability for biodiversity conservation are not
enough.
There have been lacking human resources for conservation activities.
Coordination among departments and related organizations is not enough and
effective.
(2) Direct Pressures on Biodiversity and Non-Sustainable Use
Another strength of Quang Ninh Province and Vietnam is that they have the mechanism
to reduce the pressures on biodiversity through environmental impact assessment (EIA)
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and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), as per the law on environmental
protection. On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses and threats with regard to
direct pressures on biodiversity and non-sustainable use:
The integration of biodiversity conservation in the development plan has not been
done yet.
The pressures on biodiversity include high natural and mechanical growths of
population.
Coal mining areas from Dong Trieu to Mong Duong cause environmental pollution.
This problem can lead to serious water pollution, and loss of stream surfaces.
The quality of forests, including protection forests and mangroves, is worsening. The
resources of forest organisms are declining. These are the main causes for the
occurrence of flash floods.
There is exploitation of destructive fishing practices (use of chemicals, electric
shocks, small meshes, and unseasonal fishing).
The use of chemical materials and fertilizers in aquaculture and agriculture is
unsustainable.
Illegal activities, such as exploitation and trade of plant and wildlife across the border,
still occur. In some areas, these activities are serious problems.
The number of tourists visiting Halong Bay is increasing.
There are many socioe-conomic development plans in the Socio-Economic
Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision toward 2030
potential of the destruction of the natural environment.
There are invasive alien species in Quang Ninh Province.
The extreme weather and climate change become more apparent and have significant
effects on biodiversity.
(3) Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic Diversity
Through conservation activities which have been implemented in some areas, such as
Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long National Park, thereby, Quang Ninh Province has
experiences in conservation. In Quang Ninh Province, natural world heritage sites such as
Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long National Park, and Dong Sơn –Ky Thuong have been known to
a lot of people, including scientists and tourists from domestic and overseas locations.
The following are the weaknesses and threats with regard to safeguarding biodiversity in
the entire Quang Ninh Province:
Existing protected areas are not enough for biodiversity conservation in the entire
Quang Ninh Province. Particularly, there are no marine protected areas and wetland
reserves.
There is no ecological networking system for migratory wildlife that connects
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existing protected areas.
There is no facility and organization with the function of ex-situ conservation of
endangered animals and plants.
There are only few projects on restoring or rehabilitating damaged ecosystems such
as coral reefs implemented.
Not yet having projects on repopulating endangered species.
(4) Shortage of Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Quang Ninh Province has strengths for sustainable agriculture and aquaculture that they
can achieve. In addition, the demand for using biodiversity in ecotourism is increasing in
the province.
On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses with regard to creating benefits for
all from biodiversity services:
There are not enough programs, guides (narrators), materials, and facilities for
ecotourism.
There are no specific agriculture and aquaculture methods to maximize ecosystem
services.
The level of poverty in some areas, such as in areas with high biodiversity, remain
high.
(5) Shortage of Implementation through Participatory Planning, Knowledge Management
and Capacity Building
Quang Ninh Province has community-based management for the conservation of
mangroves. However, the following are the weaknesses with regard to implementation
through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building:
There are no systematic surveys, assessment and monitoring system on biodiversity
in Quang Ninh Province.
There is not sufficient database on biodiversity.
The capability of using science and technology in conservation models is still limited.
8.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved toward 2020
8.2.1 Basic Concept
In Decision No. 1216/QD-TTg, dated 5 September 2012, of the Prime Minister on
approving the National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with vision to 2030,
the general objectives, specific targets, orientation and indicators regarding biodiversity
are described. The Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province
to 2020, Vision toward 2030 describes the necessity for biodiversity conservation. Quang
Ninh Province must comply with both the National Environmental Protection Strategy
2020 and the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to
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8-4
2020, Vision toward 2030.
The Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020 contains much information
and plan; therefore, it should be referred to in formulating the environmental master plan.
In addition, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, and its Aichi Biodiversity
Targets, is a new global framework for action by all countries and all stakeholders. It was
adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in October 2010. Vietnam is one of the contracting
parties of the CBD. However, Vietnam has not yet developed a national biodiversity
master plan based on the CBD‟s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi
Biodiversity Targets. If biodiversity loss continues at the current pace, ecosystems will
soon go beyond their tipping points wherein they can never recover for future generations.
Therefore, Quang Ninh Province should basically comply with the CBD‟s Strategic Plan
for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
Based on the CBD‟s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, the biodiversity in Quang
Ninh Province should be valued, conserved, restored and sustainably used, maintaining
ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy province and delivering benefits essential for all
people in Quang Ninh Province.
8.2.2 Target to be Achieved
In setting new targets in the environmental master plan for Quang Ninh Province, the
Biodiversity Action Plan in Quang Ninh Province 2020 should adopt the Aichi
Biodiversity Targets. The targets to be achieved for the biodiversity in Quang Ninh
Province are as follows:
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity decline by mainstreaming biodiversity
across the government and society.
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.
Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic
diversity.
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management,
and capacity building.
In addition, the indicators of the targets to be achieved based on the National
Environmental Protection Strategy are shown in Table 8.2-1.
Table 8.2-1 Indicators of Targets to be Achieved
No. Indicators Relevant Agencies
Target toward 2020
1. Aquatic resources of coastal areas DARD 70% increase compare to total production of 2010
2. Area of natural forests DARD Not lower
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3. Area of mangroves DARD
3,000 ha is planted 10% of protection mangrove forest is rehabilitated
4. Area of sea grass beds DONRE Not lower than in 2010 5. Area of coral reefs DONRE Not lower than in 2010
6. Number of endangered, rare and precious species
DONRE Zero
7. Number of extinct, rare and precious species
DONRE None
8. Number of precious and valuable genes lost
DONRE Not higher than in 2010
9. Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beauty spots
DCST Less deteriorated than in 2010
10 Cases of losing biosafety due to genetically-modified organisms
DOH None
11. Number of invasive alien species and their harmfulness
DONRE Not higher than in 2010
12
Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change
DONRE Up by 60% as compared in 2010
Source: Project Study Team
8.3 Approaches for Biodiversity Conservation
8.3.1 Approaches for Biodiversity
Based on the targets, the approaches for biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province are as
follows:
(1) Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity
across the government and society
By 2020, at the latest, provincial people are aware of the values of biodiversity and
the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.
By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into provincial
development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being
incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are
eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts,
and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are
developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the CBD and other relevant
international obligations, taking into account the province‟s socioeconomic
conditions.
- By 2020, at the latest, the government, businesses, and stakeholders at all levels have
taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and
consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe
ecological limits.
(2) Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
By 2015, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, sea grass beds, and
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8-6
coral reefs, is brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation are
significantly reduced.
By 2020, areas under agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry are managed sustainably,
ensuring conservation of biodiversity.
By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that
are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority
species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to
prevent their introduction and establishment.
By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable
ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to
maintain their integrity and functioning.
(3) Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic
diversity
By 2020, protected areas including expanded and newly established protected areas
are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative
and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.
By 2020, the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their
conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, have been improved and
sustained.
By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated
animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally
valuable species, is maintained, and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and
safeguarding their genetic diversity.
(4) Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks
has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at
least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation
and adaptation and to combating desertification.
By 2020, ecotourism not only in the Halong Bay area but also in the entire Quang
Ninh Province has been enhanced by using indigenous natural resources and
Satoyama landscape sustainably.
(5) Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and
capacity building
By 2015, Quang Ninh Province has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and
has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated local
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biodiversity strategy and action plan.
By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local
communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and
their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national
legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in
the implementation of the CBD with the full and effective participation of indigenous
and local communities, at all relevant levels.
By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its
values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved,
widely shared and transferred, and applied.
By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively
implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources and in
accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource
Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels.
8.4 Proposed Projects toward 2020
8.4.1 Address the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss by Mainstreaming Biodiversity
across the Government and Society
(1) Planning of Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province
In order to promote the specific activities for biodiversity conservation, the Biodiversity
Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020, Vision toward 2030, and the biodiversity
action plans should be planned based on this master plan. The action plan should
recommend detailed plans of other priority projects in Quang Ninh Province, including
the Halong Bay area. The action plan should be revised every five years.
(2) Promotion and Encouragement of Public Education and Awareness
In order to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures
required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness
improvement should be conducted through media (TV, radio, and newspaper) in Quang
Ninh Province.
In addition, in order to increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues,
events, such as the International Day for Biodiversity (IDB) on May 22, should be held
regularly.
(3) Institutional Development and Capacity Building of Relevant Organizations
In order to disseminate the policies, laws, and institutions on biodiversity conservation,
institutional development and capacity building should be conducted in relevant
organizations in Quang Ninh Province.
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8.4.2 Reduce the Direct Pressures on Biodiversity and Promote Sustainable Use
(1) Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species
In order to control the damage on ecosystems, agriculture, and tourism by invasive alien
species, survey of the current status and examination of the controlling methods used
should be conducted in Quang Ninh Province. As island ecosystems are very prone to
invasive alien species, the survey and control of them are very important especially in
Halong Bay, a natural world heritage site, and the Bai Tu Long National Park.
(2) Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, Sea Grass Beds and Seaweed Vegetation
In order to recover the marine ecosystem damaged by illegal fishing, the restoration and
rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation should be developed and
conducted.
8.4.3 Improve the Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic
Diversity
(1) Expansion and Enhancement the protection capacity for the Existing Protected Areas
and Establishment of New Protected Area
In order to reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity, the existing protected areas should
be expanded and enhanced. In addition, new protected areas should be established.
Regarding new protected areas, the establishment of protection areas such as nature
reserves and marine protected areas is very important for the protection of wilderness. In
addition, in order to conserve secondary nature areas such as Satoyama landscapes, the
establishment of conservation areas, such as „Ramsar site‟, is also very important.
(2) Development of Cultivation and Plantation Technologies for Endangered and
Indigenous Plant Species
In order to prevent the extinction of endangered plant species and to restore the natural
vegetation, cultivation and plantation technologies for endangered and indigenous plant
species in Quang Ninh Province should be developed.
(3) Capacity Building of Management Skills for Endangered Species Traffic Control
In order to prevent illegal trafficking of endangered species, capacity building to develop
the management skills of staff of relevant organizations should be conducted.
(4) Establishment of Ex-situ Conservation Center for Plants and Animals
In order to prevent the extinction of endangered species, an ex-situ conservation center
should be established. The ex-situ conservation center should consist of a botanical
garden to safeguard endangered plants, and a rescue center for first aid and rehabilitation
of injured wildlife.
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8.4.4 Enhance the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
(1) Promotion of Ecotourism
In order to promote the beneficial uses of biodiversity, ecotourism should be promoted in
Quang Ninh Province. Various ecotourism programs should be developed according to
each characteristic of biodiversity. The candidate ecotourism sites are the Halong Bay
area, Bai Tu Long National Park, and other conservation areas including proposed
protection areas and Ramsar sites.
In addition, the Halong Bay Ecological museum should be established in order to add
value to Halong Bay‟s tourism. The museum should not only have exhibition facilities but
also a facility for research on the biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province, including Halong
Bay, in cooperation with the proposed ex-situ conservation center (with botanical garden
and wildlife rescue facility). Bai Tu Long National Park has a museum already; however,
its exhibition facilities should be developed more for effective ecotourism and
environmental education.
(2) Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture
In order to promote the beneficial uses of biodiversity, sustainable agriculture and
aquaculture practices, such as the Satoyama Initiative, should be promoted in Quang Ninh
Province.
Agriculture and aquaculture utilizing less chemical materials in their methods are very
beneficial to biodiversity conservation, and are able to produce high value agricultural
and aquaculture products.
(3) Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources
In order to promote the beneficial uses of genetic resources in Quang Ninh Province, a
research center dealing with genetic resources should be established. This center should
have the following functions: researching on the current status of genetic resources;
storage of genetic resources; and developing methods for beneficial uses of genetic
resources in Quang Ninh Province.
8.4.5 Enhance Implementation through Participatory Planning, Knowledge Management, and
Capacity Building
(1) Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring
In order to get basic information for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity,
comprehensive biodiversity survey and monitoring (flora, fauna, genetic diversity, etc.)
should be implemented in Quang Ninh Province.
In addition, a database system should be created that would store and utilize the results of
the survey.
(2) Implementation of Community-based Management of Biodiversity
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In order to conserve and promote sustainable use of biodiversity, local people should
participate in community-based management of natural resources such as mangrove
ecosystems.
(3) Promotion of Environmental Education
In order to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures
required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness should be
conducted through education in schools in Quang Ninh Province.
8.4.6 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020
The schedule, priority, and estimated cost of proposed projects toward 2020 are shown in
Table 8.4-1.
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Table 8.4-1 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020
Project Specific Activities Priority Target Area Responsible Agency
Cooperative Agency
Schedule Cost (USD)
1-1. Planning of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh Province
-Planning of the biodiversity Ⅰ Province DONRE DARD, DST, DPI, HBMD 2013-2014, 2019
200,000
1-2. Project for Promotion and Encouragement of Public Education and Awareness
-Holding events yearly -Broadcasting TV and radio programs -Distribution of leaflets, etc.
Ⅱ Province DONRE DST, HBMD, Department of Education and Training (DOET)
2015-2020 336.000
1-3. Institutional Development and Capacity Building of Relevant Organizations
-Institutional development -Capacity building
Ⅱ Province DONRE Dept. of Home Affairs, DARD, DST
2015-2016 124,000
2-1. Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species
-Survey of invasive alien species -Control of invasive alien species
Ⅱ Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long National Park, Province
DONRE DARD, DST, HBMD 2015-2016 178,000
2-2 Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, Sea Grass Beds and Seaweed Vegetation
-Restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass beds, and seaweed vegetation
Ⅰ Co To Island and other islands
DARD DONRE, DST, HBMD 2014-2015, 248,000
3-1. Expansion and Enhancement of Existing Protected Areas and Establishment of New Protected Area
-Nature reserves are mentioned in Chapter 9 -Establishment of marine protected areas
Ⅰ Bai Tu Long National Park Quang Yen, Tien Yen
DARD DONRE 2013-2020 Described in
Chapter7
3-2. Development of Cultivation and Plantation Technologies for Endangered and Indigenous Plant Species
-Development of cultivation technologies
Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE, DST, HBMD 2015-2016 110,000
3-3. Capacity Buildings of Management Skills for Endangered Species Traffic Control
- Capacity building activities Ⅰ Province DARD Custom Office, Border Guard
2014-2015, 2019
165,000
3-4. Establishment of Ex-situ Conservation Center for Plants and Animals
-Establishment of botanical garden -Establishment of rescue center
Ⅱ Bai Tu Long National Park
DARD DONRE, DST 2015-2016 1,320,000
4-1. Promotion of Ecotourism and Establishment of Ramsar Sites
-Development of ecotourism programs -Training of ecotourism guides -Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative in Ramsar sites
Ⅰ Halong Bay, Quang Yen, Tien Yen Mong Cai
DONRE DARD, DCST, HBMD 2013-2020 750,000
4-2. Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture
-Development of sustainable agriculture and aquaculture
Ⅱ Halong Bay, Quang Yen, Tien Yen Mong Cai
DARD DONRE, DST 2014-2016 156,000
4-3. Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources
-Establishment of research center
Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE, DST 2016-2018 480,000
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Project Specific Activities Priority Target Area Responsible Agency
Cooperative Agency
Schedule Cost (USD)
5-1. Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring
-Survey of flora and fauna -Monitoring of ecosystems -Creation of database system
Ⅱ Province DONRE DARD, DST, HBMD 2015-2020 126,000
5-2. Implementation of Community-based Management of Biodiversity
-Examination of method -Implementation of model project
Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE 2014-2016 75,000
5-3. Promotion of Environmental Education -Development of environmental education programs and materials -Implementation of environmental education
Ⅱ Province DONRE DOET 2014-2020 364,000
Source: Project Study Team
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8.4.7 Priority Proposed Projects toward 2020
(1) Establishment of Ramsar Sites and Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative
1) Necessity of Establishing Ramsar Sites
There are several good wetlands utilized as agriculture or aquaculture areas by local
people in Quang Ninh Province. These wetlands are regarded as secondary nature
and not wilderness. However, these secondary nature landscapes are known and
described as Satoyama landscapes. Satoyama landscapes are important areas
wherein there is coexistence between biodiversity and human activities. Quang
Ninh Province has many potential good practices of the Satoyama Initiative.
However, Satoyama landscapes would be degraded easily by changing the methods
of agriculture and aquaculture (e.g., intensive farming utilizing much chemical
materials), or creation of landfill for other industrial development. Therefore, there
is an urgent need to conserve these Satoyama wetlands. We recommend to
establish of conservation areas with Ramsar sites as the model area of the Satoyama Initiative is strongly recommended. In order to designate a candidate site as a
Ramsar site, it should first be a protected area based on the law. Then, the Quang
Ninh Province People‟s Committee has to write a request letter to the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). The MONRE should make an
assessment of the status of the sites on whether they could meet the criteria to be
identified as a wetland of international importance. Therefore, the Department of
Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) should immediately survey the
identified wetland of international importance in advance.
Satoyama Initiative
The Satoyama Initiative is a comprehensive effort to spread awareness that
protecting biodiversity entails the protection of both wild and human-influenced
natural environments, such as farmland and secondary forest, which have been
maintained sustainably over a long time. The Initiative is also an effort at
thoughtful action towards the conservation and use of such human-influenced
natural environments. To further extend its reach through global cooperation, the
International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative was launched at the COP10 to
the Convention on Biological Diversity held in Nagoya, Aichi, in October 2010.
Human-influenced natural environments or socio-ecological production landscapes
(SEPLS) as they are referred to under the Satoyama Initiative, include a wide range
of landscapes such as villages, farmland, and adjacent woods, grasslands and coasts
that have been formed and maintained through long-term interaction between
humans and nature. Such landscapes are found in the Quang Ninh Province as
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below.
Rice Paddies and Secondary Forest with
Egret Colony in Dam Ha
Aquaculture ponds and
Mangroves in Tien Yen
Aquaculture ponds and
Mangroves in Ha Nam Island
Rice Paddies in Co To
Island
Source: Project Study Team
Figure. Typical Landscapes in the Quangh Ninh Province
Sustainable use of land in accordance with the features of the environment is
common in socio-ecological production landscapes, although land use practices
may range widely from rice cultivation to grazing. Socio-ecological production
landscapes are indispensable for food, water, lives and livelihoods, for nurturing
culture and tradition while helping conserving biodiversity by providing a home for
a multitude of species adapted to or dependent on the environment where human
interventions such as agricultural practice continues.
Satoyama Initiative’s Vision
The Satoyama Initiative‟s vision is to realize societies in harmony with nature,
where communities maintain and develop socio-economic activities, in alignment
with natural processes.
The approach towards its vision is three-fold:
(1) consolidating wisdom on securing diverse ecosystem services and values,
(2) integrating traditional ecological knowledge and modern science to
promote innovations, and
(3) exploring new forms of co-management systems or evolving frameworks
of “commons” while respecting traditional communal land tenure.
The Satoyama Initiative promotes the maintaining and rebuilding of
socio-ecological production landscapes where sustainable use of land and natural
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resources is practiced in accordance with regional characteristics and modern
socio-economy.
Figure. Three Fold Approach and Five Perspectives
Source: IPSI website http://satoyama-initiative.org/
2) Candidate Ramsar Sites
The two candidate Ramsar sites are shown in Figure 8.4-1.
Quang Yen Coastal
Area (including Ha
Nam Island)
Tien Yen
Estuary Area
Mong Cai
Costal Area
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 8.4-1 Candidate Ramsar Sites in Quang Ninh Province
Quang Yen Wetland including Ha Nam Island: There are many shrimp
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aquaculture ponds with mangrove forests in the Quang Yen Town coastal area. Ha
Nam Island is listed by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA)
because it is a wintering site of the Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), which
is classified by the IUCN Red List as endangered (EN), and the Chinese Egret
(Egretta eulophotes), which is classified by the same as vulnerable (VU). The local
people, in order to generate income, utilize these shrimp ponds with mangroves and
mud flats for shrimp aquaculture. The other coastal aquaculture areas in Quan Yen
Town also have the same condition.
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)
Source: Wikipedia, photo by Charles Lam Source: Wikipedia, photo by Drakesketchit
Figure 8.4-2 Endangered Birds in Ha Nam Island
These areas, with their current environmental conditions, should be conserved with
sustainable use. The provisional proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-3.
In order to register the Ramsar sites in Vietnam, they must first be classified as
wetland reserves based on the Law on Environmental Protection, No.
52/2005/QH11. However, the regulations for the core area of the wetland reserve
are too strict to continue the aquaculture. Therefore, the core area should be
minimized, and most of the aquaculture area with mangroves should be within the
buffer zone.
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Industrial Area Plan
Road Plan
Core Area(Mangrove
Dense Area)
Core Area(Mangrove
Dense Area)
Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond)
Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond)
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 8.4-3 Provisional Zone Map of Quang Yen Wetland
Tien Yen Wetland: There are many shrimp aquaculture ponds with mangrove
forests in the Tien Yen estuary area. It has one of the most developed mangrove
forests around Dong Rui Island in Quang Ninh Province. The local people utilize
the shrimp ponds and conserve the mangrove forests using community-based
management methods.
These areas, with their current environmental conditions, should be conserved with
sustainable use. A map of the proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-4. The
core area, including the developed mangrove forest, should be minimized, and most
of the aquaculture area with mangroves should be within the buffer zone.
Core Area(Mangrove
Dense Area)
Dong Rui Island
Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond)
Airport
Plan
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 8.4-4 Provisional Zone Map of Tien Yen Wetland
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Mong Cai Wetland: There are large mangrove forests and mud flats in the Mong
Cai coastal area. These areas should be conserved with sustainable use. A map of
the proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-5. The core area, including the
developed mangrove forest, should be minimized, and most of the mud flat area
should be within the buffer zone.
Core Area(Mangrove
Dense Area)
Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond,
Mud Flat)
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 8.4-5 Provisional Zone Map of Mong Cai Wetland
3) Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative
Sustainable use activities such as the Satoyama Initiative should be promoted. In
particular, aquaculture technology which utilizes less chemical materials should be
developed. In addition, the use of effective aquaculture methods that would create
habitats for wildlife such as water birds is required. Aquaculture products such as
shrimp would have a high value because they are not only ecofriendly but also
healthy. Marketing strategies such as branding should also be considered. If the
local people would get higher income, this conservation area becomes more
sustainable.
4) Promotion of Ecotourism
Generally, Ramsar sites are very popular ecotourism sites to tourists from
developed countries, especially Western people. Wetlands as an ecotourism site
could be an optional part of the “Halong Bay Cruise”, and give additional value to
Halong Bay. The development of visitor centers, ecotourism programs, and training
of local people as ecotourism interpriter should be conducted.
(2) Establishment of Marine Protected Area
1) Necessity of Marine Protected Area as Refuge
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There are coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation surrounding the islands of
Quang Ninh Province. These habitats are very important for regeneration of marine
creatures. However, overfishing and illegal fishing activities, such as electric
fishing and fishing with chemicals, degrade these habitats significantly. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to conserve these islands and coastal ecosystems.
The Co To Islands and the Tran Islands have been separately proposed as marine
protected areas. These island systems are very close to each other and the depths
around the islands are very shallow (less than 30 m). The coral reefs, seaweed, and
sea grass are distributed less than 30 m deep in general. Migratory fishes and
marine mammals migrate between these islands. Therefore, it is better to connect
the Co To Islands and the Tran Islands as one marine protected area, as a “refuge”
of marine animals.
2) Development of Conservation Method
Fisheries management is essential for the conservation of marine ecosystems. The
establishment of no-fishing areas is required considering the current status of
damaged marine ecosystems. However, the establishment of no-fishing areas is
very sensitive to local fisherfolk. Therefore, limitations with regard to the fishing
area, no-fishing period, and allowable fishing gear should be carefully examined in
the marine protected area. The boundaries of the marine protected area and the
no-fishing area should be clearly defined for easy recognition of fisherfolk. One
way is to establish buoys.
In addition, the restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass, and seaweed
vegetation should be conducted for the recovery of marine ecosystems that have
been damaged by illegal fishing.
3) Relief Activities for Local Fisherfolk during No-Fishing Periods
It is very important for local fisherfolk to get alternative income during periods of
no-fishing. This issue should be examined so as to develop sustainable aquaculture
or ecotourism for local fisherfolk.
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CHAPTER 9 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
9.1 Forecast Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management towards
2020
9.1.1 Provincial Action Plan to Address Climate Change
Quang Ninh Province issued the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang
Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020 (Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC)
in 2012. The action plan shows the comprehensive orientation of Quang Ninh
Province to cope with climate change. Based on the review of the provincial
socio-economic development plan and the assessment of climate change scenario and
its impact to the province, the plan proposes mitigation and adaptation strategies. It
also presents 20 prioritized mitigation and adaptation projects, as shown in Table 9.1-1.
One of the proposed projects, entitled Water Resource Management in Quang Ninh
Project, was approved in December 2012. A detailed proposal of another proposed
project, entitled Awareness Raising and Environmental Education to Climate Change,
is being prepared as of June 2013.
Table 9.1-1 Prioritized Projects Proposed in the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province to
Respond to Climate Change
No. Field Sector Project 1 Cross-
sectoral issues
Awareness raising
Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities).
2 Assessment Assessment on the impact of climate change and rise in sea level to people‟s lives and infrastructure in the coastal areas. Research and propose solutions to adapt to climate change.
3 Adaptation Coastal protection
Review and consolidation of sea dykes and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province.
4 Protection and restoration of mangrove forests in Quang Ninh Province.
5 Water resource
Preparation of plans for water resources in Quang Ninh Province including plan for the distribution of water resources, water resource protection, and prevention of harmful effects caused by water.
6 Construction of water reservoir to serve in the economic development
of the country and improving the lives of the people.
7 Water environment Research, construction of forced drainage pumping stations for the Ha
Nam area, Yen Hung District.
8 Agriculture Construction of the gravity-water supply system to serve in agricultural production and domestic water on the Ba Che River.
Research, proposal of scientific basis, and development of methodology to assess its vulnerable condition and responding capacity in the context of climate change impact in the agriculture sector.
10 Fishery Development and implementation of aquaculture model in the adaptation to climate change and rise in sea level for the coastal communities in Quang Ninh Province.
11 Information/ early warning
Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District.
12 Research and construction of automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province.
13 Construction of database on environment resources, flash flood
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No. Field Sector Project
warning, and landslide in the mountainous area in synchronous way
from the provincial level to grassroots level.
14 Waste/ Recycling Construction of solid waste treatment station in Dong Ngu (Tien Yen
District), Duong Hoa (Hai Ha District), Hai Son (Mong Cai City),
Thanh Long Hamlet, and An Sinh Commune (Dong Trieu District).
15 Technology application in the production of baffles/partitions and plywood from straw and agricultural waste.
16 Public health Support improved housing and sanitation conditions (water and sanitary latrines) for subjects at high risk and most likely to be severely affected by climate change, poverty, households with orphans, and disabled.
17 Construction plans for disease prevention under the impact of climate change for health workers at the grassroots level.
18 Mitigation Forest management
Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest, especially in the hilly-mountainous areas of Hoanh Bo District, northeast region of Mong Duong and the stream-river basin of Ba Che, Binh Lieu, and Hai Ha.
19 Energy efficiency
Implementation of regulations on energy saving and efficient use in industrial production, in management of construction work as well as in daily life, campaigning for energy saving and clean energy use in each household.
20 Renewable energy
Research, designing, and application of wind power in small scale.
Source: Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020 (Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC)
9.1.2 Organizational Structure to Climate Change
(1) Quang Ninh DONRE
The Quang Ninh DONRE is a specialized agency of the PPC. It advises and assists the
PPC in the management of resources and environment. The Sub-department of Water
Resources and Hydrometeorology is the section responsible for the climate change
issues in Quang Ninh Province. It is the sub-department that having advisory functions
to the Leaders of Quang Ninh DONRE on solutions/Action Plan to Respond to Climate
Change in Quang Ninh Province in 2012.
(2) Provincial Steering Committee to Respond to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Based on Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC, the Provincial Steering Committee to
Respond to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise is established. Its chairperson is the
vice chairman of PCC, and the standing vice chairman is a representative of DONRE.
It has the following duties:
1. Implements the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province and the National Target
Program to Respond to Climate Change;
2. Directs, operates, and implements the activities to respond to climate change and
rise in sea level in its jurisdiction;
3. Directs, coordinates, and integrates programs, plans, resources, departments,
branches, localities, and organizations for effective implementation; and
4. Supervises, inspects, and evaluates the performance.
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(3) Permanent Office for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea
Level Rise
Permanent Office for Steering Committee of the Province was established basing on
Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC and located inside the DONRE office. It is,
responsible for advising and helping the steering committee in implementing the
action plan and projects related to climate change in Quang Ninh Province.
(4) Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province
For smooth implementation of adaptation measures, the Natural Disaster Prevention
and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province was established in Quang Ninh
Province. Its chairperson is the vice chairperson of PPC. The DARD, Provincial
Military Commander, and Border Guards Commander are its members.
In the implementation of adaptation measures, each district prepares an annual plan
and report, and submits them to the committee for evaluation and monitoring. In case
of disaster, the committee supports the local districts for rescue and rehabilitation.
9.1.3 Forecast of Climate Change
(1) GHG Emissions
According to the Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2010,
the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2000 was 150.9 million ton of CO2
equivalent (tCO2-eq). The agriculture and energy sectors were the two largest
emission sources. Around 65.1 million tCO2-eq came from the agriculture sector, and
52.8 million came from the energy sector. The details are presented in Table 9.1-2.
Table 9.1-2 GHG Emissions in Vietnam in 2000
(Unit: 1,000 t)
Sector CO2 CH4 N2O CO2-eq Percentage (%) Energy 45,900 309 1 52,773 35.0 Industrial Processes
10,006 0 0 10,006 6.6
Agriculture 0 2,384 48 65,091 43.1 Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF)
11,860 140 1 15,105 10.0
Waste 0 331 3 7,925 5.3 Total 67,766 3,164 54 150,900 100 Source: Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2010)
In the medium economic development scenario, the total emissions from the three
principal emitting sectors, namely, energy, agriculture, and land use, land use change
and forestry (LULUCF), are estimated to reach 169.2 million tCO2-eq in 2010, 300.4
million tCO2-eq in 2020, and 515.8 million tCO2-eq in 2030. The details are
summarized in Table 9.1-3.
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Table 9.1-3 Future Estimation of GHG Emissions in Vietnam
(Unit: million tCO2-eq) Sector 2010 2020 2030
Energy 113.1 251.0 470.8 Agriculture 65.8 69.5 72.9 LULUCF -9.7 -20.1 -27.9 Total 169.2 300.4 515.8 Source: Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2010)
(2) Climate Change Scenarios
1) Temperature
The annual mean temperature is estimated to increase to about 1.6–2.2 ℃ in the low
emission scenario, 2–3 ℃ in the medium emission scenario, and 2.5–3.7 ℃ in the high
emission scenario all over Vietnam by the end of the 21st century.
In Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated that the annual mean temperature increases
to around 2.2–2.8 ℃ in the medium emission scenario.
Table 9.1-4 Temperature Increase in Quang Ninh Province
Year Temperature Increase (℃) 2020 0.5 2030 0.7 2040 1.0 2050 1.3 (1.2–1.4) 2060 1.6 2070 1.8 2080 2.1 2090 2.3 2100 2.5 (2.2–2.8)
Source: MONRE, „Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenario for Vietnam‟ (2012)
2) Rainfall
By the end of the 21st century, the annual rainfall is projected to increase mostly about
6% in the low emission scenario, about 2–7% in the medium emission scenario, and
about 2–10% in the high emission scenario.
Table 9.1-5 Rainfall Increase in Quang Ninh Province
Year Rainfall Increase (%) 2020 1.3 2030 2.0 2040 2.7 2050 3.5 (3.0–4.0) 2060 4.3 2070 5.0 2080 5.6 2090 6.2 2100 6.7 (4.0–7.0)
Source: MONRE, „Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenario for Vietnam‟ (2012)
In Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated that the annual rainfall will increase around
4.0–7.0% in the medium emission scenario and this will cause more flooding in Quang
Ninh Province.
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3) Climate Extremes
Based on the medium emission scenario by the end of the 21st century, the Northeast
Region and the south of Central Highlands area will face relatively higher increase in
temperature than the other areas. In the same period, the number of days over the
maximum temperature of 35 ℃ is estimated to increase from 15 to 30 days in most
parts of the country under the medium emission scenario (A1B).
Regarding the maximum values of daily rainfall in the next 100 years, it is forecasted
that it will increase in the North to North-Central regions, and decrease in the
South-Central, Central Highlands, and South regions.
4) Rise in Sea Level
In the low emission scenario (B1) by the end of the 21st century, the average sea level
along the country‟s coast is projected to rise to about 49–64 cm, about 57–73 cm in the
medium emission scenario (B2), and about 78–95 cm in the high emission scenario
(A1FI).
In the Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region including Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated
that the sea level will rise around 49–64 cm in the medium emission scenario.
On the other hand, in the simulation of 1 m rise in sea level, more than 10% of the Red
River Delta and Quang Ninh Province will face a risk of inundation, and around 9% of
the population in the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh Province will be directly
affected.
Table 9.1-6 Rise in Sea Level in Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region
Year Sea Level Rise (cm) 2020 7-8 2030 11-12 2040 15-17 2050 20-24 2060 25-31 2070 31-38 2080 36-47 2090 42-55 2100 49-64
Source: MONRE, „Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenario for Vietnam‟ (2012)
(3) Climate Change Impacts
In Quang Ninh Province, there is a concern that climate change will impact a broad
range of sectors such as agriculture, water resources, energy, human health, agriculture,
food security, biodiversity, infrastructure, communities, and others. It might also
influence the poor of local communities. These impacts are summarized in Table
9.1-7.
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Table 9.1-7 Potential Climate Change Impacts to Quang Ninh Province
No. Factor Areas Sectors 1 Temperature
increase - All over the province
especially in the coastal line areas
- Agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries) and food security
- Public health (elder, children and outdoor workers)
2 Sea level rise - Coastal districts Ha Long City, Mong Cai, Yen Hung, and low lands in Ba Che, Đong Trieu, Co To
- Conservation parks
- Agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries)
- Water resources (surface and groundwater)
- Infrastructure and tourist resorts (Van Don, Ha Long, and Mong Cai, Co To, etc.)
3 Extreme weather events (unusual hot, rainy, weather, storm, hurricanes, tornadoes, and storms)
- All over the province especially in the coastal line areas such as Ha Long, Mong Cai, Cam Pha, Yen Hung, Van Đon, Co To, Tien Yen, Đam Ha, Hai Ha.
- Agriculture (crops, livestock, and fisheries)
- Activities in the coastal and marine areas
- Infrastructure for transportation - Sea dykes - Buildings and fishing facilities - Place of residence - Health and life
4 Drought - Some districts such as Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hoanh Bo, Van Đon, and Co To
- Agriculture and food security - Water resources (surface and
groundwater) - Industry and energy
5 Sea water inundation
- Coastal districts from Yen Hung to Mong Cai, estuaries Ba Che, Ka Long, Van Đon, and Co To
- Agriculture (crops and fisheries) and food security
- Water resources (surface and groundwater)
Source: Summarized from Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020
9.1.4 Issues to be Solved
Several issues which must be solved for the effective implementation of measures on
climate change were identified based on the site surveys, interviews with relevant
departments such as DOT, DOIT, DARD, review of the draft Socio-economic
Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020 with Vision towards 2030,
and relevant documents to climate change issues such as the Action Plan to Respond to
Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province. The outline is shown in Table 9.1-8 below.
Table 9.1-8 Issues to be Solved until 2020
No. Issues Contents 1 Low awareness and lack
of knowledge on climate change
Although there are no existing detailed surveys about awareness and knowledge on climate change among citizens, it seems both issues are still low. Ordinary people as well as public officers do not understand clearly the causes of climate change and its influence to daily life. To promote measures to climate change effectively, it is vital to have a bottom-up approach on the awareness and knowledge level from public to private sectors, and provincial to local communities.
2 Insufficient organizational system on climate change
The climate change issues cover a broad range of sectors. Various departments and stakeholders need to participate in the implementation of these measures. So, it is crucial to establish a clear structure for decision making, planning, and implementation from the provincial to local level aiming for a smooth coordination and cooperation among various stakeholders. In addition, there is room for government officers to improve their capacities on climate change issues.
3 Insufficient institutional system on climate change
The Vietnamese government recently issued the national strategies and target programs to cope with climate change. Quang Ninh Province needs to prepare local regulations to implement measures
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for climate change following the national policies. Measures for climate change cover various sectors, such as hazard management, agriculture, water resource, forestry, energy conservation, traffic management. It is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should prioritize crucial sectors and to prepare first their legal basis.
4 Vulnerability to climate change
It is predicted that climate change will have an impact in Quang Ninh Province in the short term as well as in the long term. Quang Ninh Province needs to make its society more resilient to its vulnerability to climate change. In this short term, it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should take immediate measures which are relevant to disaster management, such as coastal protection, warning system, and water management, because these are already happening and damages the society often. On the other hand, in the long term, measures related to agriculture, biodiversity, forestry, etc. should be undertaken.
5 Increase in GHG emissions
Quang Ninh Province is expected to enjoy continuous economic growth. As a result, the amount of GHG emissions will increase too. The central government has already set up the target reduction of GHG emission. So, it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should take practical actions to reduce its GHG emissions especially targeting the larger economic sectors, such as tourism and manufacturing industries.
Source: Study Team
9.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020
9.2.1 Goals in Climate Change Issues
Aiming at achieving the vision of QNEMP, the goal in climate change issues is set as
follows:
Source: Study Team
Figure 9.2-1 Goal in Climate Change Issues in QNEMP
9.2.2 Targets in the Climate Change Issues
To evaluate the achievement of goal, targets are set into two fields, i.e., the resilient
society (adaptation) and low carbon society (mitigation).
(1) Target to Resilient Society (Adaptation)
A broad range of sectors, such as agriculture, water environment, coastal areas,
forestry, health, might be influenced by the climate change in Quang Ninh Province.
However, due to limited time and budget, it is difficult to tackle all sectors
simultaneously. Thus, it is proposed that this QNEMP should focus on several
prioritized sectors, and Quang Ninh Province should expand adaptation measures to
other sectors gradually in the future.
Vision of EMP
Goal in Climate Change Issues Based on close cooperation and mutual support among residents, public, and
private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes a resilient and low carbon society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.
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A target of adaptation in Quang Ninh Province can be considered in eight sectors: 1)
agriculture; 2) biodiversity; 3) coastal protection; 4) fishery; 5) forestry; 6)
information/early warning; 7) public health; and 8) water resource.
Considering the socio-economic and geographical characteristics and the forecasts of
climate change impacts discussed in the above chapters, the coastal protection,
information/early warning, and water resource are considered as the most critical
sectors in adaptation. They are crucial in coping with natural disaster which increases
in recent years, furthermore, to lessen the direct impact to human lives.
In this QNEMP, qualitative targets of the three prioritized sectors until 2020 are set in
Table 9.2-1.
Table 9.2-1 Targets to Resilient Society (Adaptation) in QNEMP
Target Year 2020 Target of Each Prioritized Sector
Coastal protection:
Reduction in the vulnerability of the communities located in the coastal zone through the development of infrastructure and mangrove forests.
Information/ early warning:
Improvement of weather forecast capacity and early warning system against extreme weather events.
Water resource: Provision of sufficient irrigation and domestic water supply based on the assessment of water resource conditions and improvement of infrastructure.
Source: Study Team
(2) Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)
In order to promote the mitigation measures effectively, it is suggested to set
numerical GHG reduction targets. However, as Table 9.2-2 shows, the Action Plan to
Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision
2020 does not articulate any figures on the GHG reduction targets.
On the other hand, around the end of last year, the central government issued the
numerical GHG emission reduction targets in two regulations, i.e., Project of
Greenhouse Gas Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business
Activities to World Market and National Green Growth Strategy, as shown in the table
below. The former covers comprehensive emission sources compared to the latter.
Table 9.2-2 Mitigation Targets Set in the Vietnamese Policies
Level Quang Ninh Province National Policy Name
Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020
Project of Greenhouse Gas Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business Activities to World Market
National Green Growth Strategy
Issuance 2012 Nov. 2012 Sep. 2012 Targets No numerical targets set. Target GHG reduction in
2020 compared to GHG emissions in 2005: - Energy and
transportation: Reduce 8%
2011-2020 - Reduce the intensity of
GHG emissions by 8-10% compared to 2010 level
- Reduce energy
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Level Quang Ninh Province National - Agriculture: Reduce
20% - LULUCF: Increase
absorption of GHG to 20%
- Waste: Reduce 5%
consumption per gross domestic product (GDP) by 1-1.5% per year
- Energy: Reduce 10-20% of GHG emissions compared to business as usual (BaU)
- Voluntary reduction: 10%; reduction with international support: 10%
Until 2030 - Reduce annual GHG
emissions: 1.5-2% - Energy: Reduce 20-30%
of GHG emissions compared to BaU
- Voluntary reduction: 20%; reduction with international support: 30%
Until 2050 - Reduce annual GHG
emissions: 1.5-2%
Source: Study Team
As to the numerical target of mitigation measures, the QNEMP proposes to refer to the
reduce energy consumption per gross domestic product (GDP) by 1-1.5% per year
between 2011 and 2020 of the National Green Growth Strategy.
In Vietnam, the standardized methodology to calculate GHG emissions has yet to be
developed. Since 2012, MONRE has been preparing the guidelines and national
standards, but these seem to take some time. Under the said circumstances, it is
difficult for Quang Ninh Province to estimate its GHG emissions.
On the other hand, the data of energy consumption and GDP are available, so the
QNEMP set the numerical targets based on those data. These are summarized in Table
9.2-3 below.
Table 9.2-3 Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation) in QNEMP
Target Year 2020 Energy Consumption - Reduce energy consumption per GDP by 1-1.5% per year between
2011 and 2020
Source: Study Team
9.3 Approaches to Climate Change Issues
9.3.1 Overview of the Approaches
(1) Prioritization of the Approaches
The approaches to climate change issues are composed of three categories, namely, 1)
approach to cross-sectoral issues; 2) to resilient society (adaptation); and 3) to low
carbon society (mitigation).
At first, the approach to cross-sectoral issues and resilient society are the prioritized
areas. One of the components of cross-sectoral issues is the awareness raising to
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climate change. To inculcate climate change issues to the society and change citizen‟s
behavior, more time will be needed, so it is preferable to implement actions such as
awareness raising, as early as possible. In terms of the approach to resilient society,
Quang Ninh Province is vulnerable to natural disasters because it has long coastal
lines and low land areas. It is reported that the frequency of natural disasters gradually
increases in recent years. Thus, the approach to resilient society is an urgent matter for
Quang Ninh Province.
On the other hand, although a detailed survey on estimation of GHG emissions from
Quang Ninh Province has yet to be conducted, it is considered that this is not very
much critical in 2012. Therefore, the approaches to awareness raising and resilient
society are more urgent than the approach to low carbon society. However, this will be
crucial in the long term because of the steady economic growth of Quang Ninh
Province towards 2020.
Table 9.3-1 Prioritization of the Three Approaches
Approach Term Short Long
Cross-sectoral issues Prioritized Fair Resilient society Highly prioritized Prioritized Low carbon society Fair Prioritized
Source: Study Team
(2) Overall Structure of the Approaches
Aiming at solving the issues, which must be solved for the sake of an effective
implementation of measures about climate change issues, a total of ten approaches are
proposed. Figure 9.3-1 below shows the overall structure of the approaches.
According to the “Action plan to respond to climate change in Quang Ninh Province
period 2010 - 2015, vision to 2020”, mainstreaming climate change is a combination
of strategies to minimize damage from climate change programs and policies for
resource management activities and activities to improve the livelihoods of people
population. Based on the concept, overall structure of approaches were proposed.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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Source: Study Team
Figure 9.3-1 Overall Structure of the Approaches to Climate Change Issues
9.3.2 Details of the Approaches
(1) Approach to Cross-sectoral Issues
In the cross-sectoral issues, three approaches, namely, improving awareness on climate
change, development of organizational and institutional systems, and promotion of
comprehensive actions to climate change, are proposed. These are summarized in
Table 9.3-2 below.
Table 9.3-2 Outline of the Approach to Close-sectoral Issues
No. Name Outline
1 Improvement of awareness on climate change
This approach aims at improving awareness and knowledge about climate change not only for ordinary citizen but also for public officers. This is expected to be the foundation for a smooth implementation of other approaches.
2 Development of organizational and institutional systems
This approach aims at strengthening the organizational and institutional systems in Quang Ninh Province. A solid organizational structure is necessary for clear decision making, as well as coordination among various stakeholders and smooth implementation of projects. In addition, a clear legal basis articulated by local rules and regulations is necessary to implement the projects effectively. These organizational and institutional systems are expected to be the foundation for the smooth implementation of other approaches.
3 Promotion of comprehensive actions to climate change
This approach aims for a comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to adapt and mitigate climate change through the preparation of a five-year action plan, to be done regularly as well as to conduct plan, do, check, and act (PDCA) management.
Source: Study Team
Vision of EMP
Approach to Low
Carbon Society
Approach to
Resilient Society
Goal in Climate Change Issues
Based on close cooperation and mutual supports among residents, public and
private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes the resilient and low carbon
society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.
Approach 4
Enhancement
of coastal
protection
Approach 5
Strengthening
of information/
early warning
system
Approach 6
Improvement
of water
resource
management
Approach 7
Establishment
of system to
emission data
management
Approach 8
Promotion of
low carbon
tourism
Approach 9
Promotion of
Low Carbon
Industry
Approach 10
Promotion of
Rehabilitation of
Forests
Approach 1
Improvement of awareness of climate change
Approach 2
Development of organizational and
institutional systems
Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues
Approach 3
Promotion of comprehensive actions to
climate change
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(2) Approaches to Resilient Society (Adaptation)
As mentioned above, the QNEMP prioritizes three sectors: 1) coastal protection; 2)
information/early warning; and 3) water resource. Aiming to achieve the resilient
society, the QNEMP takes approaches in the sectors as they are outlined in Table 9.3-3
below.
Though this section on climate change issues does not prioritize biodiversity and
forestry, the corresponding chapters in this QNEMP explain the current conditions and
propose management projects. In view of adaptation, these approaches contribute in
coping with climate change.
Table 9.3-3 Outline of the Approaches to Resilient Society
No. Name Outline
4 Enhancement of coastal protection
This approach aims at reinforcing coastal protection to decrease impacts caused by natural hazard. The coastal protection can be promoted by the development of sea and river dykes, as well as management of mangrove forests.
5 Strengthening of information/early warning system
This approach aims at establishing information and early warning system for natural disaster. A hardware component, e.g., improvement of meteorological station, and a software component, e.g., development of database and early warning management system, are covered in this approach.
6 Improvement of water resource management
This approach aims at improving water resource management which is resilient to climate change. Assessment of the current water resource conditions, planning of water resource management, development of water resource database and monitoring system, and rehabilitation and construction of reservoirs are included in this approach.
Source: Study Team
(3) Approaches to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)
In the field of low carbon society, four approaches, i.e., establishment of an emissions
data management system; promotion of low carbon tourism; promotion of low carbon
industry; and promotion of rehabilitation of forests are proposed. These are
summarized in Table 9.3-4.
Table 9.3-4 Outline of the Approaches to Low Carbon Society
No. Name Outline
7 Establishment of an emissions data management system
This approach aims at establishing a data management system for GHG emissions in Quang Ninh Province. Identification of the amount of GHG emissions is crucial for the effective implementation of GHG emission reduction measures. This approach also covers the establishment of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system.
8 Promotion of low carbon tourism
This approach aims at reducing GHG emissions from the tourism activities such as hotel, boat operation, and transportation. The activities cover energy conservation, introduction of bio-fuel, and shift of transportation methods.
9 Promotion of low carbon industry
This approach aims at decreasing GHG emissions from manufacturing activities. The major industrial sectors in Quang Ninh Province, such as cement, brick, thermal power plants, are targets of this approach.
10 Promotion of rehabilitation of forests
This approach aims at improving the quality and coverage of forests in Quang Ninh Province. Not only in the natural forests but also in the mining areas after their operation closure is covered in this approach.
Source: Study Team
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9.4 Proposed Projects towards 2020
9.4.1 Projects to Achieve the Goal in Climate Change Issues
(1) Summary of Projects
Each approach is composed of several projects. Figure 9.4-1 below shows the overall
structure of the projects to achieve the goal in climate change issues.
Source: Study Team
Figure 9.4-1 Overall Structure of Projects in Climate Change Issues
(2) Projects in Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues
1) Approach 1: Improvement of Awareness on Climate Change
Approach 1 comprises one project as follows:
Project 1-1: Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management
mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for
coastal communities).
a) Project 1-1
This project is proposed in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang
Vision of EMP
Approach to Low
Carbon Society
Approach to
Resilient Society
Goal in Climate Change Issues
Based on close cooperation and mutual supports among residents, public and
private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes the resilient and low carbon
society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.
Approach 4
Enhancement of
coastal protection
Project 4-1Review and
consolidation of sea
and river dykes
Project 4-2
Protection and restoration of
mangrove forests
Approach 5
Strengthening of
information/ early
warning system
Project 5-1
Construction,
upgrading and
renovation of
hydrometeorology station in Co To
District
Project 5-2
Development of
environment and hazard database, and
automatic system for
natural disaster
monitoring and
warning
Approach 6
Improvement of water
resource management
Project 6-1Establishment of
water resource
management resilient
to climate change
impactsProject 6-2
Construction of water
reservoir to serve
economic
development and life of people
Approach 7
Establishment of
system to emission
data management
Project 7-1
Development of GHG
inventory and MRV
system
Approach 8
Promotion of low
carbon tourism
Project 8-1Promotion of energy
efficiency in hotels in
Bai Chay area
Project 8-2
Promotion of efficient operation of tourism
boats in the Halong
Bay
Project 8-3
Promotion of efficiency of traffic
management in Bai
Chay area
Approach 9
Promotion of Low
Carbon Industry
Project 9-1Promotion of energy
efficiency in major
manufacturers
Approach 10
Promotion of
Rehabilitation of
Forests
Project 10-1
Enhancement of forest
planting to improve
forest coverage and
quality, and encouragement of
development and
regeneration of natural
forest
Approach 1
Improvement of awareness of climate change
Project 1-1
Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities
in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)
Approach 2
Development of organizational and institutional systems
Project 2-1
Study on development of ASEAN Green Growth CenterProject 2-2
Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to
climate change
Project 2-3
Development of local regulations for the climate change issues
Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues
Approach 3
Promotion of comprehensive actions to climate change
Project 3-1
Preparation of five-year action plan and its implementation
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Ninh Province. It was already approved in May 2013 and being implemented until
2015 (the first prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).
Project 1-1 aims at improving awareness and knowledge about climate change and sea
level rising among all stakeholders, from public officers to local residents. Due to the
vulnerability, the coastal areas in Quang Ninh Province are prioritized.
Project 1-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-1.
Table 9.4-1 Summary of Project 1-1
Item Contents
Name Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)
Purpose Prioritize the coastal areas, to improve awareness and knowledge on climate change and sea level rising among all stakeholders in Quang Ninh Province.
Activity 1. Survey and assess the current state of awareness, knowledge, attitude, and
behavior of people on climate change, and identify how to cope with natural disasters and needs of the communities on climate change-related information.
2. Compile and print documents and products for training and communication on climate change.
3. Implement programs and campaigns to raise awareness on climate change and sea level rising in communities (prioritizing coastal population), including training of communicators and organizing conferences.
4. Conduct capacity building (human resource development) for staffs at all levels through education, training, and dissemination of policies, and policy proposals and to promote communication on climate change.
Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: Target DPCs
Period 2013-2015
Indicator 1. By 2015, materials for improving awareness and knowledge about climate
change are prepared. 2. By 2015, workshops on improving awareness and knowledge about climate
change are organized in DONRE, DART, DOIT, and DOT. 3. By 2015, workshops on improving awareness and knowledge about climate
change are organized in prioritized coastal districts.
Source: Study Team
2) Approach 2: Development of Organizational and Institutional Systems
Approach 2 comprises three projects as follows:
Project 2-1: Study on development of the ASEAN Green Growth Center;
Project 2-2: Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change;
and
Project 2-3: Development of local regulations for climate change issues.
a) Project 2-1
Quang Ninh Province aims at becoming a core region for green growth in Vietnam. To
develop an ASEAN Green Growth Center is one of the activities to support this idea.
The ASEAN Green Growth Center plans to be a research center as well as a green
business incubator. Project 2-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-2 below:
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Table 9.4-2 Summary of Project 2-1
Item Contents
Name Study on development of ASEAN Green Growth Center
Purpose Aiming at promoting to establish ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh province
Activity 1. Review requirement of ASEAN Green Growth Center. 2. Clarify required input. 3. Prepare human resource development plan. 4. Prepare a roadmap for establishing Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh
Province.
Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Departments of Finance (DOF)
Period 2013-2014
Indicator 1. Until 2014, development plan of ASEA Green Growth Center will be prepared.
Source: Study Team
b) Project 2-2
In Quang Ninh Province, it is crucial to establish a clear organizational structure to
develop strategies and implement measures tackling climate change issues. Project 2-2
aims at developing the organizational structure for climate change.
Based on Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC, the organizational structure has already
been developed as shown in Figure 9.4-2 below.
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Source: Study Team
Figure 9.4-2 Structure of Climate Change Management in Quang Ninh Province
Though the steering committee is developed it does not work efficiently. To improve
the functions, first it is recommended to set up the annual working plan and meeting
schedule.
The Permanent Office for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea
Level Rise is an advisory organization to the steering committee. Its members are
officers from DONRE and Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), but their
tasks are not articulated in the regulation. So, the following tasks are proposed, as
shown in Table 9.4-3 below.
Quang Ninh Provincial Steering Committee to Respond to Climate Change
Chairperson: Vice chairperson of PPC
Standing chairperson: Representative of DONRE
Secretariat: Sub-Department of Water Resources and Hydrometeorology
Members: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Departments of Finance (DOF),
Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Education and Training (DOET), Information and Communication (DIC), Department of Health (DOH), Department of
Culture, Sports and Tourism (DCST), Department of Labour – Invalids and Social Affair
(DOLISA); New Rural Construction Committee (NRCC), Centre for Hydrometeorology of Quang Ninh, Chairpersons of districts, towns and cities, etc.
Decision making
Advising/
Planning/Implementation
Implementation
Relevant provincial organizations, PPCs of districts, towns and cities
Permanent Office for Steering
Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Chairperson : Representative of DONRE
Deputy director: Head of Sub-Department of Water Resources and
Hydrometeorology
Natural Disaster Prevention and
Rescue Committee
Chairperson : Vice chairperson of PPC
Members: DARD, Provincial Military
Commander, Border Guards Commander
Members: DONRE, DPI
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Table 9.4-3 Tasks of the Quang Ninh Provincial Standing Office for the Steering
Committee
Organization Tasks
DONRE 1. Propose and build the mechanism and policies on management of actions in climate
change issues 2. Guide and support departments and local authorities in the implementation. 3. Overall coordination of activities of information, education, and communication
related to climate change. 4. Guide, monitor and evaluate the implementation.
DPI 1. Scrutinize, adjust the strategies, plan and plans of socio-economic development of
the province in order to adapt effectively to climate change issues and ensure sustainable development of the province
2. Coordinate with DOF and DONRE to properly allocate funds for the activities.
Source: Study Team
With regard to adaptation, the Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of
Quang Ninh Province is established prior to the establishment of a Permanent Office
for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. Its focal
organization is DARD. It is crucial that these two offices collaborate and share
information closely.
To improve the efficiency of the organizational structure, Project 2-2 contains the
following components, as shown in Table 9.4-4 below:
Table 9.4-4 Summary of Project 2-2
Item Contents
Name Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change.
Purpose Aiming at effective implementation of measures to climate change issues, to prepare an annual working plan, to clarify tasks, and to develop coordination scheme in the current organizational structure.
Activity 1. Review tasks of each organization in the current organizational structure. 2. Clarify tasks of each organization. 3. Prepare an annual working and meeting schedule. 4. Prepare cooperation management scheme between the Permanent Office for
Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise and the Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province.
Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Department of Education and Training (DOET), Department of Information and Communication (DIC), Department of Health (DOH), Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (DCST), Department of Labour–Invalids and Social Affair (DOLISA), New Rural Construction Committee (NRCC), Centre for Hydrometeorology of Quang Ninh, authorities of districts, towns, and cities, etc.
Period 2013-2014
Indicator 1. By 2014, annual working plan of the steering committee is prepared. 2. By 2014, the steering committee is convened periodically.
Source: Study Team
c) Project 2-3
The coping measures to climate change issues cover a broad range of sectors such as
agriculture, forestry, industry, energy, and infrastructure. Besides, it is relatively a new
concept for local governments in Vietnam. Local regulations for climate change issues
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have not been developed well.
Therefore, Project 2-3 aims to develop a proper legal basis in implementing adaptation
and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province. Based on the review of legal
documents in Quang Ninh Province, preparation of the following policies and
regulations, at least, seems to be critical. These are legal foundations for several
projects, so it is crucial to synchronize the development and corresponding projects, as
shown in Table 9.4-5.
Table 9.4-5 Proposed Policies/Regulations to Promote Adaptation and Mitigation
Measures
No. Field Policies/Regulation Corresponding Project in QNEMP
1 Adaptation Protection of sea dykes and prevention of sea water inundation
Project 4-1: Review and
consolidation of sea and river dykes
2 Mitigation GHG inventory and MRV system Project 7-1: Development of GHG
inventory and MRV system in Quang Ninh Province
3 Energy efficiency in tourism industry Project 8-1: Promotion of energy
efficiency in hotels in the Bai Chay area
4 Energy efficiency in manufacturing Project 9-1: Promotion of energy
efficiency in major manufacturers
5 Transportation management in the Bai
Chay area Project 8-3: Promotion of efficiency of traffic management in the Bai Chay area
Source: Study Team
To realize the development of a legal basis, Project 2-3 contains the components
shown in Table 9.4-6 below:
Table 9.4-6 Summary of Project 2-3
Item Contents
Name Development of local regulations for climate change issues
Purpose To develop local regulations as the basis in the promotion of adaptation and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province.
Activity 1. Review local regulations relevant to adaptation and mitigation measures, and
identify the deficiencies.. 2. Prepare draft regulations and submit to PPC. 3. Issue necessary local regulations.
Proponent Focal organization: PPC Cooperating organization: DONRE, DOIT, DOT, DARD, DCST
Period 2013-2015
Indicator By 2015, the following local regulations, at least, are issued: 1. Energy efficiency in tourism industry. 2. Energy efficiency in manufacturing. 3. Transportation management in the Bai Chay area.
Source: Study Team
3) Approach 3: Promotion of the Comprehensive Actions to Climate Change
Approach 3 comprises one project as follows:
Project 3-1: Preparation of a five-year action plan and its implementation.
a) Project 3-1
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Currently, Quang Ninh Province promotes actions to adapt and mitigate climate
change following the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh
Province in 2010-2015, Vision 2020. Therefore,in 2013, it is necessary to check the
progress and act swiftly to improve any shortcomings. Afterwards, in 2015, based on
the review of achievements, actions for the next five years will be planned, and the
implementation will start.
Project 3-1 prepares an action plan to respond to climate change every five years, and
conducts the PDCA (plan, do, check, and act) cycle for each five-year period. Project
3-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-7 below:
Table 9.4-7 Summary of Project 3-1
Item Contents
Name Preparation of a five-year action plan and its implementation
Purpose Aiming at promoting a comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to climate change, to prepare a five-year action plan periodically and conduct PDCA management.
Activity 1. In the middle year of each five-year action plan, a review of the progress and
improvement of shortcomings will be conducted. 2. In the final year of each five-year action plan, review of the achievement and
plan actions for next five years will be conducted. 3. Implement actions following a five-year action plan. 4. Conduct the above cycle every five years.
Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: DPI, DOF, DARD, DCST, authorities of districts, towns, and cities
Period 2013-2030
Indicator 1. Every five years, action plan is prepared. 2. Every five years, PDCA cycle (from Activities 1 to 4) is conducted.
Source: Study Team
(3) Projects in Approach to Resilient Society (Adaptation)
1) Approach 4: Enhancement of Coastal Protection
Approach 4 comprises two projects as follows.
Project 4-1: Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province;
and
Project 4-2: Protection and restoration of mangrove forests in Quang Ninh Province.
a) Project 4-1
This project is proposed in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang
Ninh Province (the second prioritized project in Table IV.10 stated in the action plan).
Ha Nam in Quang Yen Town is one of the most vulnerable areas to extreme weather
because it is situated in low lying area. Thus, it is an urgent issue to reinforce the sea
dykes system.
Project 4-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-8 below:
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-20
Table 9.4-8 Summary of Project 4-1
Item Contents
Name Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province
Purpose Aiming at minimizing impacts of extreme weather, to reinforce dyke systems in Quang Ninh Province.
Activity 1. Review current dyke conditions and projects in Quang Ninh Province. 2. Based on coordination among districts, DARD, and DONRE, prepare a plan for
dyke consolidation. 3. Implement consolidation activity.
Proponent Focal organization: Target DPCs Cooperating organization: DARD, DONRE
Period 2013-2015
Indicator By 2015, dykes in target districts are consolidated.
Source: Study Team
2) Approach 5: Strengthening of Information/Early Warning System
Approach 5 comprises two projects as follows.
Project 5-1: Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in
Co To District; and
Project 5-2: Development of environment and hazard database, and automatic system
for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province.
a) Project 5-1
This project is proposed in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang
Ninh Province (the fourth prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).
A meteorological station plays a key role in weather forecast and early warning system.
Thus, Project 5-1 aims to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District
including construction of a new office. This project also plans to strengthen the
capacity of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center.
Project 5-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-10 below:
Table 9.4-9 Summary of Project 5-1
Item Contents
Name Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District
Purpose Aiming at improving the weather forecast and early warning system, to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District and improve staff‟s capacity.
Activity Review the conditions of the hydrometeorology station in Co To District. Assess the capacity of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center. Prepare the renovation plan. 1. Implement the renovation including procurement of equipment. 2. Conduct training of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center.
Proponent Focal organization: Provincial Meteorological Center Cooperating organization: Co To DPC, DONRE
Period 2014-2015
Indicator By 2015, the hydrometeorology station in Co To District is renovated.
Source: Study Team
b) Project 5-2
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-21
This is a project developed by combining and adjusting the two proposed projects in
the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province (the seventh
and 20th prioritized projects in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).
Aiming at developing a proactive and prompt natural disaster information system in
Quang Ninh Province, a database of environmental resources and hazards will be
developed in Project 5-2. Besides, an automatic monitoring model will be researched
and installed.
Project 5-2 is summarized in Table 9.4-11 below:
Table 9.4-10 Summary of Project 5-2
Item Contents
Name Development of an environment and hazard database, and an automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province
Purpose Aiming to mitigate disaster as much as possible, to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning.
Activity Review the conditions of early warning and disaster management and the database in Quang Ninh Province. Research and prepare a plan to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning and their database. Construction of automatic system and database for natural disaster monitoring and warning. 1. Conduct training of DONRE staffs.
Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: DARD, Provincial Meteorological Center
Period 2014-2015
Indicator By 2015, the automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning is operating.
Source: Study Team
3) Approach 6: Improvement of Water Resource Management
Approach 6 comprises two projects as follows:
Project 6-1: Establishment of a water resource management resilient to climate change
impacts; and
Project 6-2: Construction of a water reservoir for economic development of the
country and improving people‟s lives.
a) Project 6-1
Project 6-1 aims at developing a water resource management, which is resilient to the
climate change impacts.
Based on the proposed project in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in
Quang Ninh Province, the Preparation of Plan for Water Resources in Quang Ninh
including Plan for Distribution of Water Resources, Water Resource Protection, and
Prevention of Harmful Effects Caused by Water (the third prioritized project in Table
IV.10. stated in the action plan), the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province
from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030 was approved in December 2012. It has
specific targets as follows:
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-22
1. Guarantee water supply to residential areas;
2. Share and distribute rational water resources in the province for the agriculture
sector;
3. Ensure water for aquatic ecosystems and maintain the river environment; and
4. Rational exploitation and utilization of groundwater resources and utilization of
surface water resources for domestic water, industry, and agriculture.
To achieve the targets above, the Water Resource Planning contains ten projects as
follows:
Table 9.4-11 Ten Proposed Projects in Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province
from 2010 to 2020
No. Project Proponent Period Budget (VND in millions)
1 Dissemination of regulations on water resources DONRE 2013-2015 1,000
2 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply in Van Don Economic Zone
DONRE 2013-2014 12,000
3 Preliminary project to limit groundwater exploitation in Quang Ninh
DONRE 2013-2014 2,000
4 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply schemes Vietnamese border belt-China
DONRE 2013-2015 12,000
5 Construction of water resources monitoring network in Quang Ninh Province
DONRE 2013-2015 8,000
6 Statistical surveys and making a list of wells in critical areas for preventing contamination of groundwater in Quang Ninh Province
DONRE 2013-2015 7,000
7 Investigation and assessment of major rivers in Quang Ninh Province
DONRE 2016-2020 10,000
8 Investigation and updating of the database of water resource management service in Quang Ninh Province
DONRE 2016-2020 5,000
9 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply for high mountains and areas with water scarcity
DONRE 2016-2020 12,000
10 Assessment of impacts of climate change and sea level rise on water resources in Quang Ninh Province and propose solutions to protect water resources in the context of climate change
DONRE 2016-2020 7,000
Source: Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030
Source: Study Team
The QNEMP defines the above ten projects as subprojects in Project 6-1. So, Project
6-1 aims for the implementation of ten subprojects proposed in the Water Resource
Planning to develop a resilient water resource management in Quang Ninh Province.
Project 6-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-13 below:
Table 9.4-12 Summary of Project 6-1
Item Contents
Name Establishment of water resource management resilient to climate change impacts.
Purpose Aiming at developing the water resource management for sustainable use under the economic development and climate change, to implement ten subprojects proposed in the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-23
Activity 1. Prepare the appropriate budget and human resources to implement the ten subprojects.
2. Implement the ten subprojects. Proponent Focal organization: DONRE
Cooperating organization: DARD, target DPCs, Provincial Meteorological Center Period 2013-2020
Indicator By 2015, the water resource monitoring network is established. By 2020, the water resource database is prepared.
Source: Study Team
b) Project 6-2
This project is proposed in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang
Ninh Province (the 13th prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).
There are around 150 reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province with a total designed
capacity of 344.71 million m3. The reservoir system provides irrigation water to
around 50,000 ha of plantation areas. Project 6-2 plans to analyze the water demand,
select sites, design works to build reservoirs and operation rules prioritizing islands
where water is scarce.
On the other hand, DARD implements several reservoir projects. In 2011, 56 projects
including 43 new projects were repaired and upgraded. In 2012, the following
reservoirs projects were upgraded and repaired:
Ha Nung RP in Son Duong Commune, Hoanh Bo District (budget of
VND 7.5 billion);
Cai Xuoi RP in Ban Sen Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND
14.9 billion);
Ky Vay RP, in Dai Xuyen Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND
3.2 billion);
Dong Thai RP, Quan Lan Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND
7.9 billion); and
Di Ba RP in Doan Ket Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND
19.4 billion).
In this project, it is necessary to review the current projects and conditions of
reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province first, to avoid unnecessary overlap and to set
priorities among them.
Project 6-2 is summarized in Table 9.4-14 below:
Table 9.4-13 Summary of Project 6-2
Item Contents
Name Construction of water reservoir to serve in the economic development of the country and improving people‟s lives.
Purpose Aiming to provide sufficient water and preventing natural disaster, as well as to construct and rehabilitate reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province.
Activity 1. Review the current projects and conditions of reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province
Analyze water demand Select sites and design works to build reservoirs and operation rules Implement the construction
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-24
Proponent Focal organization: DARD Cooperating organization: DONRE, target DPCs
Period 2014-2017
Indicator Within 2014, selection of sites and designing of works are completed. By 2017, construction of the prioritized reservoirs is completed.
Source: Study Team
(4) Projects in Approach to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)
1) Approach 7: Establishment of a System on Emissions Data Management
Approach 7 comprises one project as follows:
Project 7-1: Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and
verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province.
a) Project 7-1
Project 7-1 aims at establishing the emission data management including the inventory
of GHG and MRV system in Quang Ninh Province.
According to the Prime Minister No. 1775/QD-TTg, Project of Greenhouse Gas
Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business Activities to World
Market, the Vietnamese government plans to enhance a national GHG inventory. From
2012 to 2015, it establishes a clear system of GHG inventory, and from 2016 to 2020,
it plans to prepare a GHG inventory periodically.
Sooner or later, it seems that the local government will have an obligation to prepare
its own GHG inventory. Ho Chi Minh City, for example, following the national
strategy, has already started to prepare its GHG inventory. Thus, this project is
proposed for Quang Ninh Province to develop a GHG inventory and measurement,
reporting and verification (MRV) system from 2017 to 2020.
Because currently, Quang Ninh Province as well as MONRE does not have enough
capacity to develop a GHG inventory, it is recommended that the targets of this project
should be limited to major energy consumers from the start. Following Decree No.
21/2011/ND-CP, entitled Detailing the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of
Energy and Measures for its Implementation, defines the major energy consumers,
Quang Ninh Province has already selected those in the table below as major energy
consumers (Refer to Table 9.4-15).
Table 9.4-14 Major Energy Consumers in Quang Ninh Province
No. Name Subsector TOE
List of 2012
1 Machinery Manufacturing Company of
TKV (Vinacomin) Mechanical production 2,571
2 Coc Sau Coal Joint-stock Company Coal mining 48,005
3 Vang Danh Coal Joint-stock Company Coal mining 9,025
4 Cao Son Coal Company Coal mining 58,832
5 Deo Nai Coal Company Coal mining 34,060
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-25
No. Name Subsector TOE
6 Duong Huy Coal Company Coal mining 9,187
7 Ha Lam Coal Company Coal mining 8,294
8 Ha Long Coal Company Coal mining 6,705
9 Ha Tu Coal Company Coal mining 23,199
10 Hon Gai Coal Company Coal mining 9,729
11 Khe Cham Coal Company Coal mining 6,233
12 Mao Khe Coal Company Coal mining 5,198
13 Mong Duong Coal Company Coal mining 4,691
14 Nam Mau Coal Company Coal mining 6,057
15 Nui Beo Coal Company Coal mining 21,538
16 Quang Hanh Coal Company Coal mining 7,704
17 Thong Nhat Coal Company Coal mining 78,906
18 Uong Bi Coal Company Coal mining 4,144
19 Cua Ong Coal Collection Company Coal mining 21,407
20 Hon Gai Coal Collection Company Coal mining 4,451
21 Cam Pha Thermoelectric Joint-stock
Company Thermoelectric Plant 458,173
22 K130-Petrol Storage-Transportation Unit,
B12 Petrol Company Others industrial production 1,065
23 Uong Bi-110MW Thermoelectric One
member Co., Ltd. Thermoelectric Plant 282,796
24 Uong Bi-300MW Thermoelectric One
member Co., Ltd. Thermoelectric Plant 445,135
25 Quang Ninh Thermoelectric Joint-stock
Company Thermoelectric Plant 881,410
26 Dong Bac Corporation Coal mining 54,299
27 Cam Pha Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 131,487
28 Quang Ninth Cement and Construction
Joint-stock Company Cement production 144,569
29 Ha Long Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 127,768
30 Thang Long Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 260,880
31 Ha Khau Construction and Construction
Materials Production Joint-stock Company Construction materials 2,280
32 Ha Long Viglacera Joint-stock Company Bricks, tiles and other products from
baked clay 66,133
33 Cai Lan Vegetable Oil Company Food processing 10,319
34 Halong Shipbuilding One member Co.,
Ltd. Shipbuilding 3,177
35 Vietnam-The Ky Moi Synthetic Fiber Co.,
Ltd. Thread and weave fabric 1,697
36 VINA New Taps One Member Co., Ltd. Thread and weave fabric 1,096
37 Vi Son Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 28,432
38 Hung Long Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 1,954
39 Hai Ninh Bricks-Tiles Joint-stock
Company
Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 3,213
40 Dam Ha Tunnel Bricks-Tiles Factory Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 2,374
41 Hoang Ha Corporation Joint-stock
Company
Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 2,014
42 Kim Son Construction Material Production
Joint-stock Company
Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 4,959
43 Thang Loi Construction Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 8,803
44 Dong Trieu Viglacera Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 7,063
45 Song Hong 12 Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 2,056
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-26
No. Name Subsector TOE
46 Ha Long 1-Viglacera Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products
from clay 7,746
47 Yen Tho Construction Ceramic Joint-stock
Company
Other construction materials
production 1,457
48 Cam Pha Warehouse-Transport-Port
Company, TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 2,713
49 Da Bac Warehouse-Transport Company,
TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 9,898
50 Transport, Loading-Unloading Company,
TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 1,154
List of 2013 (as of July 2013)
1 Vinaflour -Wheat Flour Production Co.,
Ltd. Wheat flour production 2,090
2 Young Sun Wolfram Industry Co., Ltd. Wolfram alloy production for export 1,358
3 Vietnam Intergral Materials Investment
Co., Ltd.
Raw materials processing and rare soil
refinement 1,536
4 Dien Vong Water Plant Water, water materials, equipment and
water treatment service 1,485
5 Dat Viet Ceramic Joint-stock Company Production of several baked bricks,
tiles and other products 1,813
6 Vinh Thang Joint-stock Company Construction materials production 2,130
7 Dat Viet Brick-Tiles Joint-stock Company Construction materials production 1,002
8 Mao Khe Thermoelectric Plant Project Thermoelectric Plant 788,400
9 Texhong Ngan Long Scientific Co., Ltd. Productions of thread and fabric 58,325
10 Brach of Halong Metro cash & carry Super Market 501
11 Quang Ninh Au Lac Co., Ltd. Tourism & Amusement Service 501
12 Hoang Gia International Joint-stock
Company Hotel 818
13 Loi Lai Entertaining International
Joint-stock Company Hotel 789
Source: DOIT
Project 7-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-16 below:
Table 9.4-15 Summary of Project 7-1
Item Contents
Name Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province.
Purpose To prepare GHG inventory aiming to identify GHG emissions and the effectiveness of mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province.
Activity 1. Strengthen capacity of DONRE through the preparation of guidelines of GHG inventory and MRV, and consultation with MONRE.
2. Identify major energy consumers defined in Decree No. 21/2001/ND-CP. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and major energy
consumers. 4. Gather data, calculate GHG emissions, and prepare GHG inventory.
Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: MONRE, DOIT, Department of Construction (DOC)
Period 2017-2020
Indicator By 2020, GHG inventory of major energy consumers in Quang Ninh Province is prepared.
Source: Study Team
2) Approach 8: Promotion of Low Carbon Tourism
Approach 8 comprises three projects as follows:
Project 8-1: Promotion of energy efficiency in the hotels situated in the Bai Chay area;
Project 8-2: Promotion of the efficient operation of tourism boats in Halong Bay; and
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-27
Project 8-3: Promotion of the efficiency of traffic management in the Bai Chay area.
a) Project 8-1
This project aims at improving energy management in the hotels in the Bai Chay area.
The targets of this project are relatively larger hotels based on Decree No.
21/2011/ND-CP and number of stars. According to the decree, hotels which annually
consume energy of a total of five hundred tons of oil equivalent or higher are
designated as major energy consumers. On the other hand, the data from DCST
showed that there are ten four-star hotels and 15 three-star hotels. These can be the
targets of this project.
The goal of this project is that all target hotels should assign energy managers and
prepare energy management reports until 2018. Aiming at achieving the goal, DOIT,
as a focal organization, and cooperating organizations will provide support and
conduct energy audit and instruction to the target hotels.
Project 8-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-17 below:
Table 9.4-16 Summary of Project 8-1
Item Contents
Name Promotion of energy efficiency in hotels in the Bai Chay area
Purpose To promote efficient energy management in hotels in the Bai Chay area
Activity 1. Identify major energy consumers (hotels) defined in Decree No. 21/2011/ND-CP and number of stars (three and four).
2. Organize workshops among government organizations and target hotels. 3. Promote energy conservation by hotels through assignment of energy managers
and preparation of energy management reports. 4. Conduct energy audit and instruct about improvement of energy management
Proponent Focal organization: DOIT, target hotels Cooperating organization: DOC, DCST, DONRE
Period 2016-2018
Indicator By 2018, all target hotels have assigned energy managers and prepared energy management plans and reports.
Source: Study Team
b) Project 8-2
Tourist boats in Halong Bay play a crucial role in the tourism business. There is still
some room for improvement in the operation efficiency of these boats by reducing
CO2 emissions.
There are 86 registered private tourist boat companies in Quang Ninh Province. The
number of boats owned by a company varies from 1 to 23 depending on its size.
Currently, there is the Ha Long Tourist Boat Sub-association in the Quang Ninh
Tourism Association with a total of 15 members. There are two types of tourist boats,
i.e., day excursion boats and overnight stay boats. According to DOT, the total number
of registered tourist boats was 525 consisting of 351 day excursion boats and 174
overnight stay boats as of End of 1st Quarter 2013.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-28
The Decision No. 716/QD-UBND on Operation Management of Tourist Boats for
Halong Bay Excursion and Overnight Stay, issued in March 2011, classifies tourist
boats into four classes, namely, standard, first class, second class, and third class.
However, currently, there are no detailed data on the engine types and energy
consumption of the tourist boats. Thus, it is critical to survey these basic data for
further consideration to improve their operation efficiency. Based on the survey results,
several measures can be developed, e.g., set a regulation of engine specification,
support to renew old engines, set a rule on boat operation in Halong Bay, etc.
On the other hand, DARD, DOT, and JICA have started the study about the application
of biodiesel to the tourist boats since June 2013. In the study, a total of two boats
coming from a boat company and from the Halong Bay Management Board will be
operated with biodiesel in Halong Bay. This study is also included in Project 8-2 as
one of the activities.
Project 8-2 is summarized in Table 9.4-18 below:
Table 9.4-17 Summary of Project 8-2
Item Contents
Name Promotion of an efficient operation of tourist boats in Halong Bay
Purpose To improve the operation efficiency of tourist boats and introduce biodiesel aiming at reducing GHG emissions.
Activity 1. Survey engine types and energy consumption of the tourist boats. 2. Develop measures to improve boat operation and their implementation. 3. Organize workshops for government organizations and boat owners. 4. Promote bio-diesel in boat operation .
Proponent Focal organization: DOT, target boat company, Ha Long Tourist Boat Sub-association Cooperating organization: DCST, DONRE
Period 2013-2016
Indicator 1. By 2016, 30% of tourist boats operating in Halong Bay renew their engines. 2. By 2016, tourist boats fueled by biodiesel started their operation.
Source: Study Team
c) Project 8-3
Project 8-3 aims at improving the traffic management in the Bai Chay area, especially
on Bai Chay Road. It can contribute in decreasing CO2 emissions from tourism
transportation.
In Quang Ninh Province, there are three types of road transportation services, namely,
bus service on fixed routes (28 companies), bus, van, taxi on request (45 companies),
and contracted transport service (14 companies). These transportation services are
operated by private companies in Halong City and in other cities and towns. Currently,
the bus transportation is mostly used by domestic visitors. Foreign tourists use buses,
vans or taxis arranged by travel agents. These transportation causes frequently
congestion and illegal parking along the streets and on the pedestrian roads in the Bai
Chay area.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-29
To consider appropriate traffic management measures, it is necessary to identify
current traffic conditions, e.g., volume and types of vehicles, seasonal and day trends,
etc. As traffic management measures, the following options are worth considering:
1. Season, day, time, and car types prohibition of entering Bai Chay Road;
2. Strict control of roadside parking on Bai Chay Road;
3. Strategic development of parking spaces;
4. Parking guidance and information system; and
5. Introducing the park and ride system and environment-friendly public
transportation on Bai Chay Road.
Project 8-3 is summarized in Table 9.4-19 below:
Table 9.4-18 Summary of Project 8-3
Item Contents
Name Promotion of an efficient traffic management in the Bai Chay area.
Purpose To improve the traffic management in the Bai Chay area aiming at reducing GHG emissions.
Activity 1. Survey traffic volume in the Bay Chay area. 2. Develop traffic management measures and issue local regulations, if needed. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and traffic service
companies. 4. Implement traffic management rules on Bai Chay Road.
Proponent Focal organization: DOT Cooperating organization: DCST, DONRE
Period 2016-2018
Indicator By 2018, traffic management rules on Bai Chay Road are implemented.
Source: Study Team
3) Approach 9: Promotion of Low Carbon Industry
Approach 9 comprises one project as follows:
Project 9-1: Promotion of energy efficiency to major manufacturers.
a) Project 9-1
This is developed by the modification of the 11th prioritized project in Table IV.10. of
the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province.
Targeting major manufacturers in Quang Ninh Province, Project 8-1 aims at promoting
energy efficiency for the reduction of GHG emissions.
In 2010, the Resolution No. 51/2010/QH10, entitled Law on Economical and Efficient
Use of Energy, was promulgated. Following the law, Decree No. 21/2011/ND-CP, or
also known as Detailing the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy and
Measures for its Implementation, was issued in 2011. According to the decree,
industrial production establishments, which annually consume energy of a total of one
thousand tons of oil equivalent or higher, are designated as major energy consumers.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9-30
Therefore, they have the obligation to assign an energy manager, and prepare the
annual and five-year energy management plans and reports, as well as conduct energy
audit once per three-year. Following the decree, DOIT has identified major
manufacturers in Quang Ninh Province as shown in Table 9.4-17.
Targeting these critical manufacturers, Project 9-1 will improve their energy efficiency
through technical and financial support and instruction from Quang Ninh Province.
In Project 9-1, it is crucial that the target manufactures should assess the financial
sources to improve their energy efficiency. So, Quang Ninh Province needs to provide
environmental subsidies to target manufactures and/or assist them to obtain any
financial support such as the Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund (VEPF).
The Vietnamese government and the Japanese government have started their
discussions about a new carbon market mechanism after 2020. The Japanese
government proposes the Joint Crediting Mechanism/Bilateral Offset Credit
Mechanism (JCM/BOCM), and it was reported that the two governments will sign a
bilateral agreement within 2013. Aiming at establishing the appropriate JCM/BOCM
scheme, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of
Environment of Japan are conducting several projects, some of which provide
subsidies for improving energy efficiency of the facilities in developing countries.
Thus, the activities in Project 9-1 will be able to consider a possibility to utilize the
JCM/BOCM scheme.
Project 9-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-20 below:
Table 9.4-19 Summary of Project 9-1
Item Contents
Name Promotion of energy efficiency to major manufacturers
Purpose To improve the energy efficiency of major manufacturers aiming at reducing GHG emissions.
Activity 1. Strengthen the capacity of DOIT on technical aspects of energy efficiency and energy audit through preparation of guidelines and consultation with MONRE.
2. Issue local regulations about energy efficiency. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and major energy
consumers. 4. Provide technical and financial support to major energy consumers. 5. Consider to participate in the JCM/BOCM scheme to improve energy efficiency
of major manufacturers. Proponent Focal organization: DOIT, target major energy consumers
Cooperating organization: DOC, DONRE Period 2013-2017
Indicator By 2017, all target manufacturers have assigned energy managers and prepared energy management plans and reports.
Source: Study Team
4) Approach 10: Promotion of Rehabilitation of Forests
Approach 10 comprises one project as follows:
Project 10-1: Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality,
and encourage development and regeneration of natural forest.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-1
CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Capacity development for environmental monitoring is an important component in the
environmental plan. In this chapter, the following topics are of concern: (i)
construction of automatic environmental monitoring stations in Quang Ninh Province,
(ii) establishment of a provincial GIS center for enhancing capacity of environmental
information management, and (iii) cooperation with international environmental
monitoring.
10.1 Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020
To 2020, it was proposed to extend current monitoring network as shown in Table
10.1-1 to 10.1-5, and Figure 10.1-1. The proposed monitoring network has 66 air
quality monitoring points, 62 surface water quality monitoring points, 15 groundwater
quality monitoring points, 38 coastal water quality monitoring points, and 5 soil
monitoring points. It is recommended to deploy operations of the monitoring network
to 2020.
Additionally, to confirm inter-provincial impact from Hai Phong Province, it is
proposed to set a new moitoring point in the Chanh river existing border between
Quang Ninh Province and Hai Phone Province.
Table 10.1-1 Proposed Air Quality Monitoring Network to 2020
No District/
town Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
1. Dong
Trieu
Crossroad in Dong trieu town 2332484
371478
To evaluate air quality around
main intersection roads.
01 existing
monitoring point
2. An Sinh temple area 2336370
373710
To evaluate background air
quality in Đánh giá chất lượng
không khí nền khu vực nông
thôn
Mao Khe- 07 new monitoring points (removing 04 existing monitoring points: Mao Khe cossroad, Kim Son IZ, Nha Sang coal company, Binh Khe commune people’s committee)
3. Resident area in Kim Son
commune
2331748
376047
To evaluate air quality arounf
Kim Som industrial cluster
and Quan Trieu IZ operation
4. Ben Can cross road area 2329929
379431
To evaluate air quality
impacted by coal
transportation, processing and
mining
5. Vinh Hai area, Mao Khe town 2329059
379532
To evaluate air quality
impacted by coal sea port
operation; Hoang Thach
cement factory operation at
the south of Hai Duong
province
6. Resident area in Dong Son hamlet,
Binh Khe commune
2333980
378281
To evaluate air quality
impacted by thermal power
construction and operation
7. Resident area in Me Son hamlet in
Xuan Son commune
2332901
376086
To evaluate air quality
impacted by thermal power
construction and operation
8. Resident area in Yen Duc 2326858 To evaluate air quality
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-2
No District/
town Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
commune 382331 impacted by Tan Phu Xuan
cement factory activity in Hai
Phong city
9. Uong Bi
Crossroad in Quang Trung ward
(intersection between 18A road
and Vang Danh – Dien Cong road
in city)
2327024
398835
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, transport of
coal, and thermal power
activities
02 monitoring
point remained
in the existing
monitoring
network
10. Crossroad of road No. 10 2327277
394566
To evaluate air quality
impacted by transportation,
and construction activities for
developing Phuong Nam IZ
11. Resident area in Hop Thanh
hamlet, Phuong Nam ward
2325684
391167
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
stone mining and cement
manufacture
Added monitoring
point according to
document No.
3695/UBND-MT1
dated
19/09/2011 about
supervision on
Lam Thach
cement plant
problem
12. Yen Tu tourist area 2338592
393140
Đánh giá chất lượng không
khí vùng du lịch chịu tác động
do hoạt động phát triển du
lịch, giao thông và khai thác
than phía Bắc khu vực
05 new monitoring points (remove 03 existing monitoring points in:Area of construction materials manufacture in Phuong Nam, Khe Ngat, and Chap Khe IZ)
13. Market area in Vang Danh ward 2334368
400884
To evaluate air quality
impacted by coal mining and
transportation activities in
Vang Danh area
14. 25/2 Square in Uong Bi city 2327451
397968
To evaluate air quality in city
center at 1 km distance from
the west of Uong Bi thermal
power plant
15. Bai Soi Resdident area in Bac Son
ward
2328745
400857
To evaluate air quality in
resident area from the
north of Uong Bi thermal
power plant
16. Resident area in Bach Dang 1
hamlet in Phuong Nam ward
2326038
391387
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
stone mining and cement
manufacture
17. Quang
Yen
Bieu Nghi crossroad 2323646
406690
To evaluate air quality
impacted by transportation,
and construction activities for
developing Dong Mai IZ
02 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network
18. Quang Yen town 2316437
401242
To evaluate air quality in
urban resident area in Quang
Yen town impacted by
transportation, and urban
construction activities
19. Resident area in Yen Giang ward 2316537
400140
To evaluate ambient air
quality thermal power plant,
cement factory and building
ship at the west od Hai Phong
city
02 new monitoring points
20. Resdient area in Phong Coc ward 2312017
402000
To evaluate air quality in Dam
Nha Mac IZ
21. Hoanh
Bo
Troi township 2326034
420883
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, and urban
construction activities
01 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-3
No District/
town Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
22. Resident area in Thong Nhat
commune
2328579
431010
To evaluate air quality in
stone mining and cement
manufacture
03 new monitoring points (removing 01 monitoring point at IZ in Thong Nhat commune)
23. Resident area in Le Loi commune 2325472
423324
To evaluate air quality in
Hoanh Bo IZ and cement
manufacture
24. Resident area in group IV in in
Son Duong ward, western stone
mining of Thang Logn cement
2329531
425743
To evaluate air in area directly
impacted by stone mining and
cement manufacture
25.
Ha Long
Tuan Chua tourist area 2314992
421158
To evaluate air quality in
tourist area impacted by
construction activity
07 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network 26. Ao Ca crossroad 2320149
423454
To evaluate air quality around
main intersection areas
27. Loong Toong crossroad 2318540
430732
To evaluate air quality around
main intersection areas
28. K67 hospital area 2320762
431080
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, coal mining
and urban construction
activities
29. Ha Lam market 2319383
433065
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, and coal
mining activities
30. Cau Trang (White bridge) – Km 8 2317666
435847
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, coal mining
and section activities
31. Bai Chay tourist area 2318174
426951
To evaluate air quality in bai
Chay torurist area
32. Cao Xanh – Ha Khanh B urban
resident area
2321371
431571
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
combining coal mining,
transportation, urban
construction, thermal power,
and waste to be fiiled up and
treated, and thermal power
06 new monitoring points (removing 06 exsiting monitoring points : Ha Khau dumping site, Deo Sen dumping site, Cai Lan IZ, coal port in Ha Khanh ward, and coal mining area in Ha Tu – Nui Beo –Halong bay – Mot islet)
33. Resident area in Doi Cay in Ha
Khanh ward
2322865
433309
Đánh giá chất lượng không
khí khu vực chịu tác động của
hoạt động khai thác than, giao
thông, xây dựng đô thị, nhiệt
điện
34. Resident area in Viet Hung ward
which located in western Viet
Hung Industrial Zone
2324039
420536
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
trasnportation, manufacture in
industrial zone
35. Resident area in Ha Khau ward 2321621
421430
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, construction
material, and ship building
activities
36. Ba lan resident area in Giang Day
ward
2320764
424156
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by ship
building, industry, and
construction material
activities.
37. Ti Top island 2307629
430398
To evaluate air quality in
Halong bay
38.
Cam Pha
Cam Dong crossroad 2323698
452337
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation activity
03 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network 39. Crossroad at 18A Road and road 2323286 To evaluate air quality in
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-4
No District/
town Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
for coal transporting to 10-10 port 455660 resident area impacted by
transportation and transport of
coal activitties
40. Resident area in Ben Gio 2323222
450123
To evaluate air quality
around coastal resident area in
city
41. Crossroad at 18A Road and road
for transporting coal to Khe Day
port
2330076
455578
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, coal
exploitation and processing,
waste discharge and theral
power plant activites
06 new monitoring points (removing 03 existing monitoring point: Quang Hanh dumping site, crossroad at km No. 6 in Quang Hanh ward, Cua Ong coal selection company).
42. Crossroad at 18A Road and road
for transporting coal to Km 6 port
2323768
446995
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transport of coal to Km5 sea
port
43. Resident area in Cam Thach ward 2324198
448174
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
cement produce
44. Crossroad at City People
Committee
2324064
450221
To evaluate air quality in
center of Cam Pha city
45. Resident area in group 3 in Cam
Thinh ward
2323746
458471
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
Cam Pha thermal power plan,
transport of coal and Cua Ong
sea port.
46. Resident area in Group 7 in Mong
Duong ward
2330892
455674
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
transportation, coal processing
and thermail power activitites
47. Van Don Cai Rong township 2329739
466495
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
construction and development
activities
02 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network
48. Bai Dai tourist area 2325187
472505
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
construction and development
activities
49. Ba Che Ba Che township 2353382
451429
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
construction and development
activities
01 monitoring
point remained in
the old monitoring
network
50. Tien Yen Resident area in Tien Yen
township
2359682
463902
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
urban development activities
01 monitoring
point remained in
the old monitoring
network
51. Resident area in Dong Ngu
commune
2360285
472090
To evaluate air quality in Tien
Yen IZ development area
01 new monitoring point
52. Binh
Lieu
Resident area in in Binh Lieu
township
2380697
463857
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
construction activity and
urban development
02 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network
53. Area in Hoanh Mo immigration 2386065
474324
To evaluate air quality in
resident area boundary
54. Dam Ha Resident area in in Quang Tan
commune
2362977
481596
To evaluate air quality in rual
resident area in Dam Ha
district
01 monitoring
point remained in
the old monitoring
network
55. Resident area in in Chu Van An
streer
2362121
484618
To evaluate air quality in
resident area impacted by
producing construction
material, transportation, and
industrial produce activities
01 added monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-5
No District/
town Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
56. Hai Ha Hai Ha township 2373161
500106
To evaluate air quality in area
impacted by transportation
activities
01 monitoring
point remained in
the old monitoring
network
57. Resident area in Quang Dien
commune
2370538
498444
To evaluate air quality in area
impacted by development of
Hai Ha sea port industrial
zone
02 new monitoring points (removing and replacing 01existing monitoring point at Hai ha IZ)
58. Bac Phong Sinh immigration area 2390921
496546
To evaluate air quality in
resident area boundary
59. Mong
Cai
Crossroad at City post office 2381578
522404
To evaluate air quality in
resdient area impacted by
transportation activities
02 monitoring
points remained in
the old monitoring
network 60. Tra Co tourist area 2376132
528499
To evalutate air quality in
tourist area impacted by urban
construction and development
activities
61. Roundabout at Hung Vuong and
Hoa Dinh avenue (QL18- TL
335)
2381261
522916
To evaluate air quality
impacted by transportation,
construction, urban
development, and Hai Hoa IZ.
05 new monitoring points (replacing 03 existing monitoring points: Km15- Dan Tien Port, Hai Yen IZ, Ninh Duong IZ, Hai Hoa daumping site)
62. Resident area at northwest Hai Yen
industrial
2383113
517329
To evaluate air quality
impacted by industrial
activities
63. Resident area in Ninh Duong ward 2380301
521820
To evaluate air quality in area
which impacted by stock
storage, load and unload in
Ninh Duong ward
64. Resident area in Bac Son
commnune
2388132
514909
To evaluate air quality in
resident area boundary
65. Resident area in Quang Nghia
commnune
2379871
500835
To evaluate air quality in
resident area influenced by
solid waste treatment factory
in Quang Nghia commune.
66. Co To Resident area in Co to township 2319755
299160
To evaluate air quality in
resident area in sea and island
region
01 monitoring
point remained in
the old monitoring
network
Number of air monitoring points according
to the adjusted and supplemented monitoring
network
66 Monitoring parameters: Temperature, humidity,
wind speed, wind direction, average noise,
maximum noise, TSP, SO2, NOx, CO, O3
- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year.
- Monitoring parameters: Remain as the existing monitoring network accordign to QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT and
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT including: temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, everage noise, maximum
noise, TSP, SO2, NOx, CO,O3.
Source: DONRE
Table 10.1-2 Proposed Surface Water Quality Monitoring Network to 2020
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
I Reservoirs
1. Ben Chau lake - Dong trieu
district
2337127
2339362
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
2. Khe Che lake – Dong Trieu
district
2339362
372500
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
3. Co Le lake – Dong Trieu 2328662 To evaluate water quality for New monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-6
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
district 384151 irrigation
4. Cau Cuon lake – Dong Trieu
district
2330825
383263
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
5. Khe Uon 1 lake – Dong Trieu
district
2330157
386720
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
6. Yen Trung lake - Uong Bi
city
2329983
387100
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
Remaining existing monitoring
point
7. Tan Lap lake – Uong Bi city 2328177
395270
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
8. Roc Ngo lake – Hoanh Bo
district
2328062
423634
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
9. Luong Ky lake – Hoanh Bo
district
2326815
428715
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
10. Yen Lap lake – Ha Long city 2322239
413575
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply and
irrigation
Remaining existing monitoring
point
11. Khe Ca lake – Ha Long city 2324041
410418
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point
12. Cao Van dam in Cao Van lake
– Cam Pha city
2330391
443560
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
Remaining existing monitoring
point 13. Mat Rong lake – Van Don
district
2331189
465951
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
14. Dam Ha Dong lake – Dam Ha
district
2366469
480854
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
15. Truc Bai Son lake 2376841
490122
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
New monitoring point.
16. Tai Chi lake 498488
2376454
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
17. Trang Vinh lake – Mong Cai
city
2383392
515829
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
Remaining existing monitoring
point
18. Quat Dong lake – Mong Cai
city
2383575
513412
To evaluate water quality for
irrigation
Remaining existing monitoring
point
19. Truong Xuan lake – Co To
district
2321552
500989
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
20. C4 lake – Co To district 2319013
501104
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
21. Chien Thang lake – Co To
district
2322734
506653
To evaluate water quality for
domestic water supply
New monitoring point
II River and stream system for
discharging
II.1 Cam river – Da Bac (Dong
Trieu district – Uong Bi city)
`
22. Khe Cai in Thuong Yen Cong
commune
2334960
393688
To evaluate water quality in
upstream tributary of Cam river
for irrigation
New monitoring point
23. Upstream of Cam river in
Dong Trieu farm
2335163
380396
To evaluate water quality in
Cam river for irrigation
New monitoring point
24. At Cam bridge 2331617
373490
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
industrial manufacture, traffic,
domestic in Dong Trieu area
Remaining existing monitoring
point
25. At Da Vach bridge 2328351
379231
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources in
New monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-7
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
Dong Trieu –Quang Ninh, and
Minh tan – Hai Duong
26. At Da Bac bridge 2323986
389217
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
industrial manufacture, traffic,
domestic, agriculture in Dong
Trieu – Quang Ninh, and Thuy
Nguyen – Hai Phong
New monitoring point
II.2 Non Dong – Cau Lim stream
(Mao Khe)
27. Non Dong stream after being
through Mao Khe mining area
2331360
381654
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining activity
New monitoring point
28. At Lim bridge 2329909
379470
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining and domestic
activities
New monitoring point
II.3 Sinh river (Uong Bi)
29. At bridge of Sing river,
National Road 18A, Uong Bi
city
2326707
397796
To evaluate water quality in
Sinh river receiving waste
sources from trading, domestic,
and industrial activites
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.4 Vang Danh river (Uong Bi)
30. Vang Danh stream, behind the
wastewater receiving point
from Vang Danh mine
2336663
400793
To evaluate water quality in
upstream tributary of Vang
Danh river receiving waste
sources from coal mining
operation of Vang Danh mining
New monitoring point
31. Uong Thuong stream, behind
the wastewater receiving point
from Uong Thuong –
Vietmindo area
2334894
403047
To evaluate water quality in
upstream tributary of Vang
Danh river receiving waste
sources from coal mining
activity in Dong vong – Uong
Thuong – VietMinDo area
New monitoring point
32. Than thung stream, behind
the wastewater receiving point
from Nam Mau mine area
2335350
396664
To evaluate water quality in
upstream tributary of Vang
Danh river receiving waste
sources from coal mining
activity in Nam Mau area
New monitoring point
33. In front of Lan Thap dam 2331604
400375
Following the old monitoring
network
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.5 Uong river (Uong Bi)
34. At Uong Bi bridge 2326709
399493
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
trading, traffic, and domestic
activities
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.6 12 Slots stream (Uong Bi)
35. Before water intake point for
domestic water supply purpose
2327929
402564
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.7 N2 channel (Uong Bi)
36. At receiving water getting into
Dong May reservoir
2326242
400901
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
New monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-8
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
supply
II.8 Chanh river (Quang Yen)
37. Chanh river bridge 2315857
400636
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
seafood processing, domestic
and construction activities
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.9 Thac Nhoong river – Troi
river (Hoanh Bo)
38. On front of Dong Ho dam 2327578
419149
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply
Remaining existing monitoring
point (replacing existing monitoring point at Troi bridge)
II.10 Tan Dan stream (Hoanh Bo)
39. At Bang Anh hamlet in Tan
Dan commune
2339560
408238
To evaluate water quality in
upstream tributary river
receiving waste sources from
coal ming acticity in Yen Lap
watershed
New monitoring point
II.11 Dong Quang river (Hoanh
Bo)
40. Da Trang dam 2329079
428598
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply for Hoanh Bo district
New monitoring point
II.12 Vao stream (Hoanh Bo) 41. Vao stream dam 2327425
420765
To evaluate surface water
quality influenced by
agriculture and domestic
activities
New monitoring point
II.13 Dien Vong river (Hoanh
Bo-Cam Pha- Ha Long)
42. At Da Bac dam 2326740
441868
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply
New monitoring point
II.14 Lai stream
43. Suoi Lai bridge on 336 road 2323156
433720
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining activity which
discharging to Cua Luc bay
New monitoring point
II.15 Ha Lam stream (Ha Long)
44. After receiving waste water
from Ha Lam coal mining
2319394
433938
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
Ha Lam coal mining
New monitoring point
45. K67 bridge on 336 2320971
431186
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining, bomestic, and
tracffic, which discharging to
Cua Luc bay
New monitoring point
II.16 Ha Tu stream (Ha Long)
46. Ha Tu bridge on National road
No.18A
2318514
437734
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining, traffic, trading ,
and domestic activities
New monitoring point
II.17 Lo Phong (Ha Long)
47. Lo Phong bridge in national 2319184 To evaluate water quality Remaining existing monitoring
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-9
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
Road No. 18A 438460 receiving waste sources from
coal mining, traffic, trading ,
and domestic activities
point
II.18 Moong coc 6 stream (Cam
Pha)
48. At bridge on national road No.
18A
2323378
455654
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining, traffic, trading ,
and domestic activities
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.19 Mong Duong river (Cam Pha)
49. Bridge in Grop 3, Mong
Duong ward
2330082
456902
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
coal mining, traffic, trading ,
and domestic activities in
Mong Duong area
New monitoring point (replacing existing monitoring point at Mong Duogn bridge)
II.20 Ba Che river (Ba Che – Tien
Yen district)
50. Ba Che 2 bridge 2353270
453074
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
domestic activity in Ba Che
area
Remaining existing monitoring
point
51. Water intake into factory 2353478
450465
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply for Ba Che district
02 New monitoring point (replacing existing monitoring at Ba Che 1 bridge)
52. Downstream at forest product
industrial cluster in Nam Son
commune
2349969
455566
To evaluate water quality
receiving waste sources from
forestry processing, and
domestic activities in Ba Che
area
II.21 Hoanh Mo stream – Binh
Lieu stream – Tien Yen river
(Binh Lieu – Tien Yen)
53. Hoanh Mo immigration 2388952
472836
To evaluate environmental
water impacted through the
boundary
Remaining existing monitoring
point
54. On front of PacHooc bridge 2381180
463719
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply for Binh Lieu district
Remaining existing monitoring
point
55. Water intake for domestic
water supply for Tien Yen
district
2361079
463374
Đánh giá chất lượng nước phục
vụ mục đích sinh hoạt cho
huyện Tiên Yên, chịu tác động
của các hoạt động khai thác cát,
thủy điện phía thượng nguồn
New monitoring point (relace old monitoring point at confluence of Tien Yen – Pho Co river)
II.22 Dong Van stream (Binh Lieu) 56. Flowing through Dong Quan
clearance stock
To evaluate environmental
water impacted through the
boundary
New monitoring point
II.23 Dam Ha river (Dam Ha)
57. Flowing bridge insite Dam Ha
township
2361911
484306
To evaluate surface water
quality influenced by activities
in Dam Ha area
New monitoring point (removing than replacing existing monitoring point at Dam ha brifge on National road No. 18A)
II.24 Ha Coi river (Hai Ha)
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-10
No Location Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
58. water intake for domestic
water factory in Quang Chinh
commune
2372920
498243
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply for Hai Ha district
New monitoring point
59. Ha Coi bridge 2372692
500970
To evaluate surface water
quality influenced by activities
in Hai Ha area
Remaining existing monitoring
point
II.25 Ka Long – Bac Luan bridge
(Mong Cai)
60. Water intake for domestic
water for Mong Cai city in Ka
Long river
2382329
521289
To evaluate surface water
quality for domestic water
supply for Mong cai city
New monitoring point
61. Down stream of Ka Long river
nearby Hoa Binh bridge
2380551
522000
To evaluate water quality river
influenced by trading, traffic,
stock load and unload in
boundary area
New monitoring point (removing 04 existing points at Ka Long bridge, Bac Luan bridge on Ka Long river, joining river at Bac Luon on Ka Longlong river, port on Ka Long river in Ninh duong commune)
II.26 Pat Cap river (Mong Cai)
62. At bridge in Quang Nghia
commune
2381267
505875
To evaluate water quality
influenced by waste sources
from boundary, and domestic
New monitoring point
Number of surface water monitoring
points according to the revised and
supplemented monitoring network
62 Monitoring parameters: Temperature, pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5,
Amoni (calculated by N), Clorua, Nitrit, Nitrat, Photphat, Sunphat,
As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, Total fat-oil, Coliform.
- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year (Note: For the river mouths
effected by tide, moinitoring is conducted at the lowest tide level).
- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, QCVN
38:2011/BTNMT, QCVN 39:2011/BTNMT and Annex III.1-1 of the Decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including:
Temperature, pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5, Amoni (calculated by N), Clorua, Nitrit, Nitrat, Photphat, Sunphat, As, Cd,
Pb, Fe, Hg, Total grease-oil and Coliform.
Source: DONRE
Table 10.1-3 Proposed Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network to 2020
No. Monitoring location Coordinate
(X,Y)
Objectives Remark
1. Water well for domestic use in
Hong Phong commune, Dong
Trieu district
2331630
369899
To evaluate chacteristics of
groundwater for domestic
water supply
Remaining existing
monitoring point
2. Water well for domestic use in
Quang Trung ward, Uong Bi
2327046
398512
To evaluate characteristics of
groundwater for domestic
water supply
Remaining existing
monitoring point
3. Water well for domestic use in
Phong Coc commune – Quang
Yen
2312025
402023
To evaluate characteristics of
groundwater for domestic
water supply
Remaining existing
monitoring point
4. Water well for domestic use of
resident area nearby Ha Khau
Landfill site , Ha Long city
2321778
421308
To evaluate characteristics of
groundwater for domestic
water supply
Remaining existing
monitoring point
5. Domestic water well in Tra Co
ward in Mong Cai city
2375652
527277
To evaluate chateristic
groundwater for domestic
water supply
Remaining existing
monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-11
6. Water well 548 in Dong Trieu
(Quang Ninh Clean Water
Business One Member Co.,Ltd)
2334026
373352
To evaluate groundwater in
Quaternary layer in Dong
Trieu area
New adding
monitoring point
7. Water well G12 Mao Khe (Quang
Ninh Clean Water Business One
Member Co.,Ltd)
2330399
380330
To evaluate groundwater in
Quaternary layer in Mao Khe
area
New adding
monitoring point
8. Water well 462 Vang Danh
(Quang Ninh Clean Water
Business One Member Co.,Ltd)
2334589
402147
To evaluate groundwater for
domestic water supply for
Vang Danh area
New adding
monitoring point
9. G3 water well in Bai Chay
(Quang Ninh Clean Water
Business One Member Co.,Ltd)
2318923
427292
To evaluate water quality in
Trias layer in Bay Chay area;
monitor salinization
New adding
monitoring point
10. Water well ATH10 Hon Gai
(Quang Ninh Clean Water
Business One Member Co.,Ltd)
2317084
433607
To evaluate water quality in
Trias layer in Hon Gai area;
monitor salinization
New adding
monitoring point
11. Water well 101 Cam Pha (Quang
Ninh Clean Water Business One
Member Co.,Ltd)
2324815
459069
To evaluate water quality in
Trias layer in Hon Gai area;
monitor salinization
New adding
monitoring point
12. Water well 106 Cam Pha (Quang
Ninh Clean Water Business One
Member Co.,Ltd)
2324508
456515
To evaluate groundwater in
Trias, Cacbonat, Cacbon -
Pecmi layers; monitor
salinization
New adding
monitoring point
13. Water well VH2 (Van Hai
Viglacera company)
2314139
477730
To evaluate water quality in
Devon layer; monitor
salinization
New adding
monitoring point
14. Water well LK2 COTO (Co To
district)
2323593
500351
To evaluate water quality in
Devon layer; monitor
salinization
New adding
monitoring point
15. Water well LK2 in Hai Yen IZ 2382833
516781
To evaluate water quality at
Jura Ha Coi layer
New adding
monitoring point
Number of groundwater quality
monitoring points according to the
revised and supplemented monitoring
network
15 Monitoring parameters: temperature, pH, hardness
(Calculted by CaCO3), sanility, Total solid (TS), COD
(KMnO4), Amoni (calculated by N), Nitrit (NO2-),
Nitrat (NO3-), Sulfat (SO4
2), Asen (As), Cadimi (Cd),
Chì (Pb), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), Mangan (Mn),
Coliform.
- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year
- Monitoring parameters: Add and revise the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT and
Annex III.1-1 of decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including : temperature, pH, hardness (Calculted by CaCO3),
sanility, Total solid (TS), COD (KMnO4), Amoni (calculated by N), Nitrit (NO2-), Nitrat (NO3-), Sulfat
(SO42), Asen (As), Cadimi (Cd), Chì (Pb), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), Mangan (Mn), and Coliform.
Source: DONRE
Table 10.1-4 Proposed Coastal water Quality Monitoring Network to 2020
No Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
I Beach area
1. Bai Chay beach 2318041
426922
To evaluate coastal water quality in beach
area influenced by waste water from
domestic, trading, service, entertainment,
sports and water tracffic
Monitoring points are
kept as old
monitoring plan
2. Tuan Chau beach 2314992
421158
- “ -
3. TiTop beach 2307387
430084
- “ -
4. Bai Dai beach 2335033
472678
- “ -
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-12
No Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
5. Tra Co beach 2376230
531370
- “ -
6. Binh Ngoc beach 2374484
526169
- “ - New monitoring point
II Aquaculture area
7. Cua Van aquaculture area
– Halong Bay
2303770
434782
To evaluate coastal water quality influenced
by waste water from aquaculture, domestic
sources and water traffic
Remaining existing
monitoring points
8.
Aquculture area in Hai
Hoa ward in Mong Cai
city (To Chi mountain
area)
2379574
529701
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste water sources from aquaculture,
domestic sources, port activities, water
traffic and golf yards
9.
Minh Thanh aquaculture
area in Quang Yen town
2322837
408679
To evaluate coastal water quality influenced
by waste water from aquaculture, and other
waste water sources in the area.
New monitoring point
10.
Aquaculture area in Cam
Thanh commune in Cam
Pha city
2333861
459414
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste water sources from aquaculture,
water traffic and port activities.
11.
Aquaculture area in in
Ban Sen commune in Van
Don district
2316735
472713
To evaluate coastal water quality influenced
by waste water from aquaculture, and other
waste water sources in the area.
12.
Aquaculture area in Hai
Lang commune in Tien
Yen district
2352392
467384
To evaluate coastal water quality influenced
by waste water from aquaculture, and other
waste water sources in the area.
13.
Aquaculture area in Dam
Ha commune in Dam Ha
district
2354808
486639
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste water sources from aquaculture,
water traffic and domestic.
14.
Aquaculture area in Phu
Hai commune in Hai Ha
district
2368993
504619
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste water sources from aquaculture,
water traffic, domestic and port activities.
15.
Aquaculture area in
Quang Minh commune in
Hai Ha district
2372145
507328
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste water sources from aquaculture,
water traffic, domestic and port activities.
16.
Aquaculture area in
Quang Nghia commune
in Mong cai city
2378149
506849
To evaluate coastal water quality influenced
by aquaculture activity and solid waste
treatment plant of Quang Nghia commune
III Coastal elsewhere
17.
Troi bridge on Troi – Vu
Oai road (Troi river
mouth)
2324548
421156
To evaluate coastal water quality in river
mouth before discharging into Cua Luc bay
New monitoring point
18. Bang bridge (Dien Vong
river mouth)
2324593
433996
To evaluate coastal water quality before
discharging in Cua Luc bay influenced by
waste sources from coal mining, thermal
power plant and construction.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
19. Bai Chay tourist boats
terminals
2317251
424838
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from tourism activities and water
traffic.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
20. Tuan Chau ferry port 2313089
420076
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from tourism and trading in Tuan
Chau island
New monitoring point
21. Buffer zone on front of
Bai Chay area
2316474
427167
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from tourism, water traffic and
domestic.
New monitoring point
22.
Coastal area in Hung
Thang urban resident
area
2317178
421792
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from domestic of residential areas New monitoring point
23. Cua Luc bay – Bai Chay
bridge
2318862
428763
To evaluate coastal water influenced by
waste water sources from Cai Lan sea port,
Cai Lan IZ activities, domestic, infrastructure
construction and coal ming activities
Remaining existing
monitoring point
24. Ship way between
Halong bay and Mot islet
2307468
432888
To evaluate coastal water in Ha Long bay
areas influenced by water traffic.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-13
No Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
25. Ha Long 1 market area 2317708
429126
To evaluate coastal water in buffer zone in
Hon Gai-Hong Ha areas receiving waste
sources from tradding, domestic and
water traffic activities.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
26.
Coastal area in coatal
roand of Lan Be – Cot 8
in Ha Long city
2316319
433272
To evaluate coastal water in buffer zone in
Hon Gai-Hong Ha areas influenced by waste
sources from domestic from shore and
floating houses, water traffic activities.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
27. Nam Cau Trang bridge 2317666
435847
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from coal ports and domestic Remaining existing
monitoring point
28. Lo Phong channel area 2314674
439270
To evaluate coastal water receiving waste
sources from domestic, and coal port
activities
New monitoring point
29. Km6 port area
2320716
447760
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste sources from coal ports, stone mining,
coal mining, cement industry, ship building,
water traffic and domestic
Remaining existing
monitoring point
30.
Coastal area from Cam
Pha cement factory to
Vung Duc
2321637
451776
- “ -
New monitoring point (replace monitoring point at Ben Do)
31.
Coastal area from Vung
Duc to Cam pha thermal
power plant
2320765
456343
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste sources from coal ports, coal mining,
and domestic
New monitoring point
32.
Coastal area from Cam
pha thermal power plant
to Cua Ong coal selection
– Cua Ong port
2322162
459944
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste sources from coal ports, domestic and
coal mining
New monitoring point (replaced monitoring point at Cua Ong)
33. Mong Duong river mouth
area
2330495
460281
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste sources from coal mining, coal ports
and domestic of the Mong Duong area.
New monitoring point
34. Gac way at Van Don 1
bridge
2327093
460280
- “ - Remaining existing
monitoring point
35. Cai Rong port area 2329724
466521
To evaluate coastal water quality receiving
waste sources from water traffic, seafood
collection boats station and tourist boats.
Remaining existing
monitoring point
36. Dan Tien port area 2378698
515332
To evaluate coatal water quality in Dan Tien
port Remaining existing
monitoring point
37. Co To port area 2319575
501050
To evaluate coatal water quality influenced
by sea traffic Remaining existing
monitoring point
38. Vung Cat 2,3 area in
group 4 in Coto township
2317783
498813
To evaluate coatal water quality receiving
waste sources from preliminary processing
of jelly fish activity
New monitoring point
Number of coastal water
monitoring points according
to the revised and
supplemented monitoring
network
38
Monitoring parameters: temperature, pH, TSS, DO, COD (KMnO4),
Amoni (calculated by N), As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, oil-fat, Coliform.
- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year.
- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT and Annex
III.1-1 of Decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including : temperature, pH, TSS, DO, COD (KMnO4), Amoni
(calculated by N), As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, grease-oil, Coliform.
Source: DONRE
Table 10.1-5 Proposed waste water quality monitoring network to 2020
No Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
1. Wastewater from Mao Khe 2329912 To evaluate characteristic New monitoring point (replace old
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-14
No Location
Coordianate
(X,Y) Objectives Remark
town flowing into Cau Lim
stream in Dong Trieu
379478 domestic waste water in
resident area
monitoring point for domestic wastewater in Mao Khe town)
2.
Open channel for wastewater
drainage of Vang Danh ward,
upstream of Lan Thap dam,
Uong Bi
2334317
400102
To evaluate characteristic
domestic waste water in
resident area
New monitoring point (replace old monitoring point for domestic wastewater in Quang Trung ward)
3.
Open channel for wastewater
drainage of Cot 3 residential
area, Halong city
2317826
432713
To evaluate characteristic
domestic waste water in
resident area
01 remaining existing monitoring
point (replace old monitoring point at Cai Dam WWTP)
4.
Open channel for wastewater
drainage of residential area
of Cam Thanh ward
2323498
450903
To evaluate characteristic
domestic waste water in
resident area
Changing monitoring point
5.
Wastewater discharge gate of
residential and commercial
area of Mong Cai city into
Ka Long river
2381660
522266
To evaluate characteristic
domestic waste water in
resident area
New monitoring point (replace old domestic wastewater monitoring point at tran Phu ward residential area)
Number of domestic waste water
monitoring points according to
the revised and supplemented
monitoring network
5
Monitoring parameters: Temperature, pH, BOD5, TSS, TDS,
Sunfua (calculated by H2S), Amoni (calculated by N), NO3-, PO4
3-,
oganic oil and fat, Total Coliforms.
- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year.
- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, including :
Temperature, pH, BOD5, TSS, TDS, Sunfua (calculated by H2S), Amoni (calculated by N), NO3-, PO4
3-, oganic oil
and fat, Total Coliforms.
Source: DONRE
10.2 Sediment Monitoring in Halong Bay
In 2011, the sediment quality in Halong Bay was monitored under the JICA technical
cooperation project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay. In the survey, heavy
metal concentration in the sediment was analyzed. According to the monitoring results,
heavy metal pollution exceeding the international guideline values such as Japanese
Sedimentation Quality Guideline Value, was not observed.
Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 (Final Report)
10
-15
Source: Project Study Team
Figure 10.2-1 Proposed Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-16
10.3 Project for the Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring Stations in
Quang Ninh
The project for the construction of automatic environmental monitoring stations in Quang
Ninh is really necessary, but faces challenges if appropriate budget for maintenance will
not be allocated. If DONRE will operate these monitoring stations in good condition for
longer than eight years, surely, DONRE in Quang Ninh will be the leading DONRE in
Vietnam.
The project consists of three components, namely, a) Automatic monitoring stations for
measuring ambient air quality: ten stations will be located in populated areas or areas
impacted by industrial activities, hereafter called as “auto AQM station”; b) Automatic
monitoring stations for measuring surface water (two stations) and coastal water (five
stations), hereafter called as “auto WQM stations”; and c) Automatic monitoring stations
for measuring emission gas from the stack of important thermo power and cement
production plants: seven stations, hereafter called as “auto plant emission monitoring
(PEM) station”.
(1) Necessity
The Project Study Team has examined the contents of the project proposal which were
prepared by DONRE, and it was concluded as quite necessary. The project shall help the
environment management of DONRE very much. The reasons are as follows:
a) Auto AQM station can able to grasp air quality such as particulate matter (TSP, PM10,
PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, and SO2, together with some meteorological parameters
such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and rain on semi-instant value,
hourly average, daily average and annual average.
By applying a) auto AQM station, DONRE can grasp the hourly, daily, monthly, yearly, or
annual concentration of TSP, PM10, O3, CO, NOx, and SO2, and then can compare it
with air quality standards (AQS), QCVN 05/2009/BTNMT. Finally, DONRE can discuss
whether Quang Ninh Province and the Halong Bay area are clean enough or not. If
DONREplans to apply stricter AQS than the national standards, the auto AQM station is
essential.
The difficulties of air quality monitoring are described in Chapter 5, by adopting auto
AQM station, some of the difficulties such as underestimation of NOx and large error of
TSP measurement could be solved in the place where auto AQM station is expected to be
installed. Moreover, the difficulties such as no good representative values of 24-hour data
and annual data might be solved. The most important solution is overestimation due to
intentional selection of date and time, by avoiding rainy days and one to two days after
rain, might be solved.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-17
Regarding c): “Auto PEM station”, it is quite effective to sound the alert for the neighbors
of the plants when serious incidents might happen and gaseous pollutants/toxic pollutants
are being emitted. It will help a prompt evacuation of residents. It is indispensable for the
local government authority to control very large emissions of gaseous pollution from
factories such as thermal power plant, cement plant, and iron manufacturing plant. In EU
countries, USA, and Japan, it is a common methodology to control emission in the heavy
industry area in case of emergency, such as photochemical smog episodes and high PM
concentration episodes. The countermeasures, i.e., to ask these plants to reduce the
production rate temporarily in order to reduce emission during the episode. The local
government could confirm that whether the emission is reduced or not by this system. In
addition, it is recommended to install Oxygen (O2) sensor together with sensors for air
pollutants at any plant, because O2 is indispensable parameter to grasp combustion
condition and judge whether flue gas is diluted intentionally or not.
Lessons Learned from Past Experiences in Vietnam
AQM Station Maintenance
-In Hanoi, seven auto air quality monitoring stations have been installed since 2002. Among them, only one
station belonging to the Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), VEA, MONRE achieved 90%
data availability per year, that was installed in 2009. 2-3 other stations are running around half. The
remaining three stations, including one station provided by JICA assistance, had completely stopped.
-In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), ten auto air quality monitoring stations have been installed since 2000.
Among them, no station achieved 90% data availability per year in 2008, nine auto air quality
monitoring station are arranged for HCMC Environmental Protection Agency (HEPA) from 2000 to
2002, with the assistance of donors (UNDP, DANIDA, NORAD). As of 2008, in each monitoring
parameter (NOx, SO2, PM10, etc.), only two to three stations are available. Even in the running stations,
data availabilities are 20%-40%. Taking the lifetime (8-10 years) into account, all stations are stopped
most probably. The remaining one was established in 2003, belonging to the National Centre for
Hydrometeorology (NCH) MONRE. It is located in agricultural area; 16 km south-southeast from the
city center therefore this station does not represent the situation of air pollution in HCMC. Budgets are
not enough to maintain/repair the equipment
-Hydro Meteorological and Environmental Station Network/MONRE
Under the National Hydro Meteorological Center (NHMC), there are ten auto monitoring stations located
in Hanoi (two stations), Hai Phong, Cuc Phuong-Ninh Binh, Vinh-Nghe An, Da Nang City, Pleiku, Son
La, Nha Be-Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho City.
One example of AQM station in Hanoi is as follows.
Since late 2008, due to cut-down of budget allocation from the government, the allocated budget is not
enough for maintenance, especially the replacement of the time-life devices. Then, the automatic
analyzed data from the station has been not accurate. The major problem of the station now is the
maintenance and time-life devices replacement cost.
-Other nine auto monitoring stations under the management of the Hydro Meteorological and Environmental
Station Network Center are facing the same problem. The station is trying to get more budget allocation for
better operation of these stations but failed. In general, the budget is enough for operation, insufficient for
maintenance, although human resources are enough for operation. Accordingly, it is insufficient for
replacement.
Training of Staff
As for daily, weekly, and monthly check, monitoring division staffs do not receive satisfactory training.
Actually, the staff check to see if equipment is moving or not. It is difficult for him to judge whether the
present data indicated on the display is either normal or abnormal.
As for screening (to exclude outliers), monitoring division staff do not receive adequate training.
Lack of training such as 1) the knowledge and experience for concentration range of pollutants in due
consideration with possible range, 2) how to find outlier candidates statistically, 3) general relationship
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-18
between air pollution levels and meteorological conditions, and 4) failure criteria and principles of
measurement of automated analyzers. Therefore, staff in charge cannot distinguish a valid data and
invalid data.
The staff has not received sufficient training on how to make a report and analyze data statistically.
Lack of the knowledge of basic statistical methods for air quality monitoring data, for example, the daily
average (e.g., in Japan, 20 hours or more are required), annual average (e.g., 6,000 hours or more must be
measured). The staff did not receive adequate training on how to create an annual report. Source: Study Team
(2) Special Conditions in Vietnam for “Auto AQM Station”
- High Humidity
Most of the equipment set up in “auto AQM station” apply a kind of sensor
technology such as ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry, infarred (IR) spectrometry,
chemical luminescence, and UV fluorescence. As a precondition of these
technologies, sample gas should be in dry condition, therefore the dryer for sampled
air such as silica gel and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are needed to be replaced very
frequently. In some case, if the dryer capacity is not enough, the sensor will be
damaged. There are some famous manufacturers from USA, Germany, France, UK,
Australia, and Japan. Continuous high moisture content/humidity condition like in
Vietnam is not observed in these countries; therefore the operational cost of a dryer
is higher than the usual cost in these countries.
- Frequent Electric Power Failure:
Unfortunately, frequent electric power failure is observed in Vietnam, also in Quang
Ninh. Most of the equipment set up in “auto AQM station” are very prone to
electric power failure. Although uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will be
installed, the power consumption of “auto AQM station” is quite large; from 3 kVA
to 5 kVA, the UPS can last only for 10 minutes. The electric power failure can
cause damage to the equipment set up on “auto AQM station”. Also this is not
observed in these manufacturing countries at all. Therefore, the repair cost is much
higher than the usual cost in these countries. Another alternative is the use of
generator during power failure, this has to be considered very carefully because
generator will emit CO, NOx, SO2, and PM (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) and will affect
the data. One of the solutions is to place the generator more than 50 m in distance.
It is recommended to installation the generator (10 kVA) for all stations, distance of
50m from the station: therefore there will be a total of ten generators.
Regarding c): “Auto PEM station”, the conditions are similar to a) “Auto AQM station”.
(3) Consumable Auxiliaries, Spare Parts/Replace
First of all, continuous air quality monitoring analyzers such as particulate matter
(TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, and SO2 monitors are completely
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-19
different from household appliances such as refrigerator. The operations of these
equipment are expensive. For example, most of the equipment, particulate matter
(TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx and SO2 monitors in a) “Auto AQM
station” and CO, NOx and SO2 in c) “Auto PEM station”, diaphragm pumps are set
as a suction pump. Diaphragm which is a kind of membrane made of special rubber
needs to be replaced every two years. The cost of a diaphragm in US cost a few
hundred dollars to USD 500, therefore a total of (500 x 5 x 10 + 500 x 3 x 7 =)
USD 35,500 is needed every two years at the maximum. As to the cylinders for
standard gases of CO, NO, and SO2, each station needs three cylinders. Cylinders of
standard gases are imported from Singapore and usually expire in two years.
Approximately, one cylinder of standard gas costs USD 500 to USD 1,000, in total,
USD 1,000 x 3 x 10= USD 30,000 is needed every two years at the maximum.
These are just examples of consumable auxiliaries and spare parts, based on the list
of user’s manual from the manufacturer, many items are to be replaced periodically.
1) Budget for Maintenance after Construction
After construction of facilities and purchase of equipment set up in “Auto AQM
station”, the maintenance costs, taking into account the conditions mentioned above
are shown in Tables 10.2-1 to 10.2-3. The values in the table do not include
operating costs, such as 1) labor cost, 2) stationeries, 3) energy cost, and 4) phone
line cost. Moreover, the design lifetime of the equipment is eight to ten years at the
maximum. Therefore, after eight years from the construction and installation of
equipment, the replacement procedure shall start.
Table 10.3-1 Expected Maintenance Cost for Ten Auto AQM Station
Year from the Start of the Operation
Expected Cost for Maintenance % of Purchase Cost
Expected Cost (USD)
1st year 2% 110,340 2nd year 5% 275,850 3rd year 5% 275,850 4th year 5% 275,850 5th year 5% 275,850 6th year 10% 551,700 7th year 10% 551,700 8th year 10% 551,700 9th year 10% 551,700
10th year Need to be replaced 5,517,000
Source: Project Study Team
Table 10.3-2 Expected Maintenance Cost for Seven Auto WQM Station
Year from the Start of the Operation
Expected Cost for Maintenance % of Purchase Cost
Expected Cost (USD)
1st year 2% 37,760 2nd year 5% 94,410 3rd year 5% 94,410 4th year 5% 94,410 5th year 5% 94,410 6th year 10% 188,820 7th year 10% 188,820
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-20
Year from the Start of the Operation
Expected Cost for Maintenance % of Purchase Cost
Expected Cost (USD)
8th year 10% 188,820 9th year 10% 188,820
10th year Need to be replaced 1,888,200
Source: Project Study Team
Table 10.3-3 Expected Maintenance Cost for Auto PEM Station
Year from the Start of the Operation
Expected Cost for Maintenance % of Purchase Cost
Expected Cost (USD)
1st year 2% 45,210 2nd year 5% 113,000 3rd year 5% 113,000 4th year 5% 113,000 5th year 5% 113,000 6th year 10% 226,000 7th year 10% 226,000 8th year 10% 226,000 9th year 10% 226,000
10th year Need to be replaced 2,260000
Source: Project Study Team
2) Human Resources and Training
At least five experts are necessary for the operation and data interpretation of 25
stations except from other tasks. Three of the five experts will be assigned to take
charge of a) “auto AQM station” and c) “auto PEM station” while the other two
experts will be assigned to take charge of b) “auto WQM stations”. These experts
need to undergo trainings, such as 1)Training at the manufacturer training
center/factory in the manufacturing country for a month, on-the-job training (OJT)
is desirable, 2) Training on data screening (to exclude outliers) and how to make a
report and analyze the data statistically.
3) Selection of Supplier
It is very crucial for DONRE to select a supplier that meets the quality requirement
as well as the quality of engineers that the supplier can provide. Due to the special
condition/situation in Vietnam such as high humidity and frequent electric power
failure as mentioned before, the probability of equipment failure is expected to be
higher than normal operation. In choosing the supplier at the bidding process, it is
not recommended to choose only in terms of price/cost. It is important to consider
the quality of supplier as well.
10.4 Establishment of Provincial GIS Center
As mentioned in Chapter 9, Quang Ninh Province has risks of suffering negative impacts
due to climate change. The total damages caused by natural disasters were estimated at up
to 120 billion VND, and 65 billion VND in 2005 and 2012, respectively.1
Thus, natural disasters in Quang Ninh Province has been limiting the development of its
economy, and damaging the environment, ecology and impacting the social life of the
1 http://quangninh24h.info/xem-tin-tuc/trien-khai-cong-tac-phong-chong-lut-bao-nam-2013.html
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-21
province. Along with impacts of global climate change, the level of natural disaster in the
country has worsened in general, particularly in Quang Ninh.
Recognizing this problem, the XIIIth Congress of the Quang Ninh Provincial Party
(2010–2015) had clearly stated the key tasks and measures for sustainable development.
One of the measures stated in the congress was “Increasing investment in research,
application of scientific and technical advances, new technology to serve leadership,
management and administration in agriculture, forestry, fishery production, administrative
reform, public services, and environmental protection”. In its development orientation,
Quang Ninh has always defined that science and technology is one of the important
driving forces for a rapid and sustainable socioeconomic development. This is also
consistent with the viewpoints of Resolution No. 20 of the Party on Science and
Technology, in which the development and application of science and technology is the
top national policy.
With the above direction at present, Quang Ninh is one of the leading provinces in
developing the E-government. The ranking index of development and application of
information technology in recent years have always been very impressive and have been
specifically deployed and planned out by 2015. Such plans include the availability of
Wi-Fi coverage throughout the towns and cities of the province and the use of email
boxes for work by 100% of provincial officials, especially in guiding the development
and deployment of strategy on information technology as well as the development and
application of the natural resources and environment action plan for responding to climate
change in the provincial areas.
Currently, the baseline data on natural resources, environment and the sea, and islands in
the province is quite large. These data were collected from several national level and
provincial level topics, projects and programs (annual projects and tasks of the province,
project on the development of a national database on natural resources and environment,
Scheme No. 47: Baseline Survey and Marine Natural Resources and Environment to 2010,
Vision to 2020, etc.). These products are quite diverse, including a database on natural
social conditions as well as a system of maps, satellite images of all kinds, and software
for managing the database based on GIS technology. To exploit and use effectively these
valuable information sources serving directly the direction, administration and state
management in general and in the field of natural resources, maritime and disaster
prevention in particular, the pressing issue now is to set an action plan for high
technology application, particularly geographic information and remote sensing to solve
the management problems. Some proposals on how to improve the capacity on
geographic information and remote sensing are as follows:
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-22
Develop projects and explanation notes on the necessity for submission to
competent authorities for approval.
Select consulting companies, construct specific applications to meet the
requirements and issues set by the managers.
Select managing models concentrated or dispersed in each area of expertise and
select specific policies for the concentrated model (at the Environmental
Information Center or at the Response Center, if any, in functioning sections or at
the sub-department of Environmental Protection)
Enhance human capacity: Organize training courses on the use of equipment,
software, report making; sending of faculties for training at professional
institutions at home or abroad.
Enhance the hardware and software capacity.
Assessment of effectiveness: Announce monitoring reports during deployment
period (e.g., damage assessment report after a storm, flooding, water pollution due
to oil spill, etc.)
10.5 Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring for Quang Ninh Province
10.5.1 Considerable Inter-regional Environmental Impacts on Quang Ninh Province
Quang Ninh Province has a strategic geo-political and geo-economic location in the
northeast part of Vietnam. The province is close to two of the three largest cities in
Vietnam (Ha Noi City and Hai Phong City), bordering China and its coastline to the Gulf
of Bac Bo. Inter-regional environmental problems due to its ability to link with China’s
economy and act as a cargo bridge between China and the ASEAN countries, especially
in the border environment, have not been considered. Consequently, environment
management should focus on regional and inter-regional operations and environmental
monitoring to identify its origins and its characteristics.
Representative issues coming from China include air pollution such as NOx, SOx, TSP
and acid rain deposition2.
A representative issue from contiguous city is water pollution through the Bach Dang
River and outside the Quang Ninh sea area. It is also especially necessary to pay attention
to pollution sources at Hai Phong Port3. Another issue to be considered is oil spill. The
sources of oil pollution and potential oil spill are the drilling platforms in the Gulf of
Tonkin and Gulf of Bac Bo. Monsoons can bring pollution especially since oil spills may
spread to the coast of Quang Ninh Province.
2 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), 2011, Second Periodic Report on The State of Acid
Deposition in East Asia
3 United Nations Environment Programme, 1998, National Report of Viet Nam on the Formulation of a Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis and Preliminary Framework of a Strategic Action Programme for the South China Sea
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10-23
10.5.2 Recommendation on Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring
In order to observe the inter-regional impacts on the environment, it is necessary to
implement appropriate monitoring and evaluation in Quang Ninh Province. Two
recommended methods to mitigate air, water and coastal area pollution are given below.
(1) Monitoring for Inter-regional Air Pollution
To implement the monitoring of the impacts of inter-regional air pollution on Quang Ninh,
it is necessary to have a monitoring site on the relevant area. One such kind of monitoring
network that could be used is the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia
(EANET). The EANET was established because of the necessity to establish regional
monitoring network with standardized monitoring methods and analytical techniques
regarding the state of acid deposition in the region. The objectives of EANET are as
follows: to create a common understanding of the state of acid deposition problems in
East Asia; to provide useful inputs for decision making at the local, national, and regional
levels aimed at preventing or reducing adverse impacts on the environment caused by
acid deposition; and to contribute to the cooperation among participating countries on the
issues related to acid deposition.
As of 2009, wet deposition monitoring was conducted at 54 sites in 13 participating
countries, which include four Vietnam monitoring sites, namely: Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Da
Nang, and Cuc Phuong (Figure 10.1-1). It is recommended that Quang Ninh Province will
cooperate to obtain real time information on the impacts of inter-regional air pollution. It
is one of the options for contributing in the air pollution monitoring for Quang Ninh
Province through EANET activities.
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Source: EANET
Figure 10.5-1 EANET Deposition Monitoring Sites (2009)
(2) Monitoring for Inter-regional Water Pollution and Seabed Sediment
To implement monitoring for inter-regional water pollution and seafloor sediment,
cross-sectoral management, strategic environmental assessment, and local community
participation are essential. The Vietnamese government is putting emphasis on
environmental issues, including integrated coastal management (ICM)4. The ICM aims to
coordinate the application of different policies affecting the coastal zone and related to
activities such as nature protection, aquaculture, fisheries, agriculture, industry, offshore
wind energy, shipping, tourism, development of infrastructure, and mitigation and
adaptation to climate change. The ICM will contribute to the sustainable development of
coastal zones by the application of an approach that respects the limits of natural
resources and ecosystems (ecosystem-based approach). It covers the full cycle of
information collection, planning, decision-making, management, and monitoring of
implementation. It is important to involve all stakeholders across the different sectors to
ensure broad support for the implementation of management strategies. Before 1995,
ICM initiatives had not yet been formulated at both the central and local levels in Vietnam.
4 European Commission. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Available from:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/
Urban
Rural
Remote
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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However, after 1995, ICM initiatives have been formulated at the central level and
implemented at the local level as pilot projects supported by the Vietnamese government
and international organizations.
In terms of national policy, Government Decree No.25/2009/ND-CP on integrated marine
resources management and environmental protection, dated March 6, 2009 (enforced in
May 2009), is the first integrated governance policy in the field of coastal, sea, and island
management in Vietnam. The policy offers some guide items for ICM implementation in
Vietnam, coastal function zoning, and coastal use planning. The Law of Sea and Law of
Marine Resources and Environment are being prepared which will be legal documents
focusing on ICM and marine spatial planning and management. There are some ICM
projects in Vietnam such as the Vietnam-The US of America Project on Building Capacity
on ICM for Viet Nam in Tonkin Gulf, supported by the US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) (2003-2012); as well as the National Program on ICM in 14 Provinces in
Central Vietnam Toward Year 2015 and Vision 2020, which covers Thanh Hoa down to
Binh Thuan provinces. The Vietnam Administration of Seas and Island and Partnerships
in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) implement the
Vietnam-PEMSEA program on ICM upscaling for seven key coastal provinces, namely:
Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Khanh Hoa, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Soc Trang and Kien
Giang (2011-2015)5. Consequently, Quang Ninh Province should monitor and evaluate
the coastal conditions through the ICM activities.
(3) Monitoring for Radioactive Substance
China has plan to construct 2 of new nuclear power plant near the border between
Vietnam and China. After operation of the new clear power plant, Quang Ninh Province
have to consider risk of radiation impacts, especially in accidental case. To reduce the risk,
it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province will have ability of radioactive substances
in air, water and soil environment. At the same time, an emergency response plan and a
regional commucation plan are recommended to be developed for distrct and city at the
border area, especailly Mong Cai City. For these activities, a project is proposed in this
environmental planning in Chapter 11. The detail is proposed in the Environmental
Improvement Project Report.
(4) Recommendatin on Soil Qualitgy Monitoring
So far, systematic soil quality monitoring has not been implemented in Quang Ninh Province.
5 Strategy on Integrated Coastal Management in Vietnam, Assoc. Dr. Nguyen Chu Hoi, Deputy Administrator of Vietnam
Administration of Seas and Islands(VASI); Available from:
http://soctrangteam.blogspot.com/2011/11/strategy-on-integrated-coastal.html
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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However, coal industry and other ehavy industry, and insufficient solid waste management
may cause soil pollution in the province. Therefore, it is recommended to implement
systematic provincial-level soil quality monitoring, and a project was proposed under the
environmental planning of Quang Ninh Province. The activities of the project are;
- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the
soil environment,
- Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure quality and take soil samplings in
areas contaminated affected by industrial activities (due to coal mining, industrial
activities...)
- Analysis of toxic substances in the samples
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
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CHAPTER 11 SOLUTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
11.1 SOLUTIONS FOR PRIORITY PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION
11.1.1 Solutions on Management
*Period 2014 – 2020:
- Harmonize between socio-economic development planning of the province, the sectors with
environmental planning;
- Promote application of the developed countries standards: application of environmental
Norms of Vietnam on air environment and construction, altering the factor of emission
standards in the Halong Bay area before 2015; development and application of more
stringent standards for water sources discharged into water sources used for supply purposes
for drinking, tourism, aquaculture, irrigation on parameters of coliform, BOD5, TSS, NO3,
phosphorus; construction of guiding documents to the private sector units to comply with the
new standards; development of regulations to manage and supervise the implementation of
the environmental protection works in the province (especially in the fields of treatment of
wastewater and emission etc.).
- Develop programs of capacity development for the provincial officials responsible for
environmental control;
- VINACOMIN is a key unit contributing to realize green growth strategies; close cooperation
between the province and Vinacomin to develop cooperative programs to ensure budget for
implementation of the environmental planning; consider establishment of fund to support the
pollution control operations; closely monitor implementation progress of the planned
environmental protection projects of Vinacomin;
- Promote environmental education and public awareness raising activities focusing on:
promoting 3R activities, introducing Satoyama model, promotion of eco-tourism;
- Develop policies and guidelines to introduce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and promote
public-private participation (PPP ) and promote cooperation with domestic investors to
promote the environmental protection projects; Exploit the special funds such as the trade
credits mechanizm for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG);
- Perform necessary tasks for asking donors for establishing feasibility study (FS) of projects
for construction of sewage treatment system and solid waste management system…;
- Strengthen measures to mobilize funding sources: construction of policy and mechanism to
encourage participation of private sector in implementation of environmental solutions;
develop guidance on the technical requirements of waste handling; mobilize international
financial supports for reduction measures of greenhouse gases emissions;
* Period 2021 - 2030:
- Application of standards of the developed countries; evaluation effectiveness of the new
standards application;
- Consideration the setting up of new funds for advanced technologies;
- Development of programs to share the practical and effective experiences in pollution
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11-2
control with units in private sector.
- Enure the operation and maintenance costs of the infrastructures which have been built.
11.1.2 Solution on communication and awareness on environmental protection and socialization
of environmental protection
- Communication and education to raise awareness and understanding of the people, thereby
raising awareness of compliance, enforcement of law, and implementation of policy
measures for environmental protection; developing mass movement to protect the
environment; building model integrating environmental protection with social-economic
model; mobilization of community to contribute resources to environmental protection... At
the same time identify patterns of socialization for environmental protection in accordance
with the characteristics of each locality to apply.
- In residential areas, encourage people to perform waste separation at source under the 3R
model; participate in the street cleaning; building road sections that are self-managed by
women/youth/veteran ...; establish self-managed sanitation teams for each street to be in
charge of inspection and supervision of the activities of environmental violations and
mobilize people to participate in environmental protection programs, waste collection from
the alleys.... ; collection and treatment of wastewater; participation in environmental impact
assessment in the area where they live...
- Promotion construction of integration model for environmental protection with
social-economic model: Promotion of eco-tourism in the forests and coastal areas in the
province to attract the participation of people living in the buffer area of economic
development, reducing pressure on natural resources and participating in protection of
natural resources for development; development of forest environmental services
contributing to increased income and increased protection of land, regulating and
maintaining of water sources, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases....
11.1.3 Solutions on sources of investment
- Diversifying investment sources for environmental protection. Increase expenditure ratio for
environmental protection following the economic growth rate.
- Focus the provincial budget to ensure implementation of proposed projects in the Provincial
Environmental Planning; Propose with the central level for special fund allocation to serve
environmental protection tasks.
- Actively mobilize funds from the Sponsors; ODA;
- Promote socialization of environmental protection, promote active participation of the people,
businesses and investors at home and abroad.
- The units, business with production and trading activities, minerals trading, especially for
coal products must ensure full funding and timely implementation of projects to improve the
environmental impacts due to activities of mining, processing, transportation and
consumption of coal.
11.1.4 Solutions on policy, mechanism
Developing, specifying mechanisms and regulations to manage and implement effectively
environment protection through projects, including:
- Mechanism of combination between contents of social - economic development with
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environmental protection.
- Mechanisms of linking between urban development with environmental protection.
- Mechanism of coordination between industries - agriculture, construction, trade - services for
the protection of environment.
- Policies to encourage the production and business establishments to abide by the regulations
on environmental protection, environmental improvement and application of clean
technologies.
- Encouraging and mobilizing capitals to raise funds for environmental protection in order to
attract and unify management of investments for environmental protection in the province.
11.1.5 Solutions on science and technology
- Promotion of more effective waste management solutions, minimize environmental
impacts by 3R approach (reduce, reuse and recycle).
- Step by step application of advanced technology in production facilities to both save
resources and contribute to environmental protection.
- Strict application of environmental standards for the production facilities.
- Application of advanced technologies to treat industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater,
sewage from mining.
- Application technology of waste treatment for microbial fertilizers
11.1.6 Solutions on Human Resource
*Strengthening capacity of the State management agencies for Environment for the main contents:
- Study to establish the management apparatus that are streamlined, appropriate and
effective.
- Strengthening capacity for planning, monitoring and strategy reviewing for implementation
of Green Growth strategy
- Strengthen capacity of the strategic environmental impact assessment (SEA) and ability
to monitor the predicted impacts of SEA to avoid negative and unforeseen impacts of
environment to ensure harmony between environmental protection and economic
development
- Strengthening capacity of environmental check and inspection
- Building capacity in promoting adaptation measures to climate change by mobilizing
international funding or commercial credit mechanisms.
*Strengthening capacity of relevant organizations:
- Strengthen capacity of the staff directly manage environment at the local levels.
- Formation of joint working groups with experts and local authority to support businesses,
production and trading facilities on advanced industrial wastewater and solid waste
management; promote development of wastewater treatment systems in rural areas; and
3R activities in resident areas.
.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11-4
11.2 PRIORITY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Among the projects proposed in Chapter 4 to Chapter 10, the following projects
recommended to commence any projects promotions actions in 2013 are shown in Tables
11.2-1 to 11.2-7. The outline of the proposals in each sector is shown below.
11.2.1 Outline by Each Environmental Management Sector
1. Water Environment Management
This priority project intends to construct wastewater treatment system and sewerage
network for Halong City. It is recommended to carry out an F/S study to update the
existing plan funded by the national or provincial budget. Currently, part of the project is
being proposed to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) yen loan.
Consequently, it is possible to consider the inclusion of wastewater treatment project in
all areas of Halong City. Considering the concept to introduce the standards of developed
countries proposed by the socio-economic master plan, and reflection of green growth
strategy by actualizing the concept of sustainable development for Halong City, the
planned wastewater treatment system is proposed to introduce the advanced system to
treat nitrogen and phosphate more effectively, and examine collection and reuse system of
generated sludge from the treatment system. At the same time, it is recommended that
preliminary feasibility study be conducted for priority areas, such as Mong Cai City, Cam
Pha City, Uong Bi City, and Van Don District.
Regarding coal mining wastewater, the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries
Group (VINACOMIN) plans to construct wastewater treatment system in all of its coal
mining areas by 2015. It is recommended that Quang Ninh DONRE should monitor the
progress of their activity.
2. Solid Waste Management
The priority projects are the technical assistance and awareness raising projects to
develop capacities for promoting reduce, reuse, recycle (3Rs) activities and operation
improvement of the solid waste management system, and for regional solid waste
management improvement projects to develop improved solid waste management system
by improving the solid waste collection system and constructing regional composting
plant and sanitary landfill site for Hạlong City, Cam Pha City, Hai Ha District, Van Don
District, Hoanh Bo District, Quang Yen Town, and Co To District, of which available
landfill site capacity will be finished soon. Regarding these projects, cooperation of
adjacent local administration will contribute in decreasing the required cost for the
projects and actualizing a more efficient solid waste management. Currently, regional
(inter-administrative) solid waste management in Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, and
Cam Pha City is under examination. It is recommended to continue this examination.
Furthermore, it is suggested that similar study should be soon carried out for the eastern
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11-5
part and western part of Quang Ninh Province.
In Quang Ninh Province, the private sector has already participated in the operation of
solid waste management. Using this experience, it is recommended to continue
encouraging the local investors in implementing the regional solid waste management
project.
Regarding the introduction of incinerators, it is recommended to examine its possibility
for regional solid waste management for Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, and Cam Pha
City. For Co To District, a pilot project to introduce the use of an incinerator is being
planned, so the project should be reviewed.
3. Air Environment Management
The project for strengthening capacity for environmental management intends to provide
equipment related to air quality monitoring to EMAC of DONRE. This project has been
already approved by PPC.
The project for mandatory reporting of flue gas measurement value to local government
plans including instructions on self-monitoring to these unit on their flue gas in the
stack/duct for large-scale plants as a mandatory report containing flue gas measurement
result on a quarterly basis. This project can be implemented by the budget allocated to
DONRE for annual environmental monitoring. It is recommended to implement these
projects within 2013 depending on the status of the budget allocation.
Another project is to solve the difficulties of dust measurement in the field and laboratory,
and to promote smooth and convenient initial operation of the “Auto AQM Station” and
“Auto PEM (Plant Emission Monitoring) Station”, supported by an international expert.
The technique on emission measurement under standard oxygen concentration is also
instructed by applying the emission standards of developed countries in the future. This
project is recommended to apply for international funding donor to get technical
assistance from international experts.
4. Forest Management
There are five priority projects proposed in the forest management sector as shown in
Table 11.2-4. Some of these projects are related to the development and upgrading of
conservation areas. Through these proposed priority projects, recommend the followings:
- Upgrate the Bai Tu Long National Park with inclusion of a new marine protected
area.
- Register the Bai Tu Long National Park to be an ASEAN Heritage Park to
disseminate its worth more widely in the international level.
- Upgrade the Yen Tu National Forest to be a national park by increasing the area
designated as protected area.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11-6
- One of the important priority projects in the forest management sector is the project
for management of headwater protection forest, of which the objective is to carry out
activities for protecting important watersheds that function as major surface water
supply sources, e.g., Yen Lap Lake and Trang Vinh Lake in Quang Ninh Province,
such as carrying out of baseline survey, preparation of management plan with setting
buffer zone, conducting forest fire protection work, and soil erosion prevention
work.
- Another important priority project is the rehabilitation and monitoring project for the
three major coal mines, i.e., Ha Tu, Suoi Lai, and Nui Beo by reforestation and earth
works to prevent soil erosion.
5. Biodiversity Conservation
There are three priority projects proposed in the conservation sector as shown in Table
11.2-5. Most important priority projects are related to the proposal for registration of
Ramsar sites for Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen District, and Mong Cai City. Another
important concept related to the priority projects is the “Satoyama Initiative”, which is the
concept for regional environment management with local people based on Japanese
experiences, promoted by the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10) of the Convention
on Biological Diversity. Regarding the priority projects related to registration of Ramsar
site, promotion of ecotourism is one of the important activities, and the project including
the activities can be carried out with private sectors to promote eco-tourism activities.
6. Climate Change Issue Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
There are five priority projects proposed in the conservation sector as shown in Table
11.2-6. One of the important projects in this sector is to promote the establishment of an
ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh Province. Quang Ninh Province is the
candidate province for the establishment of an ASEAN Green Growth Center. If the
center is established in Quang Ninh Province, it will contribute to the enhancement of
environmental management by shifting industrial and economic structure from “Brown
Growth” to “Green Growth”. Other main priority projects are related to mitigation
measures on possible climate change impacts such as increasing risk of natural hazard
and sea level rising. Another group of priority projects are related to a new mechanism
that will assist in the introduction of new technology for reducing GHG emission,
cooperating with developed countries such as Japan under new cooperation mechanism
known as Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)/Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism (BOCM)
for tourism and industrial sectors. For these projects, private investor can be involved in
the planning and implementation of projects.
7. Environmental Monitoring
Regarding environmental monitoring, one of the important projects is to install an
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11-7
automatic environmental monitoring system in Quang Ninh Province. For operation and
maintenance of an automatic monitoring station, a certain budget will be required for
each year. Another important priority project proposed is the development of GIS
information center managing information at the provincial level. The GIS center is
expected to have various functions in developing an environmental information database,
such as biodiversity conservation, inland and marine resource protection, and hazardous
management.
11.2.2 Implementation Schedule
Environmental Planning of Q
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11-8
Table 11.2-1 Priority Projects in Water Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost
(millionUSD)
95.0
170
5.0
1.0
10.3
NOTE 1) Wastewater treatment process of each plant will be designed the advanced treatment process which can remove : Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA
Nitrogen and Phosphorous as well as BOD and SS.
2) In the F/S stage, methods for reduction of volume and recycling of sewer sludge will be studied as a countermeasure : Request of International Loan, Appraisal of ODA Donor, Selection of Consultant
against the limitation of landfill sites.
3) Wastewater from hospitals, public facilities, restaurants and other commercial facilities can be discharged : Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works
to sewer lines after construction of wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage system.
4) The owners and the operators of hospitals, public facilities, restaurants and other commercial facilities must : Implementation of project
treat the effluent before discharging to sewer lines as required to comply with a wastewater treatment plant.
5) Budget for the project is provided by VINACOMIN and other coal mining companies, such as deposit for environmental improvement for coal mining industry.
Total project cost is 354 million USD.
WEM-2
Development of
Wastewater Treatment
System in Priority Area
Mong Cai City
Cam Pha City
Uong Bi City
Van Don District
Construction of
wastewater treatment
facilities and sewerage
system in Mong Cai City,
Cam Pha City, Uong Bi
City and Van Don
District
National or
provincial budget
and ODA (To be
applied)
It is recommended to prepare
pre-F/S study and EIA study
by National or provincial
budget.
For F/S, B/D and D/D,
applying for ODA will be
considered.
2 millionUSD 93 millionUSD
ODA (To be
applied)
It is recommended to prepare
pre-F/S study and EIA study
by National or provincial
budget.
For F/S, B/D, D/D and
construction, applying for
ODA will be considered.
2 millionUSD 100 millionUSD 68 millionUSD
2022 2023 2024 2025
WEM-1
Development of
Wastewater Treatment
System for Halong
City
Construction of
wastewater treatment
facilities and sewerage
system in Halong city
ODA (under the
process to apply
for JICA yen loan)
It is recommended to carry out
F/S study to update existing
plan by National or provincial
budget.
or
to request JICA to conduct
Special Assistance for Project
Formation (SAPROF).
It is possible to consider to
include the wastewater
treatment project in all area
of Halong city by JICA yen
loan.
Year
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021No. Project Content of Project Budget Sources Actions to be taken in 2014 Remarks
It is recommended to conduct
a feasibility study to update the
current plan by the central
budget or the provincial
budget.
To ensure the budget, it is
recommended to cooperate
with VINACOMIN.
2 million USD
Project for Planning
Rural Wastewater
Treatment System in
Quang Ninh Province
The project is to examine
individual wastewater
treatment system in rural
area in Quang Ninh
province.
ODA loan
Provincial budget
It is recommended to prepare
budget.
-
8.3 million USD
WEM-3
WEM-4
0.7 million USD 0.3 million USD
Improving of
environment in areas of
Lo Phong, Khe Re
streams and Mong
Duong River
The Project to construct
wastewater treatment
system for coal mining
industry
Central budget or
provincial budget,
cooperation with
VINACOMIN
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11-9
Table 11.2-2 Priority Projects in Air Environment Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Budget million
USD2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
: Implementation of project
Year
No. Name of Project Contents of ProjectFinancial
sources
Actions to be
Taken in 2014
Recommended
reached
inception in
2014.
Project on Mandatory
Reporting of Flue Gas
Measurement Value to
Local Government
The project is to introduce self monitoring
of flue gas in the stack/duct for large scale
plants as a mandatory report containing
flue gas measurement result on a quarterly
basis.
Provincial
Budget
Project for Strengthening
Capacity for Environmental
Management
The project invests in instruments
/equipment, including 1)Equipment for
environmental inspection, 2)Field
monitoring equipment (air & water),
3)Laboratory equipment, 4)Auxiliary
equipment.
Provincial
Budget
Recommended
reached
inception in
2014.
Funding will
come from the
annual budget
for
environmental
monitoring
AEM-1
AEM-2
AEM-3
0.65
0,24
-
Capacity Development on
Air Quality Monitoring and
Plant Emission Monitoring
by International Expert
The project is to solve the difficulties of
dust measurement in field and laboratory,
and to promote smooth initial operation of
“Auto AQM station” and “Auto PEM
Station”, with support from international
experts
Provincial
Budget
Non-
refundable
ODA
Environmental Planning of Q
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11
-10
Table 11.2-3 Priority Projects in Solid Waste Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost
(millions)
: Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA
: Request of International Loan, Appraisal of ODA Donor, Selection of Consultant
: Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works
0.2 million USD
10.7
0.20 million USD
10.5 million USD
(Local JSC: 4.8 million USD,
ODA or provincial budget: 5.7 million USD)
SWM-4
Development of solid
waste management system
for Uong Bi City, Hai Ha
District, remind area of
Van Don District, Quang
Yen Town, and Cot To
District
The Project for development of
solid waste management includes
construction of landfill,
improvement of collection system,
construction of bio composting
plant to serve recycling of solid
waste.
ODA budgets or
provincial budget with
private investors to
entrust the operation of
the collection system,
composting and landfill
It is recommended
to update the existing
F/S by provincial or
central budget
The towns and districts are listed as
priority areas, as existing capacity of
each landfill will be finished soon.
Preliminary study on
regional solid waste
managementSWM-2
The project is for study the
regional solid waste management
by grouping a number of districts,
cities and towns.
It is recommended
to ensure budget for
the project.
At present, Halong city, Cam Pha
town and Hoanh Bo district, and a
part of Van Don district are
considering grouping for solid waste
management.
0.2
SWM-1
Project on awareness
raising on solid waste
management
The project includes 3R
component as follows:
- Promotion of 3R at provincial
level
- Promotion of 3R on tourism
solid waste
- Awareness rising for enterprises
in improvement of industrial solid
Provincial and National
budget
Content of Project Budget SourcesPriority City/town/districtYear
2013 20202014 2015 2016
Provincial and National
budget
2017 2018 2019
Actions to be taken
in 2014Remarks
It is recommended
to ensure budget for
the project
- 0.7
0.35 million USD
To ensure the budget, it is
recommended to cooperate with
VINACOMIN.
SWM-3
Development of regional
solid waste management
system for Halong City,
Cam Pha City, Hoanh Bo
District, and a part of Van
Don District
The Project for development of
solid waste management includes
construction of landfill,
improvement of collection system,
construction of bio composting
plant to serve recycling of solid
waste.
ODA budgets or
provincial budget with
private investors to
entrust the operation of
the collection system,
composting and landfill0.4 million USD
It is recommended
to update the existing
F/S by provincial or
central budget
Research results on the system of
solid waste management by region
(SWM-2) will be reflected.
21.3
4.8
0.07 million USD
20.9 million USD
(Local JSC: 9.5 million USD,
ODA or provincial budget: 11.4 million USD)
0.35 million USD
31.4 million USD
(Local JSC: 1.3 million USD,
ODA or provincial budget: 17.1 million USD)
SWM-5
Assessment of stability,
identifying potential risks
of soil and rock slides
areas and proposing
prevention solutions for
the Outer Dumping Sites in
Halong and Cam Pha
areas.
The project is to improve
condition of coal mining waste
dumping site; ensure safety for
resident areas.
The central budget or
provincial budget,
cooperation with
VINACOMIN
It is recommended
to update the existing
F/S by provincial or
central budget
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1
Table 11.2-4 Priority Projects in Forest Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost
(million USD)
11
3.6
6.0
3.3
1.5
12.0
2.6
: Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA
: Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works
No. Project Name Content ProjectFinancial
Source
Actions to be
Taken in 2014Remark
Year
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
FM-2
Project for development of
Bai Tu Long National Park,
registration as ASEAN
Heritage Park
The project is to developed a national park
cum marine protected area , and register as
an ASEAN Heritage Park.
National and
provincial
budget
It is
recommended to
request budget
for starting the
project.
With the registration as an
ASEAN Heritage Park, the
values of Bai Tu Long Bay
area will be more widely
recognized. Eco-tourism will
be boosted more
FM-3
Project of Establishment
and Upgrade of Yen Tu
National Park (Expansion)
The project is to upgrade Yen Tu National
Forest to Yen Tu National Park.
National and
provincial
budget
It is
recommended to
request budget
for starting the
project.
Eco-truism activity will be
promoted.
: Request of Investment (National/provincial budget, international loan, other sources), Approval of authority, Selection of Consultant
FM-4
Project for Management of
Headwater Protection
Forest
The project is to carry out protect important
watersheds for major surface water supply
source in Quang Ninh province, such as
carrying out of baseline survey, preparation
of management plan with setting buffer
zone, conducting forest fire protection
work, and soil erosion prevention work.
National and
provincial
budget
It is
recommended to
start preparation
work for this
project.
The project is expected to
contribute to protect major
water supply source in
Quang Ninh province.
1.5millionUSD
2027 2028 2029 2030
1.8millionUSD
1.5millionUSD 2.1millionUSD
0.8millionUSD 5.2millionUSD
2022
Project for Coastal
Ecological Corridor
Improvement in QN
Province
Mangrove and coastal forest in the province
is rehabilitated and the sustainable
management model is established.
Provincial
Budget
NDE achieve the
necessary budget
allocation
Management of mangrove
areas are restored or
renovated conceptual model
proposed by Japan
Satoyama to sustainable
management of the natural
environment
20262023 2024 2025
2.0 million USD 9.0 million USD
FM-5
Rehabilitation and
Monitoring Project for
Rehabilitation of Coal
Mines
Nghiên cứu và giảm thiểu được những điều
kiện ô nhiễm trầm tích và bùn lắng ở vịnh
Cửa Lục và Vịnh Hạ Long và đường bờ
biển của các vịnh này
Funds from
VINACOMIN
- -
1.5 million USD
FM-1
FM-6
Developing of Green Belt in
Halong and Cam Pha Cities
To create green trees belt, rehabilitate
landscapes and environment of Halong and
Cam Pha Cities.
Funds from
VINACOMIN
It is
recommended to
discuss with
VINACOMIN to
start the project.
-
FM-7
Planning and Testing the
Models of Land Use toward
Environmental Friendly
around Closed Coal Mines
Land use towards environmental friendly
at closed coal mining area
Funds from
VINACOMIN
- -
9.0 million USD
2.0 million USD
3.0 million USD
0.6 million USD
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-12
Table 11.2-5 Priority Projects in Biodiversity Conservation Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost(million USD)
50 ## 50
0.25
57 57 57
0.25
50 ## ## ## ## ## ## ##
0.98
: Implementation of project
BDC-3
Project on Establishment
of Ramsar Site with
promotion of Eco-
tourism and Sustainable
Environment
Management.
This project is to conserve the
SATOYAMA wetlands and promote
the sustainable use and ecotourism, the
three coastal wetlands (Quang Yen ,
Tien Yen and Mong Cai) in Quang
Ninh Province with registration with
the Ramsar Sites.
ODA loan or Central
Budget, together with
Private sector investor
It is recommended to start to
prepare request documents if the
project apply for ODA fund.
The Ramsar sites will be expected
to contribute to promote eco-
tourism activities in Quang Ninh
province.
The SATOYAMA initiative is the
Japanese idea to manage regional
environment with local people
promoted by COP 10.
BDC-2
Restoration and
Rehabilitation of Coral
Reefs, sea grass and
seaweed vegetation
Project for rehabilitation the situations
of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed
vegetation, example in offshore area of
Co To Island
National and provincial
budget.
It is recommended to start
preparation work.
-
BDC-1
Planning of Biodiversity
Action Plan of Quang
Ninh Province
Project on Detailed Planning of
Biodiversity Action Plan
National and provincial
budget.
It is recommended to request
budget to PPC.
-
Year2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
No. Project Content of Project Financial Source Actions to be Taken in 2014 Remark
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11
-13
Table 11.2-6 Priority Projects in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost
(million
USD)2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
CC-1
Communication for raising of
knowledge on climate change for
management mechanism at all
levels as well as communities in
Quang Ninh Province (priority for
coastal communities)
Communication for raising of
knowledge on climate change for
management mechanism at all
levels as well as communities in
Quang Ninh Province (priority for
coastal communities)
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.
- 0.1
CC-2
Study on development of the
ASEAN Green Growth Center
Promotion the establishment of the
ASEAN Green Growth Center in
Quang Ninh.
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.
Quang Ninh province is a
candidate for establishing
the Green Growth Centre of
ASEAN.
0.3
CC-3
Capacity enhancement for
organizations in responding to
climate change
Capacity enhancement for
organizations in responding to
climate change
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC. - 0.1
CC-4
Development of local regulations
for the climate change issues
Development of local regulations
for the climate change issues
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC. - 0.1
CC-5
Construction, upgrading and
renovation of hydrometeorology
station in Co To District
Construction, upgrading and
renovation of hydrometeorology
station in Co To District
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.- 0.5
CC-6
Development of environment and
hazard database, and automatic
system for natural disaster
monitoring and warning
Development of environment and
hazard database, and automatic
system for natural disaster
monitoring and warning
Provincial Budget It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.
- 1.3
CC-7
Promoting efficient operations of
tourist boats in Halong Bay
Promoting efficient operations of
tourist boats in Halong Bay
Private donor It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.
JCM/BOCM mechanism
proposed by Japanese
Government can be applied
0.3
CC-8
Promotion of energy efficiency in
major manufacturers
Promotion of energy efficiency in
major manufacturers
Private donor It is recommended to
request budget to PPC.
JCM/BOCM mechanism
proposed by Japanese
Government can be applied0.3
: Project Implementation
No. Project content Financial sourcesActions to be taken in
2014Remark
YearProject
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Table 11.2-7 Priority Projects in Environmental Monitoring Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule
Project Cost
(million USD) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
EM-1
The project for
construction of
automatic
environmental
monitoring
stations in Quang
Ninh (DONRE)
including
Construction
The Project will carry out construction and
installation of automatic environment
monitoring stations to grasp quality status of
air environmetn and water environment in
Quang Ninh Province
(1) Automatic envrionment monitoring
station to measure ambient air quality: 10
stationsto be installed in dense populated
areas or in areas affected by industrial
activities.
(2) Automatic envrionment monitoring
station to measure surface water quality (2
stations) and coastal water quality (5
stations)
(3) Automatic envrionment monitoring
station to measure emissions from stacks of
major thermal power plant and cement
plants: 7 stations
under proposal
process to Quang
Ninh PPC
The project shall
commence depending
on the approval of the
PPC
To operate and maintain
these automatic
monitoring statsion, it
requires certain budget
allocation per annum.
28.6
EM-2
Development of
construction plan
of regional GIS
centre
Reason for establishment of the GIS and
Remote Sensing centre, to:
(1) safety for tourism
(2) Response to climate changes
(3) Management of sea - island economy as
well as support to people who live along the
coast line and on islands.
(4) Management of natural hazard
(5) Management of natural resources and
environment protection
National and
provincial budget
It is recommended to
start the procedures
to apply for provincial
budget
The GIS centre is
expected to implement
many fucntions to
formulate Environmental
information database,
such as biodiversity
conservation, protection
of resources on sea and
inland, and management
of hazards
0.5
: Implementation of project
Year
No. Project Name Content Project Financial SourceActions to be Taken
in 2014Remark
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11.3 Possible Budgetary Sources for Implantation of the Proposed Projects
11.3.1 General
The PPC, proponents, DPI, and DOF need to prepare sufficient budget to implement the
proposed projects. There are several budget sources to be able to choose, as shown in
Table 11.2-1 below. It is recommended that PPC and relevant departments will select and
apply the most appropriate budget source to obtain budget for the projects.
Table 11.3-1 List of Budget Sources for Projects in the Climate Change Issues
No. Category Name Remarks
1 Within Vietnam Provincial budget Collected environmental protection fee, Environmental Protection Fund can be considered as a part of budget for implementation of the proposed project.
2 Budget from central government
-
3 Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF)
VEPF can be considered for renewable energy projects (wind, solar and geothermal power, and hydropower) and power plant projects with methane collected from landfill sites and coal mines.
4 International donor fund
International donor fund To application for funds, documents to be prepared should be prepared by preliminary survey done by Vietnamese side, and a certain period is necessary to proceed the process for application.
5 Private sector fund
Private fund
For certain field, private funds can be utilized.
6 Specific Funds for Certain Specific Sector
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
As of November 2012, a total of 166 projects in Vietnam have been registered.
7 Joint Crediting Mechanism/Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism (JCM/BOCM)
The Vietnamese government and the Japanese government continue their discussion for the agreement of JCM/BOCM.
8 Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA)
This is an ecosystem-focused fund ensuring that climate change concerns are incorporated in the management of ecosystems through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) focal area projects.
9 Adaptation Fund This is administered by the GEF and began to generate significant resources in 2010. The fund was principally established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
10 Climate Investment Funds (CIF)
It is managed by the World Bank included in the Clean Technology Fund and the Strategic Climate Fund, which support various programs.
Source: Study Team
It is noted that presently there are various specific funds can be mobilized for addressing
climate change issues, so it is better to consider the way to utilized these funds as
effectively as possible.
Regarding the private funds, it is considered that the fund can be used for the following
sector.
Construction of industrial wastewater treatment system in industrial zones and
economic zones by contracting investors to develop required facilities.
Promotion of “Jokaso” or “Bio-toilet” projects by inviting private investors
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raft Final Report)
manufacturing / trading the equipment
Joint stock companies who has experiences / has intention to operate solid waste
management system in Quang Ninh Province.
Construction of industrial solid waste pre-treatment system in industrial zones and
economic zones by contracting investors to develop required facilities.
Construction of hospital solid waste pre-treatment system to new hospitals by
contracting investors to develop required facilities.
Renew/upgrade/rehabilitate the effluent and emission treatment systems to existing
thermal power plants and cement plants to meet the new effluent/emission standards
to 2015 and compatible with standards of the developed countries’ level.
Promoting eco-tourism in active management zone or Coastal Environmental
Protection Corridor proposed by the Project for Environmental Protection in Halong
Bay.
Introducing energy saving measures to manufacturers, hotels and tourism boats for
the projects to reduce amount of GHG emissions
11.3.2 Required Indicative Cost for Each Phase of Environmental Planning
The required budget for implementing all projects proposed by the Environmental
Planning is shown in Table 11.2-2. Total cost will be around 1,300million USD.
Table 11.3-2 Estimated Indicative Cost
Unit cost: million USD
Sector Possible Source 2013-2015 2015-2020 2020-2030 Total
Water Environment Government/Donor/
PPP 11 390 515,6 916,6
Air Quality
Management Government/Donor 1 3 0 4
Solid Waste
Management
Government/Donor/
PPP/FDI 3 30 65 98
Joint-stock
company - 15 - 15
Forest Management Government/Donor/
PPP 18,5 61,3 3 82,8
Biodiversity
Management
Government/Donor/
FDI 2 2 2 6
Climate Change Government/Donor/
PPP/FDI 22,6 44,2 77 143,8
JCM/BOCM
scheme 0.1 0.3 ^- 0.4
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raft Final Report)
Environmental
Monitoring Government/Donor 11 5,5 21 37,5
Total
69,2 551,3 683,6 1.304,1
Note; The price does not consider influence of inflation.
Source: Study Team
11.3.3 Preliminary Suggestion of Mobilization of Budget for Environmental Planning
Every year, Quang Ninh Province made the provincial expenditures for environmental
management. To cover the estimated budget for the Environmental Planning, the
following optional ideas can be proposed;
To focus the investment resources for implementing the proposed projects in the
period from 2014 to 2020, it is considered that Quang Ninh Province should
increase the provincial budget for Environmental Fund, to spend around 1 to 2 %
of total expenditure. If operational budget for environmental management is 1 to
2 % of total provincial expenditure, the province have to allocate 2 to 4% of total
expenditure for the Environmental Planning. In 2012, Quang Ninh Province spend
around 7.4% of total expenditure for environmental management, it is considered
that allocation of 2% to 4% of total expenditure can be examined. Nevertheless the
allocation of 2% to 4% of the provincial total expenditure for environmental
management, to cover the budget for development of large scale infrastructure
such as wastewater treatment systems and solid waste management systems,
international donors fund will be required. Therefore, it is expected that the 2 to
4% of total provincial expenditure will be used for sustainable environmental
management considering actualization of green growth strategy in Quang Ninh
Province.
Besides, Quang Ninh Province has another budget sources for environmental
protection, that are environmental protection tax and environmental protection fee.
These sources of fund should be prioritized 100% for implementation of projects
under the Environmental Planning
According to reports from the Tax Authority of Quang Ninh Province:
Source of Fund from environmental protection fees for minerals mining activities
between 2008 to 2012 can be shown as: about 271.58 billion in 2008, about 283 billion in
2009, about 323.68 billion in 2010, about 314.33 billion in 2011 and approximately 495.2
billion in 2012.
Source of Fund from collected environmental taxes (revenue from coal): started to collect
from 2012 with a total amount of 458.54 billion, 70%,of which is reserved to Quang Ninh
Province with respectively around 320.98 billion.
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raft Final Report)
Thus, the total cost can be spent on environmental protection in 2012 was estimated at
816.18 billion
After 2015, a part of investment cost will be expected to be covered by donor
fund.
Involving of private investment by FDI or PPP can be promoted the certain sector,
such as a part of wastewater treatment system excluding construction of sewerage
system, recycling activity of solid waste management, promotion of eco-tourism
under forest management and biodiversity conservation sector, introduction of
Ramsar site with SATOYAMA initiative, and adaptation measures on climate
change issues.
Regarding the projects related to coal mining sector, the environmental protection
budget already secured by VINACOMIN, specifically:
- The Concentrated Environmental Fund: 1.5 % of sales of coal and minerals
production. This fund is used primarily for investment, environmental protection
programs in general that involving many units, the urgent and important
environmental protection works, the environmental protection works of existing
production facilities and the other environmental protection works in accordance
with regulations of the Ministry of Finance .
- The investment capital source of VINACOMIN and the Units: This includes the
development investment fund, the commercial loans, socialization capitals and
other investment funds. The fund is used for investing in environmental protection
works of the new production facilities, the facilities with nature of both for
production and having effects of reducing environmental negative impacts.
- The International financing source: the grants that are mainly used for research
and technology application, training and human resources development for
environmental protection. The preferential loans are used to supplement
investment budgets in the environmental protection works.
- Regular environmental expenditures: spend at minimum 0.5% of production cost
to implement the regular environmental protection works .
According to Decision No. 1052/QD-VINACOMIN dated 18/6/2013 of
VINACOMIN on approval the Environmental Protection of Coal mining Region
of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 Project, it determined that the
total capital demands for environmental protection in the 2013 - 2020 period is
3,855,990 million, of which for the period 2013 - 2015 is 1,601,840 million and
for the 2016 -2020 period is 2,254,150 million.
However, with the content of this study proposed in Chapter 4 ( Section 4.4.1 (2)
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raft Final Report)
and Chapter 6 (Section 6.4.1 ( 2 ) ) of this report, the budget needed for the
period between 2013 to 2020 is about 4,083,597 million, allocating for the period
from 2013 to 2015 is approximately 2,450,357 million, for the 2016 to 2020
period is approximately 1,633,240 million.
In case that economical development of Quang Ninh Province will follow
prediction by the Socio-economic Development Plan, total amount of 1% of total
provincial expenditure from 2012 to 2020 will be around 230 million USD. In case
that the required indicative cost on water environment management and solid
waste management sector will be covered by donor fund and private sector, the
remained indicative cost can be covered by provincial budget. Therefore, to get
international donor funds for development of infrastructure in water environment
and solid waste management sector, it is recommended that initial examination for
development of such infrastructures such as pre-feasibility study will be carried
out by Vietnamese side budget. For such studies, if national government will
support as special funds, the proposed Environmental Planning can be proceeded
smoothly, especially in initial phase of the plan during 2014-2015, and middle
phase of the plan during 2016 to 2020 for priority projects.
11.4 Monitoring of Implementation of the Proposed Projects
It is proposed that a Project Management Unit will be organized directly under DONRE
to assist PPC in managing the capital funds for construction, receiving, managing and
using the sources of fund assigned by the PPC and other sources (if any) to prepare
construction investments; perform the construction investment projects for environmental
protection of the province and the Sectors (if any).
11.5 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund
To apply for international donor fund, the following process should be taken generally.
Considering the following process, it is necessary to secure required budget and period
for preliminary study such as F/S and application process.
(1) Preparation of the Loan Request
Before applying for international donor fund, it is recommended Quang Ninh Province
After to implement feasibility studies to confirm the feasibility of the Project by declaring
its viability and authorizing the conglomerates, considering the predicted impact, such as
increasing of pollution load, to at least 2020, and as necessary to 2030.
(2) Donor’s Appraisal and Loan Agreement
In response to the loan request, the international banking organization will dispatch an
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appraisal mission to assess the necessity, feasibility, readiness conditions, and so on. They
will also examine the project whether the proposal is suitable as a loan project, and in
accordance with the policy set forth by the international banking organization. During the
process of confirmation of all relevant aspects, additional survey may be required, so it is
recommended to correspond such request flexibly.
(3) Project Implementation
When a project is approved for a certain international donor fund, a project management
unit (PMU) should be assigned for the execution of the proposed projects and its
management. The PMU will hold a tendering procedure to select a qualified firm in
performing the management services as an operating organization and supervising
consultants (international and local consultants), and carry out the management of the
Project. During the implementation period, the designated consultant will carry out
supervision of construction works according to FIDIC guidelines, as well as the laws of
Vietnam.
(4) Example of Implementation Schedule of the Project
It is expected that the implementation of the proposed Project will take around five years,
as shown in Table 11.4-1 below.
Table 11.5-1 Implementation Plan (for Reference)
Notes:
Actual construction period will be changed according to the site conditions.
Approval of international loan will be done by the Vietnamese government.
FS (including basic design) and EIA will be done by the Vietnamese government.
Source: Study Team
11.6 Relevant Organizational Functions and Human Resources to be Enhanced
(1) Current Limitation on Relevant Organization and Human Resorces
To implement the proposed environmental planning, especially commecing priority
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projects smoothly, the following capacity limitation of relevant organization and human
resources should be improved.
Currently, the number of officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial
wastewater treatment system is limited. To introduce appropriate wastewater
treatment system, DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE needs to enhance their capcity
for introducing advanced industrial wastewater treatment system.
The number of officers who have knowledge on rural wastewater treatmet
system is limited. For promoting individual wastewater treatment system in
rural area, DONRE and DOC needs to need to enhance their capcity for
introducing rural wastewater treatment system.
The number of officers who have experiences and knowledge to promot 3R
activities. For promoting 3R activities to local residents, DONRE and DOC
should set specific team in their organizations.
The number of officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial solid waste
management is limited. For instructing enterprise to proceed appropriate
industrial solid waste management, DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE need to needs
to enhance their capcity for introducing advanced solid waste management
system.
The SATOYAMA initiative, introduced by this environmental planning is a new
idea for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of regional resources.
DONRE, DARD, Fishery Department and the concerned rural administration
bodies need to develop capacities to actualize the SATOYAMA initiative.
For proceeding climate change adaptation measures by using international fund
or credit mechanism by trade of GHG emission reduction, the officers who have
knowledge on such mechanisms should be dispatched. DONRE should consider
to allocate such officers and set a specific section.
(2) Solutions on improvement of related organization and human resources
For implementation of the Environmental Planning, need to enhance the environmental
management capacity of the concerned organizations, as shown bellows:
For instructing enterprise to equip appropriate wastewater treatment system, a
group of technical officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial
wastewater treatment system should be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from
DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE will be nominated as the members of the group.
After 2015, depending on disseminating of technical information to enterprises,
the number of officers should be increased.
For promoting individual wastewater treatment system in rural area, a working
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030 (Draft Final Report)
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Environmental Planning of Q
uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 (D
raft Final Report)
group is recommended to be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from DONRE
and DOC will be nominated as members of the group. Depending on spreading
of the individual treatment system, the number of officers should be increased.
For promoting 3R activities to local residents, a working group is recommended
to be established. The working group comprises of officers of DONRE and
DOC with external experts who has knowledge of environmental education on
3R activity, and local officers and representative of local residents of model
areas selected as core group to promoting 3R activity.
For instructing enterprise to proceed appropriate industrial solid waste
management, a working group of technical officers who have knowledge on
advanced industrial solid waste management system should be established.
Initially, 3 to 5 officers from DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE will be nominated as
the members of the group. After 2015, depending on disseminating of technical
information to enterprises, the number of officers should be increased.
For promoting SATOYAMA initiative, a working group is recommended to be
established. The working group comprises of officers of DONRE, DARD and
Fishery Department with external experts who has knowledge on SATOYAMA
initiative, and local officers and representative of local residents of model areas
selected as core group to promoting the initiative.
For proceeding climate change adaptation measures by using international fund
or credit mechanism by trade of GHG emission reduction, a working group of
technical officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial solid waste
management system should be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from
DONRE will be nominated as the members of the group. After 2015, depending
on increase of experience of climate change adaptation measures, the number of
officers should be increased.
(3) Promotion of environmental education activities and public awareness raising
In order to improve efficiency of the proposed projects, the environmental education
activities and public awareness raising play very important roles, especially the
environmental education activities on the related fields as presented in the Table 12.6-1
below. It should be noted that the environmental education activities will bring into play
the efficiency after a certain period, rather than immediately. So these activities should be
done continuously. One important thing to bring about success of the environmental
education activities is that there should be a key force in implementing the activities in
active way, such as schools, local authorities or mass organizations such as Youth Union
and Women Union which have strong concerns to educational activities. It is better to
select the group of agency to be representatives for promoting environmental education
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Environmental Planning of Q
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raft Final Report)
and receiving active support from all authority levels , from grass-root to provincial level.
Table 11.6-2 Environmental education in environmental field
Environmental fields Notes
Promotion of 3R
activities - Waste separation should be carried out at source. To perform
successfully the waste separation at source, collaboration with local
residents is essential and environmental education should be
implemented.
- Construction of large scale solid waste collection system in each
locality is difficult to do. Therefore, to ensure the management of
solid waste, need to consider the applicability of individual re-use
system such as small scale bio-composting stations. Accordingly,
need to promote the appropriate re-use techniques.
Introduction of
SATOYAMA model - To introduce Satoyama models, the local people need to understand
the concept of sustainable development, taking into account the
characteristics of the natural environment of the locality. In order to
balance between local economic development and environmental
protection, should organize meetings between the local government
and local people, in cooperation with experts with in-depth
knowledge of the local environment.
Promotion of
eco-tourism
- To promote eco-tourism, it is important that the available human
resources needs knowledge on local environment characteristics and
can guide tourists. To have such human resources, the provincial level
and local governments should develop training programs for local
people and organizations involved.
Source: Study Team
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
1
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
1. Benefit of Environmental Plan
It is expected the following benefits by implementation of the Environmental Plan;
The Environmental Plan will contribute to mitigate impact from secondary
industry which is represented by coal mining industry, and promoting of
sustainable tourism. It means that the Environmental Plan will urge shifting of
industry from “brown” to “green” and support actualization of green growth
strategy.
Natural environment of Quang Ninh Province from mountain area to marine area
will have connected as network by enhancement of function of protected area and
appropriate land use by environmental zoning. As a result, it is expected to sustain
appropriate environmental condition to actualize sustainable development.
Quang Ninh Province aims at introducing developed country standard in
provincial level to 2020. The Environmental Plan will contribute to reduce amount
of pollution discharge to environment by development of wastewater and solid
waste management system with introduction of new technologies.
The Environmental Plan will contribute to enhance worth of coastal and marine
environment by expanding marine protected area, enhancement of function of Bai
Tu Long National Park and introduction of SATOYAMA initiative. It will urge
sustainable development with wise-use of coastal and marine natural resources.
The expected achievement status comparing goal and vision of the environmental
planning to 2020 and 2030 are described in Table 1-1
Table 1-1 Expected Achievement Status by Implementation of Environmental Planning of
Quang Ninh Province
Environmental
Component
Goal of Environmental Planning to 2020
Quang Ninh Province will be a leading
actor in Vietnam for environmental
protection under the concept of green
growth.
Vision of Environmental Planning to
2030
Quang Ninh Province will be a key
leading actor for successful
implementation of environmental
protection targets within framework of
green growth strategy in Vietnam, will
have capability for exchange of
information and experiences to the other
countries, such as the ASEAN countries.
Water Environment For central area of Quang Ninh Province
including Halong City will have wastewater
treatment system, and advanced rural
wastewater treatment including livestock
wastewater treatment will be actualized in
All area in the province will have
wastewater treatment system, and various
wastewater, such as industrial wastewater,
hospital wastewater, aquaculture
wastewater, and coal mining wastewater
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
2
certain area. For coal mining wastewater,
wastewater treatment system will be
developed for all coal mining area.
will be treated in proper way.
Air Environment Air pollution control and monitoring
capacity will be developed to achieve
advanced environmental and emission
standard.
All parameters satisfy advanced
environmental and emission standard by
provincial government instruction to
various sectors.
Solid Waste Management Halong city, Cam Pha City, and Hoang Bo
District will have regional solid waste
management system.
All area in the province will have advanced
solid waste management system, and 3R
activities will become more friendly
concept for provincial people. Various solid
waste, such as industrial solid waste,
hospital solid waste, and coal mining waster
will be treated in proper way.
Forest Management Protected area will be extended, and its
management capacity will be enhanced.
Additionally, watershed management
concept will be introduced.
Inland, coastal and sea environmental
corridor will be developed in provincial
level, and watershed management concept
will become more friendly concept for the
concerned people for forest management.
Biodiversity Conservation A new concept for biodiversity
conservation and sustainable resource
usage, named SATOYAMA initiative will
be introduced.
New Ramsar sites and established protected
areas will help to sustain well condition on
biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province.
SATOYAMA initiative will become more
friendly concept for the concerned people.
Climate Change Issue General policy and institutional system to
adopt climate change issue will be
developed, and adaptation measures will be
actualized.
Mitigation measures will be adopted, and
reduce of GHG emission and development
of low carbon society will become common
concept under green growth strategy.
Environmental Monitoring Provincial monitoring network will be
developed, and automatic monitoring will
be started.
Provincial monitoring network will be
sustained under proper condition with
operation of automatic monitoring system,
and specific monitoring activity will be
implemented regularly, such as soil
monitoring, radioactive substance
monitoring and biodiversity monitoring.
Source: Study Team
2. Relationship between Environmental Zoning and proposed projects in the
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province
The Environmental Planning proposed a total of 91 projects and proposed collaboration with
Vinacomin through implementation of planned projects based on the Decision No. 60 QD-TTg
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
3
dated 9/1/2012, and the Environmental Protection Project for Coal mining Region of Quang Ninh
Province to 2020, orientation to 2030. These projects have close relationships with concept of the
proposed environmental zoning and each zone has specific characteristics shown in the projects
which will be implemented. Outlines of projects in each zone are presented in the following section,
and the relationships between projects and the environmental zoning are presented in the Table 2-1.
(1) Conservation Zone
The Conservation Zone is the areas officially authorized for environmental protection by the state
and the local governments. These zones are expected with functional enhancement to maintain
good environmental status and support sustainable development in developing areas. In this zone,
the following major types of projects are proposed:
Expand the strict conservation areas and strengthen fields of environmental management,
such as: registration of the Bai Tu Long National Park as the ASEAN Heritage, and
upgrade the Yen Tu area to be the National Park.
Develop mountainous, coastal and marine ecological corridors to protect the valuable
biological resources, not only to help protection of environment but also to develop
sustainable tourism and improve coastal environment including the main tourist areas like
Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay through establishment of new protected areas such as
the forest conservation areas, especially the areas of northeastern islands and coastal areas
of the Province.
Conserve the valuable environmental resources such as coral reefs, endangered species on
land and sea through related management capacity building, and control of economic
activities by setting new regulations of the Province, and
Conserve and improve conditions of watershed areas to provide good quality fresh water
by increasing the forest cover, improve forest management capacity and limit industrial
activities such as coal mining operations.
(2) Active Environmental Management Zone
The Active Management Zone is areas for sustainable use of natural resources and development of
the local economy, with respect/harmony with environmental protection. This zone is expected to
be the model area for realization of sustainable development and contribution to promotion of
eco-tourism activities. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:
Introduce new ideas and new systems to manage the good environmental conditions and
encourage local economy, such as registration of Ramsar site with the new concept of
Biodiversity with "Satoyama” Initiative and promotion of eco-tourism with maintaining the
natural resources value by developing new regulations of the Province.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
4
Limit operations of large-scale economy and high intensity industrial activities to maintain
the natural and valuable environment and resources, by implementing effective planning
and evaluation of the expected operations on environment,
Enhance functions against natural hazards by expansion and improvement of areas of
coastal mangroves, strengthening the local management, and
Encourage awareness of the people involved and local authorities on sustainable
development and promoting eco-tourism.
(3) Renovation and restoration zone
As the areas to be restored to improve environmental conditions and reduce impacts on the marine
and coastal environment, this area is also expected to be used for environmentally friendly goals
such as practice areas for the tourism sector and education, like a museum of coal mining
operations. To implement the proposed projects in this zone, good collaboration with Vinacomin is
necessary. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:
Recover the coal mining areas by improving soil quality, application of measures to reduce
erosion and planting trees, consider the effect of mitigating sedimentation in coastal and
sea areas.
Develop the green belts to reduce environmental impacts to the surrounding areas,
Improve environment in the landfill areas by building the necessary infrastructure and
introduction of appropriate technologies for coal mining waste treatment,
Install wastewater treatment systems for treating of the coal mining wastewater and surface
runoff water due to effects of open-cast mining, and
Plan the testing models of land use towards environmentally friendly around the areas of
closed coal mines.
(4) Development Zone
As the areas where the relevant provisions of the current is applied for change of land use purposes.
At the same time, a part of this area is expected to have a better environment to satisfy the
standards of developed countries. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:
Develop the concentrated wastewater treatment systems and regional solid waste
management to satisfy the environmental standards of developed countries.
Introduce appropriate technologies for treatment of wastewater and industrial solid waste
to realize the environmentally friendly industry operations.
Strengthen air quality monitoring to control air pollutants,
Set regulations at provincial level to control or restrict the construction of additional
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
5
large-scale sources of air pollution of such as the thermal power plants and the cement
industry in the main tourist areas in Halong Bay.
Perform strategic environmental impact assessment to avoid the regional environmental
impacts by the regional development plans, including other provinces, together with
supports from the central government, and
Implement projects of greenhouse gas emissions reduction in Halong Bay area
cooperating with other organizations and private sector such as the tourist boats companies,
tourism facilities, as well as hotels and the inland transportation companies.
Table 2-1 Relationship between Proposed Projects and Environmental Zoning
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
Water environment management
1
Development of Wastewater Treatment System for Halong City (Component applied to JICA Yen loan)
The Project to develop wastewater management system in each city, town and district.
95.0 2013-2020 x x
2
Development of Wastewater Treatment System for Halong City (other components)
" 170.0 2014-2022 x x
3 Development of Wastewater Management System for Mong Cai City
" 98.0 2014-2022 x x
4 Development of Wastewater Management System for Cam Pha city
" 135.0 2014-2022 x x
5 Development of Wastewater Management System for Uong Bi city
" 98.0 2014-2022 x x
6 Development of Wastewater Management System for Van Don District
" 23.0 2014-2022 x x
7 Development of Wastewater Management System for Quang Yen Town
" 15.0 2016-2027
x
8 Development of Wastewater Management System for Dong Trieu District
" 54.0 2016-2027
x
9 Development of Wastewater Management System for Binh Lieu District
" 6.0 2018-2030
x
10 Development of Wastewater Management System for Tien Yen District
" 15.0 2018-2030
x
11 Development of Wastewater Management System for Dam Ha District
" 8.0 2018-2030
x
12 Development of Wastewater Management System for Hai Ha District
" 129.0 2018-2030
x
13 Development of Wastewater Management System for Ba Che District
" 11.0 2018-2030
x
14 Development of Wastewater Management System for Hoang Bo District
" 41.0 2018-2030
x
15 Development of Wastewater Management System for Co " 4.0 2018-2030
x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
6
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
To District
16
Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh Province
The project is to examine individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in Quang Ninh province.
1.0
2014-2016 x x x
17
Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU Standards
The project is to prepare guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU level effluent standards.
0.5
2015-2017 x
18
Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong, Khe Re streams and Mong Duong River
The Project to construct wastewater treatment system for coal mining industry
10.3 2014-2020 x x
19 Project for planning to decrease the amount of non-revenue water
The Project is to examine possible measures to decrease non-revenue water.
0.3 2015-2016
x
20
Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement
The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced treatment system for wastewater from livestock
1.0 2016-2020
x
21
Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement
The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced treatment system for wastewater from aquaculture
1.0 2016-2020
x x
Air Quality Management
22
Project for Strengthening Capacity for Environmental Management
The project invests in instruments /equipment, including 1)Equipment for environmental inspection, 2)Field monitoring equipment (air & water), 3)Laboratory equipment, 4)Auxiliary equipment.
0.65 2014-2015 x x x x
23
Project for Enhancing EMAC’s Capacity on Science and Technology
Main objectives of project are to (1) Improving technical infrastructure in terms of working room, essential specialized area (2) Supplementing required equipment and upgrading existing one (3) Increasing the quantity and quality of staff
3.0 2016
x x x
24
Capacity Development on Air Quality Monitoring and Plant Emission Monitoring by International Expert
The project is to solve the difficulties of dust measurement in field and laboratory, and to promote smooth initial operation of “Auto AQM station” and “Auto PEM Station”, with support from international experts
0.24 2014-2016 x x x x
25
Project on Mandatory Reporting of Flue Gas Measurement Value to Local Government
The project is to introduce self monitoring of flue gas in the stack/duct for large scale plants as a mandatory report containing flue gas measurement result on a quarterly basis.
The budget will be covered by
annual budget
for
2014-2016 x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
7
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
environment
al monitoring
sector.
26
Project for Introduction of Severer “Western Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Province
After 3 years accumulation of “Auto AQM station” data at least, and to establish the scientific committee to discuss own AQS in Halong Bay Area, it is desirable to adopt Quang Ninh independent PM10 standard as a leading environmental province. The limitation value might be between 50μg/m3 to 100μg/m3
0.02 2016-2020
x x x
Solid Waste Management
27
Project on awareness raising on solid waste management
The project includes 3R component as follows: - Promotion of 3R at provincial level - Promotion of 3R on tourism solid waste - Awareness rising for enterprises in improvement of industrial solid waste management.
0.7 2014-2018 x x x x x
28
Preliminary Study on regional solid waste management
The Project is for study the regional solid waste management by grouping a number of districts, cities and towns.
0.2 2014-2015 x x x x
29
Development of regional solid waste management system for Halong City, Cam Pha City, and Hoanh Bo District
The Project for development of solid waste management includes construction of landfill, improvement of collection system, construction of bio composting plant to serve recycling of solid waste.
21.3 2014-2018 x x x x
30 Development of solid waste management system for Uong Bi city
" 3.6 2014-2018 x x x x
31 Development of solid waste management system for Hai Ha District
" 1.6 2014-2018 x x x x
32 Development of solid waste management system for Van Don District
" 1.6 2014-2018 x x x
33 Development of solid waste management system for Quang Yen Town
" 3.0 2014-2018 x x x x
34 Development of solid waste management system for Co To District
" 0.9 2014-2018 x x x
35 Development of solid waste management system for Mong Cai City
" 6.2 2014-2019 x x x
36 Development of solid waste management system for Binh Lieu District
" 1.4 2014-2019 x x
37 Development of solid waste management system for Tien Yen District
" 1.7 2014-2019 x x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
8
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
38 Development of solid waste management system for Dam Ha District
" 1.3 2014-2019 x x x
39 Development of solid waste management system for Ba Che District
" 1.3 2014-2019 x x
40 Development of solid waste management system for Dong Trieu District
" 2.9 2014-2019 x x
41
Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management
The project is to prepare a roadmap to actualize suitable industrial solid waste management
1.0 2014-2015 x
42
Assessment of stability, identifying potential risks of soil and rock slides areas and proposing prevention solutions for the Outer Dumping Sites in Halong and Cam Pha areas.
The project is to improve condition of coal mining waste dumping site; ensure safety for resident areas.
4.8
2014-2019
x x
Forest management
43
Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement in QN Province
Mangrove and coastal forest in the province is rehabilitated and the sustainable management model is established.
11.0 2014-2022 x x x
44
Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park with Registration of ASEAN Heritage Site
Management capacity of Bai Tu Long National Park is strengthened.
3.6 2014-2020 x x
45
Project for Establishment and Upgrading of Yen Tu National Forest to National Park
Yen Tu National Forest is upgraded to be Yen Tu National Park and sustainably managed.
6.0 2014-2019 x x
46 Project for Management of Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Management of Dong Son – Ky Thuong Nature Reserve is improved.
5.6 2016-2021 x
47
Project for Management of North-eastern Region Forest Area
Natural forest cum headwater protection forest area is conserved as a new nature reserve area.
2.1 2016-2020 x
48
Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest (Yen Lap and Trang Vinh)
Three headwater protection forest areas are conserved for supplying water.
3.3 2014-2020 x x
49 Project for Afforestation in Communes along China-Vietnam Border Line
Forest area in the bordering with China is appropriately managed.
4.5 2016-2022 x x
50
Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest-Fire Control, Biodiversity Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector
Enhance the capacity of concerned management staffs at all levels as well as the related economic parties on forest protection, forest fire prevention and law enforcement in the forestry sector.
1.8 2016-2020 x x x
51
Project for Improvement of Forest Related Industry
Forest Industry in the province is improved and Forestry Production Amount is Increased.
1.4 2016-2021 x x
52 Study on Plantation Technology
Forestry technologies to achieve sustainable forest management are developed.
1.7 2017-2022 x x
53
Project for Sustainable Forest Management
Sustainable forest management is practiced in the province and 30% of the production forest gets the forest certificate on SFM.
5.5 2017-2025 x x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
9
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
54
Project for Eco-tourism Development
Ecotourism potential is studied and eco-tourism activities in Quang Ninh Province are diversified.
2.4 2014-2020 x x x x
55
Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for Rehabilitation of Coal Mines
Pollution from coal mining areas and dumping sites including landscape degradation is appropriately rehabilitated.
11.5 2015-2030 x x
56
Project for Control and Minimize Sedimentation in Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay
Condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in Cua Luc and Halong Bay and their shorelines are studied and mitigated
1.5 2018-2021 x x x x
57
Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, and encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest
Aiming at working as a sink of CO2 and disaster prevention, to improve forest quality and coverage areas in Quang Ninh Province
4,8 2016-2020
x x
58
Developing of Green Belt in Halong and Cam Pha Cities
To create green trees belt, rehabilitate landscapes and environment of Halong and Cam Pha Cities.
12.0 2014-2018 x
x
59
Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental Friendly around Closed Coal Mines
Land use towards environmental friendly at closed coal mining area
2.6 2015 - 2020 x
x
Biodiversity
60 Planning of Biodiversity Conservation Plan of Quang Ninh Province
This project is to prepare Biodiversity Conservation Plan.
0.25 2015-2019 x x x x x
61
Project for Promotion and Encourage of Public Education and Awareness
This project is to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures required for, the conservation of biodiversity.
0.3 2015-2020 x x x x
62
Institutional Development and Capacity Building for Relevant Organizations
This project is to disseminate the policies, laws, and institutions about the biodiversity conservation for the institutional development and capacity building in Quang Ninh Province based on the prepared Biodiversity Conservation Plan.
0.1 2015-2016 x x
63
Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species
This project is to control of the damage for ecosystems, agriculture and tourism by invasive alien species, survey of current status and examination of controlling method of invasive alien species in Quang Ninh Province.
0.2 2015-2016 x x
64
Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation
This project is to recover marine ecosystem damaged by illegal fishing, the restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation.
0.25 2014-2015 x x
65 Development for cultivation and plantation technology of endangered and indigenous
This project is to prevent the extinction of endangered and restore the natural
0.1 2015-2016 x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
10
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
plant species vegetation, the cultivation and plantation technology of endangered and indigenous plant species in Quang Ninh Province.
66
Capacity buildings for management skills of endangered species traffic control
This project is to prevent the illegal traffic of endangered species, capacity building of management skills for relevant organization staff should be conducted.
0.2 2014-2015,
2019 x
67
Establishment of ex-situ conservation center of plants and animals
This project is to develop ex-situ conservation center. The ex-situ conservation center should be consisted of botanical garden for conserving the endangered plants and rescue center for first aid and rehabilitation of injured wildlife.
1.3 2015-2016 x
68
Promotion of Eco-tourism and Establishment of Ramsar Site
This project is to conserve the SATOYAMA wetlands and promote the sustainable use and ecotourism, the three coastal wetlands (Quang Yen , Tien Yen and Mong Cai) in Quang Ninh Province with registration with the Ramsar Sites.
0.98 2014-2020 x x x
69
Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources
This project is to establish the genetic resources research center for promoting the beneficial use of genetic resources in Quang Ninh Province
1.8 2016-2018 x x
70
Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring
This project is to get basic information for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, the comprehensive biodiversity survey and monitoring (flora, fauna, genetic diversity, etc,) in Quang Ninh Province. In addition, database system to store and utilize the results of the survey should be constructed.
0.1 2015-2020 x x
71
Promotion of Environmental Education
This project is to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness should been conducted through education in the school in Quang Ninh Province.
0.4 2014-2020 x x x x
Climate change
72
Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change for management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)
Prioritizing the coastal areas, to improve awareness and knowledge about climate change and sea level rise among all stakeholders in Quang Ninh Province
0.1 2014-2016 x x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
11
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
73 Study on development of the ASEAN Green Growth Center
Aiming at promoting to establish ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh province
0.3 2014-2015 x x x x x
74 Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change
Aiming at effective implementation of measure to the climate change issues, to prepare an annual working plan, to clarify tasks and to develop coordination scheme in the current organizational structure
0.1 2014-2015 x x x x x
75 Development of local regulations for the climate change issues
To development local regulations as the basis for promotion of adaptation and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province
0.1 2014-2016 x x x x x
76 Preparation of five-year action plan and its implementation
Aiming at promoting comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to climate change, to prepare five-year action plan periodically and conduct PDCA management
112.6 2014-2030 x x x x
77 Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes
Aiming at minimize impacts by extreme weather, to reinforce dyke systems in Quang Ninh Province
55.7 2014-2015 x x x x
78
Construction, upgrading and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District
Aiming at improving weather forecast and early warning system, to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District and improve staffs’ capacity
0.5 2014-2016 x x x x x
79
Development of environment and hazard database, and automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning
Aiming at mitigate disaster as much as possible, to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning
1.3 2014-2018 x x x x x
80
Establishment of water resource management resilient to climate change impacts
Aiming at developing the water resource management for sustainable use under the economic development and climate change, to implement 10 sub-projects proposed in the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province Period of 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030
3.6 2014-2020 x
81
Construction of water reservoir to serve economic development and life of people
Aiming at providing sufficient water and preventing natural disaster, to construct and rehabilitate reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province
9.6 2014-2017 x x x x
82
Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system
Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province
0.1 2017-2020 x
83 Promotion of energy efficiency in hotels in Bai Chay area
To promote efficient energy management in hotels in Bai Chay area
0.1 2016-2018 x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
12
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
84 Promotion of efficient operation of tourism boats in the Halong Bay
To improve operation efficiency of tourism boats and introduce bio-diesel aiming at reducing GHG emissions
0.3 2014-2017 x x x
85 Promotion of efficiency of traffic management in Bai Chay area
To improve traffic management in Bai Chay area aiming at reducing GHG emissions
0.1 2016-2018 x
86 Promotion of energy efficiency in major manufacturers
To improve energy efficiency of major manufacturers aiming at reducing GHG emissions
0.3 2014-2017 x x
Environment monitoring
87
Project for Construction of Automatic Environmental monitoring Stations in Quang Ninh Province
The project will be implemented by construction and installation of automatic environmental monitoring stations to grasp the quality of air and water environment in Quang Ninh province (1) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring ambient air quality: 10 stations located in populated area or the area impacted by industrial activities. (2) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring surface water (2 stations) and coastal water (5 stations) (3) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring flue gases from stacks of important thermo power and cement production plants: 7 stations
28.6 (10.8 million USD
for construction, and 17.8
million USD
for maintenance and
repairing)
2014-2030 (including
maintenance and
repairing)
x x x x x
88 Development of construction plan of regional GIS center
Reason for establishment of the GIS and Remote Sensing center, to: (1) Safety for tourism (2) Responses to climate changes (3) Management of sea-island economy as well as support to people who live along the coast line and on islands. (4) Management of natural hazard (5) Management of natural resources and environment protection
0.5 2014-2015 x x x x x
89
Project for soil quality monitoring in Quang Ninh Province
- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the soil environment, - Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure quality and take soil samplings in areas contaminated affected by industrial activities (due to coal mining, industrial activities...)
5,0 2016-2030 x x x x
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
13
No Name Objectives
Cost
(Millio
n
USD)
Schedule
Priori-
ty
Proje-
ct
Corresponding Environmental Zone
Cons-
erva-
tion
Active
Manag
-ement
Resto-
ration
Deve-
lop-
ment
- Analysis of toxic substances in the samples
90 Project for Implementation of radioactive substances monitoring
The project aims at strengthening the radioactive substances monitoring capacity, particularly in the border region between Quang Ninh province and China.
1,0 2021-2023 x x x x
91 Project for Biodiversity monitoring and supervision in Halong Bay
- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the marine biodiversity environment, - Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure and monitor the quality of the major marine ecosystems of Ha Long Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay (sea grass ecosystems, coral ecosystems) and biodiversity sampling in degraded areas in the Bay). - Analysis of the status and quality of biodiversity samples
2,0 2016-2018 x x
3. Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning
For actualization of concept proposed by the Environmental Planning, national and local
administration should be cooperated to achieve some objectives. Outline of road map for such
cooperation is proposed as shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning
Item Term
Short-term
(2014-2015)
Middle-term
(2016-2020)
Long-term
(2021-2030)
Introduction of
developed country
standard
- Discuss with VEA to
introduce new standards such
as change of coefficient of
emission standard in Halong
Bay Area
- Prepare capacity
development program for
provincial officers in charge
of pollution control
- Prepare guideline to instruct
private sectors for complying
new standards
- Set new standards
as provincial level
- Train provincial
officers in charge
of pollution
control
- Instruct private
sectors for
complying new
standards using
prepared
guideline
- Review
effectiveness of
new standards
- Implement
pollution control
activities based
on the new
standards
- Develop
program to share
good practice for
pollution control
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
14
Item Term
Short-term
(2014-2015)
Middle-term
(2016-2020)
Long-term
(2021-2030)
among private
enterprises
Securing budget
for implementing
the Environmental
Plan
- Develop cooperation
program for securing budget
for the Environmental Plan
with VINACOMIN
- Discuss with national
government on possibility to
have special budget for
investment for environmental
management
- Concentrate provincial
budget for securing initial
phase of implementation of
the Environmental Plan
- Prepare guideline to
introduce FDI and promotion
of PPP and promote with
local investors
- Start required actions to
apply for donor fund such as
implementation of F/S for
development of wastewater
treatment system and solid
waste management system
- Implement
cooperation
program for
securing budget
for the
Environmental
Plan with
VINACOMIN
- Secure provincial
budget for
implementation of
the
Environmental
Plan depending
on growth of
provincial income
and expenditure
- Collect good
practice of FDI
and PPP in the
province
- Apply for donor
fund
- Secure operation
and maintenance
cost of
developed
infrastructure
- Examine to
establish new
fund to introduce
advanced
technology
- Utilize special
fund such as
credit
mechanism by
trade of GHG
emission
Source: Study Team
4. Consultation Process of Environmental Planning
The implementation process of Environmental Plan should be monitored periodically. It is
recommended to establish a Project Management Unit for managing the Environmental
Projects under DONRE with the tasks outlined in chapter 11, at the same to advise
DONRE which is the main body responsible for monitoring progress of the
environmental planning implementation, to advise PPC to organize consultation
meetings with the concerned organizations annually, and review implementation schedule
of the Environmental Plan, and revised the schedule as necessary considering
achievement of target to 2020.
5. Recommendations
For actualizing the proposals on the Environmental Planning of Quang
Ninh Province, it is essential to get close cooperation and assistance from the
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
15
Government of Vietnam, Quang Ninh Province and VINACOMIN. In the following
section,
5.1 Recommendations to the Government of Vietnam:
- Early amend the Environmental Protection Law to be in accordance with the
Socio-economic development of the country and the province;
- Give directions to MONRE to study and support Quang Ninh Province to prepare and
supplement to the National Environmental Standards of Vietnam with regulations for
specific regions of Quang Ninh Province applying the European Standards; amend the
National Environmental Technical Standards QCVN 19, 22, 23:2009/BTNMT (issued
together with Circular No. 25/2009/TT-BTNMT dated 16/11/2009 by MONRE) for
classification of regional coefficients applicable specifically to the areas around Halong
Bay;
- Stop implementation of investment projects for capacity improvement of Cement Plants,
Thermal Power Plant at shore of Cua Luc Bay, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay; No
planning, investing to new construction of Cement Plants, Thermal Power Plants in the
neighboring areas of Ha Long Bay in the distance at least 15 km from the boundary of
buffer zone of the Halong Bay and the center of Urban areas in the vicinity of Halong
Bay (Halong, Cam Pha, Van Don, Hoanh Bo).
- Early termination of opencast mining in the areas of Halong and Cam Pha Cities in
accordance with the Decision No. 60/QD-TTg dated 9/1/2012 of the Prime Minister
approving the Vietnam Coal Industry Development Plan to 2020, perspective to 2030.
- Be available with mechanisms to guide the Socio-economic development plannings
which have regional (provinces) and international (China) environmental impacts, such
as: Establishment of a National Steering Committee, issuing Decrees by the Government
etc.
5.2 Recommendations to the Quang Ninh Province and VINACOMIN:
- Annual capital allocation priorities for implementation of the Environmental Protection
Plannings and Environmental Improvement Project of the Province: from 2 % - 4 % of
the Total expenditures of the Provincial state budget.
- Early construction of appropriate policy and mechanisms in order to encourage private
investment and calling for foreign investments of ODA , FDI , PPP ... to implement the
environmental protection projects proposed in the Environmental Plannings and the
Environmental Improvement Project of the Province.
- Establishment of an Agency for managing the Environmental Projects of the Province for
giving advice, implementation organization of the Environmental Plannings and
Environmental Improvement Projects according to the set schedule.
Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030
16
- In the long run, there should be plans to close the opencast mines and rehabilitate and
restore the coal waste dumping sites. Remove the cement plants, thermal power plants
from the Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay areas after 2030.
- Stop coal mining activities in the areas of protective watershed forests of Yen Lap lake
after 2020.
- Speed up the planning and investment to modernize the coal ports, coal processing areas,
coal dumping sites and coal transportation roads.
- Early renewal the methods of transportation of coal, soil and rock waste,
transportation of coal by closed conveyor systems and railways, stop coal transportation
by trucks in 2020.
5.3 Addressing on Inter-regional Environmental Issues
Hai Phong City examines to develop coastal area around border between Quang
Ninh Province and Hai Phong City with land reclamation for development new
economic zone and connecting inland area and Cat Ba island for developing new
residential area and promotion of tourism industry. If such plan is carried out,
coastal environment around border will be changed, and may affect environmental
condition of Halong Bay area. Therefore, Quang Ninh Province is recommended
to enhance water quality monitoring activity in the concerned area. Additionally,
exchange of information on development plan between Quang Ninh Province and
Hai Phong City should be implemented periodically. If strategic environmental
impact assessment of border area is implemented by cooperation of two provinces,
it will contribute to environmental protection for both sides.
Quang Ninh Province is located at international border. Therefore, Quang Ninh
Province is unavoidable to face risks of environmental impacts from other
countries. To avoid serious impact from other countries, it is recommend to
participate international monitoring network as proposed in Chapter 10. One of the
important matters to be examined is to examine measures to avoid import of
hazardous materials from other countries. It is necessary to enhance capacity of
investigators on imported materials to check hazardous material. At the same time,
provincial standard on materials which can be used should be set based on the
international standard such as ISO 14000 series to apply for the standard in whole
provincial level. For effective implementation of checking hazardous materials
from other countries, it is necessary to cooperate with national government to set
clear standard to reject hazardous materials at border of Vietnam.