FINAL REPORT - UBND tỉnh Quảng Ninh

QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE

QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

--------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF

QUANG NINH PROVINCE TO 2020 VISION TO 2030

FINAL REPORT

Quang Ninh, July 2014

QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE

QUANG NINH PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF

NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

--------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF

QUANG NINH PROVINCE TO 2020 VISION TO 2030

FINAL REPORT

CONSULTANT UNIT INVESTOR

NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD QUANG NINH DONRE

KENGO NAGANUMA

Quang Ninh, July 2014

1

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONDITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING STUDY .............. 1-1

1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Objective ........................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.3 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.4 Approach for the Study ..................................................................................................... 1-2

1.5 Natural, Socio-Economic Conditions................................................................................ 1-8

1.6 Prediction of Social Development by Socio-economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision

toward 2030 .................................................................................................................... 1-16

1.7 Advantages and Challenges of Quang Ninh Province .................................................... 1-18

CHAPTER 2 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ......................................................... 2-1 2.1 Water Environment .......................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2 Air Quality Management ................................................................................................ 2-29

2.3 Solid Waste Management............................................................................................... 2-36

2.4 Noise Environment ......................................................................................................... 2-43

2.5 Inland / Coastal Forest ................................................................................................... 2-44

2.6 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................... 2-48

2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation............................................................................................. 2-55

2.8 Natural Hazard ............................................................................................................... 2-57

2.9 Inter-provincial Environmental Impact .......................................................................... 2-63

CHAPTER 3 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FRAMEWORK FOR QUANG NINH

PROVINCE………. ........................ ……………………………………………………3-1

3.1 Development and orientation point of view (following Resolutions of the Provincial

Peopls’s Council ............................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Principal Goals for 2020 and Vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh

Province .......................................................................................................................... 3-12

3.3 Environmental Zoning of Quang Ninh Province ............................................................ 3-12

3.4 Key Environmental Areas to be Cared by Environmetal Plan of Quang Ninh Province 3-27

3.5 Strengths and Weakness of Organizational System ........................................................ 3-29

3.6 Other Matters to Pay Attention on Solution in Implementation of Planning .................. 3-32

CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 4-1

4.1 Forecasted Impact to 2020 ............................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Targets to be Achieved ..................................................................................................... 4-6

4.3 Approaches for Wastewater Management Measures ....................................................... 4-6

4.4 Proposed Projects to 2020 .............................................................................................. 4-11

4.5 Recommendation of Advanced Technology .................................................................. 4-30

CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Air Environmental Management toward

2020 .................................................................................................................................. 5-1

5.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved to 2020 .................................................. 5-9

5.3 Approaches for Air Quality Management ....................................................................... 5-10

5.4 Proposed Projects to 2020 ............................................................................................... 5-15

2

CHAPTER 6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Forecasted Impacts and Issues on Environmental Management up to 2020 .................... 6-1

6.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved in 2020-2030 ........................................ 6-5

6.3 Approaches for Solid Waste Management ....................................................................... 6-7

6.4 Proposed Project to 2020................................................................................................ 6-42

6.5 Modern Technology of SWM ........................................................................................ 6-46

6.6 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 6-47

CHAPTER 7 FOREST MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management to 2020 ..... 7-1

7.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020 ............................................. 7-5

7.3 Approaches to Forest Management ................................................................................ 7-12

7.4 Proposed Projects Toward 2020 ..................................................................................... 7-28

CHAPTER 8 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION .................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Environmental Management toward 2020 ....

.......................................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved toward 2020 ......................................... 8-3

8.3 Approaches for Biodiversity Conservation ...................................................................... 8-5

8.4 Proposed Projects toward 2020 ........................................................................................ 8-7

CHAPTER 9 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ............................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Forecast Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management towards 2020

…………………………………………………………………………………………...9-1

9.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020 ............................................. 9-7

9.3 Approaches to Climate Change Issues ............................................................................. 9-9

9.4 Proposed Projects towards 2020 .................................................................................... 9-13

CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .............................................................. 10-1

10.1 Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020 ......................................................................... 10-1

10.2 Project for the Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring Stations in Quang

Ninh .............................................................................................................................. 10-16

10.3 Establishment of Provincial GIS Center ....................................................................... 10-20

10.4 Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring for Quang Ninh Province ........................... 10-22

CHAPTER 11 PRIORITY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ......................... 11-1

11.1 Outline by Each Enviromental Management Sector ...................................................... 11-1

11.2 Possible Budgetary Sources for Implemtation of the Proposed Projects ....................... 11-4

11.3 Monitoring of Implementation of the Proposed Projects ............................................. 11-15

11.4 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund ............................................ 11-19

11.5 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund ............................................ 11-19

11.6 Relevant Organizational Funtions and Human Resources to be enhanced .................. 11-20

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 1

1. Benefit of Environmental Plan............................................................................................ 1

2. Relationship between Environmental Zoning and proposed projects in the Environmental

Planning of Quang Ninh Province ...................................................................................... 2

3. Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning ............................... 13

4. Consultation Process of Environmental Planning ............................................................. 14

5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 14

1

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.5-1 Data of Existing Land Use Conditions in Quang Ninh Province ............................. 1-11

Table 1.5-2 Existing Industrial Zones .......................................................................................... 1-13

Table 1.5-3 Industrial Zones under Construction ........................................................................ 1-13

Table 1.5-4 Planned Industrial Zones .......................................................................................... 1-14

Table 1.5-5 Economic Zones ....................................................................................................... 1-14

Table 2.1-1 Plan of Per Capita Water Demand & Water Supply Service Levels .......................... 2-1

Table 2.1-2 Forecast of the Urban Population in 2020 and 2030................................................... 2-2

Table 2.1-3 Forecast of Demand of Residential Water, Industrial Water, Irrigation Water, Water

for Fisheries and Livestock Water in 2015, 2020 and 2030 ...................................... 2-2

Table 2.1-4 Priority Water Supply Projects to 2015 ...................................................................... 2-3

Table 2.1-5 Vision of Water Supply for Urban and Industrial Zones to 2030 ............................... 2-4

Table 2.1-6 Planned Value of Wastewater Generation in 2012 ..................................................... 2-5

Table 2.1-7 Existing Status of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province ................ 2-5

Table 2.1-8 Summary of Wastewater From Industrial Zones and Industrial Clusters ................. 2-12

Table 2.1-9 Summary of Wastewater From Thermal Power Plants in Quang Ninh Province ..... 2-13

Table 2.1-10 Monitoring Sites Network of Water Environment.................................................. 2-15

Table 2.1-11 Water Quality Standard Values in Vietnam ........................................................... 2-18

Table 2.1-12 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Standards from 2009 to 2012 ....................... 2-18

Table 2.1-13 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Cadmium in Each Surface

Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012............................................................ 2-19

Table 2.1-14 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Lead in Each Surface


Table 2.1-15 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Oil in Each Surface Water

Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012 ...................................................................... 2-19

Table 2.1-16 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on TSS in Each Surface


Table 2.1-17 Achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012 .......... 2-24

Table 2.1-18 Achievement Rate of Groundwater Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012 ............ 2-25

Table 2.1-19 Achievement Rate of Domestic Wastewater Standards 2009 - 2012 ..................... 2-25

Table 2.1-20 Achievement Rate of Industrial Wastewater Standards from 2009 to 2012 ........... 2-25

Table 2.2-1 Monitoring Network for Air Environment ............................................................... 2-29

Table 2.2-2 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air/Air Quality Standard ........... 2-30

Table 2.2-3 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air ............................................. 2-32

Table 2.2-4 Percentage of Air Quality Standard Achievement from 2009 to 2012 compared with

QCVN 05 (2009/BTNMT) under One-Hour Measurement .................................... 2-32

Table 2.2-5 List of Ten Highest Four-Year Average Concentration Points................................. 2-34

Table 2.3-1 Data of Solid Waste Generated in Quang Ninh Province up to 2012 ....................... 2-36

Table 2.3-2 Data of Collection and Transportation Vehicles (as of 2013) .................................. 2-37

Table 2.3-3 Conditions of Existing Landfill ................................................................................ 2-39

Table 2.4-1 Achievement Rate of Noise Level in 2012 ............................................................... 2-43

Table 2.5-1 Current Forest Area in the Province ......................................................................... 2-44

Table 2.5-2 Change of Forest Area in the Province ..................................................................... 2-45

Table 2.5-3 Changes of Three Types of Forest (1999-2010) ....................................................... 2-47

Table 2.5-4 Changes of Forest Conditions (1999-2010) .............................................................. 2-47

Table 2.6-1 Richness of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh .................................................................. 2-48

Table 2.6-2 Endemism of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh ......................................................... 2-49

Table 2.6-3 List of Rare and Endangered Species of Quảng Ninh’s Fauna and Flora ................. 2-51

Table 2.6-4 Conservation Values of Quang Ninh’s Flora ............................................................ 2-52

Table 2.6-5 List of Insect Species in Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 ........................................... 2-52

Table 2.7-1 Changes of Intertidal Region and Mangroves in Cua Luc Bay ................................ 2-56

Table 2.7-2 Seabed changes in some areas of Cua Luc bay during 1965 - 2004 ......................... 2-56

Table 2.8-1 Percentage of Storm Levels from 1961 to 2008 ....................................................... 2-58

Table 2.8-2 Summary of Damages of Natural Disasters in Quang Ninh Province in 1999-2009 2-61

2

Table 2.9-1 Average Nutrient Concentrations in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang area .............. 2-63

Table 4.1-1 Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020 ............................................................... 4-1

Table 4.2-1 Target to be Achieved to 2020 and 2030 .................................................................... 4-6

Table 4.3-1 Countermeasures against Each Type of Wastewater .................................................. 4-7

Table 4.3-2 Effluent Standards for household wastewater ............................................................ 4-8

Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standards for industrial wastewater .............................................................. 4-8

Table 4.3-4 Comparison of the Four Wastewater Treatment Processes ........................................ 4-9

Table 4.4-1 List of Proposed Project ........................................................................................... 4-11

Table 4.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Water Environment Management Sector to 2020 ...... 4-12

Table 4.4-3 Project on Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment System (for Each City, Town

and District) .............................................................................................................. 4-13

Table 4.4-4 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh Province4-13

Table 4.4-5 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU

Standards .................................................................................................................. 4-14

Table 4.4-6 Project for Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong, Khe Re streams and Mong

Duong River ............................................................................................................. 4-14

Table 4.4-7 Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water............................ 4-14

Table 4.4-8 Projects on Improvement of River Environmental Condition by Preventing Erosion

and Securing Water Course with Dredging Proposed by VINACOMIN ................. 4-14

Table 4.4-9 Projects on Development of Construction WWTP on Coal Mining Wastewater

Proposed by VINACOMIN ...................................................................................... 4-15

Table 4.4-10 Preliminary Project Cost ............................................................................................ 4-15

Table 4.4-11 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System ................... 4-21

Table 5.1-1 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry .................. 5-6

Table 5.1-2 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Cement Manufacturing Industry ... 5-6

Table 5.1-3 National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Inorganic Substance and

Dust ........................................................................................................................... 5-6

Table 5.1-4 Situation of Reporting from Plants ............................................................................. 5-8

Table 5.1-5 Examples of Improvements for Coal Transportation ................................................. 5-8

Table 5.1-6 Road and Conveyor Belt Development Plan .............................................................. 5-9

Table 5.2-1 Air Quality Standards: Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10) Unit: μg/m3 .................. 5-9

Table 5.3-1 Largest Sources of Air Pollution .............................................................................. 5-12

Table 5.4-1 Example of Application and Description.................................................................. 5-17

Table 5.4-2 Example of Result Tables to be Attached in the Quarterly Report ........................... 5-17

Table 5.4-3 Air Quality Standards in Vietnam (Unit: μg/m3) ..................................................... 5-18

Table 5.4-4 Air Quality Standards in EU (Unit: μg/m3) .............................................................. 5-18

Table 5.4-5 Types of PM in the World ........................................................................................ 5-19

Table 5.4-6 Possible Candidate of Facilities for Dust Prevention Mesh Net ............................... 5-21

Table 6.1-1 Estimation of Generated Solid Waste Amount in Target Areas in 2020 .................... 6-2

Table 6.1-2 Forecasting Generated Volume of ISW ...................................................................... 6-3

Table 6.1-3 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Halong City ....................................... 6-4

Table 6.1-4 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Mong Cai City .................................. 6-4

Table 6.1-5 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hai Ha District .................................. 6-4

Table 6.1-6 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hoanh Bo District ............................. 6-5

Table 6.1-7 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Quang Yen District ........................... 6-5

Table 6.2-1 Targets to be Achieved in the SWM Plan by 2020 and 2030 ..................................... 6-6

Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Biodegradable Waste Treatment Methods ....................................... 6-10

Table 6.3-2 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Recycling Plant .......................... 6-14

Table 6.3-3 Types of Proposed Recyclable Materials.................................................................. 6-15

Table 6.3-4 Room and Function for Composting ........................................................................ 6-15

Table 6.3-5 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Composting Plant ....................... 6-15

Table 6.3-6 Proposed Collection and Transportation Vehicles .................................................... 6-18

Table 6.3-7 Category and Required Number of Equipment ........................................................ 6-23

Table 6.3-8 Incineration Plant ...................................................................................................... 6-28

Table 6.3-9 Key Industrial Zones and Key Sectors to be Prioritized ........................................... 6-29

Table 6.3-10 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning .......................... 6-31

3

Table 6.3-11 Categories and Sub-groups of Medical Waste ........................................................ 6-37

Table 6.3-12 Treatment and Disposal Techniques for Various types of Medical Waste ............. 6-38

Table 6.4-1 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning ......................... 6-40

Table 6.4-2 List of Proposed Projects of Construction WWTP on Coal Mining Wastewater to

2020…. .................................................................................................................... 6-42

Table 6.4-3 Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management ................................... 6-42

Table 6.4-4 Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management ......................................... 6-43

Table 6.4-5 Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City, Town

and District) ............................................................................................................ 6-43

Table 6.4-6 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management ............................... 6-43

Table 6.4-7 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management ............................... 6-44

Table 6.5-1 Examples of Modern Technologies .......................................................................... 6-44

Table 6.6-1 Content of Home Composting Program ................................................................... 6-47

Table 7.1-1 Potential Impacts of the Priority Projects in SEDP .................................................... 7-1

Table 7.1-2 Special-use and Protection Forests Managed by the Management Board .................. 7-3

Table 7.1-3 Important Watersheds and Forest Areas ..................................................................... 7-4

Table 7.1-4 Important Watersheds and Forest Condition .............................................................. 7-4

Table 7.1-5 Potential Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province .................................... 7-5

Table 7.2-1 Major Targets of the National Strategy on Environmental Protection until 2020 and

Vision toward 2030 (Excerpt on Forest and Natural Resource)................................ 7-6

Table 7.2-2 Major Targets of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (2006-2020) ............. 7-6

Table 7.2-3 Targets of Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan in the Period of

2010-2015, Orientation to 2020 ................................................................................ 7-9

Table 7.2-4 Targets of VINACOMIN ............................................................................................ 7-9

Table 7.2-5 Targets of Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province until 2020, Vision toward

2030......................................................................................................................... 7-10

Table 7.2-6 Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Areas ................................. 7-11

Table 7.3-1 Summary of Direct Use and Non-use Benefits from Mangroves System ................ 7-25

Table 7.3-2 Priority Protected Areas to be Established ............................................................... 7-27

Table 7.4-1 Proposed Projects Toward 2020 ............................................................................... 7-28

Table 7.4-2 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement ............................................. 7-29

Table 7.4-3 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park ........................................... 7-31

Table 7.4-4 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest ................................................ 7-32

Table 7.4-5 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve ........................ 7-33

Table 7.4-6 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area............................ 7-34

Table 7.4-7 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest ......................................... 7-34

Table 7.4-8 Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border .............. 7-36

Table 7.4-9 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control, Biodiversity

Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector ................................... 7-36

Table 7.4-10 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry ............................................ 7-37

Table 7.4-11 Study on Plantation Technology ............................................................................. 7-38

Table 7.4-12 Project for Sustainable Forest Management ........................................................... 7-39

Table 7.4-13 Project for Ecotourism Development ..................................................................... 7-40

Table 7.4-14 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines ......... 7-40

Table 7.4-15 Examination for Minimizing of Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay

and Halong Bay ....................................................................................................... 7-41

Table 7.4-16 Developing of Green Belt for Reducing Erosion Impact from Coal Mining Area in

Halong City and Cam Pha City ............................................................................... 7-42

Ta le 8.2-1 Indicators of Targets to be Achieved .......................................................................... 8-4

Table ‎8.4-1 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020............... 8-11

Table 9.1-1 Prioritized Projects Proposed in the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province to Respond

to Climate Change ...................................................................................................... 9-1

Table 9.1-2 GHG Emissions in Vietnam in 2000 .......................................................................... 9-3

Table 9.1-3 Future Estimation of GHG Emissions in Vietnam ..................................................... 9-4

Table 9.1-4 Temperature Increase in Quang Ninh Province .......................................................... 9-4

Table 9.1-5 Rainfall Increase in Quang Ninh Province ................................................................. 9-4

4

Table 9.1-6 Rise in Sea Level in Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region ...................................................... 9-5

Table 9.1-7 Potential Climate Change Impacts to Quang Ninh Province ...................................... 9-6

Table 9.1-8 Issues to be Solved until 2020 .................................................................................... 9-6

Table 9.2-1 Targets to Resilient Society (Adaptation) in QNEMP ................................................ 9-8

Table 9.2-2 Mitigation Targets Set in the Vietnamese Policies ..................................................... 9-8

Table 9.2-3 Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation) in QNEMP ........................................... 9-9

Table 9.3-1 Prioritization of the Three Approaches ..................................................................... 9-10

Table 9.3-2 Outline of the Approach to Close-sectoral Issues ..................................................... 9-11

Table 9.3-3 Outline of the Approaches to Resilient Society ........................................................ 9-12

Table 9.3-4 Outline of the Approaches to Low Carbon Society .................................................. 9-12

Table 9.4-1 Summary of Project 1-1 ............................................................................................ 9-14


Table 9.4-3 Tasks of the Quang Ninh Provincial Standing Office for the Steering Committee .. 9-17


Table 9.4-5 Proposed Policies/Regulations to Promote Adaptation and Mitigation Measures .... 9-18





Table 9.4-10 Summary of Project 5-2 .......................................................................................... 9-21

Table 9.4-11 Ten Proposed Projects inWater Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from

2010 to 2020 ............................................................................................................. 9-22



Table 9.4-14 Major Energy Consumers in Quang Ninh Province ............................................... 9-24






Table 10.1-1 Proposed Air Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................................... 10-1

Table 10.1-2 Proposed Surface Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ........................................ 10-5

Table 10.1-3 Proposed Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................. 10-10

Table 10.1-4 Proposed Coastal Quality Monitoring Network to 2020 ...................................... 10-11

Table 10.1-5 Revised and updated characteristic domestic waste water monitoring network to 2020

.............................................................................................................................. 10-14

Table 10.2-1 Expected Maintenance Cost for Ten Auto AQM Station ..................................... 10-19

Table 10.2-2 Expected Maintenance Cost for Seven Auto WQM Station ................................. 10-19

Table 10.2-3 Expected Maintenance Cost for Auto PEM Station ............................................. 10-20

Table 11.2-1 Priority Projects in Water Management Sector ....................................................... 11-8

Table 11.2-2 Priority Projects in Air Environment Management Sector ..................................... 11-9

Table 11.2-3 Priority Projects in Solid Waste Management Sector ........................................... 11-10

Table 11.2-4 Priority Projects in Forest Management Sector ..................................................... 11-11

Table 11.2-5 Priority Projects in Biodiversity Conservation Sector .......................................... 11-12

Table 11.2-6 Priority Projects in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Sector ............. 11-113

Table 11.2-7 Priority Projects in Environmental Monitoring Sector ......................................... 11-14

Table 11.5-1 List of Budget Sources for Projects in the Climate Change Issues ....................... 11-20

Table 11.6-1 Implementation Plan (for Reference) .................................................................... 11-23

Table 1-1 Expected Achievement Status by Implementation of Environmental Planning of Quang

Ninh Province ................................................................................................................ 1

Table 3-1 Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning ............................... 13

1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.4-1 Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province ........................... 1-6

Figure 1.5-1 Location of Industrial Zones ................................................................................... 1-12

Figure 1.6-1 Forecast Population Growth by 2030 ...................................................................... 1-17

Figure 1.6-2 Prediction of GDP Growth and Trend of Economic Structure of Quang Ninh

Province… .............................................................................................................. 1-18

Figure 2.1-1 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province .......... 2-7

Figure 2.1-2 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the West of Ha Long City .... 2-8

Figure 2.1-3 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the East of Ha Long City ..... 2-9

Figure 2.1-4 Locations of Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh

Province .................................................................................................................. 2-11

Figure 2.1-5 Locations of Proposed Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh Province .......................... 2-12

Figure 2.1-6 Locations of Water Monitoring Points .................................................................... 2-17

Figure 2.1-7 Average Water Quality Index from 2009 to 2012 ................................................... 2-21

Figure 2.1-8 Historical Trend of WQI in W5, W35, W44 ........................................................... 2-22

Figure 2.1-9 Four Years Achievement Rate for BOD5 in Surface Water.................................... 2-23

Figure 2.1-10 Non-achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards 2009 - 2012 ............ 2-24

Figure 2.1-11 Estimated BOD Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh

Province in 2011 ..................................................................................................... 2-27

Figure 2.1-12 Estimated TSS Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh

Province in 2011 ..................................................................................................... 2-28

Figure 2.2-1 Location of Monitoring Points ................................................................................ 2-31

Figure 2.2-2 Four-year Average TSP Concentration by Monitoring Point .................................. 2-33

Figure 2.2-3 Present Situation of TSP Concentration, Four-Years Average of One-Hour

Measurement ........................................................................................................... 2-35

Figure 2.3-1 Waste Generation .................................................................................................... 2-37

Figure 2.4-1 Average Noise Level in 2012 .................................................................................. 2-44

Figure 2.7-1 Erosion and Sedimentation Map of Ha Long and Cam Pha Area during

1965-2004……………. ......................................................................................... .2-55

Figure 2.8-1 Road Map of Storms Landing in Quang Ninh (1961-2008) .................................... 2-58

Figure 2.8-2 Zoning Map of Landslides in Quang Ninh Province ............................................... 2-60

Figure 2.9-1 TSS concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary .................................................... 2-62

Figure 2.9-2 Distribution of T-N concentration in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region ........ 2-63

Figure 2.9-3 Distribution of T-P in Cam – Bach Dang region ..................................................... 2-64

Figure 2.9-4 Variation of oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary ................................... 2-64

Figure 3.1-1 Low-carbon City Development Concept and Policy ................................................. 3-8

Figure 3.2-1 Quang Ninh environmental zoning map.................................................................. 3-16

Figure 3.4-1 Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE ..................................................... 3-29

Figure 4.1-1 Proposed Locations of the Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in

Quang Ninh Province ................................................................................................ 4-4

Figure 4.1-2 Wastewater Collecting Facility at Tokyo Bay........................................................... 4-5

Figure 4.3-1 Layout of Jokaso Model .......................................................................................... 4-10

Figure 4.4-1 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System ................. 4-21

Figure 4.4-2 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the West of Ha Long

City .......................................................................................................................... 4-22

Figure 4.4-3 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the East of Ha Long

City .......................................................................................................................... 4-23

Figure 4.4-4 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Mong Cai City . 4-24

Figure 4.4-5 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Cam Pha City ... 4-25

Figure 4.4-6 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Uong Bi City.... 4-26

Figure 4.4-7 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Van Don District

................................................................................................................................ 4-27

Figure 4.4-8 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Quang Ninh Province ............... 4-28

Figure 4.4-9 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Ha Long City ............................ 4-29

Figure 4.5-1 Concept of the Centralization of Wastewater Treatment Plant ............................... 4-29

2

Figure 4.5-2 Outline of Pipe Jacking Method .............................................................................. 4-31

Figure 4.5-3 Outline of Shield Tunneling Method....................................................................... 4-31

Figure 4.5-4 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Mong Cai city ... 4-32

Figure 4.5-5 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Uong Bi city ..... 4-33

Figure 5.1-1 Annual Average of TSP Concentration ..................................................................... 5-2

Figure 5.1-2 Balance, Teledyne 900 System, Low Volume Air Sampler and EPAM-5000 .......... 5-4

Figure 5.1-3 Example of Isokinetic Sampling and TESTO 350XL at EMAC ............................... 5-5

Figure 5.1-4 Photos of the Quang Ninh Power Plant, Cam Pha Cement Plant, Uong Bi Power Plant,

Cam Pha Power Plant, Thang Long Cement, Dong Trieu Power Plant, Lam Thach

Cement, and Halong Cement .................................................................................... 5-8

Figure 5.1-5 Typical Condition of Coal Transportation by Truck ................................................. 5-9

Figure 5.1-6 Typical Condition of Stockpile at the Port and Coal Selection Plant ...................... 5-10

Figure 5.1-7 Typical Condition of Mining and Dumpsite ........................................................... 5-10

Figure 5.3-1 Examples of Rehabilitation of Dumpsite ................................................................ 5-16

Figure 5.4-1 Simulation of the Effect using Net .......................................................................... 5-22

Figure 5.4-2 Images of Fence Construction using Net................................................................. 5-23

Figure 5.4-3 Structural Diagram of Dust Prevention Net ............................................................ 5-24

Figure 6.3-1 Flow of Waste by 3R ................................................................................................. 6-8

Figure 6.3-2 Flow of Composting (Reference) ............................................................................ 6-14

Figure 6.3-3 Recycling Center Plan: Type A (for Reference) ..................................................... 6-16

Figure 6.3-4 Recycling Center Plan: Type B (for Reference) ...................................................... 6-16

Figure 6.3-5 Preliminary Evaluation of Candidate Sites of Regional Landfill Site for Halong City,

Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District ..................................................................... 6-21

Figure 6.3-6 Proposed Landfill System (Reference) .................................................................... 6-21

Figure 6.3-7 Incineration Plant Project Development Plan .......................................................... 6-27

Figure 6.3-8 Industrial SWM Model to be Applied ..................................................................... 6-33

Figure 6.3-9 Example of Diagram for Hospital Waste Treatment ............................................... 6-39

Figure 7.3-1 Image of Ecological Corridors ................................................................................ 7-15

Figure 7.3-2 Downstream Area of Dong Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve .............................. 7-15

Figure 7.3-3 Axis of Natural Management .................................................................................. 7-18

Figure 7.3-4 Concept of Watershed ............................................................................................. 7-20

Figure 7.3-5 Mountain Ecological Corridor ................................................................................ 7-23

Figure 7.3-6 Coastal Ecological Corridor .................................................................................... 7-25

Figure 7.3-7 Coastal Ecological Corridor .................................................................................... 7-26

Figure 7.3-8 Location of Priority Protected Areas to be Established ........................................... 7-28

Figure ‎8.4-1 Candidate Ramsar Sites in Quang Ninh Province ................................................... 8-16

Figure ‎8.4-2 Endangered Birds in Ha Nam Island ....................................................................... 8-16

Figure ‎8.4-3 Provisional Zone Map of Quang Yen Wetland ....................................................... 8-17

Figure ‎8.4-4 Provisional Zone Map of Tien Yen Wetland .......................................................... 8-17

Figure ‎8.4-5 Provisional Zone Map of Mong Cai Wetland ......................................................... 8-18

Figure 9.2-1 Goal in Climate Change Issues in QNEMP .............................................................. 9-7

Figure 9.3-1 Overall Structure of the Approaches to Climate Change Issues ............................. 9-11

Figure 9.4-1 Overall Structure of Projects in Climate Change Issues.......................................... 9-13

Figure 9.4-2 Structure of Climate Change Management in Quang Ninh Province...................... 9-16

Figure 10.1-1 Proposed Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020 ............................................. 10-15

Figure 10.4-1 EANET Deposition Monitoring Sites (2009) ...................................................... 10-24

1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

3R Reduce Reuse Recycle

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

A-Cmax Allowable Concentration maximum

AHP ASEAN Heritage Parks

AQM Air Quality Monitoring

AQS Air Quality Standard

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEON ASEAN Senior Officials on the Environment

AVG Average

BAP Biodiversity Action Plan

BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand in 5 days

BTL Bai Tu Long National Park

BTNMT Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, MONRE/Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường

CaCl2 Calcium chloride

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CD Capacity Development

CEPC Coastal Environment Protection Corridor

CFB Circulating Fluidised Bed

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

COP Conference of the Parties

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

DCST Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism

DOC Department of Construction

DOET Department of Education and Training

DOH Department of Health

DOIT Department of Industry and Trade

DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DOT Department of Transport

DPI Department of Planning and Investment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMAC Environment Monitoring and Analyzing Center

EU European Union

EVN Electricity Vietnam

FS Feasibility Study

GC-MS Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIS Geographical Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

HBMD Halong Bay Management Department

IBA Important Bird Areas

IDB International Day for Biodiversity

INDEVCO Industrial Development Company

IP Industrial Park

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

JSC Joint Stock Company

Kp Capacity Coefficient

2

kPa Kilopascal

Kv Regional Coefficient

kVA Kilo Volt Ampere

L/min Litter per Minute

LUP Land Use Plan

M/P Master Plan

MB Management Board

MCST Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism

MOF Ministry of Finance

MOH Ministry of Health

MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

Mw Mega Watt

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NGO Non-governmental Organization

NKER Northern Key Economic Region

NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation

NP National Park

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products

ºC Degree Celsius

ODA Official Development Assistance

OJT On the Job Training

PEM Plant Emission Monitoring

PES Payment for Environmental Services

PM Particulate Matter

PM10 Particulate Matter which diameter less is less than 10μm / Bụi ≤ 10 μm

PM2.5 Particulate Matter which diameter less is less than 2.5μm

PMU Project Management Unit

PPC Provincial People’s Committee

PSD Pollution Source Database

PSI Pollution Source Inventory

PSM Pollution Source Map

PST Pollution Source Table

QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control

QCVN Vietnamese Technical Regulations /

QD-TTg Decision-Prime Minister

QN Quang Ninh Province

RRD Red River Delta

SEDP Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020 with Vision towards 2030

SOP Standard Operation Procedure

SUF Special Use Forest

SW Solid Waste

SWM Solid Waste Management

TCVN National standards of Vietnam / Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam

TSP Total Suspended Particulates/ Bụi lơ lửng

TSS Total suspended solids

UK United Kingdom

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

URENCO Urban Environment Company

US United States of America

3

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UV Ultraviolet

VEA Vietnam Environment Administration

VEPF Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund

VINACOMIN Vietnam National Coal - Mineral Industries Group / TỔNG CÔNG TY ĐIỆN LỰC – TKV (TNHH NHÀ

NƯỚC MỘT THÀNH VIÊN)

WG Working Group

WQI Water Quality Index

WQM Water Quality Monitoring

WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

WWV Wastewater Volume

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030

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CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONDITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING STUDY

1.1 Background

Quang Ninh Province is one of the foremost production centers of coal in Vietnam and

plays a key role in the regional distribution system, where it has been functioning as a

main industrial development zone in northern Vietnam, and where urban

industrialization has progressed rapidly. At the same time, Quang Ninh Province is the

location of the Halong Bay World Heritage Site, and tourism is another important

sector in the province; therefore, provincial socio-economic development strategies

should harmonize with environment protection strategies.

In recent years, Quang Ninh Province has gained important achievements and

comprehensive development. The gross domestic product (GDP) growth is

approximately 12% per year on average. However, due to the requirements of

economic development, the impacts on the environment has recently become apparent,

such as deterioration of water quality due to domestic, industrial, and coal mining

wastewater, issues on generated municipal and industrial solid waste, air pollutants

discharged from thermal power plants and cement factories, impacts on regional

natural environment and biodiversity.

In line with the current situation mentioned above, Quang Ninh Province is proceeding

with the “Green Economy Approach”, the objective of which is to internalize

environmental protection measures into socio-economic development. To adopt the

“Green Economy Approach”, a provincial environmental master plan is expected to be

formulated to address actualized and potential environmental issues to be solved on air,

water, soil quality control, solid waste management, biodiversity conservation/forest

management, and climate change issues.

1.2 Objective

The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province by 2020, a vision to 2030 is in

accordance with the master plan for socio-economic development of Quang Ninh

Province, land use planning, and sector planning for proposing measures to prevent

and mitigate the degradation of natural resources, environmental pollution, gradually

improving environmental quality, improving the efficiency of mining and rational use

of natural resources, and environmental management capacity of the province.

1.3 Study Area

The target area of the Study is the whole Quang Ninh Province consisting of four cities,

one town, and nine districts, of which priority areas are proposed as follows: Halong

City, Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, and Van Don District which will be


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reviewed at the initial phase of the Study through discussion with Quang Ninh

DONRE.

1.4 Approach for the Study

The key viewpoints and approaches applied in the Environmental Planning of Quang

Ninh Province, Halong Bay and the Environmental Improvement Projects include:

1. Approach to "green growth” economy is as the main approach which is throughout the

process of planning and developing of priority projects in the Environmental

Improvement Projects.

2. Systematic and integrated viewpoints and approaches:

- Systematic viewpoints: Quang Ninh is considered in the Northern economic

system: "The Red River Delta and the Economic Belt Region of the Gulf of

Tonkin” ,"Two corridors, One economic belt" in the framework of Vietnam -

China Cooperation (two corridors of Kunming - Lao Cai - Hanoi - Hai Phong -

Quang Ninh and Nanning - lang Son, Ha Noi - Hai Phong and one “Northern

economic belt" includes 10 Vietnamese coastal provinces from Quang Tri to

Quang Ninh).

- Integrated viewpoints: The spaces for the planning are planned based on analysis

and evaluation of the whole development strategies of the State, the Provincial

socio-economic development planning and planning of the related Sectors in the

province.

3. Adopt Satoyama initiative of Japan in space planning and construction of a number of

projects related to forest management, biodiversity conservation and issues related to

climate change.

4. Management approach according to target groups based on four key environmental

functions: Conservation and Protection, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation,

Active Management, Environmentally friendly development combining with

regional environmental management (selecting a number of key

areas such as Halong,.... ) and inter-regional environmental management (Quang

Ninh province with neighboring provinces, Quang Ninh with the territories bordering

with China).

Some approaches specified in the National and Provincial legislation papers are

presented below:

1) Adopt National and Provincial Green Growth Strategy

Vietnam has a national policy on “Green Growth Strategy” prescribed by the Prime

Minister’s Decision No. 1393/QD-TTg dated 25 September 2012 approving the


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National Strategy for Green Growth. Quang Ninh Province is also promoting the

adaptation of “Green Growth Strategy” in provincial economic and social

development plans. Considering these national and provincial policies, the

environmental protection plan prepared by the Study should have strategies and

approaches for adaptation of “Green Growth Strategy”. Main strategies and

approaches to be adopted in the Study are:

(a) Utilization of natural resources for economic development considering

environmental protection,

(b) Introduction of cleaner production techniques to secondary industries,

(c) Review of generated pollution load by expected socio-economic development,

and green growth strategy for main industrial sectors,

(d) Preparation of legal and institutional framework and human resource

development plan for accelerating the introduction of green growth strategy, and

(e) Identification of measures to promote international cooperation for actualizing the

green growth strategy.

2) Identify Requirements for Actualizing National and Provincial Environmental Protection

Strategy and Provincial Environmental Plan to 2020, vision to 2030

Vietnam has a national strategy for environmental protection stipulated by the Prime

Minister’s Decision No. 1216/QD-TTg dated 05 September 2012 approving the

National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with Vision to 2030. Quang Ninh

Province issued Directive No. 30-CT/TU, dated 07/9/2010; Resolution No.

33/2010/NQ-HĐND, dated 10/12/2010 on policies, resolutions for environmental

protection management of Quang Ninh Province in the period between 2011 – 2015

and Decision No. 1975/QĐ-UBND, dated 23/6/2011 on approval of Plan for

implementing the Resolution No.33/2010/NQ-HĐND. The environmental plan on

environmental protection is required to follow the same approaches as in the

aforementioned decisions. Main approaches to be examined in the Study are:

(a) Reduce the impacts of generated pollution loads by comparing the effects with

and without the plan:

– Improve sanitation and sewerage systems;

– Improve solid waste management system;

– Establish criteria for industrial parks/zones which meet the environment

protection requirements; and

– Establish new business adopting requirements for reducing environmental

pollution.

(b) Improve the environment in polluted or deteriorated areas:

– Rehabilitate deteriorated environment (especially coastal ecosystem).


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(c) Intelligent use of natural resources:

– Sustain/improve the value of natural resources in world heritage site, coastal

areas, and inland forest areas.

(d) Enhance the capabilities to adapt/mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse

gas (GHGs) emissions:

– Strategies and approach to address impacts of climate change.

– Raising awareness for adapting/mitigating climate change impacts.

3) Adaptation to Announcement of Opinion of the Politburo on Socio-economic Development

on Quang Ninh Province

On 1st October 2012, the Central Executive Committee announced the Opinion of the

Politburo on the Project "Rapid, sustainable Social - economic development; ensuring

to maintain firmly the national defence and security and setting up a pilot of the two

special administrative - economic units of Van Don - Mong Cai" in Quang Ninh

Province, No.108-TB/TW. The announcement stated clearly that Quang Ninh province

locates at the strategic important area from the political and economical viewpoints,

and has potential advantages compared to other localities in the region. Quang Ninh

Province is considered to perform a role as the powerful economic center of the Red

River Delta and the Northern Economic Belt in Vietnam. To 2020, Quang Ninh

Province is expected to become a province of modern services, industry, an

international tourist centre of the northern part of Vietnam. Another important

expectation in Quang Ninh Province is to develop measures to shift economic

structure from "brown" to "green". The living standards of the people are also

expected to be upgraded, and natural and cultural assets which are represented by the

world heritage site of Halong Bay should be preserved and their worth would be

maximized. The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province should contribute to

actualization of these concepts suggested by the announcement.

4) Adaptation to the Master Plan on Socio-economic Development of the Red River Delta

Region to 2020

On 23rd May 2013, the Prime Minister Decision for the Master Plan on

Socio-economic Development of the Red River Delta Region to 2020, No.795/2013/

QD-TTg was approved. According to the Decision, Quang Ninh Province is belonged

to the Red River Delta Region, of which function is the gateway to the South China

Sea with the world and is one of the direct connection between the two areas of active

development. The Red River Delta Region is expected to be a leader of the country in

economic restructuring from “brown” to “green”, with low-emission of green house

gas for mitigation of climate change impact. The Red River Delta Region should also

achieve the following objectives for environmental protection;


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(a) Prioritize development of sectors applying clean production, advanced technology,

low energy consumption, low emissions, and promote socialization of

environmental protection services,

(b) Strengthen inspection and supervision the implementation of environmental

commitments of the facilities of industrial production and tourism with

implement environmental audits for appropriate environmental management, and

(c) Implement environmental zoning and integrated management of river basins,

coastal areas, prevent problems related to marine shipping such as oil spills,

leaking of toxic chemicals .

The Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province is expected to contribute to actualize

the above objectives.

5) Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province

According to the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province

to 2020, with Vision towards 2030, the spatial development orientation for Quang

Ninh is established as “one center, two multi-dimensional routes, two breakthroughs”.

This orientation ensures linkage and coherence in order to leverage the strengths of

each district in the province, as well as strengths of Quang Ninh in the “Red River Delta (RRD) and Northern Key Economic Region (NKER)” and strategic location for

international economic cooperation.

The spatial development orientation for Quang Ninh is established as “one center, two

multi-dimensional routes, two breakthroughs” as shown in Figure 1.4-1. This

orientation ensures linkage and coherence in order to leverage the strengths of each

district in the province, as well as strengths of Quang Ninh in the RRD, NKER, and

strategic location for international economic cooperation. The Environmental Plan of

Quang Ninh Province is expected to contribute to this spatial plan.


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Eastern Route

Starting from Ha Long to Móng Cái and toward North East

Asia, China; Area linkage at

international scope Area (56%), Population (41%),

GDP (38%), Density of services and marine economy

nearly 50%

Western Route :Starting from Halong to ĐôngTriều and toward the Red

River Delta, Hanoi Capital; Regional linkage at national

scope. Area (40%), Population

(40%), GDP (31%), Density of

industry 30%

Spatial Economic Development “Once Centre – Two Routes – Multidirection – Two Breakthroughs

regional linkage at national scope, Area Linkage at International Scope

Centre Hạ

LongArea (4,5%),

Population (19%), GDP

(31%), Service density 53,6%

Source: Quang Ninh DONRE

Figure 1.4-1 Spatial Development Plan of Core Area of Quang Ninh Province

6) Relevant Laws and Regulations

Relevant laws and regulations for this environmental planning study are shown as

follows:

（1） Legal documents of the state, ministries, departments, and branches:

• Environmental Protection Act 2005;

• Water Resources Act 2011;

• Mineral Law 2010;

• Forest Protection and Development Law 2004;

• 2003 Land Law;

• Decision 1393/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 25 September 2012

approving the national strategy for green growth;

• Resolution 1216/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 05 September 2012

approving the National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with a Vision

to 2030;

• Decision 432/QD-TTg dated 12 April 2012 approving the Vietnam Sustainable

Development Strategy 2011-2020;

• Decision No. 34/2009/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 02 March 2009

approving the Master Plan to Develop the Coastal Economic Belt Gulf 2020;

• Decree No. 92/2006/NĐ-CP dated 7/6/2006 of the Government on establishing,

approving and managing the Socio – economic Development Master Planning;

• Circular 03/2008/TT-BKH of the Ministry of Planning and Investment dated 01

September 2008 guiding the implementation of some articles of Decree No.


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04/2008/ND-CP dated 11 January 2008;

• Decree No. 04/2008/ND-CP dated 11 January 2008 amending and supplementing

a number of articles of Decree No. 92/2006/ND-CP;

• Circular 01/2007/TT-BKH of the Ministry of Planning and Investment dated 07

February 2007 guiding the implementation of some articles of Decree No.

92/2006/ND-CP;

• Decision No. 269/2006/QD-TTg dated 24 November 2006 approving the

"Amendment and Supplement of the Master Plan of Socio-economic

Development of Quang Ninh Province in 2010 and Orientations to 2020”;

• Decree No. 92/2006/ND-CP dated 07 June 2006 on the Formulation and Approval

of the Overall Planning and Management of Social and Economic Development;

and

• Decision No. 142/2002/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 21 October 2002

approving the Planning on Conservation and Promotion of Heritage Values of

Halong Bay to 2020.

• Decision No. 2622/QD-TTg dated 31/12/2013 of the Prime Minister approving

the Master plan on Socio-economic development of Quang Ninh Province to

2020, vision to 2030,

• Decision No.145/2004/QD-TTg dated 13/08/2004 of the Prime Minister on the

main directions of socio-economic development of the Northern key economic

areas to 2010, vision to 2020,

• Decision No. 865/QD-TTg dated 10/07/2008 of the Prime Minister to decide on

the approval of Construction Planning of the Northern coastal regions to 2025,

vision to 2050.

（2） The legal documents of Quang Ninh Province:

• Resolution of Quang Ninh Provincial Party Congress XIII, for the term

2010-2015;

• Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW on active responding to climate change, strengthening

management of natural resources and environmental protection

• Directive No 30-CT/TU of the Provincial Standing Committee dated 7 September

2010 on Strengthening the Leadership and Direction to Management of

Environmental Protection in the Province;

• Resolution No. 33/2010/NQ-HDND of the Provincial People's Council dated 10

December 2010 on Policies and Measures to Strengthen the Management of

Environmental Protection in Quang Ninh Province in 2011-2015;

• Plan No. 1137/KH-UB 20.05.2005 of PPC v/v Implementation of Resolution No.

41-NQ/TW of the Political Bureau of Environmental Protection in the period of


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Accelerated Industrialization and Modernization of the Country's Quang Ninh

Province in 2010, Substrate Orientation in 2015;

• Decision No. 1975/QD-Committee of provincial UBDN dated 23 June 2011 v/v

Approval of Implementation of Resolution No. 33/2010/NQ-HDND of the

Provincial People's Council dated 10 December 2010 Undertaking the Solutions

to Enhance the Provincial Environmental Protection Management in Quang Ninh;

• Plan No. 1925/KH-UBND of the PPC dated 19 May 2010 v/v Environmental

Protection in Quang Ninh Province in 2010 and Orient Environmental Protection

Plan in 2011-2015;

• Decision No. 4253/QD-Committee of the Provincial People's Committee dated 25

December 2009 approving the Overall Environmental Protection Planning and a

Number of Key Areas in Quang Ninh Province to 2020;

• Decision 4170/QD-UBND of the People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province

dated 31 December 2010 on the Approval of Project Master Plan of the

Socio-economic Development of the Sea, Islands, and Coastal Quang Ninh

Province in 2020;

• Resolution No. 68/2012/NQ-HDND of the Quang Ninh Provincial People's

Council dated 12 December 2012 on the Management, Conservation and

Promoting the Values of the World Natural Heritage, Halong Bay for the

2012-2015 period with a Vision to 2020;

• Decision No. 346/2012/QD-UBND of the People's Committee of Quang Ninh

Province dated 30January 2013 on the Issue of Implementation of Action

Program Resolution No. 68/2012/NQ-HDND of Quang Ninh Provincial People's

Council dated 12 December 2012 on the Management, Conservation and

Promoting the Values of the World Natural Heritage, Halong Bay for the

2012-2015 period with a Vision to 2020;

• Decision 1606/QD-UBND PPC dated 22 May 2009 amending and supplementing

a number of articles of Decision No. 530/QD-UBND 26/02/2008;

• Document No. 1233/PC-MT1 of the PPC dated 29 March 2012 on Agreement to

Adjustment and Formation of Environmental Protection Planning; and

• Document No.149/UBND-MT dated 11 January 2013 regarding Hiring Foreign

Consultants for Formulating the Overall Environmental Protection Planning of

Quang Ninh Province.

1.5 Natural, Socio-Economic Conditions

1.5.1 Natural Condition

（1） Geographical Condition

Quang Ninh Province is located in Northeast Vietnam. The land area is of over 6,000


1-9

km2 and the sea area of over 6,000 km

2,with a long coastal line, of which length is

about 120 km, with more than 2,000 islands. Geographically, Quang Ninh Province is

close to two of the three largest cities in the country, Hanoi City and Hai Phong City,

and bordering the southern part of China. This gives important roles to the province

from economical viewpoints under the regional economic cooperation frameworks

shown below:

“Red River Delta (RRD) and Northern Key Economic Region (NKER)” including

Quang Ninh Province is the second largest economic region in Vietnam.

According to Decision 145/2004/QD-TTg, NKER aims to contribute 28-29% of

the total national GDP by 2020 by developing the industry and service sectors.

"Two Corridors, One Economic Belt" is a framework for cooperation between

Vietnam and China (two corridors Kunming-Lao Cai-Ha Noi-Hai Phong-Quang

Ninh, and Nanning-Lang Son-Ha Noi-Hai Phong with one "Gulf of Tonkin

Economic Belt" which includes ten coastal provinces of Vietnam from Quang Tri

to Quang Ninh).

"Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor" is a blueprint for the integration of

China-ASEAN economy. It is envisioned that in the future, cities in the corridor

will be connected by railways, expressways, waterways, and air routes, forming a

comprehensive development zone with enhanced trade, investment, and tourism.

（2） Geology and Mineral Resources

Geological structure of Quang Ninh Province formed in the Ordovician formations,

which mainly comprised rocks and volcanic sediments. The province has various

mineral resources, such as coal, clay, sand, and limestone. Outline of the condition of

mineral resources is shown as follows:

Coal: Coal mining in Quang Ninh Province accounts for more than 90% of the

total coal reserve production in Vietnam. The province has a large productive coal

bed of mainly anthracite coal with high carbon content. Total estimated coal

reserves reach 8.8 billion tons stretching over 1,000 km2 from Dong Trieu to Cam

Pha City.

Limestone and clay: Limestone and clay are relatively abundant, widely

distributed in the whole province, such as: limestone quarry in Hoanh Bo, Cam

Pha; clay quarries in Hai Ha, Binh Lieu, Ba Che, Tien Yen districts and Mong

Cai city. Hoanh Bo limestone quarry with nearly 1 billion tons of reserves will

allow producing several million tons of cement per year. Clay quarries in Gieng

Day, Quang Yen with 45 billion tons of reserves will allow exploitation at large

scale. Other clay quarries in Tan Mai, Mong Cai and Van Hai silica quarry are

considered as biggest ones in the North, with high quality, easy to exploit, are


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important material sources to develop the industrial sector of the province and for

export.

（3） Climate

Quang Ninh Province is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone, with an annual

average temperature of 22oC in lowland areas, and annual average rainfall is from

1,800 to 2,000 mm. Rainy season is from May to October, and 75 to 85% of rainfall is

concentrated during the rainy season each year.

（4） Water Resource

The province of Quang Ninh has rather dense network of streams and rivers with

average density of 1.9 km/km2 and 2.4 km/km

2 in some places. Most of streams and

rivers are short and steep with high current speed and strong capacity of erosion. In

general, most of rivers in Quang Ninh Province originate from high mountains with

the main directions of Northeast – Southwest and North – South. The river flows are

changing by seasons. In Quang Ninh Province, there are 30 rivers of more than 10 km

in length, with basin areas are normally not more than 300km2

among those, the 4

large rivers are Da Bac, Ka Long, Tien Yen and Ba Che rivers. The surface water

resources is around 7.26 billion m3.

Quang Ninh Province also has 124 lakes and reservoirs with a total volume of around

340 million m3 in which the Yen Lap lake only has a volume of 127 million m

3, Trang

Vinh lake has 70.8 million m3.

The explored and graded underground water reserve in Quang Ninh is as follows:

grade A: 55,622 m3/day; grade B: 130,671 m

3/day; and grade C: 172,216 m

3/day.

1.5.2 Social Condition

（1） Population

The population of Quang Ninh Province was 1.2 million in 2011. Recent population

growth rate has been 1.2% per year from 2000 to 2011. Among the 14 districts,

Halong City has the largest population of 224,700, making up 19.2% of the provincial

population.

（2） Existing Land Use Condition

Provincial land use condition is shown in Table 1.5-1. Approximately 80% of the

provincial area is made up of mountains and hills, with 64% of the area covered with

forests. On the other hand, Quang Ninh Province has a high urbanization rate of 55%,

compared with the national average of 32%.


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Table 1.5-1 Data of Existing Land Use Conditions in Quang Ninh Province

Land Type Area (ha) Percentage of

Natural Area

TOTAL AREA 610,235.31 100.00

1. Agricultural production land 50,886.14 8.34

- Annual crop land 3,658.87 5.84

+ Paddy land 28,530.51 4.68

+ Weed land for animal raising 1,736.24 0.28

+ Other annual crop land 5,392.11 0.88

- Perennial crop land 15,227.27 2.50

2. Forestry land 388,393.64 63.65

- Productive forest land 241,071.15 39.50

- Protective forest land 122,064.39 20.00

- Special Use forest land 25,258.10 4.14

3. Water surface land for fishing 20,806.61 3.41

4. Homestead land 9,923.58 1.63

- Rural 4,528.00 0.74

- Urban 5,395.58 0.88

5. Special use land 41,403.20 6.78

- Offices and non-profit agencies 230.45 0.04

- Security and defense land 5,641.17 0.92

- Non-agricultural production and business 14,275.37 2.34

- Public land 21,256.21 3.48

6. Religious land 88.35 0.01

7. Cemetery 1,023.10 0.17

8. Rivers and specialized water surfaces 31,349.83 5.14

9. Unused flat land 23,970.46 3.93

10. Unused mountainous land 34,827.28 5.71

11. Non-tree rocky mountain 7,523.41 1.23

Source: Land statistic of 2011 (Figures is as per 01/01/2012)

（3） Economic Condition of Quang Ninh Province

1) GDP and Industrial Structure

The GDP growth of Quang Ninh Province between 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 to 2012

are 13.0, 10.6, 12.3, 12.1, 7.4 respectively; average growth in period of 2008 – 2011

was about 12%/year, equal to 1.8 times of the national average GDP growth rate,

which is 7%. GDP per capita in 2011 was USD 2,264, equal to 1.65 times the national

average figure, which was USD 1,375.

Economic structure is 53% in industrial sector, 42% in service sector, and 5% in

agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors. Coal mining and tourism are major economic


1-12

sectors of Quang Ninh province, but other sectors have been becoming more and more

important.

2) Industrial sector

Major industrial centers in Quang Ninh are thermal power centers using coal (Quang

Ninh, Mong Duong, Cam Pha, Mao Khe, Uong Bi thermal power plants), construction

materials production centers (Cam Pha, Thang Long, Halong cement factories,

high-quality brick factories), shipbuilding industry centers. At present, the industrial

sector of Quang Ninh develops with orientation to reduce the portion of mining and

increase the portion of manufacturing and processing. Currently, there have been

several existing and under-construction industrial zones such as Cai Lan and Viet

Hung IZs (Halong), Dong Mai, Dam Nhac Mac IZs (Quang Yen), Phuong Nam IZ

(Uong Bi), Hai Yen IZ (Mong Cai), Hai Ha seaport industrial zone and other industrial

clusters, which are supporting the acceleration of industrialization and modernization

process of the province.

According to the Socio-Economic Development Plan Report for Quang Ninh Province

to 2020, Vision to 2030, there are 11 industrial zones and four economic zones in

Quang Ninh Province, while the other industrial zones are under construction or under

planning, as shown in Figure 1.5-1.

Source: SEDP 2013

Figure 1.5-1 Location of Industrial Zones

In order to promote the industrial zones in the provinces, particularly Quang Ninh

Province, Decision No. 386/2012/QD-UBND, dated 22 February 2012, was

Existing IZ

Constructing IZ

Planned IZ


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promulgated by the Quang Ninh PPC to implement an incentive policy on

investing in industrial zones in the province. In this context, industrial zones are

expected to develop dramatically in the coming years, from the present up to

2020, and vision toward 2030. Detailed information regarding the existing

industrial zones are provided in Table 1.5-2 below.

Table 1.5-2 Existing Industrial Zones

No. Industrial

Zone Area (ha)

Location Occupancy

Rate Business Sector

1 Cai Lan Industrial Zone

305.2 Bai Chay Ward, Halong City

100% Engineering production and assembly, furniture production, container production, shipbuilding, school appliances and toys production, electric equipment production, electronic assembly, textile, packaging material production.

2 Viet Hung Industrial Zone

300.9 Viet Hung Ward, Halong City

6.4% Mechanical Engineering and assembly, production of interior furniture; agricultural and fishery production; consumption goods.

3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone

192.7 Hai Yen Ward, Mong Cai City

38.6% Construction material and interior decoration, consumption goods, export garment and embroidery, engineering and machinery, electronic and electric assembly, agricultural product and food processing, storage and logistics services

4 Dong Mai Industrial Zone

160 Quang Yen Town

6,6% Mechanical engineering, transportation equipment, construction material, interior decoration.

Source: QEZA and SEDP, 2013

Of the four operating industrial zones, only Cai Lan Industrial Zone in Halong

City is currently 100% occupied with 60 local and foreign tenants. Hai Yen

Industrial Zone in Mong Cai City is 39% occupied with seven tenants (Texhong

Textile Group is one of the largest tenants from China), while Viet Hung

Industrial Zone in Halong City is only 6% occupied with six tenants and Dong

Mai Industrial Zone has one secondary investor, with 6,6% occupied.

Table 1.5-3 Industrial Zones under Construction

No. Industrial

Zone Area (ha)

Locations Status Business Sector

1 Phuong Nam Industrial Zone

709.01 Phuong Dong Ward, Phuong Nam District, Uong Bi City

Land acquisition and compensation

Mechanically engineered/assembled, refrigeration/electronics, appliance, handicraft, postharvest processing, garment and textile, consumption goods

2 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone

681 Hai Yen Ward, Hoanh Bo District

N/A Refrigeration and electronic production, construction materials, consumer goods, furniture and interior decoration, agricultural, forestry and fishery product processing

3 Hai Ha Sea Port Industrial Zone

4,988 Quang Phong, Quang Dien, Phu Hai Communes, Hai Ha District

Under site clearance and compensation

Oil refinery; Coal sector auxiliary manufacturing, metallurgy, ship building and thermal power


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Table 1.5-4 Planned Industrial Zones

No. Industrial

Zone Area (ha)

Location Status Business Sector

1 Cam Pha Industrial Zone Supporting Coal Sector

400 Cam Pha City

Investment study is being conducted by VINACONMIN

Machine building and maintenance of equipment for coal industry Machine building of equipment for construction activities.

2 Dam Nha Mac Service Industrial Zone

3,710 Phong Coc, Yen Hai, Lien Vi and Tien Phong Wards, Yen Hung Dist.

1,500 ha of industrial land, planning is being prepared by the QEZA and relevant bodies

Establish multifunctional industry-service zone, combine with new satellite urban to create an architectural complex

3 Quan Trieu Industrial Zone

150 Xuan Son, Kim Son, Binh Khe Wards, Dong Trieu Dist.

Waiting for investment

Beverage and alcohol industry, consumption goods and agricultural product processing, mechanical engineering, construction material, good processing and packaging production.

4 Tien Yen Industrial Zone

150 Tien Yen Dist.

Waiting for investment

Consumption goods, processing industry in agricultural, fishery and export products.


In addition to industrial zones, Quang Ninh Province aims to utilize economic

zones for its socioeconomic development. To date, the implementation of the

plans of these economic zones has been limited. A summary of the economic

zones of the province is shown in Table 1.5-5 below.

Table 1.5-5 Economic Zones

No. Economic Zone Area (ha) Location Function Status 1 Van Don

Economic Zone 217,133 Van Don

District including 1 town and 11 communes of more than 600 islands in Bai Tu Long Bay

High quality sea-island ecological tourism center; high quality service center, sea and air transportation center in Northeast Vietnam.

One of the driving forces for important economic zones in Northern Vietnam.

Construction planning of Van Don Economic Zone to 2020, Vision up to 2030 was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 1296/QD-TTg, dated 19 August 2009.

2 Mong Cai Economic Zone

121,197 Inclusive of Mong Cai City, Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone and some communes from Hai Ha District

Economic, commercial, tourism and service center of Northern midland and mountainous, coastal economic band of Tonkin Gulf.

A center of commodity exchange, trade routes between Vietnam and China, and Vietnam and ASEAN countries.

A center of processing, assembling industry for expert; industrial zones, huge seaport; seaport service and sea transportation.

A centre of sea and ecological tourism, resort and entertainment in the North.

Mong Cai Economic Zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 19/2012/QD-TTg, dated 10 April 2012. The SEDP of Mong Cai Port Economic Zone is considered to choose a foreign consultant.

3 Bac Phong Sinh Economic Zone

9,302 Including Quang Duc Commune, Hai Ha District

An economic zone with focus on development of high value trade, service, tourism, handicraft, agricultural and forestry industries.

This economic zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No.


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No. Economic Zone Area (ha) Location Function Status A gateway for international

transportation, an important transit point of international and domestic trade at the economic band of the Gulf of Tonkin.

115/2002/QD-TTg, dated 13 September 2002. Tasks for the master plan of the economic zone were reported to PPC for approval, and a qualified foreign consultant will be chosen soon.

4 Hoanh Mo-Dong Van Border Gate Economic Zone

14,232 Hoanh Mo, Dong Van Commune Binh Lieu District

Multi-industry economic zone, economic, cultural, service, tourism center of the region.

Generally, an urban area with modern spatial architecture.

Transaction gateway, international trade transit and important transport point at the economic band of the Gulf of Tonkin.

The economic zone was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 115/2002/QD-TTg, dated 13 September 2002. The master plan of the economic zone was submitted to MOC for approval. The SEDP of the economic zone is being finalized by DPC.

Source: Quang Ninh Economic Zone Authority (QEZA)

3) Agriculture sector

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic structure of Quang Ninh province,

contributing 3,476 billion VND (6%) of provincial GDP in 2011. Agricultural

activities happen in all 14 districts of Quang Ninh but centralize in Hai Ha, Dong

Trieu and Quang Yen districts. Major sub-sectors are farming-breeding and fisheries,

which contribute 47% and 43% of GDP of agriculture sector respectively. Main

activities are small-scale family production with unstandardized production methods

and lack of modern technologies.

4) Tourism Sector

Tourism is a key economic sector of Quang Ninh Province, and has been identified as

one of the pillars of the economy going forward. Quang Ninh has two key tourism

assets, its natural and cultural assets, to leverage and develop to its full potential.

Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are the most distinctive natural assets with unique

geological formations and beautiful vistas. These bays also have endemic flora and

fauna which contribute to the overall biodiversity of the province. Halong Bay

possesses distinctive branding and recognition as the United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site and has been

named one of the New Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The Bai Tu Long Bay is

yet to be developed but has pristine areas prime for luxury tourism. Most distinctive

cultural assets are Yen Tu, the Buddhism capital of Vietnam, Halong Bay’s unique

floating villages, as well as over 626 national and provincial historic and cultural sites

across the province.


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5) Coal Mining Sector

Coal mining in Quang Ninh Province accounts for over 90% of total coal production

in the country. Quang Ninh has large coal basin, supplying mainly anthracite with

high carbon content. The estimated total resources reserves of 8.8 billion tons in an

area of approximately 1,000 km2 (130 km long and 6-10 km wide) from Dong Trieu

to Cam Pha. Of these, approximately 3.9 billion tons of natural resources reserves of

A, B, C1 and C2 grades, accounting for 44.6% of the total coal resource reserves of

the Northeast Coal Basin. In prospects to 2020, Quang Ninh maintains to be the main

source of coal production of the country. The National Planning of Coal Mining

approved by the Government shows that Quang Ninh should increase coal production

from 45 million tons in 2010 to 55-58 mil. tons in 2015 and 59-64 mil. tons in 2020 to

fulfill the obligation to provide a low-grade coal to electricity production. This means

that the coal sector GDP growth is of 3.5% in period 2010-2015, and 3.1% in the

period 2015-2020.

6) Transportation sector

The amount of goods and passengers transported and quality of transportation increase

year by year. The amount of goods transported increase approximately 13.4%/year.

Road and rail freight transport accounts for 37% while sea freight and river transport

accounts for 63% the amount of goods. The number of passengers doubled from 12.3

million to 27.6 million during the 2006-2010 period and mainly transported by road.

Sea freight industry, the supply of ships, logistic services, etc., have been also

developing strongly.

7) Commercial sector

Total revenue of retail sale and services of Quang Ninh province increase 19.1% per

year with two major commercial centers Halong and Mong Cai.

Commercial value through the province in 2011 was 12 billion USD, of which 3.4

billion USD is the value of imports (28.2% increase), 3.3 billion USD value of exports

(27.1% increase) and 5.4 billion USD in transit transactions (including temporary

imports, rapid re-exports, accounting for 44.7%).

1.6 Prediction of Social Development by Socio-economic Master Plan to 2020 with

Vision toward 2030

Quang Ninh Province is preparing the Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with

Vision toward 2030. The main predictions of social conditions described in the master

plan are as follows:


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1.6.1 Increasing Population

It is estimated that from 2012 to 2020, the population of Quang Ninh Province will

increase at a rate of 1.01% per year, reaching around 1.3 million in 2020. After that,

the population is expected to grow at a slower rate of 0.62% per year, reaching around

1.4 million in 2030, as shown in Figure 1.6-1.

2012 2015 2020 2025 2030

1,367

1,285

1,225

1,186

1.01% p.a.

0.62% p.a.Million

Source: Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030

Source: SEDP, 2013

Figure 1.6-1 Forecast Population Growth by 2030

1.6.2 Growth of GDP

In the Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030, three economic

development scenarios have been proposed, namely: “Scenario 1 – Baseline growth

with business-as-usual (BAU)”, “Scenario 2 – Accelerated growth through “must-do”

initiatives”, and “Scenario 3 – “Development in a declining economic climate”.

Among the scenarios, the Socio-economic development plan selected the “Scenario 2

– Accelerated growth through “must-do” initiatives”. According to the scenario, the

annual GDP growth is estimated at 12.7% yearly from 2012 to 2020, and 6.7% yearly

from 2021 to 2030. GDP per capita is expected to be USD 8,100 per capita in 2020,

and USD 20,000 per capita in 2030 with constant price in 2010.

1.6.3 Change of Industrial Structure

The socio-economic development master plan proposes to change the industrial

structure as shown in Figure 1.6-2. The overall economic structure is expected to

change, with the service sector, driven by tourism, growing to 51% of GDP after 2020.

The coal mining industry is still an important sector, but the share of GDP will fall

from 25% to 11-12%, although the absolute yields still increases as set out in the

direction of the Sector Planning according to the Decisions No. 60/2012/QD-TTg


1-18

dated 9/1/2012 for the Vietnam's Coal Industry Development Planning by 2020, vision

to 2030 of the Prime Minister. These ideas are based on the introduction of Green

Growth Strategy concept to shift industry from “Brown Economy ” to “Green

Economy”.

6%

26%

25%

42%

4%

33%

11%

51%

3%

34%

12%

51%

41.6 122.3 233.9

VND trn

100%=

Services

Industry – Mining

Industry – Non Mining

Agriculture

GDP per capita

USD, nominal

2011 2020 2030

2,264 8,100 20,000

Constant 2010 prices

Source: Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020 with Vision toward 2030

Figure 1.6-2 Prediction of GDP Growth and Trend of Economic Structure of Quang Ninh

Province

1.7 Advantages and Challenges of Quang Ninh Province

1.7.1 Advantages of Quang Ninh Province

It is considered that Quang Ninh Province has great and special potentials, outstanding

opportunities, and competitive advantages:

Quang Ninh Province has a special and strategic position on geopolitics and

economy; with its rich natural resources, Halong Bay as UNESCO World

Heritage Site and one of the New Seven Natural Wonders of the World, at the

same time being a critical site and focus for national defense and security. Quang

Ninh is located in the area of intersection of the two corridors and one economic

belt between Vietnam and China, the Tonkin Gulf Cooperation Zone, an

important bridge of economic cooperation between ASEAN and China, the

economic corridor of Nanning-Singapore, and the northern key economic zone.

Quang Ninh Province has world-class tourism assets, such as the Halong Bay

World Heritage Site, and Bai Tu Long Bay National Park. The province also has

outstanding sceneries with 626 historical cultural relics, presenting great


1-19

opportunities for development of tourism and cultural and entertainment

industries.

Quang Ninh Province has abundant mineral resources, especially coal, limestone,

and clay presenting conditions and good opportunities for the development of

new center of mineral mining (coal production accounts for more than 90% of the

country’s production), the construction production center (cement accounts for

14% of the country’s production), and thermal centers (accounting for 15% of the

country’s production).

The people and society of Quang Ninh Province have ancient historic and cultural

traditions. These are convenient platforms to build unity, creating the integrated

strength to overcome all difficulties and challenges.

Quang Ninh Province has abundant marine resources such as a large fishery area

of more than 6,100 km2 and a 60,000 ha of coastal area with valuable seafood

species, making it especially suitable for aquaculture.

Quang Ninh Province has the largest area of forest lands (approximately 388,000

ha according to Quang Ninh’s Statistical Yearbook 2011) in comparison to any

other province in the NKER. This means that the province is highly

recommended to sustain its forest area as recourse not only for protecting the

inland environment but also the coastal environment.

1.7.2 Limitations and Weaknesses

While Quang Ninh has the advantages mentioned above, it is considered that the

province has the following limitations and weaknesses:

Quang Ninh Province aims to shift the economy structure from a "Brown

Economy" to “Green Economy”. However, coal mining currently contributes

about one-third of the GDP and half of the provincial budget, and is a critical

element of the overall national development. Infrastructures for the coal mining

industry need to be upgraded before the province will be ready to shift towards a

services-oriented economy. Hence, it is therefore recommended for Quang Ninh

Province to focus on actualizing "less-environmental impact" coal mining

activities with shifting industrial structure.

Currently, all of the concerned organizations responsible for environmental

management conduct their best efforts to improve the environment in Quang Ninh

Province. However, for achieving advanced environmental management,

technical capacity of relevant administrators and concerned organizations should

be enhanced.

For success on the reduction of pollution impact related to general residents such


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as management of municipal solid waste, and conservation and sustainable use of

regional natural environment, raising awareness on environmental protection

should be carried out. At the same time, awareness-raising activities should be

conducted not only for general residents but also for enterprises and concerned

organizations to control specific pollution such as industrial wastewater impact or

hazardous waste impact.

Coal mining operations have been existing in Quang Ninh Province for hundred

years, the remained environmental impacts due to coal mining operations in many

years require a huge investment resources for rehabilitation and restoration of

the environment.

1.7.3 Challenges of Quang Ninh Provinc

Currently, it is considered that Quang Ninh Province has the following four major

challenges for the improvement of environmental management:

To enhance human resource capacity and institutional mechanisms to actualize

the concept of the Green Growth Strategy,

To actualize expected economic development with shifting economy structure

from “Brown Economy” to “Green Economy”,

To harmonize rapid development of the provincial economy with the protection of

environmental and sustainable use of natural resources, and

To address the issues on predicted impacts of climate change (Quang Ninh

Province has eight communes below sea level which belong to Quang Yen Town).

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, vision to 2030

2-1

CHAPTER 2 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

2.1 Water Environment

2.1.1 Current Status of Water Environment Management in Quang Ninh Province

（1） Current Status of Water Supply System and Water Demand

1） Water Supply Service Level

Currently, the water supply system in Quang Ninh Province is basically responding to the

current level of development. At the present, Quang Ninh has four areas of water supply

which are Mong Cai – Tra Co, Hon Gai – Cam Pha, Uong Bi – Mao Khe and Quang Yen,

and East countries. Water distribution is managed by Quang Ninh Clean Water

One-member Ltd., and approximately 92% of the urban population in Quang Ninh

Province has access to clean water, which is better than the rest of Vietnam. On the other

hand, the quality of water sources has not been paid due attention, only 30% of rural

households have access to clean water satisfying the clean water standards. The

development of rural water supply and sanitation is one of the main issues for the

administrator of waterworks in Quang Ninh Province.

Quang Ninh Province has a plan of per capita water demand and water supply service

levels of each district to 2020 and 2030 as shown in Table 2.1-1.

Table 2.1-1 Plan of Per Capita Water Demand & Water Supply Service Levels

Urban Type Per Capita Water Demand

(L/person/d) Service Level (%)

(Rate of Water Supply) 2020 2030 2020 2030

I 180 200 99 100 II & III 150 180 99 100

IV & Rural Area 100 120 90 95

I: Ha Long II: Mong Cai, Van Don district III: Cam Pha, Uong Bi, Tien Yen IV: Quang Yen, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Ba Che, Tien Yen, Hoanh Bo, Dong Trieu, Co To

Source: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020, orientation to 2030

In this plan, more than 90% people of whole Quang Ninh Province will be able to access

to clean water by 2020.

2） Water Demand of Urban Areas and Industrial Zones

Though the current rate of water supply to the urban areas is more than 90%, the capacity

of water supply is expected to be increased with the future growth of population. In

addition, the industrial water demand is also forecasted to be increased with the future

growth of industrial zones.

The forecast of the urban population of each district in 2020 and 2030 is shown in Table

2.1-2, and the water demand in the urban areas and industrial zones are summarized in


2-2

Table 2.1-3.

Table 2.1-2 Forecast of the Urban Population in 2020 and 2030

No. City / Town / District Urban Population (Including Visitor) 2020 2030

1 Ha Long City East 167,700 190,800 2 Ha Long City West 151,100 171,900 3 Mong Cai City 175,000 203,100 4 Cam Pha City 220,600 264,700 5 Uong Bi City 155,700 220,800 6 Quang Yen Town 22,600 32,000 7 Binh Lieu District 16,000 24,700 8 Tien Yen District 65,800 68,600 9 Dam Ha District 6,000 7,200 10 Hai Ha District 13,000 17,800 11 Ba Che District 6,000 8,000 12 Van Don District 150,000 253,300 13 Hoanh Bo District 13,300 15,900 14 Dong Trieu District 57,500 67,100 15 Co To District 3,000 3,700


Table 2.1-3 Forecast of Demand of Residential Water, Industrial Water, Irrigation Water,

Water for Fisheries and Livestock Water in 2015, 2020 and 2030

No. Area / Water Water Demand (million m3/year) 2015 2020 2030

1 West Ha Long, Hoang Bo, Uong Bi, Quang Yen 1.1 West Ha Long City – Hoang Bo

1.1.1 Residential Water 7.32 9.10 11.20 1.1.2 Industrial Water 19.50 466.60 583.00 1.1.3 Irrigation Water 14.12 14.43 15.69 1.1.4 Water for Fisheries 14.60 14.95 14.95 1.1.5 Livestock Water 1.06 1.99 4.39 1.2 Uong Bi City

1.2.1 Residential Water 6.53 8.41 10.82 1.2.2 Industrial Water 940.50 976.80 1107.80 1.2.3 Irrigation Water 11.26 11.74 13.27 1.2.4 Water for Fisheries 11.27 11.60 11.60 1.2.5 Livestock Water 1.06 1.97 4.41 1.3 Quang Yen Town

1.3.1 Residential Water 6.99 8.55 10.16 1.3.2 Industrial Water 10.00 27.20 83.60 1.3.3 Irrigation Water 41.68 41.23 38.40 1.3.4 Water for Fisheries 60.80 57.50 57.50 1.3.5 Livestock Water 2.56 4.88 11.21

2 East Ha Long, Cam Pha, Van Don 2.1 East Ha Long - Cam Pha City

2.1.1 Residential Water 22.17 29.01 37.08 2.1.2 Industrial Water 4363.60 5048.60 5929.10 2.1.3 Irrigation Water 4.46 3.88 3.36 2.1.4 Water for Fisheries 6.82 7.31 7.31 2.1.5 Livestock Water 0.99 1.40 2.86 2.2 Van Don District


3 Dong Trieu District 3.1 Residential Water 7.65 9.02 9.85 3.2 Industrial Water 26.20 47.40 127.30 3.3 Irrigation Water 50.05 49.51 46.65 3.4 Water for Fisheries 13.00 14.00 14.00 3.5 Livestock Water 3.60 7.07 17.31


2-3

No. Area / Water Water Demand (million m3/year) 2015 2020 2030

4 Ba Che, Tien Yen, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha 4.1 Ba Che District

4.1.1 Residential Water 0.94 1.04 1.20 4.1.2 Industrial Water 1.00 2.90 9.00 4.1.3 Irrigation Water 4.29 4.57 4.79 4.1.4 Water for Fisheries 0.62 0.85 0.85 4.1.5 Livestock Water 0.50 0.84 1.97 4.2 Tien Yen District

4.2.1 Residential Water 1.26 1.40 1.54 4.2.2 Industrial Water 1.60 4.60 14.10 4.2.3 Irrigation Water 7.83 8.06 8.31 4.2.4 Water for Fisheries 11.88 10.38 10.38 4.2.5 Livestock Water 0.80 1.38 2.96 4.3 Binh Lieu District

4.3.1 Residential Water 2.08 2.28 2.82 4.3.2 Industrial Water 2.40 6.20 19.00 4.3.3 Irrigation Water 9.64 10.12 10.39 4.3.4 Water for Fisheries 0.16 0.21 0.21 4.3.5 Livestock Water 1.02 1.75 4.41 4.4 Dam Ha District

4.4.1 Residential Water 1.66 1.90 2.10 4.4.2 Industrial Water 3.10 8.40 25.60 4.4.3 Irrigation Water 17.43 17.21 16.28 4.4.4 Water for Fisheries 21.30 28.65 28.65 4.4.5 Livestock Water 1.33 2.30 4.85 4.5 Hai Ha District


5 Mong Cai City 5.1 Residential Water 4.96 6.42 7.95 5.2 Industrial Water 6.70 17.40 53.50 5.2 Irrigation Water 12.00 12.40 13.05 5.3 Water for Fisheries 22.05 22.99 22.99 5.4 Livestock Water 1.33 2.42 5.55

Total Water Demand 5854.00 7142.92 8602.83

Source: DONRE

3） Development Planning of Water Supply System

On the basis of the Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN to 2020,

orientation to 2030, Quang Ninh Province has a plan to implement the priority water

supply projects by 2015, which are to expand the capacity of water supply in order to

meet the increase of water demand. The priority water supply projects are shown in Table

2.1-4.

Table 2.1-4 Priority Water Supply Projects to 2015

Area Component

East Ha Long and Cam Pha

1) Improvement of the capacity of Dien Vong Water Treatment Plant (60,000m3/day 90,000m3/day)

2) Development of the transmission network for water distribution 3) Upgrade of Loong Toong pumping Station (200m3/h 400m3/h) 4) Upgrade of Ha Lam pumping Station to 300m3/h

West Ha Long, Hoanh Bo, Uong Bi

1) Improvement of the capacity of Dong Ho Water Treatment Plant to 40,000m3/day

2) Improvement of the capacity of Hoanh Bo Water Treatment Plant to 20,000m3/day

3) Development of the transmission network for water distribution


2-4

Area Component

Dong Trieu – Mao Khe area

1) Improvement of the capacity of Dong Trieu Groundwater Treatment Plant (2,000m3/day 4,000m3/day)

2) Construction of Trung Luong River surface water plant (5,000m3/day) 3) Development of the transmission network for water distribution

Mong Cai 1) Construction of Quat Dong Water Treatment Plant (20,000m3/day) 2) Development of the transmission network for water distribution

Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone 1) Construction of Trang Vinh Water Treatment Plant (30,000m3/day)


In addition, Quang Ninh Province has a vision to 2030 which is to meet the water demand

for urban areas and industrial zones in 2030 as shown in Table 2.1-5.

Table 2.1-5 Vision of Water Supply for Urban and Industrial Zones to 2030

Area Component

West Ha Long - Uong Bi 1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant

more 54,100m3/day Yen Hung – Dong Mai Industrial Parks

1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant more 78,300m3/day

Dong Trieu – Mao Khe area 1) Construction of a new water treatment plant with the capacity of

14,000m3/day

East Ha Long – Cam Pha – Cua Ong – Mong Duong

1) Improvement of the reservoir capacity of lake more 27,100m3/day. 2) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant

more 27,100m3/day

Ba Che, Tien Yen, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, Dam Ha, Co To

1) Improvement of the capacity of the existing water treatment plant more 7,000m3/day

2) Construction of a new water treatment plant for desalination with RO membranes in Co To island

Mong Cai – Tra Co 1) Improvement of the capacity of Quat Dong Water Treatment Plant

(2,000m3/day 4,000m3/day)


（2） Current Status of Wastewater in Urban Area

In urban area a large amount of water is consumed and discharged to public water bodies.

Therefore, it is required to treat the domestic wastewater appropriately before discharging

to public water bodies for conservation of water environment.

The current urban wastewater generation and the development status of urban wastewater

treatment system in Quang Ninh Province are summarized below.

1） Wastewater Generation in Quang Ninh Province as of 2012

Quang Ninh Province is divided into 14 administrative units which are including four

cities, one town and nine districts. The domestic water demand and wastewater

generation of city area are generally higher than the water demand of rural area, in Quang

Ninh Province the domestic water demand and wastewater generation of cities and towns

are also higher than other districts.

The planned value of wastewater generation in 2012 is calculated as shown in Table 2.1-6.

The population of each district is excerpted from “Socio-Economic Development Master

Plan For Quang Ninh Province To 2020 With Vision Towards 2030” (hereinafter called

SEDP), and the water demand of each district, the wastewater generation ratio, the

commercial & institutional wastewater ratio and the ground water infiltration ratio are


2-5

excerpted from “Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to

2020, vision to 2030”.

Table 2.1-6 Planned Value of Wastewater Generation in 2012

No. City / Town /

District

Population (2012)

Per Capita Water

Demand (2012)

(L/person/d)

Wastewater Generation

Ratio (%)

Commercial &

Institutional Wastewater

Ratio (%)

Ground Water

Infiltration Ratio (%)

Planned Wastewater Generation

in 2012 (m3/day)

Total Urban

Including Visitor

1 Ha Long City 229,827 302,800 110

80 20 10

36,640 2 Mong Cai City 93,880 106,500 110 12,890 3 Cam Pha City 183,491 227,500 100 25,030 4 Uong Bi City 114,302 143,600 100 15,800 5 Quang Yen Town 136,237 49,200 80 4,330 6 Binh Lieu District 29,788 13,600 80 1,200 7 Tien Yen District 47,124 61,700 80 5,430 8 Dam Ha District 37,149 5,700 80 510 9 Hai Ha District 57,920 9,500 80 840 10 Ba Che District 20,216 5,100 80 450 11 Van Don District 42,863 11,400 80 1,010 12 Hoanh Bo District 49,385 14,000 80 1,240 13 Dong Trieu District 171,216 62,700 80 5,520 14 Co To District 5,484 2,800 80 250

TOTAL 111,140

Source: 1) Population of each city, town and district: SEDP, 2) Urban population including visitor, Per capita Water

Demand, Wastewater generation ratio, Commercial & institutional wastewater ratio, Groundwater infiltration ratio:

Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, vision to 2030, 3) Planned wastewater

generation in 2012: calculated by the study team

2） Development Status of Wastewater Treatment in Urban Area

There are only five wastewater treatment plants in Quang Ninh province and they are

located in Ha Long City. These existing wastewater treatment plants are summarized in

Table 2.1-7.

Table 2.1-7 Existing Status of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province

Location / City Treatment Capacity

(m3/day)

Bai Chay / Ha Long City 3,500 Ha Khanh / Ha Long City 7,200 Vung Dang Urban Area / Ha Long City 2,000 Coc 5 – Coc 8 Urban Area / Ha Long City 2,400 (2x1,200)

Total 15,100

Source: SEDP

These plants are treating 15,100m3/day of urban wastewater. Based on the wastewater

generation for Ha Long City shown in Table 4.1-1, it is estimated that only around 41% of

the urban wastewater of Ha Long CIty is treated before discharging, and 21,540m3/day of

untreated urban wastewater is discharged directly into public water bodies. In addition,

every city, town and district other than Ha Long City has no centralized wastewater

treatment plant. The urban wastewater is discharged to public water bodies after the


2-6

primary treatment by septic tanks.

The locations of existing wastewater collecting basins and existing wastewater treatment

plans are shown from Figure 2.1-1 to Figure 2.1-3.

（3） Current Status of Wastewater in Rural Area

In rural areas of Quang Ninh Province, the domestic wastewater is to be discharged to

public water body thorough sanitary latrines. As of May 2013, approximately 74% of

rural household in Quang Ninh Province have sanitary latrines. The night soil from the

rural households is treated simply in the sanitary latrines.

However, the gray water from the rural households is not treated before discharge. In

regard to the treatment of gray water, some communities in rural area have simple

wastewater collecting systems which are consisted with sewer pipes and oxidation ponds

as wastewater treatment plants, and the wastewater including the gray water is treated in

the community wastewater treatment plant. At this time there are 125 communes in rural

areas of Quang Ninh Province, and 36 communes have wastewater collecting systems and

small-sized centralized WWTPs as of 2012.

At present, in rural areas the water pollution from the domestic wastewater is not so

serious problem in comparison with urban area because rural areas are less populated than

urban areas.

The largest source of water pollution in rural area is livestock wastewater which is

including highly-concentrated organic matters and nitrogen compounds. As of May 2013,

around 62.4% of rural household in Quang Ninh Province have sanitary cattle sheds, but

the remaining 37.6% have only normal cattle sheds. Therefore, it is necessary to install

sanitary cattle sheds for whole households of livestock activity in order to solve the most

serious problem of rural areas in Quang Ninh Province.

Environmental Planning of Q

uang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030

2-7

Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1-1 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in Quang Ninh Province

Ha Khanh WWTP

Bai Chay WWTP

Vung Dang WWTP

Coc 5 – Coc 8 WWTP



2-8

Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1-2 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the West of Ha Long City

Existing

Catchment Area

Bai Chay WWTP

(3,500m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km



2-9

Source: Study Team

Figure 2.1-3 Location of Existing Urban Wastewater Treatment in the East of Ha Long City

Existing

Catchment Area

Vung Dang WWTP

(2,000m3/day)

Ha Khanh WWTP

(7,200m3/day)

Coc 5 – Coc 8 WWTP

(2,400m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km


2-10

（4） Current Status of Coal Mining Wastewater

Coal mining has driven Quang Ninh Province’s development with significant economic

benefits. Quang Ninh Province produces about 90% of national coal production, and is

the largest coal production area in Vietnam.

Though coal mining is clearly a very important source of GDP and provincial government

revenue, there are increasing concerns over the environmental and people’s health

impacts of mining activities. In regard to water environment, the largest source of

pollution to surface and coastal water is industrial waste, especially wastewater from coal

mining and processing operations. Untreated water from mines flows directly into the

rivers, Ha Long Bay and the other public water bodies. As of May 2013, only 74 % of

mining wastewater was treated before discharge.

As June 2013, Vinacomin has 35 wastewater treatment stations in operations, and

currently under preparing project proposals and construction of other 16 wastewater

treatment stations towards the end of 2013, 2014 and in 2015 The wastewater sources

from underground mining and open mining are treated following the national standard

QCVN40/2011 for industrial wastewater.

Beside treatment of coal mining wastewater, Vinacomin has invested and put in operation

of four (04) Automatic Vehicle Washing Stations

However, VINACOMIN and the other coal companies don’t have enough capacity of

wastewater treatment plants. By 2013, the total volume of mining wastewater from the

whole coal mining zone in Quang Ninh Province is expectedly around 81 million m3/year

(230,000m3/day) excluding run-off water, but they treat only 74% of whole wastewater

by 2012. Therefore, around 20million m3/year of coal mining wastewater (26% of whole

wastewater) is untreated or treated preliminarily before discharging to public water bodies.

Besides, the surface run-off water of the coal mining sites has not been collected and

treated. The feature of untreated coal mining wastewater is strongly acidity (pH=3.3-3.8)

and including heavy metals and suspended solids.

As described above, a large amount of highly-polluted wastewater is discharged from the

coal mining zone to public water bodies, thus the coal mining wastewater causes one of

the major sources of water pollution in Quang Ninh Province.

The locations of existing coal mining wastewater treatment plants are shown in Figure

2.1-4.



2-1

1

Source: VINACOMIN

Figure 2.1-4 Locations of Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh Province

: Existing Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plant

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh province to 2020, Vision to 2030

2-12

（5） Current Status of Wastewater from Industrial Zones

Quang Ninh Province has 11 industrial zones proposed in the Master plan for industrial

zone development up to 2015 with vision to 2020. Four of the 11 industrial zones are in

operation, three are under construction, and remaining four have not been developed yet.

The locations of existing industrial zones are shown in Figure 2.1-5.

Source: SEDP

Figure 2.1-5 Locations of Proposed Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh Province

In addition, Quang Ninh has six industrial clusters which are in operation.

In regard to water environment, the industrial wastewater is the one of the major

source of pollution to surface and coastal water. Some industrial zones have

centralized wastewater treatment plants. However, most of industrial clusters don’t

have centralized wastewater treatment plants. The current status of wastewater from

the industrial zones and the industrial clusters in Quang Ninh Province is summarized

in Table 2.1-8.

Table 2.1-8 Summary of Wastewater From Industrial Zones and Industrial Clusters

No. Plant

Wastewater Generation (m3/day)

Capacity of Wastewater Treatment Plant (m3/day)

Current Status Estimation for

2015 Estimation for

2020 Current Future Plan

A. Industrial Zone


2-13

1 Cai Lan IZ 800 2,000 4,000 2,000 4,000 2 Viet Hung IZ 50 2,000 4,000 0 4,000 3 Hai Yen IZ 300 2,000 6,000 1,000 6,000 4 Dong Mai IZ 3,360

Sub-Total 1,150 6,000 14,000 6,360 14,000

B. Industrial Cluster 1 Ha Khanh IC 1,000 2 Hai Hoa IC 120 3 Ninh Duong IC 100 4 Kim Sen IC 2,150

5 Ha An

shipbuilding and repairing IC

400

6 Yen Giang

seafood processing IC

200

Sub-Total 3,970 25,178 26,077

TOTAL 5,120 31,178 40,077 6,360 14,000

Source: DONRE

Currently, total volume of daily wastewater generated from the existing industrial zones is

1,150m3/day and Cai Lan IZ and Hai Yen IZ have wastewater treatment plants, thus 95%

of wastewater generated from the existing industrial zones is treated before discharge. In

addition, a centralized wastewater treatment plant will be completed in Viet Hung IZ

within 2013. Therefore, 100% of wastewater from the existing industrial zones is treated

before discharging to the public water bodies. However, every industrial cluster doesn’t

have a centralized wastewater treatment plant, a part of wastewater from the existing

industrial cluster is not treated before discharging to the public water bodies.

（6） Current Status of Wastewater from the Thermal Power Plants

The power industry is the 4th largest economic activity of Quang Ninh Province,

accounting for 8% of total GDP in 2011. Quang Ninh Province currently has four thermal

power plants in operation, which are the main sources of electricity supply in the region.

Uong Bi thermal plant being in operation since 1976 is the most stable source of power

supply.

In regard to the negative effect to water environment, the discharged wastewater from

thermal plants is the major issue to be considered. The current status of wastewater from

thermal power plants in Quang Ninh Province is summarized in Table 2.1-9.

Table 2.1-9 Summary of Wastewater From Thermal Power Plants in Quang Ninh

Province

No. Plant

Wastewater from Cooling (m3/day)

Other Industrial Wastewater (m3/day)

Capacity of the Existing

WWTP (m3/day)

Average Max Average Max

1 Mao Khe 0 0 1,452 1,704 3,360 2 Uong Bi 1,351,353 1,801,804 286,380 381,840 381,840 3 Quang Ninh 4,147,200 4,147,200 4,483 31,099 2,520 4 Cam Pha 1,666,850 2,246,400 0 0 1,920

Total 7,165,403 8,195,404 292,315 414,643 389,640

Source: DONRE


2-14

There are two kinds of the pollution sources. One is the wastewater from the cooling

facilities which is discharged at relatively high temperature (i.e. higher than 40oC).

When discharged without cooling, the wastewater negatively affects the surrounding

natural ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the water is cooled before

discharge in order to reduce the impact on the ecosystem.

Another pollution source is the wastewater from the other facilities of thermal power

plants. Each existing four thermal power plant has a wastewater treatment plant, and

wastewater from the plant is treated before discharge to the public water bodies.

Though Mao Khe, Uong Bi and Cam Pha thermal power plant have enough capacity of

wastewater treatment, Quang Ninh thermal power plant does not have enough capacity.

Therefore, it is necessary to expand the wastewater treatment plant in Quang Ninh

thermal power plant.

In addition, more three thermal power plants are planned to be constructed by 2020.

The wastewater from these three planned plants should be cooled down and treated

appropriately as well as the existing thermal power plants.

（7） Current Status of Wastewater from the Tourist Boats

Tourism of Ha Long Bay, the UNESCO World Heritage Site is a key growth sector in

Quang Ninh’s economy today. Total tourist arrivals of Ha Long Bay have increased from

1.78 million in 2007 to 2.57 million in 2012. The number of international arrivals to

Quang Ninh province also increased from 1.46 million to 2.49 million between 2007 and

2012, and domestic arrivals increased from 2.13 million to 4.51 million during the same

period.

The wastewater from the tourist boats is one of the pollution sources of Ha Long Bay.

The pollution load unit from these tourist boats is corresponding to 30% of the pollution

load from the local population. Therefore, if the wastewater will continue to be

discharged from these tourist boats to the Bay, the water environment of Ha Long Bay

will be polluted increasingly.

（8） Current Status of Water Quality

In Quang Ninh Province, water quality monitoring for chemical oxygen demand (COD),

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), cadmium (Cd), lead

(Pb), coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and oil is conducted at 71 monitoring points by

the Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center (EMAC). The EMAC carries out its

monitoring four times per year in all of the monitoring sites. However, it was

implemented only two times in 2009. Table 2.1-10 shows the monitoring sites network

for water environment quality. Each monitoring site monitors different objects in its area.

The locations of monitoring points are shown in Figure 2.1-6.


2-15

Table 2.1-10 Monitoring Sites Network of Water Environment

No. Monitoring Point Code

Monitoring Objects

Surface water

Coastal water

Groundwater

Domestic wastewater

Industrial wastewater

1 Domestic well water of Hong Phong Commune – Đông Triều

W1

1 2 Cam River W2 1

3 Wastewater in Kim Son Industrial Cluster W3

1 4 Domestic wastewater of residential area in

Mao Khe Town W4

1 5 Noi Hoang Lake W5 1

6 Yen Trung :ake W6 1 7 Sinh River W7 1 8 Domestic wastewater of residential area of

Quang Trung Ward W8

1 9 Domestic well water of Quang Trung Ward W9

1 10 Uong River W10 1

11 Wastewater of Uong Bi Power Plant W11

1 12 Vang Danh Spring - Lan Thap Dam W12

1 13 12 Khe Stream/Spring W13 1 14 Wastewater of Vang Danh Coal Mine - the

part passing through railway bridge W14

1 15 Chanh River - Bridge W15

1 16 Domestic well water in Phong Coc

Commune W16

1 17 Đồng Ho Dam W17 1

18 Troi River - Estuary W18 1 19 Yen Lap Lake W19 1 20 Tuan Chau Beach W20 1

21 Bai Chay Tourist Wharf W21 1 22 Bai Chay Beach W22 1 23 Cai Dam Wastewater Treatment Plant W23

1

24 Leachate treatment station of Ha Khau Landfill

W24

1

25 Domestic well water near Ha Khau Landfill

W25

1

26 Wastewater from Cai Lan Industrial Zone W26

1 27 Cua Luc Bay - Bai Chay Bridge W27 1

28 Coastal seawater at Halong 1 Market Wharf

W28 1

29 Leachate treatment stations of Deo Sen Landfill

W29

1

30 Dien Vong River – Cau Bang W30 1 31 Domestic wastewater of residential area –

Cot 3 – Department of Justice W31

1 32 Coastal seawater at the area of Cot 5 - Cot 8 W32

1 33 Nam Cầu Trắng Port W33 1 34 Wastewater of Ha Lam Coal Mine W34

1

35 Lo Phong Spring W35 1 36 Flow between Ha Long Bay - Hon 1 W36

1 37 Titop Beach W37 1 38 Cua Van Fishing Village W38 1 39 Leachate treatment station of Quang Hanh

Landfill W39

1 40 Cao Van Dam W40 1

41 6 km port cluster W41 1 42 Ben Do W42 1 43 Domestic wastewater of residential area of

Cam Thanh Ward W43

1 44 Moong Coc 6 Spring W44

1 45 Cua Ong Port W45

1 46 Mong Duong River - Flow W46

1


2-16

No. Monitoring Point Code

Monitoring Objects

Surface water

Coastal water

Groundwater

Domestic wastewater

Industrial wastewater

47 Van Don Bridge W47 1 48 Cai Rong Port W48

1 49 Bai Dai Beach Area W49

1 50 Co To – Port Bridge W50

1 51 Ba Che River – Ba Che Bridge 1 W51

1 52 Ba Che River – Ba Che Bridge 2 W52

1 53 Tien Yen River – confluence of Pho Cu

River W53

1 54 Hoanh Mo Stream W54

1 55 Stream passing through Binh Lieu Town W55

1 56 Dam Ha River - Bridge W56

1 57 Yen Han Dam - Quang Tan Commune W57

1 58 Ha Coi River - Ha Coi Bridge W58

1 59. Trang Vinh Lake W60

1 60. Dan Tien Port W61

1 61. Quat Dong Lake W62 1

62. Wastewater of Hai Yen Industrial Zone W63

1

63. Ka Long River - Port of Ninh Duong Ward

W64 1

64. Ka Long River - Ka Long Bridge W65 1

65. Bac Luan River - Bridge W66 1

66. T-junction Ka Long River – Bac Luan W67 1

67. Domestic wastewater of residential area of Tran Phu Ward

W68

1

68. Coastal seawater at the area of bird nest mountain

W69 1

69. Tra Co W70 1

70. Domestic well water of Tra Co Ward W71

1

Total 29 21 5 6 10

Source: Decision No.3108/QD-UBND dated 25 September 2008 of Quang Ninh PPC



2-1

7

Source: Project Study Team

Figure 2.1-6 Locations of Water Monitoring Points


2-18

2.1.2 Comparison with Standards (QCVN)

Table 2.1-11 shows the related water quality standard values in Vietnam, designated by

QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 09:2008/TT-BTNMT, QCVN

14:2008/TT-BTNMT, and QCVN 40:2011/TT-BTNMT.

Table 2.1-11 Water Quality Standard Values in Vietnam

Unit: mg/L

No. Parameter Surface water QCVN 08, 2008/BTNMT

Coastal water QCVN 10, 2008/BTNMT

Groundwater QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT

Domestic wastewater QCVN 14, 2008/TT-BTNMT

Industrial wastewater QCVN 40, 2011/TT-BTNMT.

Class A2*1 B1*2 beaches,

water sports - B*3 B

1 COD 15 30 4 4 *4 - 150 2 BOD5 6 15 - - 50 50 3 TSS 30 50 50 - - 100 4 Cd 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.1 5 Pb 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 - 0.5

6 Coliform

(MPN/100mL)

5000 7500 1000 3 5000 5000

7 E. coli 50 100 - 0 - - 8 Oil 0.02 0.1 0.1 - 20 10

Note *1: A2: for domestic water supply purpose, but suitable treatment technology must be applied; conservation of

aquatic lives, or other purposes of B1 and B2

*2: B1: for irrigation purpose or other purposes with demand for similar quality water or other purposes of B2

*3: B: for industrial wastewater discharged into receiving facilities not used for domestic water supply

purposes

*4: COD (KMnO4)

（1） Surface Water

Table 2.1-12 summarizes the achievement rate of surface water quality standards from

2009 to 2012. The achievement rates of BOD5 and COD on QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT are

low at 31% and 57%, respectively. The results suggest that organic pollutants, which are

discharged from various sources including domestic source, will be important targets to

be controlled. The achievement rates of TSS and oil are not so high at 67% and 58%,

respectively. These results show that the relevant pollution sources of TSS and oil should

also be considered.

Table 2.1-12 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Standards from 2009 to 2012

COD BOD5 TSS Cd Pb Coliform Oil Achievement rate

(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring)

57% (227/400)

31% (125/400)

67% (268/400)

88% (84/96)

86% (96/111)

98% (357/363)

58% (217/371)


Table 2.1-13 shows the achievement rates for cadmium in each year from 2009 to 2012.

At the many sampling points excluding W40 and W66, analytical results of cadmium

sometimes exceeded the surface water quality standards. However, the invariable

pollution of cadmium has not been confirmed.


2-19

Table 2.1-13 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Cadmium in

Each Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012

Unit: %

Cadmium (Cd) Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012

W05 50 100 100 75 W10 100 100 100 75 W12 50 100 100 75 W40 100 100 100 100 W46 50 100 100 75 W64 100 100 100 75 W65 100 100 100 75 W66 100 100 100 100 W67 100 100 100 75


Table 2.1-14 shows the achievement rates for lead in each year from 2009 to 2012. In

2012, all the analytical results did not achieve the surface water quality standards at

Vang-Dam Spring – Lan Thap Dam (W12), Ka Long River (W65 and W67), and Bac

Luan River (W66). At these points, lead contamination should be monitored carefully.

Table 2.1-14 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Lead in Each

Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012

Unit: %

Lead (Pb) Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012

W05 100 100 100 100 W10 100 100 100 100 W12 50 0 0 0 W40 100 100 100 100 W46 100 100 100 100 W64 100 25 100 100 W65 50 25 50 0 W66 100 50 50 0 W67 50 50 50 0


Table 2.1-15 shows the achievement rates for oil in each year from 2009 to 2012. Among

all the sampling stations, the achievement rate of surface water quality standards on oil

has been low during the recent four years at some stations, such as Troi River estuary

(W18), Yen Lap lake (W19), Lo Phong Spring (W35), Moong Coc 6 Spring (W44), Ba

Che River (W52), Ka Long River (W64, W65, and W67), and Bac Luan River (W66).

Table 2.1-15 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on Oil in Each

Surface Water Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012

Unit: %

Oil Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012


2-20

Oil Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012

W02 0 75 75 33 W05 100 100 100 100 W06 100 100 100 67 W07 50 50 25 100 W10 50 75 25 100 W12 50 100 100 67 W13 100 100 100 100 W15 50 100 100 100 W17 100 100 100 67 W18 0 25 25 0 W19 50 25 0 33 W35 0 50 0 0 W40 100 100 100 100 W44 0 50 25 0 W46 50 75 25 0 W51 50 75 75 33 W52 50 50 25 0 W53 50 100 100 33 W54 50 100 100 0 W55 100 100 100 100 W56 50 25 50 67 W57 50 100 100 100 W58 50 75 100 33 W60 100 100 100 100 W62 50 100 100 67 W64 50 50 0 0 W65 0 0 0 0 W66 50 0 0 0 W67 0 0 0 33


Table 2.1-16 shows the achievement rates for TSS in each year from 2009 to 2012. At

Cam River (W02) and Lo Phong Spring (W35), the achievement rate has been quite low

during the past four years.

Table 2.1-16 Achievement Rate of Surface Water Quality Standards on TSS in Each Surface Water

Sampling Station from 2009 to 2012

Unit: %

TSS Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012

W02 0 0 0 25 W05 100 100 75 100 W06 100 75 75 100 W07 50 25 25 100 W10 50 50 75 50 W12 50 100 75 100 W13 100 100 75 100 W15 50 50 25 75 W17 100 100 75 100 W18 100 75 75 75 W19 100 50 75 100 W35 50 0 0 25 W40 100 100 75 100 W44 0 0 0 0 W46 50 25 75 25 W51 100 100 75 25 W52 100 100 75 100 W53 50 50 75 25 W54 100 75 75 100 W55 100 100 75 100 W56 100 50 0 25


2-21

TSS Year

Station 2009 2010 2011 2012

W57 100 75 75 50 W58 100 75 75 50 W60 100 100 75 100 W62 100 100 75 75 W64 0 75 75 75 W65 50 100 75 75 W66 100 100 75 25 W67 100 100 75 25


Figure 2.1-7 shows the average water quality index (WQI) from 2009 to 2012. This result

was calculated based on Decision No. 132/2008/QD-TTg (On the promulgation of

guidebook for calculation of water quality index). The WQI is a dimensionless number

that combines multiple water quality factors into a single number by normalizing values

to subjective rating curves. Conventionally, it has been used for evaluating the quality of

water of water resources such as rivers, streams, and lakes. Higher number indicates good

water conditions while lower number indicates poor water conditions. The result shows

that a WQI of less than 50 has been observed at four sampling points, and a WQI of less

than 25 resulted at W5, W35, and W44.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

W2

W5

W6

W7

W10

W12

W13

W15

W17

W18

W19

W35

W40

W44

W46

W51

W52

W53

W54

W55

W56

W57

W58

W60

W62

W64

W65

W66

W67

WQ

I


Figure 2.1-7 Average Water Quality Index from 2009 to 2012

Figure 2.1.8 shows the historical trend of WQI in W5, W35 and W44. Almost all

results show a WQI below 20, suggesting poor water conditions. The WQI was

constantly at a low range. However, one result at W35, which was monitored during

the fourth quarter of 2012, showed a higher WQI of more than 90. This was because


2-22

during this time, the results of BOD5, COD and TSS were better than during the other

monitoring time.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

WQ

I

W5

W35

W44


Figure 2.1-8 Historical Trend of WQI in W5, W35, W44

Figure 2.1-9 shows four years of achievement rates for BOD5 in surface water from the

monitoring results. Almost all sampling points are contaminated by organic matter. The

W05, W13 and W40 have moderate levels of WQI. The other sampling stations have an

achievement rate of less than 75%. In the coastal area of Mong Cai City, many polluted

sampling stations have been confirmed. It is unclear whether the contamination originated

from industrial wastewater or domestic wastewater.



2-2

3


Figure 2.1-9 Four Years Achievement Rate for BOD5 in Surface Water


2-24

（2） Coastal Water

Table 2.1-17 summarizes the achievement rates for coastal water from 2009 to 2012

based on the monitoring results. The achievement rate of QCVN 10, 2008/BTNMT

from 2009 to 2012 is a measure of the number of samples taken during the year which

passed the water quality standard.

Table 2.1-17 Achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012

TSS Coliform Oil Achievement rate

(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring) 97%

(280/288) 96%

(258/270) 67%

(166/248)


Figure 2.1-10 shows that Bai Chay Tourist Wharf, Halong Market Wharf, Nam Cau Trang

Port, and Cai Rong Port are contaminated by oil. The W21, W28, W32, W33 and W48

stations have non-achievement rates of more than 70%. The W21 and W28 could have

been contaminated by landfill wastewater, which may come from the near W24

particularly from Ha Khau Landfill in the western part of Halong City. On the other hand,

W36, W37 and W38 are not contaminated by oil, which is possibly diffused by ocean

currents.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

W20 W21 W22 W27 W28 W30 W32 W33 W36 W37 W38 W41 W42 W45 W47 W48 W49 W50 W61 W69 W70

QC

VN

N

on

Ach

ievem

en

t R

ate

TSS

Coliform

Oil


Figure 2.1-10 Non-achievement Rate of Coastal Water Quality Standards 2009 - 2012

（3） Groundwater

Table 2.1-18 summarizes the achievement rates for groundwater from 2009 to 2012. The

achievement rates of QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 are measures of the

number of samples taken during the year which passed the level of water quality standard.


2-25

Table 2.1-18 Achievement Rate of Groundwater Quality Standards from 2009 to 2012

Coliform Achievement rate

(Number of achievement / Number of monitoring) 40%

(22/55)


（4） Domestic Wastewater

Table 2.1-19 summarizes the achievement rate for domestic wastewater from 2009 to

2012. The achievement rate of QCVN 09, 2008/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 is a

measure of the number of samples taken during the year which passed the level of

wastewater quality standard.

Table 2.1-19 Achievement Rate of Domestic Wastewater Standards 2009 - 2012

BOD5 Achievement rate


30% (25/84)


（5） Industrial Wastewater

Table 2.1-20 summarizes the achievement rates for industrial wastewater from 2009 to

2012 based on the monitoring results. The achievement rates of QCVN 40,

2011/TT-BTNMT from 2009 to 2012 are measures of the number of samples taken

during the year which passed the level of wastewater quality standard.

Table 2.1-20 Achievement Rate of Industrial Wastewater Standards from 2009 to 2012

COD BOD5 TSS Cd Pb Oil Achievement rate


82% (98/120)

66% (79/120)

91% (109/120)

98% (115/117)

100% (118/118)

86% (19/22)


（6） Sediment in Halong Bay

In 2011, the sediment quality in Halong Bay was monitored under the JICA technical

cooperation project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay. In the survey, heavy

metal concentration in the sediment was analyzed. According to the monitoring results,

heavy metal pollution exceeding the international guideline values such as Japanese

Sedimentation Quality Guideline Value, was not observed.

2.1.3 Estimated Pollution Load from Domestic and Industrial Wastewater in Quang Ninh

Province

The pollution loads from domestic wastewater were estimated indirectly from the

population data. To estimate the pollution loads from industrial wastewater, the Quang

Ninh Pollution Source Database (QN PSD) created by the JICA Expert Team from 2010

to 2013 under the JICA-funded Project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay was

used. The QN PSD covers pollution sources in the whole Quang Ninh Province. The PSD


2-26

can generate pollution source inventory (PSI) which can be used for the calculation of

pollution load including wastewater volume (WWV), pollutant concentration, and

employee number. The Study Team calculated BOD5 and TSS load from domestic

wastewater and economic activities wastewater. Figures 2.1-11 and 2.1-12 respectively

show the results of total BOD5 and TSS load estimation in each area from domestic and

economic activities wastewater in Quang Ninh Province. Both estimation results show

that tourism areas and residential areas, such as Halong City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City,

Quang Yen Town, Mong Cai City, and Dong Trieu District, are more polluted.



2-2

7


Figure 2.1-11 Estimated BOD Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh Province in 2011



2-2

8


Figure 2.1-12 Estimated TSS Load of Each Unit Area from Domestic Wastewater in Quang Ninh Province in 2011


2-29

2.2 Air Quality Management

2.2.1 Air Quality Monitoring Activities

In Quang Ninh Province, air quality monitoring for SO2, CO, NOx O3 and TSP by EMAC

is conducted at 51 monitoring points since 2009. Table 2.2-1 shows the monitoring

network for air environment with information on the object of monitoring/characteristics

of the area. The locations of the monitoring points are shown in Figure 2.2-1.

Table 2.2-1 Monitoring Network for Air Environment

Area Sample Location of Monitoring Object of Monitoring

I II III IV V VI VII

1 Dong Trieu District

A1 Dong Trieu Township Road Crossing 1

2 A2 Binh Khe Commune 1* 3 A3 Kim Son Industrial Park (IP) 1 4 A4 Mao Khe Road Crossing 1 5 A5 Mao Khe Coal Co. – Coal Screening Plant 1 6 Uong Bi City A6 Construction Materials Area – Phuong Nam

Commune 1 7 A7 National Road 18A, Inner Urban, Section 6,

Quang Trung Ward 1 8 A8 National Road 18A, Section at Road Crossing

to Road No. 10 1 9 A9 Khe Ngat 1

10 A10 Chap Khe IP Not monitored 11 Yen Hung

District A11

Bieu Nghi 1

12 A12 Quang Yen Town 1 13 Hoanh Bo

District A13

Troi Town 1

14 A14 Thong Nhat Commune IP 1 15 Halong City A15 Viet Hung IP 1 16 A16 Ha Khau Landfill 1 17 A17 Tuan Chau Tourism Resort 1 18 A18 Fish Pond Road Crossing 1 19 A19 Cai Lan IP 1 20 A20 Bai Chay Toursim Area 1 21 A21 Halong Bay – Hon Mot 1* 22 A22 Loong Toong Road Crossing 1 23 A23 K67 Tuberculosis Hospital 1 24 A24 Deo Sen Landfill 1 25 A25 Coal Port – Ha Khanh Ward 1 26 A26 Ha Lam Market 1 27 A27 White Bridge – Km 8 1 28 A28 Mining Sites of Ha Tu – Nui Beo 1 29 Cam Pha

City A29

Quang Hanh Landfill 1

30 A30 Km 6 – Quang Hanh Road Crossing 1 31 A31 Do Wharf 1 32 A32 Cam Dong Road Crossing 1 33 A33 Km 6 – Road towards 10 – 10 1 34 A34 Cua Ong Coal Selection Co. 1 35 A35 Mong Duong Road Crossing 1 36 Van Don

District A36

Cai Rong Port 1

37 A37 Bai Dai Tourism Site 1 38 Co To Dist. A38 Co To District 1 39 Ba Che Dist. A39 Ba Che Town 1 40 Tien Yen

Dist. A40

Tien Yen Township 1

41 Binh Lieu Dist.

A41 Binh Lieu Township 1

42 A42 Hoanh Mo 1* 43 Dam Ha

Dist. A43

Quang Tan Commune 1


2-30

Area Sample Location of Monitoring Object of Monitoring

I II III IV V VI VII

44 Hai Ha Dist. A44 Hai Ha Township 1 45 A45 Hai Ha IP 1 46 Mong Cai

City A46

Km 15 - Dan Tien Port 1

47 A47 Hai Yen IP 1 48 A48 Ninh Duong IP 1 49 A49 Mong Cai – Post Office 1 50 A50 Hai Hoa Landfill 1 51 A51 Tra Co 1 Total 4 13 10 9 5 4 6

Notes: (I): Rural areas, mountains, island KV (II): Main transportation routes (III): Urban areas, concentrated residential areas (IV): Areas impacted by industrial parks’ operations (V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining (VI): Areas impacted by landfill sites (VII): Tourism sites

Source: EMAC Report

（1） Comparison with AQS

Basically, the monitoring result should be compared with the hourly air quality standard

(AQS) because the sampling/measurement is conducted with 10 min to 60 min air suction

on the site. Table 2.2-2 shows the limit values of basic parameters in the ambient air/air

quality standard in Vietnam (QCVN 05, 2009/BTNMT). Table 2.2-4 shows the

percentage of AQS achievement; in other words, the concentration rate meets the

standards in Quang Ninh Province from 2009 to 2012.

Table 2.2-2 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air/Air Quality Standard

Unit: μg/m3 No. Parameter Hourly Average 8-hour Average 24-hour Average Annual Average 1 SO2 350 - 125 50 2 CO 30,000 10,000 5,000 - 3 NOx 200 - 100 40 4 O3 180 120 80 - 5 Total suspended particulates

(TSP) 300 - 200 140

6 Dust ≤ 10 μm (PM10) - - 150 50 7 Pb - - 1,5 0,5 Note: (-) means “unregulated”

Source: QCVN 05, 2009/BTNM


uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030

2-3

1


Figure 2.2-1 Location of Monitoring Points


2-32

Table 2.2-3 Limit Values of Basic Parameters in the Ambient Air

Unit : (μg/m3)

TT Parameters Average 1 hr. Average 3 hr. Average 24 hr. Yearly average 1 SO2 350 - 125 50 2 CO 30000 10000 5000 - 3 NOx 200 - 100 40 4 O3 180 120 80 - 5 Suspended dust (TSP) 300 - 200 140 6 Dust ≤ 10 μm (PM10) - - 150 50 7 Pb - - 1,5 0,5

Note: Oil (-) Unregulated

Source: QCVN 05, 2009/BTNM

Table 2.2-4 Percentage of Air Quality Standard Achievement from 2009 to 2012

compared with QCVN 05 (2009/BTNMT) under One-Hour Measurement

2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 – 2012

Percentage of Achievement (%)

SO2 100%

(102/102) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(714/714)

CO 100%

(102/102) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(714/714)

NOx 100%

(102/102) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(714/714)

O3 100%

(102/102) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(204/204) 100%

(714/714)

TSP 96%

(98/102) 86%

(176/204) 74%

(150/204) 59%

(120/204) 76%

(544/714)

Note: (b/a) - a: total number of measurement in the indicated period, b: total number of measurement which meets

AQS


Among all parameters measured during the four years, SO2, CO, NOx, and O3 meet 100%

of the AQS for all points and all years. Thus, it can be evaluated that air quality of Quang

Ninh Province is good in general. However, TSP exceeds the AQS (300 μg/m3) for one

hour in several monitoring points. Also, it is obvious that the percentage is decreasing

year by year which means that air quality in terms of TSP in Quang Ninh Province

becomes worse in general.

（2） Air Pollution by TSP

The four-year average TSP concentration by monitoring point is shown in Figure 2.2-2.

The list of the ten highest four-year average concentration is shown in Table 2.2-5.


2-33

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

A01

A03

A05

A07

A09

A11

A13

A15

A17

A19

A21

A23

A25

A27

A29

A31

A33

A35

A37

A39

A41

A43

A45

A47

A49

A51

TSP

(μ

g/m

3)

TSP (μg/m3)Avg. 2009 - 2012


Figure 2.2-2 Four-year Average TSP Concentration by Monitoring Point

A24 (White Bridge – Km 8) shows the highest concentration among all monitoring

network in Quang Ninh which is around 2.8 times of AQS. A35 (Mong Duong Road

Crossing) exceeds AQS by 2.3 times. A30 (Km 6 – Quang Hanh Road Crossing) exceeds

2.1 times of AQS while A22 (Loong Toong Road Crossing) shows 1.9 times of the AQS

value. The two monitoring points are closely related to coal transportation are A30 (Km 6

Roadcross - Quang Hanh), A33 (Km 6 – Road to Port 10-10). A05 (Mao Khe Coal Co. –

Coal Screening Plant), which represents (V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing,

business and other minerals mining, shows 1.9 times of the AQS value. A23 (K67

Tuberculosis hospital) exceeds 1.9 times of AQS and is classified as (III): Urban areas,

concentrated residential areas. A23 belongs to the area which is also close to coal

transportation activities and deemed to be affected by coal. A33 (Km 6 – Road towards

10 – 10), which exceeds 1.7 times of AQS, is classified under (II): Main transportation

routes” but specifically characterized as special road for coal transportation. A25 (Coal

Port – Ha Khanh Ward) shows 501 μg/m3 and characterized as (V): Areas impacted by

coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining. These eight points

mentioned above exceed 500 μg/m3, which is a serious condition for residents.

In addition to the abovementioned seriously polluted area, two points exceed 400 μg/m3.

One is A28 (Mining Sites of Ha Tu – Nui Beo) which shows 442 μg/m3 and belongs to

(V): Areas impacted by coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining. The

other is A04 (Mao Khe Road Crossing), which shows 405 μg/m3 and classified under (II):

Main transportation routes. Mao Khe Road Crossing is a typical intersection affected by

coal transportation activity. A few points listed in Table 2.3-5 belong to non-coal related

areas. Nevertheless, all listed points are more or less affected by coal related activities


2-34

such as coal transportation, coal mining, processing, business and other minerals mining.

The areas where concentrations exceed the environmental standard (300 μg/m3) and further

exceed 500 μg/m3 and 600 μg/m

3 are classified and shown in Figure 2.2-3.

Table 2.2-5 List of Ten Highest Four-Year Average Concentration Points

Point No.TSP

(μg/m3)

VÞ trÝ quan tr¾c

/Location of monitoring

§èi tîng quan tr¾c

/Characteristics of monitoring point

A27 826 CÇu Tr¾ng - Cét 8 Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh

A35 682 Ng· ba M«ng D¬ng Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh

A30 619 Ng· 3 Km 6 - Quang Hanh Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh

A22 564 Ng· t Loong Toßng Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh

A05 558 CT than M¹o Khª - nhµ sµngKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña çc ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ

biÕn, kinh doanh than vµ kho¸ng s¶n kh¸c

A23 554 BÖnh viÖn K67 Khu ®« thÞ, khu d©n c tËp trung

A33 516 Cäc 6 - ®êng ra c¶ng 10 - 10 Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh

A25 501 Khu c¶ng than phêng Hµ Kh¸nhKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña çc ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ


A28 442 Khu vùc khai th¸c than Hµ Tu-Nói BÐoKhu vùc chÞu t¸c ®éng cña çc ho¹t ®éng khai th¸c, chÕ


A04 405 Ng· t M¹o Khª Çc tuyÕn giao th«ng chÝnh


Note: Air Quality Standard for TSP (1 hour): 300 μg/m3



2-3

5


Figure 2.2-3 Present Situation of TSP Concentration, Four-Years Average of One-Hour Measurement


2-36

2.3 Solid Waste Management

2.3.1 Waste Collection and Transportation System in Quang Ninh Province

（1） Existing Operation

The municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment system in Quang Ninh Province is divided

into 14 administrative units, including 4 cities, 1 town, and 9 districts. Presently, district

government organizations and some private companies are responsible for the collection

of domestic waste. The companies responsible for the collection and transportation of

waste are INDEVCO, Urban Environment Company (URENCO), Halong Municipal

Solid Waste Treatment JSC, Green Environment Co., Hong Hanh Sanitation Co., Hai Yen

Co., and Dong Tam Co..etc. The average total collected waste from the province

including domestic waste and road waste is about more than 1,000 ton/day.

The existing collection system just handles mixed waste without any official recycling or

reuse as well as separation at source. Moreover, there are no recycling facilities and

almost all collected waste is transported to landfill sites except for waste burned at

incineration plant. Table 2.3-1 shows the amount of generated and collected waste in

2012 in Quang Ninh Province.

Table 2.3-1 Data of Solid Waste Generated and collected in Quang Ninh Province in

2012

No. City/District

Population in 2012 Generated Amount of Solid Waste

(ton/year)

Collected Amount of Solid Waste

(ton/year) Total Urban

1 Halong City 367.220 227.952 87.120 79.040 2 Mong Cai City 92.102 54.066 51.292 34.124 3 Cam Pha City 176.005 168.287 75.555 66.065 4 Uong Bi City 114.302 106.763 20.385 819.874 5 Binh Lieu District 29.788 3.529 3.600 3.600 6 Tien Yen District 45.887 7.543 23.100 6.935 7 Dam Ha District 37.149 7.032 6.687 5.476 8 Hai Ha District 57.921 6.851 16.044 4.714 9 Ba Che District 20.216 4.322 4.133 3.325

10 Van Don District 43.372 8.694 9.855 6.570 11 Hoanh Bo District 49.367 10.732 16.120 5.760 12 Dong Trieu District 169.015 44.266 50.968 34.360 13 Quang Yen Town 139.596 134.025 30.026 26.195 14 Co To District 5.441 2.659 2.520 2.160

Total 397.405 244.200

Sources: Following Survey reports of localities

Solid waste collection and transportation generally consists of direct collection and

collecting from the transferal points in all the target areas.

- For residential , household waste: Although the time of collection has been set , but

collecting locations are not specified clearly , so solid waste is normally gatherred by the

road and street sides waited for workers to collect by handcarts several times a day ,

mostly in the afternoons , evenings and early mornings of the next day.


2-37

- For waste from hotels , restaurants and businesses : The restaurants , hotels, businesses

in accordance with regulations must sign a contract with the Urban Environment

Company to colect and transport the solid waste within each day. The process is as

follows: Garbage of hotels , restaurants and businesses is stored in containers (the

container with wheels) and gathered at one point (which is specified for each, restaurant,

hotel and business) then the Urban Environment Company uses the specialized trucks to

collect and transport the solid waste to the transferral points.

At the transferral points, the Urban Environment Company uses a kind of Solid waste

compactor truck for waste compaction, then discharge the waste into trucks to transport to

the landfills.

- For the solid waste of valuables (plastic, metal, etc. ..): are bought by the waste pick-up

people/ private companies directly from the households, business or from the solid waste

transferral points for recycling.

（2） Collection and Transportation Vehicles

According to the records of each transportation agency and result of previous survey

conducted in the SWM Master Plan, the collection and transportation vehicles which are

presently utilized in the operation are summarized in the following Table 2.3-2:

Table 2.3-2 Data of Collection and Transportation Vehicles (as of 2013)

No. City/District Total Truck

Compactor Truck

Truck/ others

Hand-push cart Notes

1 Halong City 9 9 0 725 Push cart:400 liters

2 Mong Cai City 6 - - 402 4tons: 1 truck; 7tons: 5 trucks

3 Cam Pha City 19 - - 1585 Truck:3-10 tons, Push cart:400 liters

4 Uong Bi City 5 5 0 400 Compactor: 3-7,5 tons

5 Binh Lieu District 2 1 1 65 Compactor:5tons; truck: 3tons;

push cart:500 liters

6 Tien Yen District 1 1 0 20

7 Dam Ha District 2 2 0 124 Compactor:4-6 tons; Push

cart:0.4-0.5 m3

8 Hai Ha District 5 3 2 78 Other are small agricultural vehicles

9 Ba Che District 1 1 0 20 Capacity of compactor is 11 tons

10 Van Don District 3 3 0 70 Compactors: 7 tons (2) and 9 tons

(1)

11 Hoanh Bo District 2 2 0 106 compactors: 2.5 tons and 6 tons


2-38

No. City/District Total Truck

Compactor Truck

Truck/ others

Hand-push cart Notes

12 Dong Trieu

District

5 5 0 670 Compactor:8-10 tons; Push cart:0.5

m3

13 Quang Yen Town 4 4 0 477 Trucks are Isuzu: 9m3 (3trucks) and

13m3 (1 truck). 1 truck is broken

14 Co To District 1 0 1 93 Truck capacity: 4 tons

Source: DONRE August 2013

（3） Evaluation of Waste Collection and Transportation System

During waste collection, household waste is collected by handcarts and transported to the

transferral points and then to the landfill sites by trucks or solid waste compactor trucks.

However in the process of collection, the urban solid waste is not separated at the sources,

consequently, a large amount of hazardous waste is mixed with non-hazardous waste at

the landfill site.

The waste collection system is not adequate, i.e., 1) too much labor with less effect, 2)

lack of equipment and bad condition of existing equipment, causing adverse impact of

sanitary conditions on workers, especially in the case of hazardous medical and industrial

wastes etc.

In some roads, waste is dumped directly onto the roads, requiring much labor to load the

waste to the vehicles under unhealthy working conditions. This also causes bad impacts

on traffic flow and urban scenery especially in the urban area in Halong City.

（4） Final Disposal System

1） Conditions of the Existing Landfill Sites

In 2010, there were 15 landfill sites in Quang Ninh Province. Two of these landfill sites

were installed with leachate treatment facilities and have conducted soil covering assisted

through official development assistance (ODA) (DANIDA). Other landfills have open

dumping system without any soil covering and some of them are generating

environmental problems. Table 2.3-3 shows operation conditions of each landfill site. It is

expected that five landfill sites (Deo Sen, Ha Khau, Quang Chinh, Quang Hanh, Voong

Xi) will reach their full capacity within the next two to three years according to the results

of a previous survey. Therefore, planning of new landfill including site selection is

required urgently for the continuous operation of SWM in the province.

For construction of the new landfill sites, now has design standards issued by the

Ministry of Construction, therefore all of the new landfill sites construction must comply

with the regulations specified in the current design standards.


2-39

Photo: Landfill in Co To District

Table 2.3-3 Conditions of Existing Landfill

No. Locality Name Location Capacity

(t/day)

Operating Condition

Notes

1

Halong City

Ha Khau Ha Khau Ward, 30 Operating until 2014

Requires new landfill (LF)

Deo Sen Ha Khanh Ward,

200 Operating until 2015

Requires new LF

2 Cam Pha City

Quang hanh Quang Hanh Ward,

50 Operating until 2014

Requires new LF

3

Uong Bi City

Yen Thanh Yen Thanh Ward,

10 Closed Currently, domestic solid waste is transported to Ha Khanh LF of Halong City for treatment

Vang Danh Vang Danh Ward

32 Closed

Coal Screening WS 130 Than Thung

Thuong Yen Cong Commune

Closed

4

Binh Lieu Dist.

Tai Thoong Orangery , Binh Lieu town

10 Operational Going to be closed

New Landfill site Vo Nhai Commune

20 Under construction, 5 ha

5 Tien Yen Dist.

Nuong Hamlet Landfill site

Tien Lang Commune

20 Operational. Unsanitary without leachate treatment sys.

Requires new LF

6 Dam Ha Dist.

Dong Tam Tan Binh Commune

5.6 Operational

7 Hai Ha Dist.

Hamlet 8 Landfill site

Quang Chinh Commune

12.3 Operating until 2013

Requires new LF

8 Ba Che Dist.

Area 7 Landfill site Ba Che District 6 Operational

9 Van Don Dist.

Cau Cao Landfill site

Dai Lang Village, Van Yen Commune

1.6 Operational

10 Mong Cai City

Village 5, Km 26 Solid waste Treatment Plant

Quang Nghia Commune

150 Operational

11 Hoanh BoDist.

Temporary SW storage site in Area 1

Troi Township, 13 Operational

12 Dong Trieu Dist.

Seam 1B Landfill site of Hoang Que Commune

Hoang Que Commune

Operational


2-40

No. Locality Name Location Capacity

(t/day)

Operating Condition

Notes

13 Quang Yen Town

Cong Hoa Landfill site

Cong Hoa Commune

37.7 Operational

14 Co To Dist.

Voong Xi Landfill site

Co To District 1.3 Operating until 2015

Requires new LF

Source: Following Survey reports of localities

2） Current Disposal Method

Small-scale landfill sites are not sanitary landfills, i.e., they do not have liner systems,

leachate collection, leachate treatment, and gas venting system, like open landfill sites

without cover soil. Some of the site uses lime soil as cover soil but the quantity is far

from sufficient. In almost all landfill sites, waste is unloaded on the ground from the

collection vehicles without covering. Therefore, plastic bags and papers are scattered

everywhere and operational combustion often occurs. Thus, neighboring inhabitants

strongly complain and push Quang Ninh Province to improve or close the existing landfill

sites.

The total capacities of the landfills seem insufficient at present. It appears that operating

staffs at the provincial final disposal sites require improvement. The problems of current

landfill operation and management are summarized below.

Placing daily soil cover over the dumped waste, which is the most fundamental work for

a sanitary landfill, is far from sufficient in landfills. In the small-scale landfills, hauled

waste is unloaded from the vehicles without spreading and compaction by heavy

equipment such as bulldozer. Sanitary and environment-friendly landfill operation is not

conducted in small-scale landfill.

Insufficient cover soil cause health and hygiene problems such as dust, odor, and outbreak

of mosquitoes and flies, as well as frequent natural combustion and littering with plastic

bags on neighboring lands.

Absence of liner system or leachate collection and treatment system also causes potential

risks of health and hygiene problems on groundwater and water bodies. Periodic

monitoring of the quantity and quality of leachate, quality of groundwater and pubic

water bodies, generated gas composition, odor and so on is also important in landfill

operation and management. However, it is not being done.

The above suggests that untreated leachate is penetrating and resulting in heavy pollution

to the groundwater. From these facts, neighboring inhabitants and related organizations

worry about health and hygiene problems caused by the current conditions of landfill

operation and management.

3） Lack of Landfill Equipment


2-41

At present, the organization in charge of the final disposal sites in Halong City has fairly

old bulldozers and wheel loader. As for the small-scale landfill (waste generation is less

than 10 t/day) managed by private company, even rental or donated equipment is not

existing because of financial situations. With such shortage of landfill equipment, it is

hard to execute daily soil covering and compaction at the existing landfill sites.

4） Waste Segregation and Domestic Hazardous Waste

Many kinds of waste are dumped together at the designated disposal sites without

segregation, including industrial wastes, construction wastes, bulky wastes, domestic

hazardous wastes, and so on, although several operational organizations have plans for

the segregation of wastes at the source.

5） Operation Manual

There are no guidelines for the planning, design, and management/operation of final

disposal sites. There are conceptual or qualitative descriptions about landfills but they are

neither detailed nor quantitative.

To improve or solve the current problems, the following should be considered:

Establish an appropriate operation system (sanitary landfill) and educate the

inhabitants regarding segregation of hazardous waste for sustainable and proper

management of sanitary landfills.

Understand the components of sanitary and environment-friendly landfill.

Understand the kinds and quantity of equipment necessary for proper sanitary

landfill operation.

Improve data compilation.

Improve the planning and design of sanitary and environment-friendly landfills

with alternatives using real data quantitatively.

Establish guidelines for the planning and design of sanitary landfills and related

laws and regulations for sanitary and environment-friendly landfill operation and

their strict implementation.

（5） Maintenance of Vehicles and Equipment

Daily and periodic maintenance of vehicles such as compactor truck and landfill

equipment, carried out by a private company under a contract. It is necessary to manage

periodic maintenance work for the safety operation of waste collection and transportation

as well as extension of service life of vehicles. However, the present system seems

inadequate due to the shortage of facilities and equipment.

It is recommended to monitor the maintenance record of vehicles and equipment for their

smooth operation. As for small districts and island areas, it is difficult to establish a

maintenance system. Therefore, maintenance work shall be done by outsourcing


2-42

companies that have sufficient technical capability to maintain and keep their equipment.

（6） Production of Composting by using Domestic Solid Waste

In Halong City, a large-scale composting facility was constructed in Ha Khanh area in

2007 and started operation from 2009. Its operation is being carried out by a private

company, namely, Halong Solid Waste Treatment JSC. However, this facility will be

closed soon due to problems with newly issued environmental laws and concessions for

coal mining activities. `Currently, only one composting company in production in Halong

city. The products are sold to farmers at a unit price of 3.5 million/ton. During the site

visits, we observed that this company has many years' experience with the skills of

well-trained and qualified for producing of composting fertilizer.

Photo: Products of Compost

（7） Recycling System

Organic material has a large portion in MSW. The reduction of organic waste by

utilization for other purposes could contribute to the extension of life span of landfill and

decrease of work load in MSW management. Especially in the urban area of Halong City,

large quantity of biodegradable waste (i.e., kitchen waste) is generated. In such areas,

segregated organic materials can be utilized as raw material for compost instead of

fertilizer or soil conditioner. However, information to encourage people to use organic

matter for this purpose has not been provided because the utilization of organic waste and

its effect on waste reduction had not been highlighted yet. In addition, waste segregation

should be applied at the generation source in order to obtain raw material for composting

in better condition.

（8） Incineration Plant

At present, only one incineration plant is being used for the final treatment of MSW in

Quang Ninh Province in Uong Bi City, all of the collected MSW from urban areas are

incinerated in the plant that was constructed in 2012. The plant, which has a present

capacity of 75 t/day. The treatment cost of the incineration plant is fixed at VND

410,000/t and this unit cost includes the depreciation of the construction cost. The residue

from the incineration process is utilized as construction material in the form of blocks.


2-43

It is observed that the plant is generating a lot of dust in the operation yard in the building.

It is recommended to improve the atmosphere at the plant because many generated dust

from the burning process is affecting the health of the human body. The transportation of

MSW from urban area to the plant is being conducted by URENCO.

Photo: Incineration Plant in Uong Bi City

（9） Inadequate Financial Allocation

Inadequate financial allocation was provided to procure and renew sufficient equipment.

At the existing landfill sites, environmental pollution is generated; however,

countermeasures are not presently done. In addition, the need for recycling is very high

but related project is not implemented by the provincial government or private companies.

There is a shortage of some equipment (bulldozer, dump truck) required for the proper

operation of sanitary landfill system. To promote the smooth operation of MSW, it is

necessary to purchase and construct new facilities as described in several reports related

to MSW management. However, it has not been conducted due to less allocation of

budget for such purpose.

2.4 Noise Environment

2.4.1 Noise Level Monitoring Activities

In Quang Ninh Province, noise level monitoring by EMAC is conducted at 51 monitoring

points, which are the same as the air quality monitoring points shown in Table 2.3-1. The

location of monitoring points is shown in Figure 2.3-1.

2.4.2 Comparison with QCVN

The QCVN 26, 2010/BTNMT is the noise level standard in Vietnam. Table 2.4-1 shows

the achievement rate of noise level in 2012. The achievement rate of QCVN 26,

2010/BTNMT in 2012 is a measure of the number of samples taken during the year which

passed the noise level standard.


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Table 2.4-1 Achievement Rate of Noise Level in 2012

Noise Level (dBA) Number of

Achievement Number of Monitoring

Achievement Rate 65% 130 200


Figure 2.4.1 shows the average noise level in 2012. This figure shows that 17 monitoring

stations are above the guideline value. Of these, 12 monitoring stations are near the main

transportation routes. Therefore, these results may have been affected by transportation.

As for noise originating from industrial parks’ operations, A03 is the only monitoring

station which is above the guideline value while the other monitoring stations seem to be

not affected by industrial activity.

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

A01

A02

A03

A04

A05

A06

A07

A08

A09

A11

A12

A13

A14

A15

A16

A17

A18

A19

A20

A21

A22

A23

A24

A25

A26

A27

A28

A29

A30

A31

A32

A33

A34

A35

A36

A37

A38

A39

A40

A41

A42

A43

A44

A45

A46

A47

A48

A49

A50

A51

Sou

nd

(d

B A

)

The equivalentsound level(dB A)

QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT


Figure 2.4-1 Average Noise Level in 2012

2.5 Inland / Coastal Forest

2.5.1 Current Status of Forest Change in terms of Quantity

Due to the various efforts of Quang Ninh Province, the area of forestland has increased

rapidly from 228,700 ha (coverage of 38.8% in 2000) to 301,780 ha (coverage rate of

43.6%; according to the revision in 2006).

The area of forestland has increased from 1998 to 2003 by reforestation and regrinding of

the bare hills in all localities of the province. The average rate of increase was 12,800

ha/year from 1992 to 1998, and 5,400 ha/year from 1998-2003. From 2003 to 2004, the

area increased by 4,315 ha. The current forest areas in the province are shown in Table

2.5-1 while the change of forest area from 1999 to 2010 is shown in Table 2.5-2.


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Table 2.5-1 Current Forest Area in the Province

No. Type of Forest Area (ha) Percentage (%) of the Total Area

Total land area of the province 608,391.5 100.0

A Forest land 427,302.3 70.0 I Land with forest 301,751.8 49.5

I.1 Natural forests 149,192.0 24.5 1 Average forest 11,354.4 1.8 2 Poor forest 18,417.5 3.0 3 Restored forest 81,732.6 13.4 4 Mixed forest 5,417.4 0.8 5 Bamboo forests 7,923.9 1.3 6 Mangroves 19,864.5 3.2 7 Forest on limestone 0 0.0

I.2 Plantations 152,559.8 25.0 1 Forest with reserves 66,723.8 11.0 2 No reserves 71,505.0 11.7 3 Forest with specialties 13,875.5 2.2 II Land without forest 125,550.5 20.6

Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province,

Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020

Table 2.5-2 Change of Forest Area in the Province

(Unit: ha) Year Category

1999 2003 2005 2010 Change (99-10)

Forested Area 221,797 (36.5%)

241,701 (39.7%)

268,405 (44.1%)

310,358 (51.0%)

+88,561 (+14.6%)

- Natural forest 170, 809 (28.1%)

146, 248 (24.0%)

167, 502 (27.5%)

147, 329 (24.2%)

-23,480 (-3.9%)

- Plantation 50, 988 (8.4%)

77, 453 (12.7%)

100, 903 (16.6%)

163, 029 (26.8%)

+112,041 (+18.4%)

Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province,

Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020

During the past ten years, the forest area increased significantly by 88,561 ha. The change

of natural forest area is a concern. Throughout the period, natural forest area decreased by

23,480 ha (2,345 ha per year equivalent to 1.45% of natural forest area).

In the same period, plantation area rapidly went up to 112,041 ha, with an average of

11,200 ha planted per year (increase of 10.47% per year). The plantation area increased

4.21% per year compared with total forest area of the province.

Further efforts are inevitable for keeping and improving the forest resources in the

province. The following are the potential incidents which may have impact on the forest:

Land use change caused by socioeconomic development, especially in the coastal

area (such as industrial zone development, residential area expansion, and

intensive aquaculture development);

Coal mining activities (establishment of mining sites and roads, waste dumpsites,

coal yard, and tree harvesting for the sake of pit props);

Slash and burn cultivation practiced in the surrounding area of the special-use

forest and protection forest;

Forest fire (which may be increased by human activities and climate change);


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High need for timber resources especially for pulp production;

Monoculture plantation system (this may result in vulnerable ecosystem); and

Climate change (Although there may not be significant negative impacts by 2020

in the current scenario shown in the SEDP, the capacity for climate change

adaptation is essential).

2.5.2 Tendency of Forest Change in terms of Quality

（1） Trend of Forest Change in Quang Ninh Province

During the Doi Moi period, the economic management mechanism was changed to

market economy. The state promulgated policies and legal documents to encourage

afforestation and forest rehabilitation. Quang Ninh Province also prepared policies and

resolutions to develop the economy such as afforestation projects, farms development,

and concessional lending which have encouraged forest planting to the local people.

National and local policies have attracted investments for afforestation. National capital

and capital of international organizations, private companies, and households were

invested for forest planting. Therefore, plantation forests have rapidly increased in terms

of area and quality.

The quality of plantation forests has grown and contributed to the economy and

environmental protection.

Now, plantations are no longer a common property of the state; the property is owned by

multiple economic sectors, i.e.: business, group or individual, household, and social

organizations.

Forest trees are getting richer from the traditional species such as pine, Pinus ponytail, white Eucalyptus, Acacia auriculiformis to species which grow faster and have shorter

harvest time and high economic value such as Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus urophylla,

with modern sapling production technology such as tissue culture or beam shoots.

Besides, afforestation can develop rare wood trees such as Dầu, Lim, Lát Hoa, Gụ, Trám,

and some special trees like Quế, Hồi, Trầu, and Sở.

Through afforestation, the forest area of Quang Ninh has increased rapidly, which is

beneficial to the national economy.

It is also reported that the area of primeval forest and special use forest has decreased

substantially; in all provinces, there is no longer any primeval forest at present (Ba Mun

Forest has also been exploited sharply). The conversion of forestland from rich to

medium and poor forests, from land of low quality wood trees to land of shrub and grass,

and from shrub and grassland to treeless and barren land has been rapidly ongoing even in

the mountains and island areas.


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（2） Recent Changes in 1999-2010

Although the total forest area in the province is increasing through the various efforts of

the state and province such as Programs 327 and 661, the quality of the forest is

decreasing as shown in Tables 2.5-3 and 2.5-4.

Table 2.5-3 shows that the natural forest decreased during 1999-2010 while the plantation

forest increased.

Forest planting is a positive solution in order to recover forest area which has been lost.

Besides, plantation forests will provide wood and materials to produce wood goods and

also play important role in maintaining ecological balance in general and in protecting

soil and vacant land in particular. However, in terms of forest quality, the quality of a

plantation forest is evaluated as low from the viewpoint of biodiversity and stability of

the ecosystem since it is basically a monoculture forest.

Table 2.5-4 shows that the wood forest area is decreasing although medium and rich

forests recovered to its 1999 conditions during 2005-2010.

Table 2.5-3 Changes of Three Types of Forest (1999-2010)

(Unit: ha)

Type Natural Forest Plantation Forest Total

1999 2010 Change 1999 2010 Change 1999 2010 Change Production Forest

70,875 (11.6%)

65,419 (10.8%)

-5,456 (-0.9%)

32,564 (5.4%)

120,620 (19.8%)

+88,056 (14.5%)

103,439 (17.0%)

186,039 (30.6%)

+82,600 (13.6%)

Protection Forest

82,215 (13.5%)

61,022 (10.0%)

-21,193 (-3.5%)

17,597 (2.9%)

39,493 (6.5%)

+21,896 (3.6%)

99,812 (16.4%)

100,515 (16.5%)

+703 (0.1%)

Special Use Forest

17,737 (2.9%)

20,375 (3.3%)

+2,638 (0.4%)

827 (0.1%)

2700 (0.4%)

+1,873 (0.3%)

18,564 (3.1%)

23,075 (3.8%)

+4,511 (0.7%)

Others - (0.0%)

513 (0.1%)

+513 (0.1%)

- (0.0%)

216 (0.0%)

+216 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

729 (0.1%)

+729 (0.1%)

Total 170,827 (28.1%)

147,329 (24.2%)

-23,498 (-3.9%)

50,988 (8.4%)

163,029 (26.8%)

+112,041 (18.4%)

221,815 (36.5%)

310,358 (51.0%)

+88,543 (14.6%)

Note: % is the ratio of each area against the total natural land area of the province. Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province, Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020

Table 2.5-4 Changes of Forest Conditions (1999-2010)

(Unit: ha)

Type 1999 2005 2010 Increase, Decrease

1999 – 2005 2005 - 2010

Natural forest 170,809 167,502 147,329 - 3,307 - 20,173

Wood forest 120,291 116751 110,455 - 3,540 - 6,296

- medium and rich forest 10,628 5,867 10,690 - 4,761 + 4,823

- poor forest 24,935 27,239 19,983 + 2,304 - 7,256

- recovering forest 84,949 83,922 79,781 - 1,027 - 4,141

Bamboo forest 14,679 13,678 8,656 - 1,001 - 5,022

Wood-bamboo forest 12,870 11,851 7,872 - 1,019 - 3,979

- Mangrove 22,969 21,738 20,346 - 1,231 - 1,392

- Limestone forest - 3,484 - + 3,484 + 3,484

- Plantation forest 50,988 100,903 163,029 + 49,915 + 62,126

Note: It is considered that the inventory of limestone forest is not consistent in the statistical figures prepared by

Quang Ninh Province. Further identification and research are required for limestone forest.

Source: Orientation of Action Plan for Forest Protection and Development of Quang Ninh Province, Period


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2010-2015, Orientation to 2020

Table 2.5-4 shows that the natural wood forest area decreased more than the other

categories of natural forest. From 1999 to 2005, wood forest area declined by 590 ha/year,

which is equivalent to 0.49% of wood forest area in 1999. In 2005-2010, wood forest area

decreased by 1,259 ha/year, which is equivalent to 1.08% of wood forest area in 2005.

Therefore, the average loss of wood forest area in the latter five years is two times higher

than that in the first six years.

Medium and rich forest area decreased once, but improved after the protection of

National Park and Natural Reserve. Poor and recovering forest area decreased constantly.

Because they are near the residential areas, these forests were impacted by various factors

such as land use changes.

From 2005 to 2010, the area of other forests decreased 2-3 times higher than during the

first time such as bamboo forest and wood-bamboo forest. The loss of area was

concentrated in evergreen wet tropical forest in low mountains and secondary evergreen

forest.

In Quang Ninh Province, mangroves grow mainly in coastal areas and river mouth areas

which have alluvium soil. In the past ten years (1999-2010), the mangrove area decreased

by 262 ha/year, equivalent to 1.21% of mangrove area per year. (It is noted that the

mangrove area increased in 2010 by 481.8 ha.)

2.6 Biodiversity

Quang Ninh Province has abundant natural resources and high biodiversity. Biodiversity

is composed of three main categories, namely: (1) species diversity (2) ecosystem

diversity, and (3) genetic diversity. The current status of biodiversity of Quang Ninh is

described in these different components as follows:

（1） Species Diversity

1） Species Composition

Scientific surveys have shown that Quang Ninh is rich in fauna and flora at different taxa.

Scientists have identified some 4,350 species of three kingdoms (plants, fungi, and

animals) belong to 2,236 genus and 721 families of 19 phyla (Table 2.6-1). Of these,

Angiospermae (1,580 species), Arthropoda (722 species), Mollusca (438 species),

Coelenterata (157 species), and Bacillariophyta (153 species) are the most abundant.

Table 2.6-1 Richness of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh

No. Taxa Number Family Genus Species

1 Ngành Ruột khoang Coelenterata 12 41 157 Lớp San hô Anthozoa 12 41 157 2 Ngành Thân mềm Molusca 98 226 438 Lớp Chân bụng – Gastropoda 57 140 277


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No. Taxa Number Family Genus Species

Lớp Hai mảnh vỏ - Bivalvia 34 74 127 Lớp Chân đầu – Cephalopoda 7 12 34 3 Ngành Giun tròn Nematoda (Nemathelminthes) 6 8 15 4 Ngành Giun đốt Annelida 23 45 82 Lớp Giun nhiều tơ – Polychaeta 17 35 51 Lớp Giun ít tơ – Oligochaeta 4 8 29 Lớp Sá sùng – Sipunculidea 2 2 2 5 Ngành Chân khớp 131 409 722 Lớp Giáp xác – Crustacea 67

(33+34) 141 (74+67)

250 (140+110)

Lớp Côn trùng - Insecta (Gồm cả Kiến & Mối) 64 268 472 6 Ngành Có Dây sống (Chordata) Lớp cá - Pisces 97 299 529 Lớp Lưỡng cư Amphibia 6 22 34 Lớp Bò sát Reptilia 18 49 65 Lớp Chim Aves 55 117 174 Lớp Thú Mammalia 21 51 69 GIỚI NẤM MYCOTA 7 Ngành Nấm đảm Basidiomycota 9 19 24 GIỚI THỰC VẬT PLANTAE 8 Ngành Tảo silich Bacillariophyta 16 45 153 9 Ngành Tảo lục Chlorophyta 10 26 67 10 Ngành Vi khuẩn lam Cyano-phyta /-bacteria 5 10 18 11 Ngành Tảo mắt Euglenophyta 1 1 1 12 Ngành Tảo giáp Pyrrhphyta 1 7 16 13 Ngành Tảo vàng ánh Chrysophyta 1 1 2 14 Lan thông – Psilotophyta 1 1 1 15 Thông đất – Lycopodiophyta 3 5 15 16 Cỏ tháp bút – Equisetophyta 1 1 1 17 Dương xỉ - Polypodiophyta 26 65 166 18 Hạt trần – Gymnospermae 8 11 21 19 Hạt kín – Angiospermae 172 777 1580 Lớp Hai lá mầm - Dicotyledonae 132 605 1251 Lớp Một lá mầm - Monocotyledonae 40 172 329 Total 721 2236 4350

Source: Hoang Van Thang et al., 2012

2） Endemic Species

About 182 of the total identified 4,350 species (4.18%) are defined as endemic species in

Quang Ninh at different levels (Table 2.6-2).

Table 2.6-2 Endemism of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh

No Taxa Vietnamese Name No. of Endemic Species QN North

VN VN Indochina

1 Mollusca Ngành Thân mềm 1 1 2 Arthropoda - Crustacae Ngành Chân khớp Lớp Giáp xác 5 2 3 3 Chordata – Písces Ngành Có dây sồng Lớp cá 5 2 3 4 Lycopodiophyta Ngành Thông đất 1 1 5 Polypodiophyta Ngành Dương xỉ 10 2 6 2 6 Angiospermeae Ngành Hạt kín 160 38 30 92 Total 182 44 43 95


Endemic species within the taxa are not equally distributed. It depends very much on the

characteristics of the expansion and the adaptability of the species to the environment as

well as on the migration routes. Little attention is given to the study of endemism of fauna

and flora in Vietnam, and Quang Ninh is not an exception.

The richness and diversity of the landscapes and ecosystems of Quang Ninh provide great


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habitats for the species on one hand but create a lot of difficulties for scientific surveys on

the other hand.

3） Rare and Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora of Quang Ninh

General Introduction

The rare and endangered species are clear indicators and evident of the conflicts between

the exploitation of natural resources for development and the conservation and

maintenance of biodiversity and its functions and values. These can also function as

indicators of the degradation of the environment due to the impact of human activities.

After applying the three legal documents at the national and international levels (Sách đỏ

Việt Nam 2007, Nghị định 32/2006/NĐ-CP về Quản lý thực vật rừng, động vật rừng quý

hiếm và Danh lục đỏ IUCN, 2009) for the assessment of Quang Ninh’s fauna and flora,

the list of rare and endangered species of the province is indicated in Table 2.6-3 below.



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1

Table 2.6-3 List of Rare and Endangered Species of Quảng Ninh’s Fauna and Flora

TT TAXA Vietnam Red Data Book Decree 32/NDD-CP (2006) IUCN Red List (2009) Σ CR EN VU LR DD Σ Ib IIb Ia IIa Σ CR EN VU NT LR LC DD

1 Coelenterata 4 4 2 Mollusca 6 2 2 2 3 Arthropoda 7 6 1 4 Chordata - Pisces 11 1 3 7 5 Chordata -

Amphibia 2 1 1 1 1

6 Chordata - Reptilia

18 3 10 5 12 2 10

7 Chordata - Aves 9 3 4 1 1 4 1 3 8 Chordata –

Mammalia 18 4 6 6 2 18 10 8 14 1

9 3 2

9 Polypodiophyta 1 1 10 Gymnospermae 3 1 2 4 4 6 2 1 3 11 Angiospermae 75 2 28 45 17 4 13 52 2 6 7 1 16 17 3 Total 154 12 55 82 3 2 56 13 22 4 17 72 3 6 18 5 21 17 3



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Rare and Endangered Plant Species

Scientists have identified a total number of 98 rare and endangered species of plants

which need particular attention (Table 2.6-4).

Table 2.6-4 Conservation Values of Quang Ninh’s Flora

Vietnam Red Data Book

IUCN Red List Decree 32/2006

Red List Total:

CR EN VU NT LR/nt LR/lc

LC DD

57 2 22 33

49 2 5 7 2 2 9 19 3

Decree No. NĐ32 Total:

Ia IIa

20 4

16


The above table shows that there are up to 57 species listed in the Vietnam Red Data

Book (2007). Among these, two species are in critical status (CR) including Rauvolfia

serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack.) Meisn, 22 are

endangered species (EN), and 33 are vulnerable species (VU). A total of 20 species are

listed in Decree No. 32 with four Ia species and 16 IIa species.

It is considered that these are valuable natural resources of Quang Ninh as well as

flagship species that require proper attention in the conservation efforts.

Insect Species of Conservation Values

Field surveys have shown that among 425 species found in Quang Ninh, five species are

listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) (Table 2.6-5).

Table 2.6-5 List of Insect Species in Vietnam Red Data Book 2007

No. Vietnamese Name Scientific Name Status Location

1 Butterfly Phượng đuôi lá cải Byasa crassipes (Oberthur)

DD Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)

2 Butterfly Phượng Papilio noblei De Nice.

VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (HB) Yen Tu (Uong Bi)

3 Butterfly phượng Troides helena (Felder.)

VU Dong Son – Ky Thuong (Hoanh Bo)

4 Butterfly phượng cánh liền Troides aeacus (L. & Felder)


5 Cánh cam xanh 4 legs Jumnos ruckeri Saunders


VU: Vulnerable


The ratio of rare and endangered species in Quang Ninh (15.04%) is rather high

compared to that of the entire country (9.62%).


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Fish Species of Conservation Values

There are four species of inland fish listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book 2007.

- Two species are endangered (EN): Snake-headed fish, Channa maculata, and

Cá mòi cờ hoa - Clupanodon thrissa.

- Two species are vulnerable (VU): Cá lá giang - Parazacco vuquangensis, and

Cá chình hoa - Anguilla marmorata, .

There are eight species of saltwater/marine fish listed in the Vietnam Red Data

Book 2007.

- CR: One specie: Cá bớp - Bostrychus sinensis;

- EN: One specie: Cá ngựa lớn - Hypocampus kuda;

- VU: Six species, as follows:

Cháo biển - Elops saurus,

Cá bướm vằn - Parachaetodon ocellatus,

Cá mòi không răng - Anodontostoma chacunda,

Cá mòi chấm - Konosirus punctatus

Cá mòi cờ mõm tròn - Nematalosa nasus,

Cá bằng chài đầu đen - Thalassoma lunare .

There are five species of freshwater fish found only in Vietnam so far (perhaps these can

be endemic to Vietnam), as follows:

Cá lá giang - Parazacco vuquangensis

Cá bống đá - Rhinogobius boa,

Cá bống đá - Rhinogobius sulcatus,

Bống khe - Rhinogobius variolatus,

Ca bống đá - Rhinogobius virgigena.

（2） Ecosystem Diversity

1） Mountainous Landscapes

Mountainous landscapes have mainly low peaks, high slope with some having altitude of

1,600m.. Between the mountains are deep valleys with rivers that run through them.

Some other ranges and peaks are Dong Trieu, Dong Son-Ky Thuong, Yen Tu, and Cao

Xiem. Natural rainforests remain and are limited in the high altitude mountain area. The

tops of the mountains are sometimes covered by grassland. Most of the mountain area is

covered by secondary forest.

2） Hilly Landscapes


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Hilly landscapes are located along the northwestern area of Road No.18A from Dong

Trieu to Mong Cai. The landscapes cover the greatest percentage of the total acreage of

the province. Most of the hills are lying at less than 200 m altitude.

Secondary forests are created by the forest exploitation activities of humans. These

landscapes cover a large area of the hilly territory of Quang Ninh in Hoanh Bo, Hon Gai

of Halong, northern part of Cam Pha, Van Don, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Tien Yen,

Ba Che, and Mong Cai.

Coal mining landscapes are located mainly in the hilly areas of Dong Trieu, north of

Uong Bi, and east of Halong as well as Cam Pha.

The planted forests cover a quite large acreage of the hilly area of Quang Ninh. Main

plantation species are Acacia, Pine, and Eucalyptus. The landscapes cover a fairly large

acreage of the total land area of Quang Ninh.

3） Narrowed Delta/Flat Landscapes

Narrowed deltas/flats cover a small area of the entire place along the coastline. These

landscapes play a very important role in the socioeconomic development of the province.

Most of the agricultural developments as well as residential and urban developments are

being implemented here. The most populated urban areas include Uong Bi, Halong, Cam

Pha, and Mong Cai cities.

4） Tidal Mudflat Landscapes

Tidal mudflats show the most diversified ecosystems of estuaries, mangroves, seaweeds,

and seagrasses. Together with the beaches, Quang Ninh has a long coastal tidal mudflat

lying from Yen Hung to Mong Cai (Sa Vy Point) where Quang Yen, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, and

Mong Cai share the greatest proportion. The river mouths and estuarine include Bach

Dang, Ba Che, Tien Yen, and Ha Coi.

5） Sea and Island Landscapes

The sea and island zone of Quang Ninh has a unique terrain. There are more than 2,000

islands. The islands are situated along more than 250 km of coast line. These islands are

located in two districts, namely, Van Dong District and Co To District. On Halong Bay

and Bai Tu Long with thousands of limestone islands, there is karst terrain created by

water erosion. The limestone islands have many caves. Islands have unique ecosystem

and many endemic species. There are many unique and endemic creatures such as Blind

Cave Loach especially in the caves.

The islands also have a complex diverse topography suitable for coral growth. There are

mainly four coral reef areas, namely, Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long, Co To Island, and Co

Tran Island.


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（3） Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity is the variation of heritable characteristics present in a population of the

same species. Genetic diversity is generally developed by geographical isolation. There

are more than 2,000 islands in Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, unique genetic diversity

must be present in each island (including mainland). However, no information exists

about the genetic diversity in Quang Ninh Province.

On the other hand, there are several domestic groups with genetic diversity such as the

Mong Cai pig, Tien Yen chicken, duck, and Dam Ha radish which have economic value.

2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation

2.7.1 Changes in coastal seabed

The extend of sedimentation tends to decrease from the shoreline towards the sea,

especially in Cam Pha area, Lo Phong estuary. Strongest sedimentation occur in Quang

Hanh, Cam Thinh, Cam Phu and Cam Son wards, in front of Ha Tu ward, in front of Cua

Luc bay, both sides of Lach Mieu in Cam Pha city, with average depth of deposition is

around 2-3m.

Stable areas with low erosion are mainly navigation fairways. The major fairway from Ha

Long to Bach Dang estuary, lying in the middle of Bai Chay and Cat Ba island, is eroded

with average depth of 0-0.5m, with some places can be as deep as 1m. Along the Lach

Mieu (Mieu fairway), the riverbed is heavily eroded, but on purpose, because the riverbed

here is dredged to make the fairway for ships coming into Cai Lan port.

Topography of Ha Long bay seabed: the bottom topography here has been relatively

stable from 1965 until now, with slightly erosion in some places.

Source: Department of Geology, Vietnam National University – Hanoi, School of Natural Science

Figure 2.7-1 Erosion and Sedimentation Map of Ha Long and Cam Pha Area during

1965-2004


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2.7.2 Topographic Changes, Sedimentation and Erosion in Cua Luc Bay

（1） Changes in surface area, intertidal region and the mangroves

The surface area of Cua Luc bay in 1965 was about 6542 ha, in 2004 was 4720 ha, a

reduction of nearly 2000ha. Significant narrowing occurred mainly in the northern,

western and eastern coasts of the bay. The causes are emerging activities such as making

ponds for aquatic farming, ground leveling etc., that narrowing high-tidal region and the

mangroves.

Source: Environmental Planning to 2015

（2） Seabed and fairway changes in Cua Luc bay

Fairways in Dien Vong river have been having significant changes. The main fairway

navigating to Dien Vong estuary has been changed significantly. Except the part between

Hon Gac and Sa To island where it was narrowed, the hydrodynamics of the river was

increased, thus the depth is maintained, other parts from Ha Khanh ward to Cai Da

waterfall have been aggraded significantly, the river is 2-3m shallower than in 1965. The

main fairway now goes through the Northwest and North of Hon Gac, flowing through

the Northeast direction in other branch to the estuary.

Table 2.7-2 Seabed changes in some areas of Cua Luc bay during 1965 - 2004

Table 2.7-1 Changes of Intertidal Region and Mangroves in Cua Luc Bay

Region 1965 1989 2004 Reduction in ha % of reduction

High-tidal 3402.5 3402.5 3014.2 388 11.4

Low-tidal 2116.74 2116.74 1416 700 33.1

Mangroves 3402.5 3261 2025 1377 40.5

STT Area Type of change Average speed

(cm/year) High-tidal Low-tidal Riverbed

1 Estuary Erosion 1.5

2 Vung Dan Aggradation 0 - 1

3 Do Cao Xanh Aggradation 5 - 6

4 Khu Cao Xanh Erosion 0 - 1

5 Ha Khanh ward Aggradation 1 - 2

6 Ha Khanh ward Aggradation 0 - 1

7 North Hon Gac Erosion 5 - 6

8 North Hon Gac Aggradation 0 - 1

9 West Sa To island Aggradation 0 - 1

10 West Sa To island Aggradation 5 - 6

11 Cai Lan port Erosion 15 - 20

12 Viet Hung commune Aggradation 0 - 1

13 Viet Hung commune Erosion 2 - 3

14 Vu Oai river Erosion 4 - 5

15 Mu village Aggradation 0 - 1


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Source: Environmental Planning to 2015

（3） Prediction of changing trends of erosion, sedimentation and pollution in Cua Luc Bay

The landscape of Cua Luc bay will continue to change significantly and will be replaced

with industrial and urban landscape. Planted forest and agricultural landscape will also be

more and more common, replacing bare land and hills, even in mineral mine pit. Erosion,

sedimentation and pollution will increase strongly, especially in the east of the basin and

Cua Luc bay.

After the development period of infrastructure, urbanization process will accelerate in all

surrounding areas of Cua Luc bay. Wastes from projects in low-areas will be mainly

urban and industrial wastes. Open mining in the North of Halong city will decline until

termination but waste dumping sites and mine pits will still be potential sources for

erosion and water pollution. Erosion, sedimentation and pollution will decline

significantly in coal production areas.

2.8 Natural Hazard

Quang Ninh Province is located in the Gulf of Tonkin which is endowed with valuable

resources such as large-scale coal mines with good quality and island landscape with

many famous scenic spots such as Halong Bay that has been recognized as a UNESCO

World Heritage Site. It is famous for its abundant valuable marine resources. Despite

these advantages, Quang Ninh is also facing difficulties due to nature, particularly natural

disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and landslides. Moreover, due to exploitation

activities, natural resources have been damaged. As a result, there is an increased risk of

landslides, debris flood, and sedimentation in estuaries and coastal bays as well as the risk

of environmental pollution.

2.8.1 Situation and Evolution of Natural Hazard

Common natural disasters that have caused the most damage to Quang Ninh include

storm, flood and mud-debris flood, and landslide such as rockslide. These disasters have

not only happened once in a location but also tend to be recurrent.

（1） Storm

According to the statistics of the National Meteorological Centre, an average of nine to

ten storms hit Vietnam every year with about 2.1 storms hitting Quang Ninh. The period

from 1961 to 2008 recorded approximately 240 hurricanes landing in Vietnam, including

44 storms (about 18%) coming to Quang Ninh. Storms that hit Quang Ninh Province,

mostly small- and medium-sized storms, are described in Table 2.8-1.

16 Mu village Erosion 0 - 1


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Table 2.8-1 Percentage of Storm Levels from 1961 to 2008

Level storms 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (*) Total

Number of Storm 4 5 10 3 8 6 2 1 5 44 Rate (%) 9.1 14.4 22.7 6.8 18.2 13.6 4.5 2.3 11.4 100.0

Hurricane Intensity Hurricane, Small and

Medium Strong Storm

Super Typhoon

Storm Intensity Ratio (%)

43.9 31.8 6.8

Note(*) Unidentified

Source: Research Modeling Automated System of Monitoring and Warning Natural Disaster in Quang Ninh

Based on the data of the storm’s path provided by the National Meteorology and

Hydrology, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, road maps of the

storms and the storm’s position in Quang Ninh Province has been developed as shown in

Figure 2.8-1.

Source: Research Modeling Automated System of Monitoring and Warning Natural Disaster in Quang Ninh

Figure 2.8-1 Road Map of Storms Landing in Quang Ninh (1961-2008)

（2） Flood and Flash Flood

Because of its location along the coast, good drainage capacity, and not large river basins

in Quang Ninh, flooding is not common here as in other central areas. However, flooding

still occurred in the urban areas such as Halong and Cam Pha and rural areas such as Ha


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Nam and Quang Yen. The main factors affecting flooding and flash flooding include

heavy rainfall, topography, and geomorphic processes.

Rainy season in Quang Ninh lasts from April to October/November with concentrated

rainfall from May to September, which accounts for 75-85% of the annual rainfall. Heavy

rains caused floods and storms are often accompanied by tropical depression. Under the

influence of topography, flood in Quang Ninh can be divided into two areas:

- Northeast Area located in the highest terrain in the province where rivers are very

short, there is a small basin area, and the slopes of the basin as well as of the river

canal are great; thus, surface factors could not be regulated.

- Southwest Region where the mountain terrain tends to gradually decrease; therefore,

rainfall also tends to decrease from north to south, and flood season lasts from June to

September.

（3） Landslide, Mud-debris Flood

Large-scale mining operation takes place in almost all of Quang Ninh which is covered

by hills and mountains. Every rainy season, Quang Ninh must face the high risk of

landslide and mud-debris flood. Heavy rain leads to landslide of a hundred cubic meters

of soil and rock along the road connecting the plains with mountainous roads. Landslides

and mud-debris flood in Quang Ninh Province are not only directly affecting people

and property, but also cause sedimentation and pollution in Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long Bay,

and Cua Luc.

1） Landslide, Mud-debris Flood Associated with Mining Activities

Quang Ninh has a variety of concentrated large open coal mining sites. During the

exploitation process, the coal companies have created a source of waste rock materials,

most of which are taken to the dumpsite near the mine, which is concentrated on the peak

of the watershed and mountainsides. Due to the high slope on the dumping ground,

landslide and mud-debris flood risks could arise easily in these areas located in the

headwaters of the river, which often threaten the neighboring residential areas and

directly affect the natural world heritage site of Halong Bay. In recent years, there have

been some landslides and mud-debris flows in the Ha Long - Cam Pha coal mining areas.

Typically, the mud-debris flood broke the Khe De Dam, which is associated with the

concentration of large amount of rain from July to August 2006.


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Photo: Debris Flood caused by Broken Khe De Weir in August 2006, Located at the bottom of

the Spoil Sites at Coc 6 Coal Mine (Photo by Dang Van Bao)

2） Landslides and Mudflows Affecting Natural Stone Clusters Mountain Residents

In mountainous areas, landslides are significant in Bac Binh District. In recent times,

many landslides and mudflows have occurred at Binh Lieu causing serious consequences.

A landslide occurred on 9 June 2005 in Ngan Vang Village, Dong Tam Commune wherein

11 people died. Heavy rains have eroded the 15 m high hill, consisting of a mixture of

soil, rock, and water forming muddy river of about 10,000 m3, 400 m long, and 100 m

wide and filling a 15 ha rice field as well as residential flats at the bottom.

Mapping of landslide risk areas in Binh Lieu is divided into five warning levels, namely:

very weak, weak, medium, high, and very high, as shown in Figure 2.8.2 below.

Evaluation results show that the risks of the most powerful landslides are in the villages

of Upper Ngan Meo, Lower Ngan Meo, Ngan Pat, Ngan Kheo in Luc Hon Commune and

in the villages of Thinh Dan, Po Dan, and Khe Mo in The Huc Dong Commune.

Source: The Study of the Geological Processes, Modern Geodynamic for Monitoring Changes in the Caves on the Islands of

Halong Bay

Figure 2.8-2 Zoning Map of Landslides in Quang Ninh Province


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3) Tornadoes

Quang Ninh is located in the region of tropical monsoon, with two distinct seasons, rainy

and dry seasons. At the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season are the

months of "transition of atmospheric circulation", easily for tornado conditions occur,

especially in the mountains and Halong Bay - Bai Tu Long Bay, due to effects of

topography. According to statistics in the recent years, on the Halong Bay waters,

tornado occurs every year. Tornadoes are unpredictable phenomena, often appears very

suddenly and its existence time is only for about 20 minutes to several hours, therefore

preventing them is very difficult.

（4） Natural disasters due to karst slides and collapses of karst caves bottom and ceiling in

Halong Bay

1） Natural disasters due to karst collapse

Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long featuring with limestone island systems always hide

potential complications due to karst landslide. The core zone of Halong Bay World

Heritage Site has 117 points of collapse and break-out of which most of the points are

directly related to the presence of the system fault, destroying tectonic zone and level of

foot vulnerability due to corrosion, drifted and washed limestone .

Figure 2.8.3 Swan Island (left) and Fighting Cocks Island (right) with tectonic fractures

and corrosion at the feet - the risk of collapse and break-out losing of heritage of height

(photo Tran Tan Van )

2） The phenomenon of collapse and falling down of floors and ceilings of karst caves

In some caves, the phenomenon of floor collapse is of potentially high risk. Due to

formations, the cave bottom is usually composed of quite thick and unconsolidated sand

aquifer, it is covered by thick layers of 0.5 - 1m travectin horizontally laid. That is the

cave floor where tourists stand and step on . Due to many different reasons, the bottom


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sandy floors of the caves can be brought away from the cave (natural causes), creating an

empty space at the bottom. That is the premise for the cave floor collapsed. There have

been many caves with phenomenon of floors collapse under this mechanism . Depth of

the sink holes in some places can be up to 4 - 5m and thin layer of travectin walking path

for tourists run just on top. To protect the cave floor and walking paths as well as plain

sites in the caves, need to make directions for water flows in the rainy season and

reinforce pillars for the cave floors.

2.8.2 Impact of Natural Disasters on Society

Natural hazards affect the property and livelihood of people in Quang Ninh including

housing, water supply, infrastructure, and agricultural production. Natural disasters also

have impacts on the lives of all people in Quang Ninh, especially poor people in rural

areas, mountainous and low-lying areas, and coastal areas.

Photo: Devastated Scene due to Floods Caused by Typhoon in 2008 in Tien Yen

The summary of the impacts of natural catastrophes on the socioeconomy of Quang Ninh

is statistically shown in the following Table 2.8.2. The table shows that the damage

caused by these disasters is quite large. Therefore, a strategy with feasible solutions for

adaptation and disaster prevention is needed.

Table 2.8-2 Summary of Damages of Natural Disasters in Quang Ninh Province in

1999-2009

Type of Damage Category Unit Storms Tornado Floods Total

People

Number of deaths People 48 39 43 130 + Children People 1 1 - 2 Number of injured people People 41 61 14 116 + Number of displaced households Households 400 - 9 409 Number of affected districts Districts - - 13 13

Buildings Total number of houses collapsed, gone Item 1.228 9 185 1.422

Total number of houses flooded, damaged, roofs Item 5.513 438 1.640 7.591

Schools Schools pour, float Classroom - 4 - 4 Schools damaged Classroom 88 14 - 102

Agriculture Total rice area is waterlogged, flooded ha 3.615 - 3.798 7.413 + Area lost to recharge ha 407 - 550 957 Total crop area flooded ha 7.130 20 50 7.200


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+ Area lost away ha 23 - 30 53 Plating flooded kg 291 - 272 563 Fallen trees Tree 9.363 - - 9.363

Irrigation

Volume of soil erosion, drift, sedimentation at: m3 555.800 - 3.800 559.600 + Central dike m3 5.000 - - 5.000 + Local dike m3 - - 8.500 8.500 + Canals, dams m3 37.700 - - 37.700 Rock slides, floating m3 16.788 - 40 16.828 Erosion at dike and riverbank m 13.775 - 150 13.925 Canal eroded, damaged m 2.000 - 9.460 11.460 Number of small-scale irrigation broken, drifted Item 2 - 13 15 Number of small-scale irrigation works damaged Item 5 - - 5 Number of small-scale irrigation works damaged Item - - 22 22

Transportation

Volume of soil erosion, drift, sedimentation at: m3 18.770 - 9.340 28.110 + Highway m3 1.000 - - 1.000 + Provincial road m3 2.100 - - 2.100 Number of bridges, culverts collapsed, drifted Item 5 - 8 13 Underground spill damaged Item 3 - 11 14 Ferries, boats drifted Item 2 - - 2 Transport ship sank, lost Item 24 - 1 25 Road length damaged km 876 - - 876 Road surface broken m2 10.800 - - 10.800

Fisheries

Area ponds, fish ponds damaged ha 14.007 - 100 14.107 Cages were drifting item 43 - - 43 Fish, shrimp, crab lost t 110 - - 110 Boats sank, lost item 137 54 16 207 Boats damaged item 1 - - 1 Rafts damaged item 4 - - 4

Contact Info Information column dump item 1 - - 1 Switchboard damage item 1 - - 1

Energy

High-tension poles broken apart item 12 - - 12 Voltage column broken down item 277 1 - 278 Wires cut m 1.820 - - 1.820 Substation, transformer damaged item 2 - - 2 Washed coal t 450 - - 450

Source: Office of the Permanent Committee for the Prevention and Flood Control Central

2.9 Inter-provincial Environmental Impact

Quang Ninh Province is adjacent to several provinces such as Hai Phong Province and

Hai Duong Province, and may be affected by environmental impacts from other provinces.

In this section, possible water quality impact and air quality impact are described.

（1） Water Quality in Bach Dang River

The Bach Dang River flows between Quang Ninh Province and Hai Phong Province, and

its water quality may be affected by pollutants of both provinces. In this section,

analytical results of several water quality parameters are examined.

1） Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS concentrations in Cua Cam – Bach region in rainy season is higher than that in the

dry season. Average concentration of TSS in rainy season was 394.4 mg/l at the surface

layer and 182.9 mg/l at the bottom. TSS concentrations in the rainy season exceeded

surface water quality standards. Among the areas surveyed, the Sub-zone No. III, near Ba

Lach – Dong Son estuary, had the highest concentration and Sub-zone No. 4 had the

lowest concentration.


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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

I II III IV Khu vùc

mg/l

M.kh« M.ma

GHCP

Source: IMER (2008)

Figure 2.9-1 TSS concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary

（2） Eutrophication

Monitoring results of dissolved mineral nutrients of Cua Cam – Bach Dang in 2006 and

2007 are showed in Table 2.9-1.

Table 2.9-1 Average Nutrient Concentrations in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang area

Sub-zone/Seas

on

Concentration (g/l)

NH4+ NO2

- NO3- PO4

3- SiO32-

Surfac

e

Botto

m

Surfac

e

Botto

m

Surfac

e

Botto

m

Surfac

e

Botto

m

Surfac

e

Botto

m

I

Dry 128.1 119.0 16.2 10.3 184.5 186.0 31.2 31.0 2722 2075

Wet 141.4 145.0 18.0 13.0 221.7 208.2 56.6 23.8 1714 1850

II

Dry 74.0 82.3 8.5 7.8 144.5 112.2 13.0 12.5 1126 621

Wet 111.5 102.4 10.8 9.8 218.5 164.9 31.9 29.4 2300 2225

III

Dry 97.7 106.9 8.4 8.3 189.4 145.5 19.5 16.5 1535 1275

Wet 172.5 - 14.1 - 240.2 - 22.5 - 2260 -

IV

Dry 73.2 84.9 6.9 8.0 134.6 102.8 11.6 11.0 774 742

Wet 112.2 115.0 10.4 9.0 176.3 137.9 23.7 22.2 2322 2046

Toàn vùng

Dry 88.9 96.3 9.0 8.4 161.4 130.0 17.1 15.7 1358 1073

Wet 136.1 112.2 12.7 10.1 212.1 160.3 30.5 23.5 2216 1944

Standard 500 55* 60* 45* 3000**

Note: (*)- Compared to ASEAN standard; (**)- Proposed standard of Project KT.03-07. Source: IMER (2008)

The Total Nitrogen (T-N) in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang in rainy season is 1.2 times

higher than in the dry season. Among the 4 Sub-zones, the Sub-zone No. I and the No. III

were much higher than the Sub-zone No. II and the No. IV as shown in Figure 2.9-2.


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0

1

2

3

4mg/l

Khu vùc M.Kh« 2.92 1.74 2.49 1.58 2.1

M.Ma 3.45 2.14 2.58 2.18 2.48

I II III IV T.vïng

Source: IMER (2008)

Figure 2.9-2 Distribution of T-N concentration in water in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region

The concentration of Total Phosphorous (T-P) in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region tends to

be higher in dry season. Especially in dry season, in the Sub-region No. III, T-P

concentration showed the highest value.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8mg/l

Khu vùc

M.Kh« 0.54 0.27 0.36 0.22 0.32

M.Ma 0.63 0.54 0.76 0.55 0.61

I II III IV T. vïng

Source: IMER (2008)

Figure 2.9-3 Distribution of T-P in Cam – Bach Dang region

（3） Oil Products

Oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang region tends to be high in the Sub-region No. I

(in the river) and lower towards the sea. In comparison to allowed standard (0.3mg/l), oil

concentration in Cua Cam – Bach Dang region always exceeded, of which concentration

in the Sub-region No. I was the highest.


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0

0.3

0.6

0.9

I II III IV T.vïngKhu vùc

mg/l

M.Kh« M.Ma

GHCP

Source: IMER (2008)

Figure 2.9-4 Variation of oil concentration in Cam – Bach Dang estuary


3-1

CHAPTER 3 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FRAMEWORK FOR QUANG NINH

PROVINCE

3.1 Development and orientation point of view (following Resolutions of the Provincial

Peopls’s Council):

1. The Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 is in

accordance with the Green Growth Strategy of Vietnam, the National Environmental

Protection Strategy to 2020, vision 2030 and the Socio – Economic development Master

plan of the Province, the Regional Construction Planning of the Province, the Land use

planning and the Planning of Sectors to provide solutions to prevent and mitigate natural

resources degradations, environmental pollution, gradually improve the environmental

quality, enhance efficiency of exploitation and rational use of natural resources and

environmental management capacity.

2. Application of advanced technologies in which priority is given to high technologies, the

advanced environmental protection models (such as Satoyama Initiative, Japan) for

environmental protection and sustainable development in the fields of environmental

protection and management.

3. Application of environmental standards of the advanced countries.

4. Promotion of awareness raising activities about environment for changing in actions for

implementation of environmental protection.

5. Promotion of measures in order to enhance values of Halong Bay and the surrounding

areas for sustainable development.

6. Promotion of adoption of measures to harmonize between environmental protection and

economic sustainable development in the key areas of industrial development such as coal

mining areas, industrial parks...

3.2 Principal Goals for 2020 and Vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang

Ninh Province

The National Environmental Protection Strategy and the Green Growth Strategy are

actively promoted in changing Vietnam’s socioeconomic structure to have

environmentally friendly characteristics. Considering all of the items mentioned above,

the goals for 2020 and vision for 2030 on the Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh

Province are proposed in Section 3.2.2.

3.2.1 Basic Policy and Strategy to be Referred to in Setting Goals and Vision of the

Environmental Plan for Quang Ninh Province

（1） National Environmental Protection Strategy toward 2020, Vision to 2030

The Decision No. 1216/2012/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister approving the National

Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with a vision to 2030, which came to force on

5 May 2012. The strategy was recognized as a milestone in Vietnam to harmonize

sustainable economic growth with environmental protection. The strategy shall adopt the


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Green Growth Strategy, which aims to reduce environmental pollution, and degradation

of natural resources and biodiversity by 2020, as well as to prevent and reverse these

trends by 2030. The objectives and visions held in the national environmental protection

strategy shall be set as goals and visions of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh

Province.

1） Objectives of the Environmental Protection Strategy for 2020

The objectives of the environmental protection strategy for 2020 are as follows:

To fundamentally control and restrict increases in environmental pollution, and degradation of natural resources and biodiversity; to continue improving the quality of the environment; and to improve capacities to proactively respond to climate change and achieve sustainable development of the country.

Under the abovementioned objectives, the following specific objectives were set:

- To reduce environmental pollution sources significantly;

- To remediate and rehabilitate polluted and degraded areas;

- To improve people’s living condition;

- To reduce natural resources degradation and depletion levels, and control the decline of biodiversity conditions; and

- To strengthen the capacity to respond to climate change impacts with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels.

Considering the above objectives, the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province should

address the reduction of pollution sources, improve people’s living condition, conserve

provincial natural resources, natural environment and biodiversity, and propose mitigation

and adaptation measures on climate change issues.

2） Vision of the Environmental Protection Strategy toward 2030

The vision of the national environmental protection strategy toward 2030 is as follows:

Trends in increasing environmental pollution, natural resources degradation and biodiversity decline should be halted and reversed; the quality of living environments

should be improved; climate change should be proactively addressed; and basic conditions should be created to develop a low waste, low-carbon green economy aiming at achieving economic prosperity and sustainable development of the country.

The vision expects that Vietnam’s environmental management will contribute not only in

mitigating or preventing negative impacts due to economic activities such as passive

environmental management, but also shift the country’s economic activities in order to have

environmentally friendly characteristics such as “active environmental management”.


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（2） Promotion of Green Growth Strategy

According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), green

growth is defined as “fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural

assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which our well-being

relies. To do this, it must catalyze investment and innovation which will underpin sustained

growth and give rise to new economic opportunities.”1. The definition shows that the Green

Growth Strategy covers various fields not only in the environmental management sector but

also in different sectors such as the energy sector or economic sector. In order to achieve the

Green Growth Strategy, all relevant sectors should consider contributing to the strategy’s

purpose. The environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province is also expected to contribute in the

actualization of the Green Growth Strategy.

So far, Quang Ninh Province has conducted actions for actualizing the concept of green

growth strategy. On June 5, 2012, the Quang Ninh Provincial People’s Committee (PPC)

held a workshop entitled “Green Economy and Sustainable Development”. In the

workshop, Mr. Dang Huy Hau, Vice-chairman of Quang Ninh PPC, reported on the Green

Growth Strategy for Quang Ninh Province. He stated that Quang Ninh Province should

shift the growing model from “brown“ to “green”, followed by the same concept of green

growth in the National Strategy. In order to achieve the goal of green growth, which

associates economic growth with sustainable development, Quang Ninh Province

considers the following key tasks needed to be focused on:

a) To find the solutions to overcome and minimize environmental pollution;

b) To increase investment and strengthen socialization of environmental protection

activities;

c) To promote scientific research and application of advanced, clean and environment

friendly technologies;

d) To deploy synchronized planning for environmental protection at provincial and

district levels;

e) To promote communications and education, and to enhance awareness and sense of

responsibility for environmental protection.

On 16 December 2012, the Quang Ninh PPC held a workshop entitled “Green Growth

and Measures to Attract Japanese Investors to Invest in Quang Ninh”. The workshop was

participated by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan External Trade

Organization (JETRO), Japan Business Association in Vietnam (JBAV), Japan Inter

1 Multilingual Summaries for Towards Green Growth

http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-green-growth_9789264111318-en/summaries;jsessionid=

d1i8i98i9fp15.delta


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Culture Association, and representative companies from Japan. In this workshop, Quang

Ninh Province signed an agreement with JICA to cooperate in carrying out the relevant

activities for green growth in Quang Ninh Province.

Quang Ninh Province prepared its Socio-Economic Master Plan to 2020, Vision toward

2030 (SEDP). In terms of the relationship between the SEDP and green growth strategy,

SEDP was mentioned as follows:

a) Development scheme: SEDP states the three pillars of sustainable development,

economy, society and environment, as the key contents of the master plan. The

shifting of economic structure from brown to green reflects the increase in tourism

services, accounting to more than 50% of growth domestic product (GDP) of

Quang Ninh Province. Open coal mining will be stopped by 2018 and some of the

closed mines are planned to be renovated as tourism spots.

b) Introduction of severe environmental standards: SEDP proposes to introduce the

environmental and emission/wastewater standards of developed countries to

primary residential and tourism areas.

c) Promotion of green tourism/ecotourism: SEDP recommends to promote green

tourism/ecotourism as the primary tourism activities that would contribute not only

to environmental protection but also economic development.

d) Proposal on environmental protection measures: SEDP suggests providing

wastewater treatment plants, solid waste treatment facilities, and other

environmental protection measures, such as promotion of composting, and

improvement of coal mining related facilities.

As mentioned above, the Green Growth Strategy is one of the key concepts in preparing

the vision and goal of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province.

（3） Adaptation on Announcement of Opinion of the Politburo on Socio-economic

Development on Quang Ninh Province

On 1st October 2012, the Central Executive Committee announced the opinion on the

project for rapid and sustainable socio-economic development to ensure the national

defense and security with setting up a pilot of the two special administrative - economic

units of Van Don and Mong Cai district in Quang Ninh Province. The announcement

stated that Quang Ninh province locates at the strategic important area from the political

and economical viewpoints, and has potential advantages compared to other localities in

the region. Quang Ninh Province is considered to perform a role as the powerful

economic center of the Red River Delta and the Northern Economic Belt in Vietnam. To

2020, Quang Ninh Province is expected to become a province of modern services,

industry, an international tourist centre of the northern part of Vietnam. Another important

expectation in Quang Ninh Province is to develop measures to shift economic structure


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from "brown" to "green". The living standards of the people are also expected to be

upgraded, and natural and cultural assets which are represented by the world heritage site

of Halong Bay should be preserved and their worth would be maximized. The

Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province should contribute to actualization of these

concepts suggested by the announcement.

3.2.2 Goal and Target of the Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province

Considering the national environmental protection strategy and concept of the Green

Growth Strategy, the proposed goal and targets of the environmental plan of Quang Ninh

Province are as follows:

Vision to 2030

Quang Ninh Province will be a key leading actor for successful implementation of

environmental protection targets within framework of green growth strategy inVietnam;

The province will have the capability to send information and experiences to other

countries, such as members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Goal to 2020

Quang Ninh Province will be a leading actor in Vietnam for successful implementation of

environmental protection targets within framework of green growth strategy

inVietnam.Targets by 2020

(1) Halong City: will be a typical locality in environmental protection field and

implementation of sustainable tourism in Quang Ninh Province.

a) Development and completion of wastewater collection and treatment systems and solid

waste management systems;

b) Development of sustainable tourism such as ecotourism combining with environmental

awareness raising;

c) Stopping of open mining, minimization of air environment pollution;

d) Construction of sustainable urban via ensuring of natural green areas, solid waste

sorting, limiting number of transportation means that cause smokes and dust in the city

center areas.

(2) Enhance values of provincial natural environment and provincial natural resources

management network

a) Implementation of sustainable management of natural resources and land on the basis

of the environmental zoning, multi-axis management consisting of two headwater

forests systems and three ecological corridors (mountain ecological corridor, coastal

ecological corridor and marine ecological corridor);

b) Establishment, upgrading and expansion of natural protected areas in the key areas of

Quang Ninh Province; improve the natural conditions of important headwater forests

(special-use forest, protective forest, production forest) for protection of water

resources.


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c) Enhancement of regional natural environment worth and sustainable regional natural

resource use by actualization according to categorized as an internationally

well-known criteria such as a Ramsar site or an ASEAN Heritage Park.

(3) Mitigate the forecasted major environmental impacts in high-risk areas in the future

a) Development of wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage systems in high priority

areas.

b) Development of solid waste management system in high priority areas.

c) Implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) on major areas affected

by large-scale development such as in Quang Yen Town and Van Don District.

d) Implementation of adaptation measures to address climate change issues.

(4) Approve the Provincial Green Growth Strategy and carry out implementation

a) Promotion to introduce an ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh Province.

b) Implementation of climate change mitigation measures using international schemes.

(5) Enhance the provincial level capacity on environmental management and monitoring

a) Establishment of geographic information system (GIS) center to supervise

environmental information in Quang Ninh Province.

b) Enhancement of environmental monitoring capacity to respond to development targets

of the country.

c) Participation in international environmental monitoring network such as Acid

Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) to address inter-provincial

environmental issues.

3.2.3 Strategies for the Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh Province

(1) General Strategy

Environmental measures to be conducted in the Halong Bay area are expected not only to

contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development in Halong Bay area,

but also to contribute to

a) Conduct application of advanced technology for environmental conservation and

sustainable development: Quang Ninh province is expected to be as one of

leading provinces in the country for environmental protection. Therefore,

adaptation of advanced environmental protection technology is to be considered

actively, as in the following activities:

Advanced treatment for wastewater treatment and recycle of sludge

generated through the process of wastewater treatment,

Adaptation of individual wastewater treatment system such as “Jokasho” in

rural area,


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Adaptation of technology to treat tourism boat wastewater such as

“bio-toilet” or “vessel’s wastewater collection system,

Incinerators for treatment of solid waste including industrial and hazardous

waste,

Individual composting system to be able to be applied in rural area,

Advanced end-of-pipe system and technology for process improvement for

thermal power plants and cements plants, and

Application of bio-fuel as tourism boats fuels to reduce amount of GHG

emission.

b) Apply advanced strategies for environmental conservation and sustainable

development: As mentioned above, Quang Ninh province is expected to be as one

of leading provinces in the country for environmental protection. Therefore, the

advanced strategies for environmental protection and sustainable development

will be deployed as follows;

Adaption of strict environmental and emission / effluent standards in

tourism centers and residential areas,

Introduction of watershed and environmental corridor concepts to sustain

provincial natural environment,

Introduction of international concept for harmonizing regional environment

and economic activities, named “SATOYAMA Initiative”, and

Starting consideration for actualizing the concept of low carbon city to the

Halong City.


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Ⅰ－17

Concept of the development of a low-carbon city

• Selection of effective CO2 reduction measures based on the status and structure of CO2 emission in a city is

necessary. • Understanding the current level of CO2 emissions in comparison to other cities is necessary to examine oneself

and decide what measures are effective in which areas. • As for the selection of measures based on self-assessment above, clarified 9 policies for each area of “transport/urban structure”, “energy” and “greenery”, in line with transformation based on compact urban structure

• Specific procedure to understand the effect based on the selection and combination of the measures

Shift to a compact urban structure

Realize compact urban structure that is compact based on mixed-use of facilities for efficient land use and preservation of natural environment

Realize traffic system not excessively dependent on automobile

Efforts to develop a low-carbon city when making shift to a compact urban structure Shift to an urban structure sets right conditions and

provide opportunities to implement measures in energy and green areas .

Move away from city activities dependent on heavy energy consumption and establish energy supply system that circulates in an area

Secure green spaces in every corner of a city and around a city

Realize a low-carbon and compact urban structure

Source: MoE of Japan

Figure 3.2-1 Low-carbon City Development Concept and Policy

c) Promote active environmental awareness activity: For proceeding environmental

protection measures, awareness raising of the concerned organizations and

personals is essential. Quang Ninh Province area has various valiant natural

environment, such as Halong Bay World Heritage Site and Bai Tu Long National

Park. Through the management activities on such natural environment, it is

expected that experiences of environmental awareness raising have and will have

accumulated. These experiences should be disseminated among Quang Ninh

Province.

d) Promote measures to upgrade the worth of Halong Bay and surrounding area for

sustainable development: As mentioned above, the Halong Bay World Heritage

Site and Bai Tu Lon Bay National Park are key resources for environmental

protection and sustainable development not only for Halong Bay area, but also

for Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, it is recommended that the provincial and

local governments and the concerned organizations will take required actions to

upgrade the worth of Halong Bay and surrounding area for sustainable

development.


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e) Promote adopting of measures for harmonization of environmental protection

and sustainable economical development actively: In Quag Ninh Province, there

are many large coal mining areas, which can be considered to apply as trial

fields for adaptation of measures for harmonization of environmental protection

and sustainable economical development actively in these areas, whereby, it is

expected that VINACOMIN cooperates with provincial government to take

required actions not only for preventing environmental pollution, but also for the

field for presentation to show realization and implementation of advanced

measures for achievement of harmonization of environmental protection and

sustainable economical development.

f) Involving environmental management plan by VINACOMIN with Environmental

Planning of Quang Ninh Province

So far, coal industry has been the main industry in Quang Ninh province to

develop its economical condition. On the other hand, coal industry has affected

environmental condition in Quang Ninh province, especially on water pollution

by coal mining wastewater discharge, air pollution by spreading dust due to

mining and transportation of coal, and generation of industrial solid waste such as

surplus materials due to mining activity. Under the policy to actualize green

growth strategy, the coal industry shoud harmonize environmental consideration

in the future. To harmonize economical development by coal industru with

environmental consideration to reduce impact by wastewater, dust and solid

waste generated, it is strongly recommended that Quang Ninh Provice

Environmental Planning will involve environmental management plan prepared

by VINACOMIN. Under this strategy, this environmental planning involves

VINACOMIN’s environmental management projects based on the “The Master

Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with Orientation

toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision No.60/QĐ-TTg on

9th January 2012.

(2) Strategy of Each Environmental Sector

For addressing major issues, it is necessary to identify specific issues to be solved with

the proposed approach for solving the issues, enhancement of institutional systems, and

raising the awareness of the community on environmental protection.

a) Water Environment Management

- Strengthening control of water pollution sources, particular strengthening control

of organic pollutants and suspended solids discharged from urban and rural areas

pollution sources.

- Application of advanced technologies in wastewater treatment, especially attention


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to nitrogen and phosphorus and systems of collection and reuse of sludge incurred

in the processing systems; Application of standards of advanced countries for

waste sources discharged into water sources used for water supply purposes for

drinking, tourism, aquaculture and irrigation.

- Implementation of construction projects for domestic wastewater treatment

systems and drainage networks according to proposed priority levels and perform

feasibility study for the urban centers in the province

- Wastewater from coal mining and processing is treated to meet environmental

standards before discharged into water sources in 2015, special attention is paid to

handling of surface run-off wastewater through landfill sites and mining sites.

b) Air quality management

- Strengthening environmental management capacity from the provincial level to the

businesses, including capacity in environmental monitoring, supervision of the

management and execution bodies in environmental monitoring, air environment

monitoring and making reports for submission to the authorities for monitoring and

supervision of the production facilities that established in the province;

- Strengthening management of dust parameters, including TSP , PM10 , PM2,5 from

the fixed sources of pollution such as power plants, cement plants and mining

industry;

- Implementation of roadmap of applying exhaust emission standards in 2015 and

standards of advanced countries after 2020;

- Deployment of automatic environmental monitoring network in the province

ensuring to be continuous and effective; at the same time promotion of technical

support from domestic and international experts (through international funding) to

standardize the techniques in operation and management.

c) Solid waste Management

- Improvement of urban solid waste management system focusing in: development

of regional domestic solid waste management system, construction and operation

of the sanitary landfill system, waste recycling centers, compost processing

plants, improvement of solid waste collection systems, waste transfer and 3R

activities (reduce, reuse and recycle);

- Development of action plan/ industrial solid waste management for the region;

research for building of complex for solid waste disposal for the areas; promotion

of applying 3R model and cleaner production in industrial zones and enterprises;

- Continuing to encourage local investors to participate in projects of regional solid

waste management; Promote 3R activities through technical assistance projects and

awareness raising;

- Planning and testing land-use of environmentally friendly model in the closed

mines areas; Controlling progress and quality of environmental rehabilitation of

coal mining waste dumps.

d) Forest Management

- Accessing to management on the basis of suitable forest environment network to


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improve quality and increase areas of protected areas in the province and make

up of a suitable forest environment network; Deploying concept of watershed

forest management from the mountains and sea links; combining multi- axis

management consisting of two watershed forest system and three ecological

corridors (mountain ecology corridor, coastal ecological corridor and marine

ecological corridor);

- Implementation of coastal ecological corridor renovation; sustainable management

of coastal resources with community participation through Satoyama model and

promotion of ecotourism;

- Setting up, changing and enhancement of management of natural protected areas

(such as upgrading the Bai Tu Long National Park to be a marine protected area

and the ASEAN Heritage Parks and upgrading the Yen Tu national forest to be the

National Park and expanding its protected areas, expansion of Dong Son - Ky

Thuong natural protected areas... )

- Strict protection of watersheds and improvement of the watershed forest quality to

protect water resources of the Yen Lap and Cao Van, Trang Vinh lakes;

- Planning the land development and land use in order to create buffer zones to

isolate the mining areas with the surrounding residential areas.

e) Biodiversity conservation

- The State pays special attention to management and conservation of bio-diversity.

- Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

- Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding the ecosystems, species and

genetic diversity

- Enhance the benefits to all parties from the services of biodiversity and ecosystem

- Strengthen the enforcement capacity through participatory planning, the State

management, business and people’s management.

f) Adaptation to climate change issue and mitigation measures

- Continue to implement the Action Plan of Response to Climate changes of Quang

Ninh Province period 2010 – 2015, vision to 2020.

- Enhance the close collaboration and support to each other in communities and

sectors of public and private sector;

- Development of adaptation and low carbon society through ongoing implementation

of adaptation and mitigation.

g) Environmental monitoring

- Development of automatic environmental monitoring system in the province.

- Establishment of Center of provincial geographic information systems (GIS) to

enhance the capacity of environment information management.

- Strengthening international cooperation in inter-provincial and international

environmental pollution monitoring.


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3.3 Environmental Zoning of Quang Ninh Province

（1） Needs of Environmental Zoning

In the Environmental Plan, beside proposal of the priority projects to be implemented for

improvement of environment, it is necessary to clarify the area where should be protected

or restored, and can be developed. By such zoning, effectiveness of the proposed project

will be increase and sound environmental management can be actualized. For

examination of environmental zoning, the followings should be noted;

Currently, the protected areas are located at central and western part of the province.

To sustain desirable environmental condition, protected areas should be distributed in

whole province to keep a network of suitable environment. Therefore, protected area

of the province should be reviewed and extended.

Coastal area of the province has a role as the main area for economical activity. At

the same time, the coastal environment should be managed from the viewpoint of

environmental protection to protect marine environment which is rich and

characterize Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, some coastal area should be managed

considering both environmental protection and economical development.

The area such as open coal mining area should be rehabilitated to restore

environmental condition of Quang Ninh Province

Based on the proposal on socio-economic development plan, Quang Ninh Province

aims to achieve developed country standard to 2020. For actualizing this target, the

area to be covered by developed country standard should be identified.

（2） Principles of Environmetal Zoning in Quang Ninh Province

To realize the objectives proposed in the environmental plan of Quang Ninh Province,

considering the characteristics of natural environmental conditions, potential for

economic development and environmental protection, and proposal of the

Socio-economic Development Master Plan. The information referred for developing the

environmental zoning map is as follows;

Report on Socio-economic development Planning of Quang Ninh province

to 2020 , vision to 2030. Quang Ninh PPC, 2013

Report on Land Use Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020,

Quang Ninh PPC (2012) , 180 p.

Land use Planning Map of Quang Ninh Province to 2020.

Existing land use map of Quang Ninh Province in 2010.

SEA Report of Vietnam Coal Industry Development Planning to 2020, with

consideration to 2030.


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SEA Report of the Socio-economic development Planning of Quang Ninh

province to 2020 , vision to 2030. Quang Ninh PPC, 2013

Quang Ninh DONRE (2010), Master Environmental Protection Planning

and some key areas of Quang Ninh Province to 2020 (synthesis report),

Hanoi , 392 pages (with map).

Quang Ninh DONRE (2007), Environmental Protection Planning of

Halong – Cam Pha – Yen Hung Regions to 2010, and orientations to 2020,

Hanoi , 662 p (with map).

Quang Ninh DONRE (2006), Environmental Protection Planning of

Uong Bi Town to 2010 and orientations to 2020 , Hanoi , 252 p (with map).

Quang Ninh DONRE (2011), Report on the Action Plan of biodiversity of

Quang Ninh province to 2020, (with map).

Quang Ninh DONRE, Environmental monitoring data of water and air in

period 2005-2012 from the Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

Center (EMAC).

Quang Ninh DOC (2009), Study on preparation of solid waste management

planning in Quang Ninh province to 2010, orientation to 2020 (the

project synthesis report), Hanoi, 179 p.

Quang Ninh DOC (2010), Report on Drainage and Waste water Treatment

Master planning in urban areas of Quang Ninh province to 2020,

orientations to 2030 ( the main report ), Hanoi, 355p.

Quang Ninh DOC (2010), Report on the Master Planning of Urban system

development of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Quang Ninh ,118 p.

Quang Ninh DOC (2010), General Notes on Adjustment of Water supply

Planning for Urban and Industrial Zones in Quang Ninh province to 2020,

orientation to 2030, Hanoi, 138 p.

Report on Planning of Urban Drainage and Waste water treatment of

Quang Ninh province to 2020, orientation to 2030, prepared by the Quang

Ninh DOC in 2010.

Report on Master Planning of Transportation Development of Quang

Ninh Province to 2020, orientation to 2030 prepared by the Department

of Transportation of Quang Ninh Province .

Report on Master planning of urban system development of Quang Ninh

province to 2020 prepared the Quang Ninh DOC in 2010.

Ha Long Bay Management Department (2010), Environmental Protection

Plan for the Natural World Heritage Halong Bay to 2011, orientations to

the 2011-2015 period.


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Report on the Environmental status of Quang Ninh province in the years

of 2005-2010, prepared by DONRE .

Report on the environmental status of Halong Bay, Quang Ninh Province

prepared by the Environmental Management Section of HBMD in 2012.

Report on Results of Halong Bay water environment monitoring prepared

by the Environmental Management Section of HBMD in 2012 .

Environmental Protection Plan of the Natural World heritage Halong Bay

in 2011, and orientations for the 2011-2015 period, prepared by the

HBMD in 2010 .

Department of Science and Technology of Quang Ninh (2004) , Study on

Sediment load of Cua Luc Bay Basin.

Environmental monitoring data on water and air in 2005-2012 period of

EMAC, Quang Ninh DONRE.

Synthesis Environmental monitoring data of the Geographical Faculty ,

University of Natural Sciences , National University in the 2004-2012

period.

Quang Ninh DONRE (2011), Report on Biodiversity Action plan of

Quang Ninh province to 2020

Quang Ninh DONRE, Report on Environmental Status for the years

2005-2010 of Quang Ninh Province.

Documentation of MPA (exact name is given later )

The Study For Environmental Management for Halong Bay in 1999

The environmental zoning is categorized under the following four zones proposed in this

environmental plan;

Conservation zone: an area that is officially authorized by the national and local

governments for environmental protection. These areas include world heritage sites

and protected areas. The area should be controlled based on concerned laws and

regulations. Main measures to be carried out in the proposed conservation zone for

conservation of Halong Bay area are as shown below;

- Conservation of inland forest to sustain suitable environmental condition in

coastal and marine area, such as preventing erosion impacts, supplying

suitable domestic waste source, providing required minerals and nutrients to

sustain coastal ecosystem and sustainable fishery.

- Protection of coastal forest environment which is representative by

mangrove forest

- Protection of good water supply source by control or restricting

development activities in important watershed which has roles as water


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supply sources.

Active environmental management zone: an area considered for sustainable use of

natural resources and economic activities, respecting/harmonizing environmental

protection. The environmental plan proposes the provincial government to establish a

decree/decision to restrict development activities and promote environmentally

friendly activities, as necessary. Main measures to be carried out in the proposed

conservation zone for conservation of Halong Bay area are as shown below;

- Use as trial fields for actualizing activities of exploitation and economical

development which can harmonize with environmental protection, and

disseminating the experiences obtained to other areas.

- Use as trial fields to deploy international ideas for harmonizing between

regional economic activities for contributing to increase of income for

regional residents and environmental protection for sustaining valiant

environmental resources, such as “SATOYAMA” Initiative.

- Use as one of the key areas to promote environmental awareness raising

activities, and to disseminate the experiences obtained to other areas.

Rehabilitation zone: a deteriorated area that need to be rehabilitated. These areas

include closed mining areas and deforested areas.

Development zone (with environmental consideration measures): an area where

existing concerned regulations are applied for change of land use. For development

activities, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) or SEA is applied to control

environmental impacts.

（3） Description of Subzones

The proposed environmental zoning map is shown in Figure 3.3.1.


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Figure 3.3-1 Quang Ninh environmental zoning map


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Environmental zones and its area (Calculated data based on the Environmental Planning map of 1/100,000)

No Zone Area Note

( ha) (%)

1 Conservation zone (C) 276,544.02 34.73

Proposed - in Sea, island 25,546.44 ha ,(3,17 %), - in main land : 1,220.57 (0,15%)

- Strictly Conservation zone 117,712.26 13.88 - Protection zone 167,841.76 20.85

2 Renovation and restoration zone (R) 13182,06 1.62 3 Active Environmental Management

zone ( A) 197,869.60 24.59

4 Development zone in an Environment – friendly way (D)

314,252.93 39.06

Total 804,858.61 100.00


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Sub – zones of the strictly conservation zone : General characteristics and management and

conservation solutions

No Name Distribution, physical characteristics, environmental issues

Requirements in management and protection

In the marine area C.1 Sub-zone of Ha

Long Bay World Natural Heritage

- Distributed in Ha Long Bay - Typical limestone scenery - Marine ecosystems and ecosystem in limestone islands: diversity, but have potential risks if not managed well. - High biodiversity: In the bay, there are 10 types of unique ecosystems of limestone tropical islands including mangroves, sea grass, soft bottom intertidal zone, tidal zone hard bottom, intertidal sand, coral, lagoon, and frequently flooded areas along the coast, the vegetation on the islands and caves. - The terrestrial vegetation: Recorded 507 species in the Ha Long Bay area. Of these, 21 species are recognized as rare and endangered species listed in the Red Book of Vietnam, and there are 17 endemic plant species. (In the report of Ha Long Bay Biodiversity) - The activities affect the environment of the Bay: tourism, fishing, aquaculture, water transportation, coal mining on the shores of the bay, industrial activity, seafood processing, land reclamation for building infrastructure. - There is process of coastal erosion, sedimentation, water pollution near shore

- Management follows world Natural Heritage laws and national regulations and regulations of Quang Ninh. - World Heritage Convention (1972, 2005) - CIRCULAR 2891/TT-KCM of Department of science, technology and environment in 19 Dec 1996 about guidance on environmental protection in Ha Long Bay - Decision 2055/QD -UB of People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province, dated 06.08.1998 assigning responsibility to collect and treat waste on the Bay - Resolution No. 09 NQ / TU on 30/11/2001 by the Quang Ninh Provincial Party Committee "Regarding the management, conservation and promotion of heritage value Ha Long Bay by 2005". - Decision 142/2002/QD - TTg of the Prime Minister dated 21.10.2002 approved conservation plan and promote the value of heritage Ha Long Bay in 2020.

C.2 Sub-zone of Bai Tu Long National Park

- Distributed in the Bay: Bai Tu Long National Park + Bai Tu Long National Park located in areas with geographic coordinates are : 20 ° 55'05 "÷ 21 ° 15'10" north latitude and 107 ° 30'10 "÷ 107 ° 46'20" east longitude. The natural areas of the park include the land area of all islands within the area coordinates, together with the waters around the islands with the width of 1 km from the coastline of the island, the total area of 15,783 ha. The islands of the national park include: Ba Mun, Tra Ngo Lon, Tra Ngo Nho, Sau Nam, Sau Dong, Dong Ma, Hon Chinh, Lo Ho, Mang Ha Nam, Mang Ha Bac, Di To, Chay Chay, Da Ay, Soi Nhu, ..., and the small islands in the above coordinates. + Species diversity: As of January 2008 have listed 1,909 plant and animal species. In the forest ecosystem: 1,028 species of these groups: vascular plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Marine ecosystems are 881 species, including mangrove plants, algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, worms burning, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, corals and fish. Total number of rare species to 60 species, including 52 species in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (1996), 10 species listed in the Decree of the Government 32/2006/CP-ND list of rare plant and animal species need to protect (ND 32) and 2 species listed in both lists.

- Management according to Decision no 186/2006/QD-TTg on August 14, 2006 on Regulation of forest management. - Decree 23/2006/ND-CP of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development - Decision No. 85/2001/QD-TTg: 01.06.2001 about the establishment of Bai Tu Long National park - Decision on Regulation 635/2012/QD-UBND about management of Bai Tu Long National Park by the People's Committee of Quang Ninh Province issued - Decision 104/2007/QD-BNN 27/12/2007 of Department of Agriculture and Rural Development issued regulations on the management of eco-tourism activities in national parks, protected areas

C.3 Subzone of Marine Protected Area

- Distribution in the island and the sea around the island of Co To island and Tran island - The total area of the MPA Co To is 7,850 ha and Tran Island MPA is 4,200 ha. + CoTo islands had coral region with 114 species of coral just 13 of their 37 (WWF, 1994), of which the most prominent is the branch coral Acropora group developed a very strong dominant and in the presence of all tropical reefs. But in the past few years the survey showed the largest loss of "corals which take up 90% of the coverage and scope the distribution, many reefs die 100%. This is where the greatest degree of degradation and the fastest recorded in

Management according to: - Decree No. 57/2008/ND-CP dated 02/5/2008 of the Government issued regulations on the management of Marine Protected Areas Vietnam with national and international importance;

- According to the planning system of MPAs Vietnam in 2020 was approved by the Prime Minister in Decision No. 742/QD-TTg on 26/5/2010, Quang Ninh has 2 marine protected areas in


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coastal Vietnam and could be called "ecological catastrophe" for the region. - Tran island located in areas bordering on the sea border of Vietnam - China, no residents, the island with walking difficulties should also be investigated at all aspects. + Rich of aquatic species with the largest reserves in the North Sea are subject to human activities by improper mining, ecology, aquatic resources tend dwindling, many rare species are endangered ...

16 parks

C.4. Sub-zone of Proposed Mangrove Reserve under

SATOYAMA INITIATIVE

- Distribution of estuarine areas of Tien Tien river, Yen Yen district, Hoang Tan area, HOT river mouth, - Biodiversity: 15 mangrove species, 35 species of trees involved. - Dong Rui Mangroves are considered as one of highest biodiversity in mangrove systems of the northern region. - Mangroves here are formed from 2 sources: wild forest and plantation trees grow in height, various low. This is the shelter, reproduction and development of many species, such as shrimp, fish of all kinds, mollusks, birds and insects trigger, reptiles ...... - There is residential area with agriculture, mining, fishing, aquaculture and the protection, development of mangrove areas and the protection, development of mangrove forests, - High awareness of community in environmental protection. - Conservation of inland waters must be considered an urgent task, and society, and to adopt policies and measures and the importance of international cooperation for the protection, rational exploitation of resources fisheries and fisheries sustainable development, protection of the diversity of the aquatic ecosystems of inland waters (1479/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 13/10/2008).

Management according to - Decision no 1479/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister dated 13/10/2008 to approve the planning of system of protected areas of inland waters until 2020). - Management model of Satoyama Initiative (SATOYAMA INITIATIVE): the goal to achieve society - communities in harmony with nature

Main land C.5 Sub-zone of

Yen Tu National forest

- Distribution in the northwest city of Uong Bi, Yen Tu mountain areas - Yen Tu is very important special forest in Quang Ninh. The total area of the area is 2,687 ha (1,736 ha are natural forests). - Is one of the scenic spots, tourist attractions, famous traditional festivals of the country, is a center of Buddhism in Vietnam. - In special-use forests of Yen Tu also contain many genetic resources of plants and rare animal including 5 fauna with 380 species, including 38 endemic species of rare flora. Fauna diversity and abundance, of which 23 species are endemic rare in the Red Data Book of Vietnam recorded as: snub-nosed, large flying squirrel, spikes frog... - There is high value in the conservation of genetic resources, scientific research, education and tourism

Management according to: - Decree 23/2006/ND-CP of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development - Decision of the Prime Minister 1671/QD-TTG: Establishment of National Forests and Yen Tu National Forest Investment Project, Quang Ninh Province -Decision no. 104/2007/QD-BNN dated 27/12/2007 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development about regulations on the management of eco-tourism activities in national parks, protected areas, nature reserve

C.6 Subzone of Dong Son – Ky Thuong Natural Reserve

- Distribution in Dong Son Ky Thuong, Hoang Bo District - Total land area is 15637.7 ha in 5 communes including Dong Lam, Dong Son, Ky Thuong, Vu Oai and Hoa Binh. - A typical area of closed broadleaf evergreen forest ecosystems in lowland area, which have the largest natural forest in Northeast Vietnam and rich fauna and flora. - There are 485 species of vascular plants, belonging to 280 genera and 101 families, including the species listed in the Vietnam Red Book. About 249 species of animals available in their 79 and 28 sets, including 58 species of mammals, birds, 154 species of reptiles and amphibians 43 species. Of the 249 species, 30 species are rare and endangered, listed in the Red Book of Vietnam (2007) and the IUCN Red list (2007). The species are globally threatened, such asSơn Dương (Naemorhedus sumatraensis), Gấu ngựa (Ursus thibetanus), Khỉ mặt đỏ (Macaca arctoides), Voọc xám (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Cáo lửa (Vulpes vulpes) , Cầy gấm (Prinodon pardicolor), Cầy vằn

Management according to: - Decision No. 186/2006 / QD-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister on forest management - Decision 1822/QD-UBND on approving project proposals in conservation planning and sustainable development of natural protected areas Dong Son Ky Thuong, Hoang Bo District, Quang Ninh Province in 2020 - Decision No. 440/QD-UBND in Feb. 2003 on the establishment of the Management Board of nature conservation Ky Thuong Dong Son-affiliated provincial forest protection department


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Bắc (Chrotogale owstoni), Báo lửa (Catopuma temminckii), Sóc bay trâu (Petaurista petaurista)...

C.7 Subzone of Quang Hanh limestone ecosystems Reserve (Proposed )

- Located in Quang Hanh area, - Limestone terrain - These typical ecosystems of limestone mountains, - There are a number of endemic species; -White cheeked gibbon, - Mountain-Goats, -Monkey with red face (Macaca arctoides) Birds having white belly (Arthracoceros albirostris)

- Strictly forbid any activity which reduces the biodiversity of karst areas in Quang Hanh, - This area is protected and managed as biosphere reserves - Nature reserves. - Need early decision on the recognition of natural reserves , the management regulations togethe with establishment of Management Board of this - Nature reserves


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Sub-zones of Protection zones – General characteristics, management and protection solutions

No Name Distribution, physical characteristics,

environmental issues Requirements in management and

protection C.8 Subzone of

headwater protection forest

- Distributed primarily in high hills where have steep slopes in the watershed border of the river basin of Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Hoang Bo, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha located along the border with the Bac Giang, Lang Son - Function: to regulate the flow of water, the reservoirs to limit flooding, reduce erosion, protect soil, prevent sedimentation of river, lake. - Requirements for Upstream protection forest are to create area with many species, multi-tiered, with canopy cover (as a general rule to cover 60% or more), -Status: original natural forests in this subzone was basically destroyed, replaced by secondary forests, including trees and shrubs do not occupy the entire area. There are some areas planted with protective function, - The biodiversity in this sub - zone is less than bio diversity in the subzones of strictly conservation zone , but still higher than the other subzones in the protection zone

- Management following Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg dated August 14, 2006 by Prime Minister of Vietnam - Protecting forests and biodiversity, combined forest regeneration forest cover stable at high percentage to 60% or more - The size of the upstream protection forests in accordance with the scale of river basins and upstream protected forest management associated with integrated management of river basin. - The decision 34/2011/QD-TTG of the Prime Minister on 06.24.2011 amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister

C.9

Subzone of protection forest in land

- Distributed in the hilly areas of most districts: Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hoanh Bo, Ha Long and Cam Pha, Dam Ha Tien Yen, Mong Cai -Protection forest in Quang Ninh is used primarily to protect water resources, soil conservation, erosion control, limiting natural disasters, climate control, environmental protection, -Situation: is planted forest with mainly protection function . -Simple Ingredients species, mainly acacia, eucalyptus glue mixed, pine.

- Management according to: + Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; + The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 24/06/2011 about amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister, - It is strictly forbidden deforestation activities.

C.10

Subzone of cultural - historic - environment forest

- Distribution in the special use forest, has cultural, historical and environmental values in Uong Bi, Hoang Bo, Ha Long and Dam Ha districts . - The region consists of one or more landscapes with aesthetic value represents valuable cultural history to serve the cultural activities, tourism or study, including:

• The areas have aesthetic values of landscape.

• Areas with ranked historical-cultural values.

Management according to: -Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; - Decree No. 117/2010/ND-CP dated 17/12/2010 of the Government on management and organization of special use forest system; - The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 06/24/2011 on amending and supplementing a number of forest management regulations issued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg August 14, 2006 of the Prime Minister

C.11 Subzone of protection forest in Marine and Island

- Distribution in coastal area, river mouth (North of Cua Luc bay, coastal area from Tien Yen to Mong Cai), around the island. -The functions are to reduce the impact of waves, wind, shore erosion and protect coastal works, to prevent the Sea water intrusion, protecting habitat for marine species, especially in context of climate change and sea level rise, - Coastal protection forests are mostly mangroves with simple component species: Aegiceras corniculatum (Sú), Bruguiere (vẹt), Rhizophora stylora (đâng), Kandelia canden (trang). Excoecaria (Giá),

Management according to: - Decree No. 23/2006/ND-CP dated 03/3/2006 of the Government on the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development; - Decree No. 117/2010/ND-CP dated 17/12/2010 of the Government on management and Organization of special-use forest - The decision of the Prime Minister 34/2011/QD-TTG on 24/06/2011About amend and supplement a number of forest management regulationsissued together with Decision No. 186/2006/QÐ-TTg dated august


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Sonneratia caseolaris (Bần chua), Avicenniaceae (mắm).. This forest has a high biological potential, habitat of aquatic animals and seabirds. - Currently in many areas of mangroves have been cut down for aquaculture, there is the fishing activity affects the development of the forest. -Forest area tends to decrease, -Biological productivity in these forests is declining.

14, 2006 of the Prime Minister, - Number 99/2006/TT-BNN November 6, 2006 guiding the implementation of some articles of the Regulation on forest management. - Synchronized, integrated and efficient solution: + Promote the universal dissemination to civil society organizations, local communities in coastal mangrove area; + Strengthening and improving the system of forest management units, including forests and ensure effective operation; + Promote protection of mangrove ecosystem-based planning and scientific fundamental. + Cooperation in scientific research and protecting mangroves

C.12 Subzone of marine ecosystem protection area

- Distribution mainly in the area between the Hon My and Mieu Island, - Rich in biological resources, but currently degraded,

- Prevent, restrict fishing activities, - Prevent activities that pollute the sea water (oil pollution ..)


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Subzones of Environmental renovation and restoration zone - general overview, management and protection solutions


environmental issues Requirements in management and protection

R.1 Subzone of coal production environmental areas

- Distribution in the coal-producing region with large area in Hon Gai , Cam Pha, and Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, including the mining, waste dump area, the land after mining, manufacturing and other related areas. -The major environmental issues: + Topography is a fundamental change, destroying vegetation, soil disturbance (layer of fertilize soil disappeared, less stable level), + Soil erosion and landslides have occurred up to the rainy season, causing sedimentation of low area, + Water Pollution + Dust pollution, in dry season increased deflation process, dust pollution especially the mining area and the coal transport route.

This region due to human improvement, with major operations: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining and apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. - For disposal areas: necessary planning and design of the disposal area, and control the the disposal activities under planning and design, -For the closed mines, there are some solutions as following: * The mining pits need to be renovated as planned (i) filling the planting space, or (ii) renovating a number of mining pits to water lake, or (iii) at least for one pits to plan and design building coal mining Heritage museum of Quang Ninh for tourism in the future, (iv) the land area after mining - waste dumps should be stabilized under planning and design; planting in stable waste dumps (Choose plants with wide ecological amplitude, fast-growing, potentially improving nitrogen fixation and soil, reduce erosion and landslides stone). -For areas adjacent to residential areas and urban centers such as Cam Pha, Hon Gai, Mao Khe required zoning of buffer under 2 small strips have different functions: + The outer edge of the coal mining strip to plan site for solid and waste water treatment + Nnecessary planning tree lines separating the coal production site and the resident areas.

R.2

Subzone of environmental mineral mining areas

- Distribution in most mining areas in other districts, except District of Co To Island. However, the areas of mining region are small, this kind of mines can be shown on the zoning map of district. - The natural characteristics, environmental issues similar to R.1

The main solutions: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining; apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. - For disposal areas: necessary planning and design of the disposal area, and control the the disposal activities under planning and design, - For the stopped mining operations : there are following solutions: filling the planting space, or renovating mining pits to water lake; the post-mining waste dumps should be stabilized under planning and design; Afforestation greening stabilized waste dumps (Choose plants with wide ecological amplitude, growing fast, capable of nitrogen fixation and improve soil, reduce erosion and landslides rock) * For the rocks exploitation site: The main solutions: - For mining areas: application of modern technology in mining; apply all measures to reduce dust and noise pollution. + Minimizing dust in the crushing stage. In the processing of stone, to install misting equipment for the entire crushing and screening system to reduce dust. + Apply new blasting technology to minimize the impacts of blasting, particularly the impact of ground vibration, and explosions,. + Increase tree planting around mining site, reinforcement, expansion and spread across the asphalt transportation routes. +Ensure frequent watering of the mine roads, planting trees along the roadside. + The transport vehicle should be fully covered on the road. At the same time, reinforcing the banks of the Wall opening is less than 700 slope against landslides.


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Subzones in Active Environmental management zone - general overview, management and protection solutions



protection A.1

Buffer subzone of Ha Long World Natural Heritage

- Distributed in transition space between Ha Long city with the Core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage (including shoreline, coastal and Cua Luc bay). - Main development activities: Urban expansion, population growth, industrial zone construction, tourism activities and services (restaurants, hotels) and coal mining operations; In the bay (activities of tourist boats, fishing boats, port operations, transportation ). - Environmental issues: water pollution, oil pollution, solid waste from the above activities; sedimentation.

- This zone is considered as an ecotone with its functions as environmental and ecosystem protection in Ha Long Bay World Heritage core zone. - Prevent water pollution, prevent solid waste leak into water body of the bay. - Enables the development activities in the limit. - Identify the area where aquaculture can be developed - Should be controlled by strict regulations.

A.2.

Buffer subzone of Ha Long World Natural Heritage and Bai Tu Long Nat.Park

- Distributed in transition space transition between Cam Pha city and Cai Bau island with the core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage and core zone of Bai Tu Long National Park . - Main development activities: Urban expansion, population growth, industrial zone construction, tourism activities and services (restaurants, hotels) and coal mining operations; In the bay (activities of tourist boats, fishing boats, port operations, transportation). - Environmental issues: water pollution, oil pollution, solid waste from the above activities; sedimentation, and landscape changes .

- This zone is considered as an ecotone with its functions as environmental and ecosystem protection of the core zone of Ha Long Bay World Natural Heritage and Bai Tu Long National Park. - Protect the environment, prevent waste discharge into the bay. - Enables the development activities in the limit. - Identify the area where aquaculture can be developed - Should be controlled by strict regulations

A.3

Subzone of mangrove forest, aquaculture and lagoon

- Distribution in Hot river area, Tien Yen estuaries, coastal area of Hai Ha, Mong Cai. - This zone has high potential for aquaculture, as well as for economic development of Quang Yen town. - This zone has high value of soil salinity in mangrove area; water quality with the suitable physical and chemical indicators for aquaculture.

- Mangroves is shown the trend with declining fast, in which a large portion was converted into aquaculture mashes.

- Protecting and improving water quality in aquaculture mashes. - Stopping deforestation and then speeding up mangrove expansion. - Expanding the farming models for cultivating high economic value species;. Maintaining the traditional species.

A.4

Subzone of Vinh Thuc & Cai Chien islands’ marine aquaculture and fishing

- Distribution along the bay side of the island of Hai Ha (The Cai Chien Island), Mong Cai (Vinh Thuc Island). - Aquaculture mainly dependents on natural water conditions. - Water quality tends increasingly more and more polluted, affect to immature fish development. This is one of the reasons that make disease control difficultly. - Mangroves are shown the trend of declining sharply in recent years. Many natural fishery resources decline. There is a grave risk of local extinction for many high economic value species as shrimp or crabs

-Sustainable management and exploitation, and marine resource protection.. - Mangroves restoration with purpose of restoring natural aquatic resources and biodiversity. - Development offshore fishing. - Raise awareness for local people about land-island, environment, climate change and sea level rise adaptation.

A.5

Environmental Industrial Subzone

- Industrial zones are invested for construction on the tidal bare land including ship building and repairing industrial zone, or industrial synthetic multifunctional industrial zone.

- Protect marine water environment by preventing pollutions and oil spills affected to marine ecosystems. -Application of advanced technologies to ensure product quality, reduced fuel input and the output of waste in ensuring the permissible limit - Strict management of waste from factories and enterprises to ensure environmental quality following in Vietnam standards. - Industrial audit -Industrial enterprises sign commitment to environmental protection

A.6.

Mountain ecological

- Distribution in some hilly areas of the district of Dong Son in Hoanh Bo district, Dai Thanh in Ba Che district.

- Protecting habitat and natural corridors aim to maitaining landscape connectivity. - To attach wildlife corridor designing


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corridor subzone

- Quang Ninh mountainous area has the high level of biodiversity, and rare species. + Forest fragment - habitat of the species, distributed separately, affecting the movement of the species. However, forest patch habitat was fragmented due to human activity. - Designing and planning a mountainous wildlife corridor aimed at reconnecting fragmented habitat patches. Corridor allowed animal flows through forest habitats in mountainous landscape.

and planning for ensuring harmony between conservation and socio-economic development purposes in mountainous areas of Quang Ninh province.

A.7

Border gate economic subzone

- Distribution in border gates of Mong Cai, Bac Phong Sinh and Hoanh Mo areas, - Urban resettlement with international commerce - import and export and related services, - Causing cross border environmental problems: + Disease as cargo, type of organism is difficult to control. + Mechanical increasing population and the increase a number of vehicles on roads and freight so the risk causing sewage pollution, solid waste, and noise pollution and dust.

- Strict control of export and import goods, - Collection and treatment of waste water and solid waste, - Use vehicles to ensure less pollution in urban operations to avoid air pollution (dust and noise).


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Development zone in an Environment – friendly way : general overview, management and protection solutions



protection Application of International standards (QCQT) D.1

Subzone of Priority for superior tourism

- Distributed in sub-zones that have high potential for high-grade tourism development in Bai Chay, Van Don, and Yen Tu areas. - Main activities: + Service activities in restaurants, hotels, etc. - Environmental issues: + Pollutions due to sewage and solid waste from restaurants and hotels have not been solved yet. +Air pollution (dust and noise) caused by transportation.

- Strictly environmental management - Innovatively vehicles use - Making good habits for visitors,

local people and people who are now working in tourism branch consciously implement environmental protection.

Application of Vietnam standards ( QCVN) D.2 Subzone of

Industry and Industrial urban

- Including separated industrial zones (Hai Ha, Nha Mac marshland, etc.) and mixed urban residential -industrial areas, or adjacent industrial areas (Uong Bi, Dong Trieu, Cam Pha urban areas) - The main environmental pollutions are sewage, dust, and others emitted from industrial factories. - In the crowded urban area, local people’s life is

effected by pollutions from adjacent industrial areas.

- Environmental Management based on QCVN. -Requires transfer "brown" production to "green" one by applying advanced and appropriate techniques. - Performing an environmental industrial audits,

D.3

Subzone of commerce- service and tourism Urban

- Distributed in urban areas as Quang Yen and Ha Long ( Dai Yen – Hoang Tan located in south of 18A road) and Mong Cai. - Key activities are trade, services and tourism. - The main environmental problems are sewage collection and treatment system need to be set up, and solid waste collection should be up to rate of 100%.

-Environmental management based on QCVN - Improving air quality - Improving sewerage and wastewater treatment, - Improving the efficiency of solid waste collection.

D.4

Subzone of residential – administration urban

- Distributed mostly in urban areas within Quang Ninh province (Hoanh Bo, Tien Yen, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, etc.). - Environmental issues: + Sewage should be collected and treatment, + Solid waste should be collected

- Environmental management based on QCVN, - Improvement of sewerage and wastewater treatment, - Improving the efficiency of solid waste collection. - Raise awareness and community involvement in the protection of the neighborhood environment.

D.5

Environmental rural resident and agro-forestry sub-zone in hill and mountain

- Distributed in the mountainous rural areas (Dong Trieu, Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Tien Yen, Hai Ha and Dam Ha District) - Population with high density concentrated in the center of town, and vice versa. - Main activities are agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry. - Main environmental issues: +Lack of clean water; rural sanitation is not good (due to toilets, pig, no drainage ditches) + Hazardous waste from agriculture and forestry was not considered as a matter of pressing concern. + Soil erosion due to inappropriate farming activities + Solid waste is collected and burned by local people, but can’t be 100%.

- Environmental management based on QCVN -Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development - Initially guide local people themselves collect and burn trash in the traditional way.

D.6

Subzone of environmental rural resident and agricultural areas in coastal plains

- Shown mainly in some coastal rural areas (Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Quang Yen,Tien Yen,Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Mong Cai) - Paddy field or aquaculture mashes surround dense population settlement - Environmental issues: +Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water and no collection to all garbage . + Hazardous waste in agriculture has not been collected and treated seriously

- Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development


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D.7

Subzone of environmental rural resident – agricultural and industry areas in coastal plains

- Shown in the plain communes. - Distribution in the rural commune plain (Area of Yen Duc - Hong Thai Tay and Hong Thai Tay in North East southeast of Dong Trieu district) and plain and hill areas along the island: Doan Ket- Dai Xuyen area in northwest and north of Cai Bau island in Van Don district . - Rural population, agricultural and industrial development - Environmental issues: + Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water, + Hazardous waste in agriculture and forestry has not been collected and treated seriously + Risk of environmental pollutions due to industrial development

-Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development - Management strictly pollution emissions from industrial facilities.

D.8

Subzone of rural residential- agricultural areas and mineral mining

- Distributed in communes in hill area (South of An Sinh - Tan Viet- Binh Khe of Dong Trieu district, area of Lê Lợi in Hoanh Bo district) - Develoment activity: Rural settlement, agricultural and mining development - Environmental issues: + Rural sanitation is not good (toilets, pig, or no drainage ditches) + Lack of clean water, + Hazardous waste in agricultural production has not been collected and treated seriously +The risk from air pollution (dust and noise) due to mining activities

-Environmental management based on QCVN - Community-based solutions, - Propaganda and raise awareness of fostering environmental protection understanding; technical support and investment for community development - Management based on adaptation the thought and mechanism of the new rural development

- Management strictly pollution emissions from industrial facilities.

D.9

Subzone of production forest

- Distributed mostly in hill - mountainous communes of districts and towns (Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Hoanh Bo, Cam Pha, Ba Che, Tien Yen, Van Don, Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, Dam Ha, Mong Cai). -Environmental issues of concern: + The risk of soil erosion has occurred during the forest planting and harvesting + Contamination of soil by use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products; + Toxic waste in forestry production has not been collected and treated seriously;

- Having a regulation for growing, harvesting and protection of forest in accordance with each specific conditions to minimize soil erosion and soil pollution. - Soil erosion control - Improving mechanisms and policies, including the duty to protect forest and land for forestry company and those individuals involved in production forests.

3.4 Key Environmental Areas to be Cared by Environmental Plan of Quang Ninh

Province

As mentioned in the environmental zoning section, conservation areas, active

management areas, and rehabilitation areas will be important areas for environmental

management in Quang Ninh Province. Separately, in this Environmental Plan, the

following areas are considered as important areas.

（1） Halong City

Halong city is expected to be a leading city for Quang Ninh Province for environmental

protection. Therefore, in this environmental plan, for development of wastewater

treatment system and solid waste management system, Halong city was set as the highest

priority area. Regarding the solid waste management, introduction of regional solid waste

management system cooperating with Cam Pha City and Hoang Bo District as proposed

by DOC.

Halong City is also expected to be a core actor for actualizing sustainable tourism in


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Quang Ninh Province. In the future, it is expected to introduce advanced tourism

measures such as eco-tourism with environmental awareness raising activities in

mangrove area, or implementation of new measures for city environmental management

such as deployment to ensure greenery area for sustain urban natural environment,

segregation of solid waste cooperating with tourists, local private enterprises engaging

tourism activity, and application of new measures on environmental protection in traffic

such as restriction of vehicle operation in city center area.

（2） Van Don District

Van Don District is planned to be developed as an economic zone in the future, and at the

same time, the area is associated with Bai Tu Long National Park. The area should be a

model for harmonization of economic development and environmental protection.

Strategic environmental assessment should be implemented for developing the economic

zone, and it is recommended to involve private sector to construct and operate pollution

abatement system such as wastewater treatment plant ad solid waste treatment system as

much as possible.

（3） Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay

As mentioned before, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are core area for environmental

management and developing sustainable tourism in Quang Ninh Province. In this

Environmental Plan, to sustain the natural environment in Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long

Bay, watershed and environmental corridor concepts are proposed, and upgrading of Bai

Tu Long National Park with nominating ASEAN Heritage Park is also proposed.

（4） Wetland of Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen District, and Mong Cai City

Along the coastal area of Quang Ninh Province, mangrove forest areas to be managed

carefully are distributed. Propose to implement as pilot area for actualization of

sustainable development by application of the international concept for biodiversity

conservation, “SATOYAMA Initiative”, cooperating with local residents, management

agencies and the concerned organizations.in the wetlands of Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen

District, and Mong Cai City.

（5） Main Watershed Supplying Domestic Water

The main watersheds having a role to supply domestic water, are the Yen Lap, Cao Van

and Trang Vinh reservoirs. These watershed should be protected carefully. In this

Environmental Plan, restriction of coal mining activities is proposed, and enhancement of

management activities by designating as protected area is recommended for watershed

related to Cao Van reservoir.


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3.5 Strengths and Weakness of Organizational System

3.5.1 Existing Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE

Department of Natural Resource and Environment of Quang Ninh DONRE has advisory

functions for the Quang Ninh Provincial People’s Committee in implementation of State

Management tasks in the province. The existing organization structure of Quang Ninh

DONRE is shown in Figure below:

Source: DONRE

Figure 3.5-1 Organization Structure of Quang Ninh DONRE

Main role of each section is described as follows:

（1） Administrative division

Administrative division is a professional division that supports Directors of DONRE in

organizational work, general administrative work; to ensure the smooth operation of

DONRE, being the coordinating organization, managing internal and external relations of

DONRE.

（2） Inspection division

To implement administrative and professional inspection works (including sanctioning

and complain settlement) in land resources, water resources, mineral resources,

environment, hydro-meteorology, cartography in accordance with the laws.

（3） Financial planning division

To support Directors of DONRE in state management in natural resources and

environment as planning; especially planning in land use; land allocation, land leasing,


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changing purpose of land use and land acquisition

（4） Land use right registration office

To assist the Director in performing the state management functions of land in: land-value

evaluation annually, land registration, to establish, manage, revise, cadastral

documentation; to carry out statistics of land use data, land inventory, classification of

land, transfer of land use right, evaluation and approval of land use right certificate, to

develop land compensation policy, to support resettlement in case land is acquired as

prescribed by the law.

（5） Geodesy and cartography division

Geodesy and Cartography division is a professional division to support Directors of

DONRE in performing state management function in the fields of geodesy and

cartography in the territory of Quang Ninh province.

（6） Mineral resources division

Mineral Resources Division is a professional division to advise Directors of DONRE in

performing state management function in the fields of mineral resources, geology in the

territory of Quang Ninh

（7） Water resources, hydro-meteorology division

Water Resources, Hydro-meteorology division is a professional division to advise

Directors of DONRE in performing state management function in the fields of water

resources, hydro-meteorology in the territory of Quang Ninh

（8） Sub-department of Environmental Protection

Sub-department of Environmental Protection is an organization under the DONRE,

assisting the Director of DONRE in performing state management in the field of

environmental protection in the province. Sub-department has the function of advising the

Director of DONRE in issuing and approving legislation, programs, plans, projects and

schemes for environmental protection and implementation of laws, programs, plans,

projects and schemes for environmental protection promulgated or approved by central

governmental agencies, provincial People's Committee or Director of DONRE.

（9） Sub-department of Seas and Islands

Sub-department of Seas and Islands is a professional division to advise Directors of

DONRE in performing general state management functions and unified management in

all matters related to seas, islands in the territory of Quang Ninh

（10） Information technology center

Information Technology Center has the functions to support Director of DONRE to

implement strategies for development and application of information technology in the


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fields of natural resources and environment in the province of Quang Ninh, to collect,

integrate, process, manage, store and exploit the database systems of natural resources

and environment (not including land management) in the province. To support state

management and community development, to support applications of information

technology and shared database for the organizations, divisions, sub-departments under

DONRE, and districts, towns and cities in the province. To store and protect information

and data under authorization of DONRE, as well as under the supervision, direction and

guidance on professions of Department of Information Technology under the Ministry of

Natural Resources and Environment.

（11） Cadastral techniques center

Cadastral Techniques Center has the function in implementing technical operations in

consulting activities, geodesy and cartography, development of document system to

support the state management of land resources , water resources, mineral resources,

environment, to implement land-use planning in the province, jointly under the guidance

on professions of Geodesy – Cartography Division under DONRE and the Department of

Geodesy and Cartography under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

（12） Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center

Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center is a professional-business unit under

DONRE, implementing technical works in environmental monitoring and analysis,

applying advanced and modern technologies in environmental monitoring and analysis,

doing services in environmental protection in accordance with the laws.

（13） Land use right registration office

Provincial Land use Registration Office under the DONRE, is the public service

organization having functions of land registration and unify the variations of land use,

managing cadastral documents in Quang Ninh province; to support DONRE in executing

administrative procedures in managing, using land in accordance with the laws.

（14） Center for development of land resources

Center for Development of Land Resources has the functions in implementing the land

clearance, compensation, providing assistance in resettlement in case of the land is

acquired by the State for planning, planning of land use and managing land resources in

in urban areas and areas where land has been reserved for urban development but not yet

transferred or leased. To prepare the land for the projects of construction of public works,

urban areas, industrial zones, export processing zones, etc., in accordance with land use

planning.

3.5.2 Organizational Functions to be Enhanced

Though Quang Ninh DONRE has deep experience on environment and natural resource


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management, it is recommended to enhance the following functions to actualize green

growth strategy in Quang Ninh Province.

（1） Enhancement of Capacity for planning, monitoring and reviewing of Strategy for

Actualizing Green Growth Strategy

To actualize green growth strategy, Quang Ninh DONRE is required to cooperated with

the relevant organizations with own’s strategy for actualizing green growth strategy. It is

better to prepare a road map to actualize the strategy to 2020, and monitor and review the

implementation condition of the prepared strategy. For this activity, it is recommended to

dispatch full-time assigned officers with required human resource training.

（2） Enhancement of Capacity for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

For harmonization of environmental protection and economical development,

environmental consideration should be examined in early-phase of the planning. As a tool

for such examination, SEA can be utilized for decision-making among the concerned

organizations of which targets are different. It is necessary to enhance capacity for

implementation of SEA. At the same time, the capacity for monitoring predicted impacts

by SEA should be secured to avoid unforeseeable negative serous impacts on

environment.

（3） Enhancement of Capacity on Environment Check and Inspection

Based on the proposal by socio-economic development plan, the strict standards for

environmental management, of which level is same as the developed countries will be

applied to 2020. To secure compliance with such standard value, environmental check and

inspection capacity of Quang Ninh DONRE should be enhanced. Especially, regarding

inspection on flue gas, capacity development is essential with introduction of required

instrument. Automatic environmental monitoring network will also assist inspection

activity to check irregular condition of air and water quality.

3.6 Other Matters to Pay Attention on Solution in Implementation of Planning

For implementing the proposed Environmental Plan, the following matters should be paid

attention to:

（1） Harmonization with Other Master Plans

Currently, Quang Ninh Province is planning other master plans such as the Regional

construction planning, Land use planning, Human resources developing, Science –

technology developing and the Sustainable tourism development planning. These plans

have closed relationships with the Environmental Planning proposed. To obtain

synergistic effects, during planning and implementation, responsible bodies of the plans

should be cooperated, exchange information, and review implementation condition.


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（2） Identification of Capacity of Halong Bay Area

It is expected that various tourism resources will be developed to 2020. However, even

though Halong Bay will have kept a role as core tourism resource in Quang Ninh

Province. According to the estimation of DOIT, number of tourist and tourism boat will

increasing to 2020 at Halong Bay. Consequently, it is better to implement survey for

identifying capacity of Halong Bay Area as tourism resources. As necessary, control of

number of tourist may have to be conducted based on the examination. For increasing

income from tourism activities, the survey to identify willingness to pay is also

recommended to be implemented.

（3） Control of Large Pollution Source Activity in Core Tourism and Residential Area

For actualizing compliance on the strict standards for environmental management in core

tourism and residential areas, as necessary, it should be considered to control activities of

existing and planned large pollution sources such as thermal power plants and cement

plants. Such pollution sources should install required pollution abatement equipment by

renovation of existing facilities or developing new facilities. Quang Ninh DONRE is

recommended to list up such large pollution sources, and instruct them to install required

equipment regularly with inspection of their effluent and emission. When illegal pollutant

discharge is found and such status continue long time, Quang Ninh DONRE is

recommended to instruct pollution sources to stop their operation or instruct relocation of

the plants after a certain extension of time. The provincial government is recommended to

set new regulations to support such instructions and control development of new facilities

in core tourism and residential areas.

（4） Increasing of Alternatives of Budget Sources

For increasing of alternatives of budget sources, promotion to private sectors to involve

environmental measures implemented in Quang Ninh Province is important. When

industrial zone and economic zone is developed, pollution abatement facilities are

recommended to be constructed by investors. Provincial government is recommended to

show guidance on required pollution abatement technique. VINACOMI is also an

important actor to actualize green growth strategy, so it is recommended to cooperate with

VINACOMIN to secure budget for environmental protection such as establishment of

funds to support pollution control activities for not only the organizations related to coal

mining activities but also others. For reduction of amount of GHG emission, various

funds are existed, so it is better to examine possible measures to apply for such funds.

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030

4-1

CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

4.1 Forecasted Impact to 2020

4.1.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be solved to 2020

（1） Urban Wastewater

1） Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020

The forecast of wastewater generation in 2020 is made as shown in Table 4.1-1.

Table 4.1-1 Forecast of Wastewater Generation in 2020

No. City / Town /

District

Urban Population Including

Visitor (2020)

Per Capita Water

Demand (2020)

(L/person/d)


Ratio (%)

Commercial &

Institutional Wastewater

Ratio (%)

Ground Water

Infiltration Ratio (%)

Wastewater Generation (m3/day)

1 Ha Long City 318,800 180 95

25 10

74,600 2 Mong Cai City 175,000 150 95 34,130 3 Cam Pha City 220,600 150 90 44.500 4 Uong Bi City 155,700 150 90 29.200 5 Quang Yen Town 22,600 100 90 7.750 6 Binh Lieu District 16,000 100 90 2.000 7 Tien Yen District 65,800 150 90 12.340 8 Dam Ha District 6,000 100 90 1.270 9 Hai Ha District 13,000 100 90 1.630 10 Ba Che District 6,000 100 90 750 11 Van Don District 150,000 150 90 28.130 12 Hoanh Bo District 13,300 100 90 2.200 13 Dong Trieu District 57,500 100 90 18.330 14 Co To District 3,000 100 90 450

TOTAL 254.280

Source: 1) Urban Population, Per capita Water Demand: Water Supply Planning of Urban and Industrial zones in QN

to 2020, orientation to 2030, 2) Wastewater Collecting Rate, Non Domestic Rate, Ground Water Infiltration Rate:

Planning of Drainage & Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030

2） Forecasted Impact

Quang Ninh Province’s total amount of the forecast of urban wastewater

generation in 2020 is calculated 254,280m3/day which is estimated 2.0 times of

the wastewater generation in 2012. If the treatment capacity of urban

wastewater will not be expanded, the impact on water environment around Quang

Ninh Province will become bigger and bigger.

3） Issues to be Solved

Only 41% of wastewater in the urban area of Ha Long city is treated before

discharging to water bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional

wastewater treatment plant and sewer pipelines immediately in Ha Long city.

In the other urban area except for Ha Long city there is no centralized

wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a wastewater

treatment system in a densely-populated area such as the center of each district.

（2） Wastewater in Rural Area


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In rural areas, the water pollution from the domestic wastewater is not so serious in

comparison with urban area because rural areas are less populated than urban areas.

However, 100% of night soil and gray water from every household should be treated

before discharging to public water bodies.

In order to treat night soil, Quang Ninh Province has a stable target concerning the

rural household sanitation in which 74% of rural households will have sanitary latrines

by 2013 and the percentage of installed sanitary latrines of households will be

increased year by year.

The most serious issue related to rural water environment is livestock wastewater. In

order to improve the water environment in Quang Ninh Province, the issue of

livestock wastewater is required to be solved. Quang Ninh Province People’s

Committee (hereinafter called QNPPC) has considered the livestock wastewater as a

prioritized issue, and they are carrying forward an appraisal of one pilot project of

livestock wastewater treatment in two communes of Dong Trieu district. The pilot

plant will have advanced wastewater treatment facilities which are consisted of a

sedimentation tank, an aeration tank and an UV disinfection tank. After the pilot

project, QNPPC has a plan to expand the livestock wastewater control project to whole

rural area of Quang Ninh Province.

（3） Coal Mining Wastewater

Presently, there are three coal processing and filtration area in Quang Ninh Province,

and a large amount of highly-polluted wastewater is discharged from the coal mining

zone to the public water bodies. In addition, according to VINACOMIN’s analysis,

the future demand for coal in Vietnam will rise significantly from 33 million tons in

2011 to 220.3 million tons in 2030, an annual growth of 11.1% which is described in

SEDP.

Though the largest source of pollution to surface and coastal water is untreated

industrial effluent, especially wastewater from coal mining and processing operations,

only 74% of mining wastewater is treated before discharging as of 2013.

VINACOMIN and the other operating company of coal mining & industrial zone

should develop their private wastewater treatment plants, and 100% of wastewater

from coalmining & Industrial zone must be treated appropriately before discharge.

Special attention is paid to treatment of surface run-off wastewater through the coal

mining waste dumping sites and mining sites.

To 2013, Vinacomin has invested in construction of 35 wastewater treatment plants

and other mining wastewater treatment stations. To 2015, plans for continuing

construction of 16 additional mining wastewater treatment stations and 9 mining

vehicles, carriages washing stations have been prepared. In the period between 2016 –


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2020, there will be 21 mining wastewater treatment stations (new construction of 13

stations and capacity upgrading of 8 old stations) and 14 mining vehicles, carriages

washing stations will be constructed. As a result of this development project of

WWTPs, total wastewater treatment capacity will increase more than 80million

m3/year. The proposed locations of the additional coal mining wastewater treatment

plants are shown in Figure 4.1-1.

Moreover, VINACOMIN has considered that the prioritized coal mining zones to be

developed the wastewater treatment plants immediately are Ha Long city and Cam Pha

city.



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Source: VINACOMIN

Figure 4.1-1 Proposed Locations of the Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plants in Quang Ninh Province

: Additional Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Plant


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（4） Wastewater from Industrial Zones

Presently, there are three industrial zones and six industrial clusters in operation, and

the current total amount of industrial wastewater is 5,120m3/day. The total industrial

wastewater generation is estimated to be 40,077m3/day in 2020, accordingly, if the

industrial wastewater will not be treated appropriately, the effect on the water

environment will become bigger.

Currently, Viet Hung Industrial Zone which is one of the operating industrial zones in

Quang Ninh Province doesn’t have a wastewater treatment plant. However, a

wastewater treatment plant is planned to be installed in Viet Hung Industrial Zone by

2013, and Cai Lan Industrial Zone and Hai Yen Industrial Zone which is the other two

operating industrial zones are planned to increase the treatment capacity of wastewater

in accordance with the forecasted generation of industrial wastewater.

For promoting required wastewater treatment system for all of the industrial zones, it

is recommended to develop a guideline to introduce required wastewater treatment

process by each type of industry considering application of developed countries

effluent standard.

（5） Wastewater from the Tourist Boats

In order to protect the water pollution by the wastewater from the tourist boats, some

Japanese case examples of countermeasures are introduced as follows.

Tightening the regulation to prohibit discharging of wastewater to inner bay

from ships and boats

Pumping up and collection of wastewater from small size ships at docks

Source: Website of Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Figure 4.1-2 Wastewater Collecting Facility at Tokyo Bay

Tightening the regulation to install wastewater treatment facilities to large size

ships


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4.2 Targets to be Achieved

The target to be achieved to 2020 and 2030 on the project for urban wastewater

management is suggested as shown in Table 4.2-1.

Table 4.2-1 Target to be Achieved to 2020 and 2030

Year Status

2020

1) 20% of urban wastewater in Quang Ninh Province is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.

2) 70% of urban wastewater in Halong City is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.

3) 33% of urban wastewater in Ha Long Bay area is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.

4) 70% of rural wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

5) 100% of industrial wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

6) 100% of thermal power plant wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

7) 100% of coal mining wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

8) Measures to treat tourism boat wastewater are actualized.

2030

1) 100% of urban wastewater in Quang Ninh Province is treated in wastewater treatment plants before discharge.

2) 100% of rural wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

3) 100% of tourism boat wastewater is treated to satisfy the effluent standards, same level as the developed country effluent standards.

Source: Study Team

4.3 Approaches for Wastewater Management Measures

4.3.1 Vision for the Target Amount of Wastewater Generation

The target amount of wastewater generation shall be based on the population in 2030,

the scales of required facilities and the project cost will be based on this target value

for the following reasons.

• A great deal of time and cost are required to develop the wastewater management

systems in whole area of Quang Ninh Province. Therefore, though a part of the

priority projects can be completed by 2020, it is extremely-difficult to complete

the every project to develop urban wastewater treatment facilities in whole Quang

Ninh Province by 2020.

• Some of the priority projects are expected to be completed by 2020. However, if

the project fund procurement will proceed with difficulty, even the priority

projects will be difficult to be completed by 2020.

Therefore, it seems to be achievable actually to put the target amount of wastewater as

the forecasted wastewater generation in 2030, and it is recommended to commence

some of the priority projects as soon as possible.

Countermeasures against each type of wastewater are summarized in Table 4.3-1.


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Table 4.3-1 Countermeasures against Each Type of Wastewater

Type of Wastewater Countermeasure

Wastewater from urban area (Domestic, Commercial, Hospital, Institution)

-Development of sewerage system

Wastewater from coal mining area

-Wastewater treatment plants will be constructed at every coal mining zone by 2020.

Wastewater from industrial zones and clusters

-Industrial zones: 100% of wastewater from every industrial zone will be treated before discharging within 2013. -Industrial clusters: It is necessary to develop wastewater treatment facilities for every industrial cluster.

Wastewater from thermal power plants

-It is necessary to expand the wastewater treatment plant in Quang Ninh thermal power plant.

Wastewater from rural area

-Domestic: It is necessary to install sanitary latrines for every residence. It is necessary to conduct a feasibility study on installation of JOKASO to treat gray water. -Livestock: Currently, QNPPC are carrying forward an appraisal of one pilot project of livestock wastewater treatment in two communes of Dong Trieu district. After the pilot project, QNPPC has a plan to expand the livestock wastewater control project to whole rural area of Quang Ninh Province.

Wastewater from tourism boats

-Tightening the regulation to prohibit discharging of wastewater to inner bay from ships and boats -Pumping up and collection of wastewater from small size ships at docks -Tightening the regulation to install wastewater treatment facilities to large size ships

Source: Study Team

4.3.2 Effluent Standards

Quang Ninh Province currently follows the Vietnamese environmental standard

according to the regulation QCVN 10:2009/BTNMT for its coastal waters. The

standard for coastal water used for aquaculture, beaches and water sports purposes is

in line with international safety levels except for coliform. The Quang Ninh

government will propose to the central government to allow improving the water

quality standard of its coastal waters used for aquaculture, beaches and water sports.

The new Quang Ninh standard for coliform would be revised to 126 MPN/100ml from

1000 MPN/100ml based on EU standards.

In addition, Quang Ninh government will issue the stricter Technical Environmental

Standards with effluent standards on the wastewater discharged into water bodies used

for tourism or other critical uses like aquaculture, domestic water supply and irrigation.

The proposed Technical Environmental Standards with effluent standards on

wastewater discharge would be set in accordance with EU standards, as in Table 4.3-2

below for household wastewater and Table 4.3-3 below for industrial wastewater.


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Table 4.3-2 Effluent Standards for household wastewater

Parameter For plants discharging in waters used

for tourism and domestic purposes (based on EU standards)

For plants discharging in waters not used for tourism and domestic

purposes (based on Vietnam standards)

pH 6.5 – 9.5 5-9 BOD (mg/L) 25 30 – 50 TSS (mg/L) 35 50 – 100 NO3 (mg/L) 10 – 15 30 – 50 Phosphorus (mg/L) 1 – 2 6 – 10

Source: SEDP

Table 4.3-3 Effluent Standards for industrial wastewater

Parameter For plants discharging in waters used

for tourism and domestic purposes (based on EU standards)

For plants discharging in waters not used for tourism and domestic

purposes (based on Vietnam standards)

pH 6.5 – 9.5 5-9 BOD (mg/L) 25 30 – 100 TSS (mg/L) 35 50 – 200 NO3 (mg/L) 10 – 15 15 – 60 Phosphorus (mg/L) 1 – 2 4 – 8

Source: SEDP

It is required advanced wastewater treatment technologies and high project cost to

meet the proposed effluent standards. However, Ha Long Bay is one of the world

heritages and most important resources for tourism, thus it is appropriate for Vietnam

and Quang Ninh Province to apply the stricter standard to preserve the water

environment of Ha Long Bay and the other coastal areas in Quang Ninh Province.

4.3.3 Wastewater Treatment Process

According to the Vietnam Standard TCVN 7957:2008 and Planning of Drainage &

Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030, the standard

influent quality of wastewater treatment plant in urban area is as below.

BOD5 = 250 – 300 mg/L

TSS = 200 – 250mg/L

T-N = 40 – 60mg/L

Meanwhile, as described in Table 4.3-2 the standard effluent quality for household

wastewater is as below.

BOD5 = 25mg/L

TSS = 35mg/L

T-N = 10 – 15mg/L

In order to follow the standard and protect water environment in Quang Ninh Province,

advanced wastewater treatment processes are required to be installed for every

wastewater treatment plant in urban area.

The following four processes are picked up as the applicable wastewater treatment

processes.

• Conventional Activated Sludge Process (CAS)


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• Sequencing Batch Reactor Process (SBR)

• Oxidation Ditch Process (OD)

• Membrane Bioreactor Process (MBR)

The comparison of four wastewater treatment processes is shown in Table 4.3-4.

Table 4.3-4 Comparison of the Four Wastewater Treatment Processes

Item CAS SBR OD MBR

Removal of BOD, SS More than 90% More than 90% More than 90% More than 90%

Removal of N, P Possible with

advanced treatment Possible with

advanced treatment Possible with

advanced treatment Possible

Required Space Relatively small Relatively small Large Small Construction Cost Relatively high Relatively high Relatively high High

O & M Cost Relatively high Relatively high Relatively high High

Other A lot of experiences in city area of Vietnam

Two existing SBR plants in Ha Long City

Especially suitable for small-scale plants

Installed in many countries in recent years

Source: Study Team

Before each project will commence, the feasibility study is required for every

wastewater management system of each cities, towns and districts. The wastewater

treatment processes of each plant should be studied in detail and selected in the

feasibility studies.

4.3.4 Treatment of Hospital Wastewater and Commercial Wastewater in Urban Area

After the wastewater treatment system will be developed, the effluent from hospitals,

commercial buildings and the other facilities can be connected to sewer pipe lines.

However, if the effluent from these facilities involves any components which are

untreated in a wastewater treatment plant, the owners and the operators of these

facilities must treat the effluent before discharge to sewer pipe lines as required to

comply with a wastewater treatment plant. In addition, Quang Ninh Government must

set a regulation for the effluent from these facilities using other county’s regulation as

a reference.

4.3.5 Wastewater in Rural Area

In rural areas, the rate of treatment of night soil and gray water from every household

should be improved. To improve treatment condition of night soil. In order to treat

night soil, Quang Ninh Province has a stable target concerning the rural household

sanitation in which 74% of rural households will have sanitary latrines by 2013. and

the percentage of installed sanitary latrines of households will be increased.

In order to treat gray water, introduction of the advanced on-site wastewater treatment

system is proposed. In this section, two possible techniques are proposed.

（1） Septic Tank System Named “JOKASO”

As one of on-site domestic wastewater treatment system, a septic tank system named

“JOKASO” is recommended to be installed at each household or commune for the

future. In rural area, it is not necessarily the case that centralized wastewater treatment


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system is cost-effective because the distance between residents is longer than urban

area and length of sewer network is required to be long. The futures of JOKASO are

described as below.

In general JOKASO consists an anaerobic reactor, an aerobic tank, a

sedimentation tank and a disinfection tank, and can treat influent BOD to

be less than 20mg/L.

Minimum sized JOKASO has a treatment capacity for five persons.

Large sized JOKASO has a treatment capacity for more than 200 persons.

Cleaning and maintenance works are required more than once a year.

Source: Website of Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Figure 4.3-1 Layout of Jokaso Model

（2） Introduction of Bio-gas Reactor for Treatment of Human Waste

Vacuum toilets produce little diluted black water which is transported by the vacuum

system to a bio-gas reactor in which black water is treated anaerobically together with

bio-waste from kitchens. A well managed anaerobic digester can produce 1

m3 gas/m

3 volume. The methane can be used as a source of renewable energy and can

be used to produce electricity as well as cooking and lighting gas. The sludge, which is

rich in nutrients and organic matter can be used after sanitisation in agriculture as a

fertilizer. This technology is thought as a means to provide energy for rural

households.

Anaerobic Filter Tank-1

Anaerobic Filter Tank-2

Aeration Tank

Sedimentation Tank

Disinfection Tank

http://cgi.tu-harburg.de/~awwweb/wbt/emwater/lessons/glossary/term_187.html




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4.4 Proposed Projects to 2020

4.4.1 List of Proposed Projects

（1） Proposed Projects by Environmental Planning

Table 4.4-1 shows the list of proposed projects. The proposed projects comprise of

construction of urban wastewater treatment system, planning of rural wastewater

treatment system, preparing guidelines for control of industrial wastewater, and

improvement of water supply by examination of measures to reduce non-revenue

water amount.

Table 4.4-1 List of Proposed Project

Field Project Period Cost

(Million USD)

Urban

Domestic

Wastewater

1 Development of

Wastewater Treatment

System for Halong City

Component applied to

JICA Yen loan

2013-2020 95.0

2 Other component 2014-2022 170.0

3 Development of Wastewater Management System

for Mong Cai City

2014-2022 98.0


for Cam Pha city

2014-2022 135.0


for Uong Bi city

2014-2022 98.0


for Van Don District

2014-2022 23.0


for Quang Yen Town

2016-2027 15.0


for Dong Trieu District

2016-2027 54.0


for Binh Lieu District

2018-2030 6.0


for Tien Yen District

2018-2030 15.0


for Dam Ha District

2018-2030 8.0


for Hai Ha District

2018-2030 129.0


for Ba Che District

2018-2030 11.0


for Hoang Bo District

2018-2030 41.0


for Co To District

2018-2030 4.0

Rural Domestic

Wastewater

16 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment

System in Quang Ninh Province

2014-2016 1.0

Industrial

Wastewater

17 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control

Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU Standards

2015-2017 1.0

Water

Environment

Improvement

18 Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong,

Khe Re, Mong Duong River and Dien Vong river

2014-2020 10.3

Water Supply

Improvement

19 Project for planning to decrease the amount of

non-revenue water

2015-2016 0.3

Treatment of

waste water

from livestock

20 Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater

Treatment Improvement

2016-2020 1.0

Treatment of

waste water

from

21 Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater

Treatment Improvement

2016-2020 1.0


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(Million USD)

aquaculture

Note: Highlighted projects are priority projects.

Source: Study Team

（2） Proposed Projects for Wastewater Treatment by VINACOMIN

“The Master Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with

Orientation toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision

No.60/QĐ-TTg on 9th January 2012 states strategies and plans of developing coal

mining sector. Based on the master plan of development of coal mining sector,

VINACOMIN has prepared “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang

Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”, following Decision No.

1052/QĐ-VINACOMIN dated 18/6/2013 and proposed projects for reducing impacts

by coal mining wastewater.

1） Improvement of River Environmental Condition by Preventing Erosion and

Securing Water Course with Dredging

All stages of a pit coal mining project from construction phase (ground leveling, road

construction, support facilities construction...), coal exploitation stage (mine blasting,

excavation of ground, soil, rock, coal, transportation and disposal of waste...) and

ending stage of coal mining, mine closure (ground leveling, dismantling of works) as

well as opencast coal mining have risks of erosion, causing unstable conditions of

slopes, landslides of the mine banks, runoff of landfill cover, causing siltation of rivers

and streams, not only reduce the drainage capacity of the water bodies, but also

adversely affects to water quality by waste, wastewater from coal mining activities

which often accompanied by multiple pollutants. Therefore, construction of the

embankments, dams against washing off, drifting and dredging of rivers and streams

are necessary to prevent erosion of slopes, mine banks, prevent wastewater, solid waste

floating down the streams, rivers, limit the river sedimentation to ensure drainage

capacity of the rivers and streams in the coal mining area.

2） Construction of WWTPs for Treatment of Coal Mining Wastewater

The coal mining activities generate large amounts of wastewater with the following

characteristics: high levels of suspended solids, oil and grease contamination. Without

preventive measures and appropriate treatment, it will increase turbidity and suspended

solids concentrations in the receiving waters, causing groundwater pollution in shallow

layers and sedimentation at the receiving waters. Therefore, construction of wastewater

treatment facilities (WWTP) for existing and new mines is necessary to protect the

water environment in the mining area. The proposed projects for construction of

WWTP to treat coal mining wastewater are shown in Table 4.4-2.


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Table 4.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Water Environment Management

Sector to 2020

No Name of project/program Number of

projects

Expenditure

(Million

VND)

1 Dredging of rivers and streams affected by coal mining 7 114,000

1-1 Cam Pha area 5 86,500

1-2 Hon Gai area 0 0

1-3 Uong Bi area 2 27,500

2 Construction of WWTP for Treatment of Coal Mining Wastewater 37 1,380,830

2-1 Cam Pha area 22 827,030

2-2 Hon Gai area 4 145,800

2-3 Uong Bi area 11 408,000

Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh

Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”

4.4.2 Outline of Proposed Projects

Outline of proposed projects are shown in Table 4.4-3 to 4.4-7.

Table 4.4-3 Project on Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment System (for Each

City, Town and District)

Item Detail

Project Name Project on Development of Wastewater Management System (for Each City,

Town and District)

Target Area All province

Responsible Bodies Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE

Goal The Project to develop wastewater management system in each city, town and

district.

Output 1. Construction of wastewater treatment system

2. Construction of sewerage network system

3. Development wastewater standard receiving by developed wastewater

treatment system

4. Enhancement of capacity of human resources for operation of wastewater

treatment system

Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-4 Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh

Province

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh

Province


Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE

Goal The project is to examine individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in

Quang Ninh province.

Output 1. Plan for constructing individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in

Quang Ninh province

2. Technical training to operate individual wastewater treatment system such as

Jokaso and bio-gas reactor

3. Awareness raising program for operating individual wastewater treatment

system for local residents in rural areas

4. Pilot project for operating individual wastewater treatment system


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Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-5 Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy

EU Standards

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU

Standards

Target Area Industrial zones related to main residential and tourism areas


Goal The project is to prepare guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU

level effluent standards.

Output 1. Guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU level effluent standards

to enterprises

2. Examination of impact on river and marine environment by discharging of

cooling water from thermal power plant

3. Technical assistance program for enterprises to meet EU level effluent standards

4. Financial assistance program for enterprises to meet EU level effluent standards

5. Program for enhancing inspection and monitoring activity by DONRE

Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-6 Project for Improving of environment in areas of Dien Vong River, Lo Phong

Stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Improving of environment in areas of Dien Vong River, Lo Phong

stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River

Target Area The estuary areas of Lo Phong stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong river

Responsible Bodies DONRE, DARD, VINACOMIN.

Goal The project is to actualize environment improvement model towards using land

environmentally friendly for the estuary area of Lo Phong stream, Khe Re, Dien

Vong river and Mong Duong River

Output 1. Environmental improvement plan for estuary area of Dien Vong river, Lo Phong

stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River

2. Engineering work for environmental improvement for estuary area of Dien Vong

River, Lo Phong stream, Khe Re and Mong Duong River

Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-7 Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Planning to Decrease Amount of Non-revenue Water


Responsible Bodies DOC

Goal The Project is to examine possible measures to decrease non-revenue water

Output 1. Case study of measures for reducing non-revenue water in developing and

developed countries

2. Road map for decreasing rate of non-revenue water as developed country-level

to 2030

Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-8 Projects for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement



Goal The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced

treatment system for wastewater from livestock

Output 1. Planning of livestock waste water treatment improvement

2. Implement a pilot project of advanced livestock waste water treatment

Source: Study Team


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Table 4.4-9 Projects for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement



Goal The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced

treatment system for wastewater from aquaculture

Output 1. Planning of aquaculture waste water treatment improvement

2. Implement a pilot project of advanced aquaculture waste water treatment

Source: Study Team

Table 4.4-10 Projects on Improvement of River Environmental Conditions proposed by

VINACOMIN

Item Detail

Project Name Improvement of River and stream Environmental Condition by dredging and

securing Water Course

Target Area Construction of embankment to prevent soil, rock sliding and dredging streams in

areas of Cam Pha, Hon Gai and Uong Bi

Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN

Goal - Prevent erosion, sliding at banks of rivers, streams.

- Ensure water flow, drainage of rivers and streams; prevent sedimentation at

down-streams

Output The main contents of the project include:

3. Construction of embankments to prevent land-sliding at banks of the rivers and

streams

4. Dredging rivers and streams to secure water course

Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh Coal

Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”

Table 4.4-11 Projects on Construction of Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment Stations

Proposed by VINACOMIN

Item Detail

Project Name Group of Projects on Construction of Coal Mining Wastewater Treatment

stations

Target Area Construction of New Wastewater Treatment stations, Expansion of existing

stations:

- Cam Pha area: 22 stations (New: 17, Expansion: 5)

- Hon Gai area: 4 stations (New)

- Uong Bi area: 11stations (New: 8, Expansion: 3)

Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN

Goal The Projects is to construct wastewater treatment stations for coal mining area

which do not have wastewater treatment system or expansion of the existing ones

to meet standards before discharging to the environment

Output The main contents of the project include:

- Construction of new coal mining wastewater treatment stations or expansion of

the existing ones.

- Developing coal mining wastewater monitoring system

- Developing operation and maintenance system for the best operation of

wastewater treatment systems

Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh Coal

Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”


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4.4.3 Preliminary Project Cost of Urban Wastewater Management Project

On the basis of forecasted wastewater generation in 2030, the preliminary

development plan and project cost of wastewater management system in each city,

town and district are summarized in Table 4.4-10. The preliminary project cost

estimation is based on the results of the feasibility study report for Ha Long City

Environment Protection Project and the other project cost of the other city in Vietnam.

Table 4.4-12 Preliminary Project Cost

No. Area Items Specification Quantity Preliminary Project Cost (1,000 USD)

1 Ha Long City 1-1 West-1:Hung Thang Area 1) Construction Cost

WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 L.S. 23,000 Sewer Line D400 1.7km 800 D500 0.5km 240 D600 0.8km 400 D800 203km 1,120 Sub-Total 25,560 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 510

3) Engineering Fee

(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 2,560

4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 2,560 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 2,560 TOTAL 33,750

1-2 West-2:Gieng Day Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 L.S. 23,000 Pumping Station 12m3/min 1 L.S. 2,830 Sewer Line D400 2.0km 940 D500 3.0km 1,440 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 29,210 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 580

3) Engineering Fee



1-3 West-3:Dai Yen Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 L.S. 34,850 Sewer Line D400 1.5km 710 D500 1.5km 720 D600 0.8km 400 D700 0.8km 420 D800 1.0km 560 D900 1.2km 700 D1100 1.2km 740 Sub-Total 39,100 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 780

3) Engineering Fee



1-4 West-4: Bai Chay Area 1) Construction Cost WWTP 7,500m3/d 1 L.S. 17,250 Sub-Total 17,250 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 350

3) Engineering Fee




4-17


1-5 East-1: Ha Tu 1) Construction Cost WWTP 22,000m3/d 1 L.S. 39,600 Pumping Station 15m3/min 1 L.S. 3,540 Sewer Line D400 0.6km 280 D500 2.0km 960 D600 0.7km 350 D1000 1.0km 600 D1100 1.5km 930 D1200 0.2km 130 Sub-Total 46,390 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 930

3) Engineering Fee



1-6 East-2:Hong Hai 1) Construction Cost WWTP 24,000m3/d 1 L.S. 43,200 Sub-Total 43,200 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 860

3) Engineering Fee



2 Mong Cai City 1) Construction Cost WWTP 50,000m3/d 1 L.S. 55,000 Sewer Line D400 11.5km 5,300 D600 14.6km 7,300 D800 0.8km 2,050 D1000 0.8km 1,100 D1200 1.0km 1,700

D1200

(Trenchless) 1.2km 1,800

Sub-Total 74,250 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,490

3) Engineering Fee



3 Cam Pha City 1) Construction Cost WWTP 34,000m3/d 1 L.S. 47,600 29,000m3/d 1 L.S. 40,600 Sewer Line D400 4.0km 1,880 D500 5.5km 2,640 D700 3.6km 1,910 D900 3.3km 1,910 D1000 2.5km 1,500 D1100 2.5km 1,550 D1200 1.5km 950 D1500 2.5km 1,750 Sub-Total 102,290 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 2,050

3) Engineering Fee



4 Uong Bi City 1) Construction Cost 98 WWTP 52,000m3/d 1 L.S. 57,200 Sewer Line D400 2.6km 1,220 D500 6.6km 3,170 D700 3.3km 1,750 D800 1.1km 620 D1000 2.4km 1,440 D1000 0.2km 620


4-18


(Trenchless) D1500 2.1km 1,470

D1500

(Trenchless) 0.2km 940

D1800

(Trenchless) 1.2km 5,860

Sub-Total 74,230 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,480

3) Engineering Fee



5 Van Don District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 13,000m3/d 1 L.S. 14,300 Sewer Line D300 3.6km 1,800 D400 2.4km 720 D600 3.4km 500 Sub-Total 17,400 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 350

3) Engineering Fee



6 Quang Yen Town 1) Construction Cost WWTP 5,000m3/d 1 L.S. 6,500 Pumping Station 8m3/min 1 L.S. 1,130 Sewer Line D300 4.0km 1,800 D400 2.0km 940 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 11,370 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 230

3) Engineering Fee



7 Dong Trieu District Construction Cost WWTP 8,500m3/d 1 L.S. 27,200 2,100m3/d 1 L.S. 1,350 Sewer Line D300 2.0km 900 D400 4.0km 1,880 D500 2.0km 960 D600 2.0km 1,000 D700 2.0km 1,060 D800 2.0km 1,120 Sub-Total 40,870 Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 820

Engineering Fee


Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 4,090 Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 4,090 TOTAL 53,960

8 Binh Lieu District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 4,000m3/d 1 L.S. 3,300 Sewer Line D300 3.3km 770 D400 1.8km 470 Sub-Total 4,540 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 90

3) Engineering Fee

(D/D, T/A, C/S) 10% * Construction Cost 450

4) Administration Cost 10% * Construction Cost 450 5) Contingency 10% * Construction Cost 450 TOTAL 5,980

9 Tien Yen District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 L.S. 9,000 Sewer Line D300 1.5km 680


4-19


D400 1.0km 470 D500 2.7km 1,200 Sub-Total 11,350 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 230

3) Engineering Fee



10 Dam Ha District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 5,100 Sewer Line D300 2.1km 950 Sub-Total 6,050 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 120

3) Engineering Fee



11 Hai Ha District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 3,000m3/d 1 L.S. 88,820 Sewer Line D300 8.0km 3,600 D400 5.0km 2,350 D500 4.0km 1,920 D600 2.0km 1,000 Sub-Total 97,690 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 1,950

3) Engineering Fee



12 Ba Che District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 6,080 Sewer Line D300 5.0km 2,250 Sub-Total 8,330 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 170

3) Engineering Fee



13 Hoanh Bo District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 2,500m3/d 1 L.S. 15,000 1,500m3/d 1 L.S. 13,350 Sewer Line D300 4,0km 1,800 D400 2,0km 940 Sub-Total 31,090 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 620

3) Engineering Fee



14 Co To District 1) Construction Cost WWTP 600m3/d 1 L.S. 1,680 Sewer Line D300 3.0km 1,350 Sub-Total 3,030 2) Engineering Fee (F/S) 2% * Construction Cost 60

3) Engineering Fee



GRAND TOTAL 902,310

Source: Study Team


4-20

4.4.4 Selection of the Priority Projects

As described above, Quang Ninh Province is divide into 14 administrative units which

is including four cities, one town and nine districts. It is ideal to develop all required

wastewater systems promptly, but it is difficult because a great deal of time and cost

are required. Therefore, it is important to select the priority projects and develop all

required wastewater systems in a step-by-step manner.

The priority level is decided being based on the scale of urban area, the amount of

wastewater generation, the property of city and the immediate effectiveness of

development in accordance with the following concepts.

1） Priority I: Ha Long City

Ha Long City is the center of politics, economics and tourism of Quang Ninh

Province, and the forecasted wastewater generation is largest. Therefore, the

urban wastewater of Ha Long City is the one of the most major source of water

pollution and the improvement of water environment in Ha Long City will be

directly linked to the improvement of water environment of Ha Long Bay.

Thus Ha Long City is evaluated as the most effective and prioritized to develop

the wastewater management system.

2） Priority II: Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, Van Don District

The forecasted wastewater generations of these three cities are much larger than

the other town and districts except for Ha Long City. Cam Pha City and Uong Bi

City are the centers of coal mining and power generation, so many people

related to these activities are in the urban areas. Mong Cai City is located at the

border with China and has a large economic cooperation zone between Vietnam

and China. In addition, Mong Cai City has a role as one of the centers of trade

between ASEAN and China. These three cities are the hubs of industrials and

trade, and they are expected the further development now and in the future.

Van Don District is not more populated than these three cities. However, Van

Don District has a large economic zone and a commercial port, thus Van Don

District is expected to be more populated and urbanized in the future.

Accordingly, these three cities and one district is evaluated as the

second-most-effective and prioritized to develop the wastewater management

systems.

3） Priority III: Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu District

The forecasted wastewater generations of these two areas are larger than the

other districts except for city areas. Quang Yen Town and Dong Trieu District


4-21

are located at western part of Quang Ninh Province and close to some industrial

zones and seaport. In addition, there are many cultural and historical relics

around these two areas. In consideration of the amount of wastewater generation

and the property of city as above, these two areas are evaluated as the

third-prioritized.

4） Priority IV: Binh Lieu District, Tien Yen District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha

District, Ba Che District, Hoanh Bo District, Co To District

The scale of urban areas and forecasted wastewater generations of these seven

districts are much smaller than the other cities and town because these seven

districts are rural areas and the population of these districts are smaller than the

other cities and town. Therefore, these seven districts are evaluated as the

forth-prioritized.

Table 4.4-13 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System

Priority Level City / Town / District

I Ha Long City II Mong Cai City, Cam Pha City, Uong Bi City, Van Don District III Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu District IV Binh Lieu, Tien Yen, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Ba Che, Hoanh Bo, Co To

Source: Study Team

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-1 Priority Level to Develop the Urban Wastewater Management System

IV

I

II

II

II

III

III

IV

IV

II

IV

IV

IV

IV

Ha Long

Cam Pha

van Don Co To

Quang Yen

Uong Bi Dong Trieu Hoanh Bo

Ba Che

Tien Yen

Dam Ha

Binh Lieu

Hai Ha

Mong Cai


4-22

4.4.5 Preliminary Layout Plans of the Priority Projects

The preliminary layout plans of the priority projects are illustrated in Figure 4.4-2

–4.4-7.

4-2

3



（1） Ha Long City West

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-2 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the West of Ha Long City

Proposed Catchment Area



Proposed Sewer Lines

Proposed WWTP

(10,000m3/day)

Proposed WWTP

(10,000m3/day)

Proposed WWTP

(17,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

1) Hung Thang Area

WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 LS.

Sewer Line D400 1.7km

D500 0.7km

D600 0.8km

D800 2.3km

2) Gien Day Area

WWTP 10,000m3/d 1 LS.

Pumping Station 12m3/min 1 LS.


D500 3.0km

D600 2.0km

3) Dai Yen Area

WWTP 17,000m3/d 1 LS.


D500 1.6km

D600 0.8km

D700 0.8km

D800 1.0km

D900 1.2km

D1100 1.2km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line

4-2

4



（2） Ha Long City East

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-3 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in the East of Ha Long City



Proposed WWTP

(22,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

WWTP 22,000m3/d 1 LS.

Pumping Station 15m3/min 1 LS.


D500 2.1km

D600 0.7km

D1000 1.0km

D1100 1.5km

D1200 0.2km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line

4-2

5



(3) Mong Cai City

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-4 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Mong Cai City



Proposed WWTP

(50,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

WWTP 50,000m3/d 1 LS.


D600 14.6km

D800 3.8km

D1000 2.0km

D1200 3.2km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line

4-2

6



(4) Cam Pha City

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-5 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Cam Pha City

Proposed

Catchment Area

Proposed

Catchment Area


Proposed WWTP

(34,000m3/day)

Proposed WWTP

(29,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

WWTP 34,000m3/d 1 LS.

29,000m3/d 1 LS.


D500 5.5km

D700 3.6km

D900 3.3km

D1000 2.4km

D1100 2.5km

D1200 1.3km

D1500 2.5km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line


4-27

(5) Uong Bi City

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-6 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Uong Bi

City

Proposed

Catchment Area


Proposed WWTP

(52,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

WWTP 52,000m3/d 1 LS.


D500 6.6km

D700 3.3km

D800 1.1km

D1000 2.6km

D1200 2.5km

D1800 1.2km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line

4-2

8



(6) Van Don District

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-7 Preliminary Layout Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Project in Van Don District

Proposed

Catchment Area


Proposed

Catchment Area

Proposed WWTP

(30,000m3/day)

Proposed WWTP

(31,000m3/day)

0 1.0 2.0km

WWTP 30,000m3/d 1 LS.

31,000m3/d 1 LS.


D500 2.4km

D600 3.4km

D700 3.3km

D800 5.0km

D900 2.3km

D1000 1.1km

D1100 2.1km

Legend

WWTP

Sewer Line


4-29

4.4.6 Preliminary Project Implementation Plan

The preliminary project implementation plan is illustrated as below and shown in

Figure 4.4-8.

• Priority Project I: 2013 – 2022

• Priority Project II: 2014 – 2024

• Priority Project III: 2016 – 2028

• Priority Project IV: 2018 – 2030

The urban wastewater treatment system of Ha Long City will be developed by 2020,

and the urban wastewater treatment system of whole Quang Ninh Province will be

completed by 2030.

4.4.7 Plan for Achievement of Urban Wastewater Treatment

The forecast of wastewater generation and the amount of wastewater treatment in

whole Quang Ninh Province from 2012 to 2030 is described in Figure 4.4-8. This

chart is the plan for achievement of urban wastewater treatment which is based on the

project implementation plan shown in Figure 4.4-9.

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-8 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Quang Ninh Province

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

20

21

20

22

20

23

20

24

20

25

20

26

20

27

20

28

20

29

20

30

Am

oun

t of

Was

tew

ater

(m

3/d

ay)

Year

Amount of Treatment


I: 79,260m3/day

125,580m3/day

236,970m3/day

363,800m3/day

I: 46,000m3/day

II: 242,200m3/day

III: 306,500m3/day

IV: 363,800m3/day


4-30

Similarly, the plan for achievement of urban wastewater treatment in Ha Long City is

described in Figure 4.4-9.

Source: Study Team

Figure 4.4-9 Wastewater Generation & Treatment Capacity in Ha Long City

4.5 Recommendation of Advanced Technology

4.5.1 Introduction of the Installation of Sewer Pipes by Trenchless Method

It the planning stage of the development of wastewater management system, the

number of wastewater treatment plant should be considered to be as few as possible,

because the more the number of wastewater treatment plant is, the more the operation

works and the operation cost increase. Therefore, centralizing of wastewater

treatment plant will provide the efficient operation & maintenance works.

In general, in case that a city is divided into two areas by a river or a canal, two

wastewater treatment plants will be planned to be constructed. However, in recent

years sewer pipes can be installed under the river, canal, railway and the other

underground structures by Trenchless Method in many cities around the world. By

utilize of Trenchless Method, Quang Ninh Province also can centralize a wastewater

treatment plant.

(Source: Study Team)

Figure 4.5-1 Concept of the Centralization of Wastewater Treatment Plant

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

20

21

20

22

20

23

20

24

20

25

20

26

20

27

20

28

20

29

20

30

Am

oun

t of

Was

tew

ater

(m

3/d

ay)

Year

Amount of Treatment


Catchment Area-A Catchment Area-B

WWTP-A WWTP-B

Riv

er

Catchment Area-A Catchment Area-B

Riv

er

Sewer Pipe under the River

Installed by Trenchless method

Centralized

WWTP

36,640m3/day

15,100m3/day

74,600m3/day

97,930m3/day

46,000m3/day


4-31

In general, the Trenchless Method is classified into two kinds of pipe laying method

which are named the pipe jacking method and the shield tunneling method. The

features of two methods are described as below.

Pipe Jacking Method

This is a method that a pipe is pushed by jacking machine set in a vertical shaft,

excavated earth is removed and a new pipe is added. Works which is done in the

open air is limited in a vertical shaft. There are various jacking methods which can

be applied to almost all soil types. An area required for construction of a vertical

shaft is smaller than that for shield tunneling. In past days this method is not applied

for long distance construction exceeding 1 km or sharp curve construction. However,

in recent years the technology of pipe jacking method has advanced, this method can

be applied for long distance construction and sharp curve construction little by little.


Figure 4.5-2 Outline of Pipe Jacking Method

Shield Tunneling Method

A vertical shaft provides working space for constructing a tunnel the same as pipe

jacking method. Instead of pushing a pipe in case of pipe jacking method, shield

machine equipped at the head of tunnel excavates earth and advances by fabricating

segments which form a pipe later. This method is suitable for long distance

Jacking Pipe

TBM (Tunnel

Boring Machine)

Gantry Crane

StrutPush Plate

Jack

Drive Shaft

Installed Jacking Pipe

Plant (for Jacks, Slurry

Treatment, etc)

Chamber

Intermediate

Jacking Station

Thrust Reaction

Wall

Cutting Wheel

Jacking FloorPipe Material for Jacking

Pipe Jacking Machine Inside of the Vertical Shaft


4-32

construction or for a structure with large cross section. This method is often applied

for construction of metro line. Generally the cost for the shield tunneling method is

expensive than that for the pipe jacking method if pipe diameter is less than 2,000 mm.


Figure 4.5-3 Outline of Shield Tunneling Method

It is necessary to study in detail and select the pipe laying methods in the feasibility

study and the detailed design stages.

4.5.2 Recommended Specific Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method

In Mong Cai city and Uong Bi city there are some recommended specific sites for the

installation of sewer pipes by the Trenchless Method which are described as below.

（1） Mong Cai City

The urban area of Mong Cai city is divided into two areas by the Mong Cai River, so

two wastewater treatment plants are required to be constructed in the respective

separated catchment areas in the original “Planning of Drainage & Wastewater

treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030”. However, if the sewer

pipes will be installed under the Mong Cai River by the Trenchless Method, the

wastewater can be collected to the one centralized wastewater treatment plant as

Slurry Plant

Slurry Pipe

Chamber

Assembled SegmentCutting Wheel

Slurry Pump

Gantry Crane

Segment

TBM (Tunnel

Boring Machine)

Driving Shaft

Segment of Pipe

Shield Tunneling Machine Inside of the Vertical Shaft


4-33

shown in Figure 4.5-4.

Figure 4.5-4 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Mong Cai city

（2） Uong Bi City

The urban area of Uong Bi city is divided into five areas by several small rivers and

canals, so five wastewater treatment plants are required to be constructed in the

respective separated catchment areas in the original “Planning of Drainage &

Wastewater treatment in QN urban areas to 2020, orientation to 2030”. However, if

the sewer pipes will be installed under the rivers and canals by the Trenchless Method,

the wastewater can be collected to the one centralized wastewater treatment plant as

shown in Figure 4.5-5.

Figure 4.5-5 Recommended Sites for the Utilization of Trenchless Method in Uong Bi city

This is a just vision for the development project. It is necessary to conduct

topographical surveys and geographical surveys, and to study the possible application

of the Trenchless Method for these sites in detail in the feasibility study and the

detailed design stages.

Crossing the river by Trenchless Method

Centralized WWTP Original WWTP

Mong Cai River

Centralized WWTP

Original WWTPs

Crossing the rivers by Trenchless Method


5-1

CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

5.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Air Environmental Management

toward 2020

5.1.1 Prediction of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Concentration

As mentioned in Chapter 2, air quality in Quang Ninh Province is good in general,

except for dust/TSP. The pollution sources of dust/TSP are from various fields

including stationary sources, such as thermal power plants, cement plants, and other

industries discharging emissions, and mobile sources such as vehicle transportation.

Additionally, in Quang Ninh Province, the coal mining industry is one of the major

pollution sources of dust/TSP. Relevant facilities and activities of the coal mining

industry should be controlled carefully, such as backyard, coal pile at the port, coal and

mineral mining area, and coal waste dumpsite. Due to the development of provincial

economy and change of status of facilities operating currently, it is considered that the

following issues will affect the concentration of dust/TSP toward 2020.

（1） Impacts of Large Air Pollution Sources

Most of the power plants and cement plants have started their operation after 2006

except for Uong Bi Power Plant 1 and Lam Thach Cement 1. In general, these are

newly established plants which apply new technologies for their boiler, combustion,

and treatment system. Therefore, emission is well-controlled at the beginning for a few

years. It is very important for all these plants to keep this initial condition by

performing periodic maintenance and repair. It is desirable to keep it well until the end

of the design year. According to some examples of operation in other provinces, due to

the aging of equipment and lack of knowledge on technologies and so on, the

efficiency of treatment of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as well as dust is decreasing as time

goes by, together with energy consumption efficiency. In other words, there is a

possibility that emissions from plants meet the emission standards at first for some

years, but after 10 to 20 years it may exceed the emission standard.

（2） Impacts of Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities

1） Coal Transportation

Despite the efforts to improve air pollution with relation to coal transportation, there

are issues remaining, as follows;

- Overloading on trucks for coal transportation seems to be sometimes observed.

-Trucks used for coal transportation are not completely covered with sheet in

some cases.

-Destruction of the coal transportation road due to heavy trucks and water


5-2

sprayed on the road, with no maintenance.

-Too much spraying of water on the road makes it muddy.

-Spraying water on the road is not well-designed.

-Coal and soil powder are easily scattered by strong wind/fugitive dust.

2） Stockpiles at Coal Selection Plant and Port for Coal Transportation

From the stockpiles of coal selection plant and port for coal

transportation/shipping, coal and soil dust scattered by wind is a big issue in

Quang Ninh.

3） Mining and Dumpsite

Fugitive dust from large-scale field facilities such as an open pit coal mining and

coal waste dumpsite is another big issue in Quang Ninh.

（3） Trend of TSP Concentration

The annual average concentration of TSP for the past three years are shown in Figure

5.1-1.

154

227

357

246

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2010 2011 2012 3 years Ave.

Concentration of TSP (Annual Average)


Figure 5.1-1 Annual Average of TSP Concentration

It is unreasonable to analyze the annual average value obtained from the monitoring

result in Quang Ninh which used a sampling of 60-minute monitoring because TSP

monitoring is conducted four times a year. In other words, using an average of four

hours is not scientifically correct to consider the annual value, which should have an

average of 8,760 hours ideally. Considering these conditions, if the annual average

value is compared, an increasing trend of TSP concentration is obvious. If appropriate

measures are not taken, the concentration of TSP pollution in 2020 will likely be

higher.


5-3

5.1.2 Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management to 2020

（1） Pollution Control by the Local Government (DONRE/EMAC)

1） Difficulty in the Laboratory

In Quang Ninh, the Environment Monitoring and Analyzing Center (EMAC) is

in charge of the environmental monitoring of air and water and perform some

parts of inspection activities. But the technical infrastructure of the center still

has some limitations, which affect the quality of monitoring and analysis. From

the standpoint of air quality management expert and chemist of air quality

analysis, the following difficulties were listed.

a) Ambient Air Quality and Laboratory

- Electronic Balance:

The detection limit/resolution of the balance weighing equipment (supplied by

Adam Equipment) is 0.0001 g. The resolution of 0.0001g is too poor to measure

TSP sample by a 60 min suction of air. The detection limit of TSP should be

from 60 to 80 μg/m3.

- Teledyne 900 System:

This is a mobile auto air quality monitoring system, loaded on “Ford truck”. It is

purchased in 2008. Some equipment needs to be repaired. Furthermore, spare

parts and consumable need to be replaced. In general, auto air quality monitoring

system requires 5% to 10% of purchased budget as maintenance cost every year.

- Room for Weighing:

The room for weighing should be separated from other facilities and temperature

of 21.5 ±1.5 ºC and relative humidity of 50 ±5% should be kept. But it is

about 70% humidity now. Furthermore, the Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer (AAS), which burns acetylene is installed in the same room.

The burning of acetylene shall produce water vapor to increase moisture. During

weighing of filters on which TSP is loaded, the filter absorbs the moisture and

then increases the weight, where overestimation might occur.

At the present, EMAC put a filter on the electric dryer at 110 °C before and after

sampling in the field as preconditioning of weighing. But it is recommended to

put it in a desiccator with room temperature and relative humidity of 50 ±5%.

Purchase of desiccator is also necessary. The desiccator can be used temporarily

instead of a room for weighing.

- Low Volume Air Sampler:

For TSP measurement, it is recommended to use a high volume air sampler

(flow velocity of 1,000 to 1,500 L/min). On the other hand, a low volume air


5-4

sampler, (flow velocity of 20 to 30 L/min), it is very difficult to measure TSP

with good accuracy for one hour sampling. Detection limit might be about 60 to

80 μg/m3)

- Digital Dust Meter (SKE-EPAM-5000):

This is a very effective and highly sensitive device to measure ambient TSP

concentration instead of the low volume air sampler, although the obtained value

is the instant value. It is not a standard method based on Vietnam Standards

(Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam: TCVN) but the detection limit is 1 μg/m3 and maximum

limit is up to 20,000 μg/m3. Unfortunately, it is out of order temporarily;

therefore repair is urgently needed.

- Air Quality Monitoring of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):

Due to limitation of equipment, only nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is measured

because the portable ambient nitric oxide (NO) analyzer is not available until

now therefore, there is no other choice but to regard or calculate NO2 as NOx. In

general, more than 90% of NOx emission from combustion process and engine

on car is NO, therefore underestimation must occur in the monitoring point near

the main road and large factories.

- Selection of date and time:

Due to the detection limit of TSP equipment and electronic balance, the field

measurement is conducted except for rainy day and a day after the rain or two

days after the rain in most cases. In general, dust in the atmosphere will be

washed out by the rain. Thus, a day of high concentration is selected

intentionally. And due to the available working hours in the office, measurement

is conducted during daytime. Field measurement is conducted four times a year

at the same point. Therefore, when the average value such as 24-hour average or

annual average is discussed, the measured data is not a good representative of

the 24-hour data as well as the annual data, and overestimation might occur.


Figure 5.1-2 Balance, Teledyne 900 System, Low Volume Air Sampler and EPAM-5000

b) Stack Emission: Dust Sampling and Calibration of Equipment

- Isokinetic Sampling:


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Through the activities of information and data collection performed by the

environmental consultant, it was found out that flue gas measurement activities

are conducted using a portable gas analyzer without on-site calibration with

cylinder of standard gases of CO, NO, and SO2 in Vietnam. As for dust

(particulate matter) measurement, methodology of isokinetic sampling, a kind of

international and authorized method, is not yet conducted. For effective

command and control of pollution sources by authorities, it is essential to

measure more precisely the flue gas dust concentrations which are listed in

QCVN 19:2009/BTMNT.

- Portable Gas Analyzer:

The TESTO 350XL is a very convenient equipment to measure gaseous

components such as SO2, NOx, CO, O2, and CO2. It is easy to use and made in

Germany. The sensors are calibrated before shipment. It is recommended that

this equipment should be calibrated every three years or sensors should be

replaced. The TESTO 350XL at EMAC was purchased in 2008; therefore, it is

recommended for calibration.


Figure 5.1-3 Example of Isokinetic Sampling and TESTO 350XL at EMAC

（2） Pollution Control by Industry

1） Plans of Strengthening Emission Standards: 2015 Problem

Emission limit values for air pollutants from thermal power industry, cement

manufacturing industry, and other industries are listed in the “National Technical

Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry” (QCVN 22/2009/BTNMT),

“National Technical Regulation on Cement Manufacturing Industry”

(QCVN23/2009/BTNMT) and “National Technical Regulation on Industrial

Emission of Inorganic Substances and Dusts” (QCVN 19/2009/BTNMT),

respectively in Vietnam. These standards are summarized in Table 5.1-1, Table

5.1-2 and Table 5.1-3.


5-6

Table 5.1-1 National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal Power Industry

Coal VM Content

>10%

Coal VM Content

≦10%

200 500 600 1,000

Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)

at Vietnamese Standard Condition *NOx (as NO2)

SO2Dust

Target

Thermal Power Industry

*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa with 6% of O2 in the flue gas.

**: Type of fuel is coal.

***: These values can be applied in thermal power plant operating after 17 October 2005.

Source: QCVN22/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team

Table 5.1-2 National Technical Regulation on Emission of

Cement Manufacturing Industry

Dust SO2 NOx (as NO2) CO

Column A:

- Operated before 16 January 2007

with Application Period until 1st

November 2011

400 1,500 1,000 1,000

Column B1:

-Operated before 16 January 2007

with application period from 1st

November 2011to 31 December

2014)

-Operated after 16 January 2007

with application period to 31

December 2014

200 500 1,000 1,000

Column B2:

- All cement factories and facilities

after 1st January 2015.100 500 1,000 500

Target


at Vietnamese Standard Condition *

Cement

Manufacturing

Factories

*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa.

Source: QCVN23/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team

Table 5.1-3 National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of

Inorganic Substance and Dust

Acid Manufacturing Other Sources

400 1500 2,000 1,000 1,000

200 500 1,000 850 1,000


at Vietnamese Standard Condition *

Column A: Industrial Processes

(existing plant **)

Dust SO2

NOx (as NO2)

Column B: Industrial Processes

(new plant ***)

CO

Target

*: Emission limit values are expressed at 25 ºC, 101.3 kPa

**: These values are applied in the industrial facilities operated before 16 January 2007 with application period

until 31 December 2014.

***: These values can be applied in the industrial facilities operated since 16 January 2007 and all facilities after 1

January 2015.

Source: QCVN 19/2009/BTNMT and Project Study Team


5-7

a) Power Plant

Regarding thermal power plants in Quang Ninh, QCVN 22 will be applied

because all power plants except for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1 are operating

after 17 October 2005. But as for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1, “National

Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of Inorganic Substances and Dusts”

(QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT) is applied. Because the regional coefficient “Kv” is

“0.8” in Uong Bi Town, they can manage to meet the standards at the present.

But standards in column B with the regional coefficient “Kv=0.8” will be

applied by 1 January 2015. Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1 needs to decrease dust,

SO2, and NOx concentration to 160 mg/Nm3, 400 mg/Nm

3, and 680 mg/Nm

3,

respectively. With this, the new standards for dust and SO2 is very difficult to

attain for Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1.

b) Cement Plant

As for QCVN23:2009/BTNMT, all cement factories are required to meet

column B1 standards from 1 November 2011 until 31 December 2014, and

column B2 after 1 January 2015. By 1 January 2015, all cement factories are

required to meet column B2 standards with the capacity coefficient “Kp” and the

regional coefficient “Kv”. In case of Kp=1.0 and Kv=1.0, the cement plant needs

to meet dust, CO, NOx, and SO2 concentration of 100 mg/Nm3, 500

mg/Nm3,1,000 mg/Nm

3, and 500 mg/Nm

3, respectively. If it is Kp=0.8 and

Kv=0.8, the cement plant needs to meet dust, CO, NOx, and SO2 concentration

of 64 mg/Nm3, 320 mg/Nm

3, 640 mg/Nm

3, and 320 mg/Nm

3, respectively.

However, it is very severe standards for old plants, especially for old-aged one.

For example, Lam Thach Cement 1 which started operating in 1997 is going to

be closed in 2014 by order of the government.

2） Regular Reporting from the Plant

Quite a few number of plants reported results of flue gas measurement.

Quang Ninh Power Plant and Cam Pha Cement Plant issued reports that

included flue gas measurement results. But for other power plants and cement

plants, their regular reports included ambient air quality results only.


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Table 5.1-4 Situation of Reporting from Plants

Name of Plant Flue Gas Result in Report Remarks Quang Ninh Power Plant Reported regularly Quarterly Cam Pha Cement Plant Reported regularly Quarterly Uong Bi Power Plant Not reported regularly Irregularly for Phase 1 Unit Cam Pha Power Plant Not reported regularly One time in environmental

impact assessment (EIA) procedure on approval

Thang Long Cement Reported but it is not stack gas concentration

Some figures for production control

Mao Khe Power Plant Not reported at all - Lam Thach Cement Not reported at all - Halong Cement Not reported at all -



Figure 5.1-4 Photos of the Quang Ninh Power Plant, Cam Pha Cement Plant, Uong Bi

Power Plant, Cam Pha Power Plant, Thang Long Cement, Dong Trieu Power Plant, Lam

Thach Cement, and Halong Cement

（3） Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities

1） Coal Transportation

Based on Decision No. 60/2012/QD-TTg, entitled Approving the Master Plan on

the Development of Vietnam's Coal Industry through 2020 with the Prospects

toward 2030, in recent years, some improvements are observed on coal

transportation activities. Examples of improvements are listed in Table 5.1-5.

Table 5.1-5 Examples of Improvements for Coal Transportation

Area Contents of Improvement Mao Khe Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from

Mao Khe +56 to Mao Khe Power Plant (3.44km) Mao Khe Tube conveyor was introduced in coal transportation from Mao Khe +56 to Ben

Can Port (3.67 km) Uong Bi A over bridge to avoid crossing between Road 18A with coal transportation

road/railway Uong Bi – Dien Cong Uong Bi Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from

+56 Nam Mau to Khe Than coal yard (4.32 km) Uong Bi New construction of railway Lan Thap – Uong Bi (17.5 km) and Khe Than –

Lan Thap (2.00 km) Uong Bi Rehabilitation and extension of Vang Danh – Uong Bi – Dien Cong railway

(20.00 km) Uong Bi Rehabilitation and extension of concrete road Vang Danh – Uong Bi (20.00km)


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Hon Gai Completely covered conveyor belt was introduced in coal transportation from Suoi Lai coal mine to Quang Ninh Thermal Power Plant (1.51 km)

Hon Gai New concrete road from Suoi Lai Coal Mine to Lang Khanh port (5.00 km)_

Source: “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects

toward 2030”

In addition, the“Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with

Consideration of Prospects toward 2030” shows the road construction and conveyor

belt development plan. The road and conveyor belt development plan is shown in

Table 5.1-6.

Table 5.1-6 Road and Conveyor Belt Development Plan

Area Contents of Improvement Mao Khe Conveyor from Trang khe industrial yard to Mao Khe +56 site (4.34 km) Mao Khe Concrete road from Non Dong guard station to Mao Khe +56 site (3.00 km) Uong Bi Conveyor from Khe Than to Uong Bi (7.14 km) Uong Bi Conveyor from Uong Bi to Dien Cong Port (7.90 km) Hon Gai Conveyor from Quang Ninh Thermal Power Plant to Lang Khanh Port (4.86

km) Hon Gai Conveyor for coal supply to Nam Cau Trang Coal Selection Plant (5.00 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Lep My to Port Km6 (4.00km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant to Mong Duong Thermal

Power Plant (8.50 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant – Khe Day Port (8.50 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Cao Son Coal Mine – Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant (1.20

km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham 2 Open Pit Mining – Khe Cham Coal Selection

Plant (2.40 km) Cam Pha Conveyor from Khe Cham 2 Under Ground Mining – Khe Cham Coal

Selection Plant (1.50 km) Cam Pha Rehabilitation and upgrade Cao Son – Mong Duong – Cua Ong Railway (12.5

km) Cam Pha Rehabilitation and upgrade Coc 6 Train Station - Cua Ong Railway (8.00 km)

Source: “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects

toward 2030”

5.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved to 2020

“Targets to be achieved” are designed to meet the environmental standard of TSP and

PM10 in all areas of Quang Ninh by 2020. Of course, other air pollutants such as SO2,

CO, NOx, O3, and Pb should be kept to meet the standards.

Regarding TSP, at present, hourly average conducted four times a year is the only

available data, but 24-hour average and annual average must meet the standards of 200

μg/m3 and 140 μg/m

3, respectively.

Regarding PM10 or inhalable particulate matter, the diameter is less than 10 μm,

which is smaller than TSP. PM10 has to be measured and must meet the 24-hour

average and annual average standards of 200 μg/m3

and 140 μg/m3, respectively.

Environmental standards for particulate matter are shown in Table 5.2-1.

Table 5.2-1 Air Quality Standards: Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10) Unit: μg/m3

Parameter Hourly Average 8-hour Average 24-hour Average Annual Average

Total suspended

particulates (TSP) 300 - 200 140


5-10

Dust ≤ 10 μm

(PM10) - - 150 50

Note: (-) means “unregulated”

Source: QCVN05/2009/BTNMT

5.3 Approaches for Air Quality Management

5.3.1 Air Quality Management by Local Government

（1） Continuous Air Quality Monitoring

As described in Subsections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2, it is unreasonable to discuss the annual

average value from the monitoring result obtained in Quang Ninh because the

monitoring of TSP is conducted four times a year. One monitoring represents the

average concentration of 60 minutes sampling. In other words, it is not scientific to

discuss the annual value which should be the average of 8,760 hours, using an average

of 4 hours. By the same reason for annual average, the measurement is conducted only

at daytime, which is illogical to compare with 24-hour standard. In order to grasp air

quality condition and compare it with air quality standards of 1-hour, 24-hour average,

and annual average, continuous monitoring is indispensable. And parameters to be

measured are particulate matter (TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, SO2,

especially PM10 and PM2.5 are important. The details are described in Section 5.4.1,

(2).

（2） Real-Time Monitoring on Stack Flue Gas from Major Plant

This system is very common and most effective method/tool used to control the largest

air pollutants of emission sources, such as thermal power plant, cement plant, and iron

manufacture directly and semi real-time by local governments in European Union

(EU) countries, the United States of America (USA) and Japan. Beside the inspection

activities done by DONRE, it is very effective since it gives a sound alert for the

neighbors of the plants that serious accident may happen or gaseous pollutants/toxic

pollutants are being emitted. And in some severe air pollution episodes such as

photochemical smog episodes and high PM concentration may happen, the local

government shall ask the plants to reduce their production rate to lessen the emission

temporarily. The local government can confirm whether the emission is reduced or not

by this system. The details are described in Section 5.4.1, (2).

（3） Capacity Building of DONRE Staff in Air Quality Field

Some international projects in relation to capacity development for environmental

protection, emission control, planning of monitoring, and pollution source inventory

were conducted recently. But unfortunately, the contents of the activities are related

only to water quality. It is indispensable for DONRE to have a project or technical


5-11

cooperation on capacity building in the field of air quality management. For example,

the training for ambient air quality measurement, flue gas measurement, air pollution

source inventory, inspection to the plants and quality assurance/quality control

(QA/QC) are definitely necessary. Especially, the abovementioned activities, i.e., (1)

Continuous Air Quality Monitoring, and (2) Real-Time Monitoring on Stack Flue Gas

from Major Plant are most important.

（4） Air Quality Control by Ambient Air/QCVN 05 and Direct Control by

Emission/QCVN 19, 22, and 23

Currently, the monitoring activities done by DONRE/EMAC focus on the ambient air

quality monitoring by QCVN 05 rather than the emission monitoring/flue gas

measurement by QCVN 19, 22, and 23. The ambient air quality monitoring is very

important in order to grasp air quality condition in the environment and to protect

human health, therefore, it should be maintained. But in parallel, the emission

monitoring/flue gas measurement by inspection activity is also equally important. If

ambient dust concentration near the plant exceeds air quality standards of QCVN 05,

there is no direct evidence to identify the source. However, when the emission

monitoring/flue gas measurement in inspection is conducted, direct evidence of the

source who exceeded the emission standards of QCVN 19, 22 and 23 is identified,

thus, DONRE could directly control the plant by itself.

5.3.2 Stationary Emission Source/Air Quality Management by Industries

（1） Introduction to Self-monitoring

Flue gas measurement on the stacks of the factory as well as periodical reporting to

local governments is a logical thing to do in EU countries, USA, and Japan. It is called

“self-monitoring”. In Quang Ninh, quarterly monitoring and reporting to DONRE for

ambient air is conducted as a scope of the EIA obligation of most plants listed in Table

5.1-4, except for those plants which have not conducted EIA. Among them, Quang

Ninh Power Plant and Cam Pha Cement Plant issue reports containing flue gas

measurement results on a quarterly basis. Introduction of self-monitoring to large-scale

plant is an approach used for air quality management by industries.

（2） Rehabilitation of Uong Bi Power Plant Phase 1

As mentioned in Section 5.1.2 (1), 52 years have passed since Uong Bi Power Plant

Phase 1 has started its operation in 1961, the original design of the operation, which is

25 years, has already exceeded. Because the emission standards, QCVN

19:2009/BTNMT, is design to be stringent from 1 January 2015. Uong Bi Power Plant

Phase 1 needs to decrease dust, SO2, and NOx concentration to 160 mg/Nm3, 400

mg/Nm3 and 680 mg/Nm

3, respectively. Regarding dust and SO2, the plant will face

difficulty to meet the new standards, therefore major rehabilitation is indispensable. If


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Power Generation Corporation/EVN plans to continue its operation, it is

recommended for the local government to order a halt in their operation, in case major

rehabilitation will not be conducted and flue gas will exceed the emission standard.

（3） Anxiety for 2030 on Sources of Air Pollution

Largest sources of air pollution, i.e., thermal power plants and cement plants are listed

in Table 5.3-1. As mentioned in Section 5.1.1, there is a possibility that emission of air

pollution from plants meet the emission standards at the start, for the first 5 years,

however, after 10 to 20 years, the values may exceed the emission standard. Therefore,

the inspection including on site flue gas measurement is very important. By inspection,

if the plant continues to exceed the emission standards, it is recommended that local

government should order a stop on its operation in the future.

Table 5.3-1 Largest Sources of Air Pollution

Name of Plant Starting Operation Designed Year of

Operation (Lifetime)

Quang Ninh Power Plant Phase 1: July 2011 Phase 2: May 2013

25

Uong Bi Power Plant 1 1976 25 but extended

twice Uong Bi Power Plant 2 December 2006 25 Uong Bi Power Plant 3 March 2011 25

Cam Pha Power Plant Phase 1: January 2010 Phase 2: February 2011

25

Mao Khe Power Plant Phase 1: July 2012 Phase 2:June 2013

25

Mong Duong Phase 1 1st quarter, 2015 30 Mong Duong Phase 2 3rd quarter, 2015 30

Lam Thach Cement 1 September 1997 Going to stop in

2014

Lam Thach Cement 2 Line 1: December 2006 Line 2: June 2009

Not clear

Thang Long Cement November 2008 50 Halong Cement April 2010 50 Cam Pha Cement Plant May 2008 50


5.3.3 Coal Transportation and Coal Related Activities

According to Decision No.60/2012/QD-TTg, entitled Planning on Development of

Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030,

development objectives of “environmental protection” are described as follows:

“By 2015, to basically achieve major environmental standards in sensitive areas (urban

centers, residential quarters, tourist attractions, etc.): by 2020, to fully satisfy all

environmental standards in all areas of coal mining”.

Within the frame of the Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020

with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030, the following plans are to be conducted:

- To close Suoi Lai Open-pit Mining by 2015.

- To close Nui Beo Open-pit Mining by 2017.

- To close Ha Tu Open-pit Mining by 2027.


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- To renovate and expand existing mining.

- To renovate, upgrade, and construct some internal roadway and accessible

roads in Uong Bi, Hon Gai and Cam Pha: to maintain and upgrade existing

special-use internal roads by 2015.

- To renovate, expand, and upgrade existing railway lines, use locomotives of

over 1,000 HP to increase railway transport capacity by 2015.

- To invest in continuing building 11 new conveyor lines with a total length of

about 55.34 km by 2020.

- To make investment to maintain the constructed external transport system by

2015.

- To make investment to maintain the constructed external transport system for

2016-2020 period.

（1） Coal Transportation

The contents of the road construction plans of the abovementioned master plan are

focused mainly on new road construction activities. However, following the approach

including rehabilitation of existing road is recommended. As proposed in the

recommended project, it is necessary to conduct the basic design survey for two

months by road construction design experts. However, it is impossible to conduct the

survey within the project period. General recommendations are as follows;

1） Further promotion of a completely covered conveyor belt instead of truck

transportation.

2） Well-designed road reconstruction/rehabilitation and maintenance plan

It is recommended to rehabilitate the existing coal transportation roads in order

to prevent scattering of coal dust. It is essential to reconstruct the coal

transportation roads and introduce plans to regularly repair the roads in order to

prevent scattering of coal dust.

a) Toughness of transportation road and thickness of asphalt/concrete have to be

carefully redesigned.

-Thickness of asphalt: It is necessary to calculate carefully based on assumed

traffic volume and weight of truck.

- Thickness of concrete: It is necessary to calculate carefully based on assumed

traffic volume and weight of truck.

-Thickness of aggregate: more than 50 cm is desirable.

-Thorough compaction of soil and aggregate before pavement is desirable.

b) Frequency of repair has to be carefully redesigned.

- Frequency depends on traffic volume and weight of truck.


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-Once every 4 to 6 years is recommended in general.

3） Well-designed spraying water plan with installation of gutters along the drainage

system.

- It is necessary to adjust the amount of water, the size of water droplet/mist/fog,

and the frequency of spraying water by computer simulation.

-In order to avoid muddy condition of the road, it is recommended to install

gutters within the drainage system on the shoulder of the road.

4） General control measure for unpaved roads.

（2） Stockpiles at Coal Selection Plant and Port for Coal Transportation

1） Building wall fences combining with planting trees on the coal storage area

Depending on specific conditions, building walls or barrier fences combining with

growing green belt surrounding the coal storage area.

- Height of wall, barrier fence: 2.0 m or higher

- Distance between trees is less than 1.0 m, number of tree rows is not less than

3.

2） Other solutions

- Installation of dust capture at head of conveyors, pouring funnels.

- Internal roads, bases: Permanent, clean the coal spillage, watering.

（3） Mining and Dumpsite

The open-pit coal mining in Quang Ninh will be closed by 2018 in the Halong area,

according to Decision No. 60/2012/QD-TTg, Planning on Development of Vietnam

Coal Sector to 2020 with Consideration of Prospects toward 2030. However, from

now to 2018, some measures to prevent dust scattering/fugitive dust are recommended,

as follows:

1） Measure for Coal Mining Site

Depending on the type, scale, machine used, and climate of coal mining and

from processes such as mining, loading, transport and dumping, there are many

candidate measures to prevent fugitive dust.

2） Measure for Coal Dumpsite

The environment restoration is the most effective measure to prevent scattering

of fugitive dust from coal waste dumpsite. Revegetation is recommended to coal

waste dumpsite after stopping dumping activity as soon as possible. It is

effective not only to prevent dust pollution but also to prevent landslide and

leaching water from coal waste to Halong Bay. The detailed discussion will be

mentioned in “Coastal Forest Management” section. Examples of rehabilitation


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as good practices are shown in Figure 5.3-1.

Nui Beo Mining Chinh Bac Nui Beo Mining Chinh Bac South Deo Nai Dumpsite, Deo Nai Coal Company

Figure 5.3-1 Examples of Rehabilitation of Dumpsite


5-16

5.4 Proposed Projects to 2020

5.4.1 Necessity for Projects Proposed by DONRE/EMAC

The Project Study Team has examined three project proposals which were prepared by

DONRE and EMAC. Basically, the Project Study Team recognizes the necessity and

supports these projects strongly. The air quality management expert comments are as

follows:

（1） Project for Strengthening Capacity for Environmental Management

1） Comment on the Project

Basically, the set of equipment listed in the project is necessary for better

operation. The following items are listed in order of priority below, as well as

the requirement to purchase/replace as soon as possible. Especially, analytical

balance (five digits) is needed urgently (Refer to Section 5.1.2, (1), 1)).

a) No.39: Analytical balance (five digits): sensitivity/detection limit (0.00001 g:

10 μg)

b) No.22: Ambient air dust sampling equipment, high flow (High volume air

sampler)

c) No.21: Quick dust measurement equipment for PM10, PM2.5, PM1

d) No.17: Flue dust sampling equipment

e) No.1: Global positioning system (GPS)

2） Implementation Schedule

From 2013 to 2014 for half a year

3） Approximate Budget

USD 0.65 million

（2） Project for enhancing EMAC’s capacity on science and technology

1） Comment on the Project

Basically, the project importance is on the construction of a new building rather

than equipment procurement. In fact, it was observed that there was a leak in the

office ceiling on the third floor after every heavy rain. The room next to the said

office is the director’s room with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

(GC-MS), therefore, water leak may damage the GC-MS.

In addition, regarding 1) list of instruments for environmental inspection, 2) list

of field monitoring instruments, and 3) list of laboratory instruments, some

equipment are overlapping with (1) the Project for Strengthening Capacity for

Environmental Management. Closer investigation and reconsideration are

necessary.


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2） Implementation Schedule

From 2015 to 2016 for a year

3） Approximate Budget

USD 3.0 million

5.4.2 Foreign Expert for Capacity Development on AQM and PEM

（1） Project Description

Together with the Project for Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring

Stations in Quang Ninh, the Capacity Development on AQM and PEM (Plant

Emission Monitoring) for DONRE/EMAC staff is required through technical support

of international expert, who has experiences in air quality monitoring of ambient air

and stack emission measurement at the factory. This capacity development will help to

solve difficulties of dust measurement in the field and laboratory encountered by the

staff, and to promote smooth initial operation of “auto AQM station” and “auto PEM

station”.

In Vietnam, auto AQM stations had been established in HCMC and Hanoi almost 12

years ago. The total number of stations are more than 30 but most of them have been

out of operation. Of course, there are some Vietnamese experts in this field, but taking

into account the lesson learned in the past ten years, an international expert with

enough experience is necessary.

In addition, it is preferable to conduct the following activities:

- Introduction of international standard method, isokinetic sampling, and flue gas

dust measurement of stack/chimney;

- Introduction of standard oxygen concentration for calculation/conversion;

- Strengthening of inspection/measurement by DONRE/EMAC;

- Strengthening of Air Pollution Source Inventory; and

- Introduction of QA/QC for air quality monitoring.

One candidate has an official request to international donor to dispatch an expert. As

an example, some contents of the application form are presented in Table 5.4-1.

Table 5.4-1 Example of Application and Description

Example of Items on Application Draft Description

-Period of Assignment and Desirable Time of

Dispatch

-One year, starting from just before the operation of

“auto AQM station” and “auto PEM (Plant Emission

Monitoring) station” .

- Number of Expert(s) Required

- Category of Service

-One person

-Technology diffusion


5-18

Example of Items on Application Draft Description

- Name of Related Project/Scheme -

-Name of Requesting Ministry/Organization

and Specific Department/Division/Unit to

which the Expert is attached

-


The procedure is to be done through the Department of Planning and Investment (DPI)

and the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI).

（2） Implementation Schedule

From 2014 to 2015 for one year

（3） Approximate Budget

USD 0.24 million, mainly from the donor

5.4.3 Mandatory Reporting of Flue Gas Measurement Value to Local Government

（1） Project Description

It is recommended to introduce self-monitoring of flue gas in the stack/duct for

large-scale plants as a mandatory report which contains flue gas measurement result

on a quarterly basis.

An example of result tables for power plant and cement plant is shown in Table 5.4-2

Table 5.4-2 Example of Result Tables to be Attached in the Quarterly Report

Item Unit QCVN(19,22,23) A-Cmax Kp=*.*, Kv=*.*

Measured Value

General condition at the

measurement

Height of stack measured m

Stack diameter on the top m

Flue gas velocity m/s Flue gas volume m3/h Temperature ºC Oxygen concentration (O2) %

Concentration of air pollutants

Dust mg/Nm3 CO mg/Nm3 SO2 mg/Nm3 NOx mg/Nm3

Operating conditions at the

measurement

Power generation at measurement for power plant

MW/hour

Production (clinker) amount at measurement for cement plant

t/hour

Fuel/coal consumption at measurement

t/hour t/day



From 2013 to 2014, for one year


Within the operation of Quang Ninh DONRE


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5.4.4 Introduction of “European Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Independently

（1） Air Quality Standards; Comparison with EU

Table 5.4-3 shows the limitation values of basic parameters in the ambient air/air

quality standards in Vietnam (QCVN 05, QCVN 06/ 2009/BTNMT) Table 5.4-4

shows the air quality standards in EU.

Table 5.4-3 Air Quality Standards in Vietnam (Unit: μg/m3)

Note: Values highlighted in green: similar, values highlighted in yellow: different

Source; QCVN 05, 06/ 2009/BTNM

Table 5.4-4 Air Quality Standards in EU (Unit: μg/m3)

By comparing the air quality standards in Vietnam and EU, most of the figures in the

tables are similar with each other. In general, air quality standards in Vietnam are at

the same level as in EU. However, PM10 and benzene in EU are worse than Vietnam

twice or thrice. The 24-hour standard of PM10 in Vietnam is 150 μg/m3, whereas in

EU is 50 μg/m3. The annual standard of benzene in Vietnam is 10 μg/m3, whereas in

EU is 5 μg/m3, while in Japan it is 3 μg/m3.

（2） Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM)

Primary air pollutants in Vietnam are TSP and benzene. TSP in Quang Ninh includes

all particulate matter. There are some types of particulate matter being used as air

quality standards (AQS) in the world. Types of PM and their definition are shown in


5-20

Table 5.4-5. As explained in the table, TSP concentration is variable depending on the

wind speed. It is somewhat not so quantitative and reliable as AQS. Therefore tt is

recommended to use PM10 in parallel with TSP after the operation of “auto AQM

station” will be stable, i.e., half a year has been past.

Table 5.4-5 Types of PM in the World

Type of PM Definition Note Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)

Particulate with diameter less than 40 to 50 μm (Maximum diameter will change depending on wind speed, not so quantitative)

Currently, EU, USA, and Japan do not adopt TSP as AQS. In the US, it was adopted from 1971 to 1987.

PM10 Particulate with diameter less than 10 μm

US: Limit value was adopted in 1987 instead of TSP EU: Limit value took effect in 2005.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Particulate with diameter less than 7 to 8 μm

SPM was adopted in Japan in 1973. SPM is roughly similar to PM7 to PM8.

PM2.5 Particulate with diameter less than 2.5 μm

US: Limit value was adopted in 1997 and strengthened in 2006. EU: Limit value will take effect in 2015. Japan: Limit value took effect in 2009.

Note: Concentration of TSP≥PM10≥SPM≥PM2.5


（3） Introduction of “Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Independently

As a leading environmental province, it seems that the AQS for a 24-hour standard of

PM10, at 150 μg/m3 is not fitted to be compared with developed countries’ standard.

At least three years of accumulating “auto AQM station” data, and establishing of a

scientific committee to discuss its own AQS in Quang Ninh, that may be the desirable

time to adopt Quang Ninh PM10 standard independently. The limitation value might

be between 50 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m

3. Adoption of new limitation value will be in 2020.


From 2016 to 2020, adoption of new limitation value in 2020.


USD 0.02 million, expenditure of five professors for three years (four times of

meeting/year) and DONRE staff.

5.4.5 Recommendation on Installation of Coal Dust Prevention Mesh Net at Coal Selection

Plant and Port for Coal Loading

（1） Principle of Dust Prevention

The principles of dust prevention are: 1) Decreasing wind speed by mesh net and 2)

Catching coal dust by mesh. The computer simulation of the effect using net is shown

in Figure 5.4-1.


5-21

Simulation of effect by Net

Before InstallationWind

After InstallationWind

Fence with Net

Height :15m

Area of Blue color indicates low wind speed

Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd., http://www.jfe-civil.com/pole/pdf/TechnicalNote_ECOPOLE.pdf

Figure 5.4-1 Simulation of the Effect using Net

The area of blue color indicates low wind speed and deep blue is lower wind speed.

The technology is applied to the coal pile at the storage yard in thermal power plant

and iron manufacture, and effectiveness has been demonstrated.

（2） Installation of Dust Prevention Mesh Net

Examples of specifications of construction/installation works are as follows:

- Area it could be applied: 1 to 8 ha

- Height of the fence: 15 m

- Designed maximum wind speed: 47 m/s

- Construction period: 3 to 7 months

- Example of construction cost in Japan: USD 0.9 million/100 m of fence with net

If there is a prevailing wind direction through the year, it is not necessary to put the

fence with net on four sides of the square. It is possible also to put it on two sides

along prevailing wind to save the cost.

Due to the limitation of area to be applied, 1) Coal selection plant and 2) Port for coal

loading are candidates in Quang Ninh. It might be possible to apply small coal mining.

Possible candidates of facilities on which “dust prevention mesh net” could be

installed are listed in Table 5.4-6.

Table 5.4-6 Possible Candidate of Facilities for Dust Prevention Mesh Net

Type of Facility Name of Candidate

Coal selection plant

+56 Coal Selection Plant in Mao Khe Vang Danh Coal Selection Plant Khe Than Coal Selection Plant Nam Cau Trang Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong I Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong II Coal Selection Plant Cua Ong III Coal Selection Plant Khe Cham Coal Selection Plant


5-22

Port for coal loading

Dien Cong Port Ben Can Port Lang Khanh Port Viet Hung - Hoanh Bo Port Cam Pha (Cua Ong) Port Km 6(Cam Thach) Port Khe Dai Port


Sequence of photos on fence construction is shown in Figure 5.4-2 and example of

structure diagram of dust prevention net (about 180 m2) is shown in Figure 5.4-3.

Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd.

Figure 5.4-2 Images of Fence Construction using Net



5-2

3

Structure Diagram of Dust Prevention Net

Source: JFE Civil Co. Ltd.

Figure 5.4-3 Structural Diagram of Dust Prevention Net


6-1

CHAPTER 6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

6.1 Forecasted Impacts and Issues on Environmental Management up to 2020

6.1.1 Structure of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Problems

The problems concerning the present MSW management are classified into the

following categories:

Collection and Transportation

Condition of Landfills and Operation

Condition of Equipment

Reuse and Recycling

Education and Training System

Management System and Institution

Social Awareness

6.1.2 Estimation of Generated Municipal Solid Waste

（1） General Conditions

Basis for preparation of Planning

Research and Planning of SWM in Quang Ninh Province in 2010 (RPSWM2010)

Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020,

Vision 2030 (SEDP)

The target areas of the proposed project are both urban and remote areas. The collected

data were including of updating the in-house data for MSW including landfills and

collection and transportation system.

（2） Basic Plan

Basically, the Solid Waste Management Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2010,

vision to 2020 recommended three main items for improvement of current SWM

system and improvement of environment in the province which are sanitary landfill

system, recycling center composting plant and 3R activity for future SWM operation

targeted 2010-2020. Our basic idea for the MP is prepared according to the

RPSWM2010 concept. The result of study showed high reliability and basic

philosophy for the waste treatment and is similar to our idea. However, recommended

ideas and methodology proposed by RPSWM2010 report for proposed facilities and

equipment are not clearly mentioned. Therefore, in this Report, we prepared more

details for the proposed facilities utilizing our experiences and in-house data.

（3） Generated Amount of Solid Waste in 2020

Due to population increasing and economical development, the generated amount of


6-2

solid waste will increase. Table 6.1-1 shows the results of estimation of generated solid

waste amount at each city, town and district.

Table 6.1-1 Estimation of Generated Solid Waste Amount in Target Areas in

2020

No. Area Waste Generation

(ton/day)

Waste Generation

(ton/10 years)

Waste to Landfill

(ton/10years)

1 Halong City 224.5 847,878 805,484

2 Mong Cai City 70.6 280,550 252,495

3 Cam Pha City 70.5 295,760 266,184

4 Uong Bi City 36.9 154,735 139,262

5 Binh Lieu District 5.8 25,775 20,620

6 Tien Yen District 9.1 40,614 32,491

7 Dam Ha District 6.5 29,006 23,253

8 Hai Ha District 10.2 42,859 36,430

9 Ba Che District 3.9 17,280 13,824

10 Van Don District 9.8 41,090 34,926

11 Hoanh Bo District 10.0 41,472 35,252

12 Dong Trieu District 29.8 132,571 106,057

13 Quang Yen Town 25.1 105,151 89,378

14 Co To District 1.1 4,677 3,742

Total 513.7 2,059,478 1,859,398


6.1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Compositions

The waste generated in Halong City is composed of around 49% organic waste, 2%

paper, 16% plastics, and 33% other materials. Considering the current conditions of

other big cities, it was found that their composition has not changed so much in the

recent years. Consequently, the waste composition of Halong City will not change so

much during the period of the Project.

6.1.4 Industrial Solid Waste

As Quang Ninh Environmental Master Plan to 2020 stated that besides the coal mining

industry, Quang Ninh Province will also focus on mineral exploitation (clay, sand

construction stone; construction material production; F & B, agricultural, forestry and

seafood processing; machinery and electronics industry; garment and leather; and

chemical industry) and a majority of these sectors shall carry out their productions,

processing, fabrication in centralized industrial zones.

It is assumed that all industrial zones, industrial clusters in Quang Ninh Province will

be occupied up to 70%, 80%, and 100% in 2015, 2020, and 2030, respectively. The

ISW generation is forecasted to be on the rise in the period of 2015-2030, as shown in

Table 6.1-2 below.


6-3

Table 6.1-2 Forecasting Generated Volume of ISW

No Industrial Zone Location Volume of ISW (t/year)

2015 2020 2030 1 Cai Lan Industrial Zone Halong City 32,000 32,000 32,000 2 Viet Hung Industrial Zone Halong City 22,000 25,000 32,000 3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone Mong Cai City 14,000 16,000 20,000 4 Phuong Nam Industrial Zone Uong Bi City 53,000 61,000 76,000 5 Dong Mai Industrial Zone Quang Yen Town 12,000 13,000 17,000 6 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone Hoanh Bo

District 51, 000 58, 000 73, 000

7 Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone

Hai Ha District 196, 000 225, 000 281, 000

8 Cam Pha Coal Supporting Industrial Zone

Cam Pha City 30, 000 34, 000 43, 000

9 Dam Nha Mac Service Industrial Zone

Quang Yen Town 113, 000 129, 000 162, 000

10 Quan Trieu Industrial Zone Dong Trieu District

11, 000 12, 000 16, 000

11 Tien Yen Industrial Zone Tien Yen District 11, 000 12, 000 16, 000

Note: The figures are rounded.

Source: Data from Quang Ninh DONRE, compiled by NK

Table 6.1-2 above shows that the amounts fluctuate periodically in most industrial

zones, except for Cai Lan Industrial Zone, which is 100% occupied at present. As a

result, the figures for this industrial zone are in a stable trend. For the other industrial

zones, it was assumed that they will be occupied up to 70%, 80%, and 100% in 2015,

2020, and 2030, respectively. Considering the key industrial zones and key sectors

analyzed in the socioeconomic development planning of Quang Ninh Province to

2020, vision toward 2030, the environmental impacts from ISW were forecasted in the

short-term period (2015-2020) and in the long-term period (2020-2030), as shown in

the tables below. From the forecasted data, appropriate countermeasures and solutions

will be considered for implementation in specific industrial sectors as well as in key

areas of the province.

The results in Table 6.1-2 were calculated roughly using the following formula:

S x GF x OP x 360 = ∑ GA

In which:

- S: Total area of industrial zone

- GF: Generation factor (0.3 t/ha/day)

- OP: Occupancy percentage

- 360: 360 days

- ∑ GA: Total of generated amount per year

（1） Halong City

There are two important industrial zones in Halong City that were selected for priority

development in the short-term period (2013-2020), namely, Cai Lan Industrial Zone

and Viet Hung Industrial Zone. In particular, Viet Hung Industrial Zone will be a


6-4

high-tech center orientated on EMS. Accordingly, the industrial waste generation

amount is projected to increase in 2015, 2020, and 2030, as shown in Table 6.1-3

below.

Table 6.1-3 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Halong City

Forecasted Year Industrial Zone Total Area

(ha) Occupancy

Rate

Emission Factor

(t/ha/day)

Amount of Generated Waste

(t/year) 2015 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6

Viet Hung 300.9 70% 0.3 22,748 2020 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6

Viet Hung 300.9 80% 0.3 26,369.2 2030 Cai Lan 305.2 100% 0.3 32,961.6

Viet Hung 300.9 100% 0.3 32,497.2


（2） Mong Cai City

Hai Yen Industrial Zone is listed as a key industrial zone for key sectors in the

socioeconomic development planning to 2020, vision toward 2030. As a result, the

amount of waste generated is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years as

shown in Table 6.1-4.

Table 6.1-4 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Mong Cai City


(ha) Occupancy

Rate

Emission Factor

(t/ha/day)

Amount of Waste Generated

(t/year) 2015 Hai Yen 192.7 70% 0.3 14,568.1 2020 Hai Yen 192.7 80% 0.3 16,649.2 2030 Hai Yen 192.7 100% 0.3 20,811.6


（3） Hai Ha District

Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone is located in the Mong Cai strategic border gate

economic zone and expected to attract a number of potential investors. The economic

activities are expected to operate vigorously in the huge industrial area of 2,605 ha as

planned in the latest socioeconomic development planning. As a result, the amount of

industrial waste is predicted to increase rapidly in the near future, as described in Table

6.1-5.

Table 6.1-5 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hai Ha District


(ha) Occupancy

Rate

Emission Factor

(t/ha/day)


(t/year) 2015 Hai Ha 2,605 70% 0.3 196,938 2020 Hai Ha 2,605 80% 0.3 225,072 2030 Hai Ha 2,605 100% 0.3 281,340



6-5

（4） Hoanh Bo District

Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone is also identified for priority development in the period of

2013-2020 in the socioeconomic development planning of the province. Table 6.1-6

below shows the forecasted amount of ISW in Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone.

Table 6.1-6 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Hoanh Bo District


(ha) Occupancy

Rate

Emission Factor

(t/ha/day)


(t/year) 2015 Hoanh Bo 681 70% 0.3 51,483 2020 Hoanh Bo 681 80% 0.3 58,838 2030 Hoanh Bo 681 100% 0.3 73,548


（5） Quang Yen Town

According the socioeconomic development planning of the province, Dam Nha Mac

Industrial Zone will be a multifunctional industry-service industrial zone in

combination with Tien Phong Port/Lach Huyen and Dinh Vu Industrial Zone in Hai

Phong City. It is predicted that economic and industrial activities will be developed

actively and ISW is forecasted to increase accordingly as summarized in Table 6.1-7.

Table 6.1-7 Forecast of the Volume of ISW Generation in Quang Yen District


Occupancy

Rate

Emission Factor

(t/ha/day)


(t/year) 2015 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 70% 0.3 113,400 2020 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 80% 0.3 129,600 2030 Dam Nha Mac 1,500 100% 0.3 162,000


6.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved in 2020-2030

6.2.1 Target of SWM in 2020

（1） 3R and Waste Segregation

For the conservation of the natural environment of the Halong Bay area, the quality of

SWM has to be improved. The 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling） activities of

households shall be started in Halong City and the coastal areas of Halong Bay

including Cam Pha City, Hai Ha, Van Don, Hoanh Bo and Quang Yen Town. For the

treatment of collected waste, the construction of recycling centers in these cities and

districts shall be completed. In the target areas, the construction of composting plants

shall also be completed and their operations started as soon as possible.

90% percent of the total urban domestic solid waste shall be collected and treated

safely, 75-80% of which should be recycled, reused, used for energy renewal, or

produced as organic manure. (Residue from composting production will be disposed


6-6

into landfill : Approx. 30% )

（2） Landfill Facilities

Some of the following existing landfill sites are expected to reach its full capacity

within a few years, it is essential that site selection and planning of new sanitary

landfills according to government regulations shall be carried out:

• Deo Sen Landfill : Halong City

• Ha Khau Landfill : Halong City

• Quang Chinh Landfill : Hai Ha District

• Quang Hanh Landfill : Cam Pha City

• Voong Xi Landfill : Co To District

In addition to the above sites, construction reaching standards and operation of the

landfill sites in the districts along the coastal areas of Halong Bay such as Cam Pha

City, Van Don, Hoanh Bo, and Quang Yen Town, as well as sufficient equipment

provided are necessary.

6.2.2 Target of SWM in 2030

（1） 3R and Waste Segregation

The 3R activities of households shall be started in all districts of Quang Ninh Province.

For the treatment of collected waste, the construction of recycling centers and

composting plants in all the districts shall be completed and their operations started.

100% percent of the total urban domestic solid waste shall be collected and treated

safely, 90% of which should be recycled, reused, used for energy renewal, or produced

as organic manure.

（2） Landfill Facilities

The sanitary landfill facilities in all provinces shall be constructed and completed by

2030 and operated properly in the whole province according to sanitary landfill

guidelines. By 2030, the operation of sanitary landfill ensures to be carried out, and all

the necessary equipment for landfill operations including transportation vehicles shall

be procured. The targets to be achieved in the SWM plan by 2020 and 2030 are shown

in Table 6.2-1.

Table 6.2-1 Targets to be Achieved in the SWM Plan by 2020 and 2030

Site 2020 2030

Notes Landfill 3R Landfill 3R

Halong City ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Mong Cai City ◎ ◎ - - Cam Pha City ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Uong Bi City ◎ ◎ - - Binh Lieu District ◎ ◎ - - Tien Yen District ◎ ◎ - - Dam Ha District ◎ ◎ - - Hai Ha District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project


6-7

Site 2020 2030

Notes Landfill 3R Landfill 3R

Ba Che District ◎ ◎ - - Van Don District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Hoanh Bo District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Dong Trieu District ◎ ◎ - - Quang Yen Town ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project Co To District ◎ ◎ - - Priority Project

Notes:

◎ : Completion of the Project

“Landfill” includes leachate treatment system and landfill equipment.

“3R” includes segregated collection, composting plant, and recycling center.

Source: Study Team

6.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste

According to Decision No. 2149/2009/QĐ-TTg, dated 17 December 2009, of the

Prime Minister on approval for the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste

Management to 2025, Vision to 2050, 80% of non-hazardous ISW, and 60% of

hazardous ISW shall be collected and treated properly to protect the environment, of

which 70% shall be reused and recycled by 2015. Furthermore, 90% of non-hazardous

ISW and 70% of hazardous waste shall be collected and treated to sustain the

environment, in which 75% shall be reused and recycled by 2020. And by 2025, 100%

of non-hazardous ISW and hazardous ISW shall be collected and treated for

environmental protection. Similarly, the generated volume of Quang Ninh Province’s

industrial zones shall be forecasted in each period for appropriate industrial zone

planning.

6.3 Approaches for Solid Waste Management

6.3.1 Promotion of 3R Activities

（1） Background of 3R

In Vietnam, the lack of landfill sites is a serious issue in the SWM sector, and Quang

Ninh Province is not an exception. It was reported that the remaining lifetime of five

landfill sites is only a few years more. Also, such landfill sites are facing

environmental issues in their surrounding areas. In addition, composting is widely

introduced in Vietnam. However, many composting plants in Vietnam face difficulties

in producing better quality compost products because of mixed collection and

discharge of municipal waste. Therefore, in Quang Ninh Province, 3R activities are

necessary mainly to: 1) improve the lifetime of landfills, and 2) achieve better quality

of compost. Accordingly, it is believed that a sound “material cycle society” will be

established through 3R.

The National Strategy on Integrated SWM to 2015, Vision to 2050, clearly stated that

3R is inevitable in Vietnam and all related agencies should take responsibility. On the

other hand, Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP, dated 9 April 2007, on SWM stated the


6-8

guidelines on introducing source segregation in Vietnam, including the roles and

responsibilities of relevant stakeholders, i.e., provincial/district/ward people’s

committee, residents, waste collection/treatment companies, etc. It was clarified that

waste reduction through 3R activities is an important measure to be applied in the

SWM sector in Vietnam.

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Steel /Aluminum

Plastic/Pet Bottle

Construction Materials

Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling

Segregate Collection

Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residu

Residue

Household Waste

Final Disposal Site

Medical

Waste

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Glass etc.


Plastic/Pet Bottle

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Steel /Aluminum

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Biodegradable

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle


Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Household

Final disposal site

Medical

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle

Construction Waste

Aluminum Can

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Residue

Residue

Household Waste

Landfill

Medical

Waste

Burning

Non Hazardous

waste

Hazardous Waste

Glass etc.

Industrial Waste

Plastic/Pet Bottle

Others

Recycle Center

Composting Plant

Landfill

Selling

Compost Selling


Road

Cleaning

Landfill

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-1 Flow of Waste by 3R

（2） Outline of the 3R Project

The components of the proposed 3R Project are the following:

• Development of model project and its implementation

– Source separation

– Improvement of compost quality

– Environmental education on 3R

– Public relations and awareness enhancement on 3R

• Dissemination and expansion of model activities

• Preparation of strategic paper and action plan on 3R/source segregation

• Capacity development of stakeholders

In general, the lack of waste segregation at source and waste collection hinder the

efficient utilization of recyclable materials transported to the recycling center. If

recyclable materials from MSW arrive at the center without being mixed with other

substances, they can be suitable for segregation by material. On the other hand,

picking up recyclable materials from mixed wastes, which include non-recyclable


6-9

materials such as some rotting materials, is so tough and dirty. Therefore, it is

necessary to introduce this system during the first stage. Once segregation has been

started by well-trained residents, the operation of the recycling center will be carried

out smoothly and properly by the workers.

（3） Segregated Storage and Discharge

The introduction and improvement of segregated collection require segregated

discharge by waste generators. For smooth segregated discharge, segregated storage is

also needed. Therefore, segregated storage utilizing methods that are easy for

households and business establishments is to be promoted.

• Storage of biodegradable, recyclable, and residual wastes with proper segregation

in households or business establishments is necessary.

• Discharge of segregated waste in semi-transparent plastic bags of different colors

at a designated date and time for each area is necessary.

• The main discharge location should be designated with signboards.

The activities for proper segregated storage and discharge are as follows:

• Preparation of guidelines on segregated storage methods at households or

business establishments which are suitable for segregated collection;

• Provision of trash bins for each category, i.e. biodegradable, recyclable, and

residual waste, at every waste collection point;

• Organize dissemination workshops and preparation of a manual regarding the

methods;

• Promotion and financial support for utilization of colored transparent plastic bags

for each type of waste to be segregated at the sources; and

• Preparation of signboards at the solid waste collection points.

（4） Recommended System

Construction of composting plants with Windrow-type and recycling centers are

recommended for reducing waste generated in the target areas. Table 6.3-1 shows a

comparison of various biodegradable waste treatment methods.


6-10

Table 6.3-1 Comparison of Biodegradable Waste Treatment Methods

Method Process Advantage Disadvantage Evalua

tion

Composting (Windrow)

After unloading the waste, biodegradable waste is brought into the platform, turned twice a week, and after curing, the compost is produced.

Operational cost is relatively low. There are many experiences in Vietnam using this method.

Materials are spread on the platform and need a large area for curing.

○

Composting (Vermicomposting)

Vermicomposting is the technology to prepare compost through the action of earthworms.

Initial and operational costs are low. The quality of compost is relatively good.

Careful handling of vermicompost is needed. It takes a relatively long time to prepare the compost product.

×

Composting (Mechanical)

After unloading the waste, biodegradable waste is put into a bioreactor. After processing and curing stage, the compost is produced.

It can treat large volumes of waste.

Initial and operational costs are high. Not suitable for small-scale districts. It needs a curing stage to produce good quality compost.

△

Biogas Biogas such as CH4 is generated from a biogas system through fermentation of biodegradable waste.

There are demands for energy.

Initial and operational costs are high. There are very few experiences in utilizing this method.

×

Note：○：Suitable, △：Applicable, ×：Not Suitable

Source: Study Team

（5） Hazardous Household Waste

The definition of “hazardous waste” should be made. Then, the quantities of hazardous

waste at generation sources should be measured and appropriate treatment and

disposal methods should be arranged. The existing regulations and guidelines will be

reviewed, and if necessary, will be revised to provide a clear definition of hazardous

waste. Furthermore, major hazardous waste such as waste oil and hazardous hospital

waste will be focused on the preparation of a more detailed plan. Hazardous household

waste such as batteries, paint, insecticides, and pesticides will be collected by the

Functioning Agencies of MSW. Appropriate treatment options such as isolated

storage/landfill, incineration, or detoxification will be introduced.

It is recommended that a hazardous waste collection program be implemented for

collection of all small quantities of hazardous waste from households and other

locations. This program should be coordinated and publicized by the operator of MSW

of the Province (DOC and PC of the Districts), and the necessary transportation and

other assistances shall be provided at each district. Door-to-door collection of waste

could take place on designated days. It is essential that households be notified of the

collection and what types of waste would be separated and collected during designated

days. Safety precautions during collection should include the following:

• Personal safety equipment including overalls, rubber gloves, safety boots, and

safety glasses;


6-11

• Training of all personnel regarding the risks involved and proper use of safety

equipment and techniques;

• Installation of eye-washing and body-washing facilities in case of contact with

hazardous wastes;

• First aid kit on collection trucks;

• Spill-proof containers (e.g., plastic drums or tubs) used for storing waste before

and after collection; and

• Guidelines on which types of hazardous substances are incompatible with each

other, and on correct segregation of such substances.

Households should be encouraged to dump their hazardous waste at temporary local

drop off centers, which would be established specifically for the collection program,

on designated day or days. The drop off centers should be conveniently located in each

area to make it easy for households to deliver their hazardous waste. These drop off

centers should be provided with secure spill-proof containers to store the wastes and

be staffed at all times to ensure that accidental spills are prevented or avoided. The

staff are required to undertake safety precautions as outlined above.

All hazardous wastes collected need to be transported to a central secure storage area

which will be established by the operator of MSW. During transport, the hazardous

wastes are necessary to be fully contained within spill-proof containers, and

incompatible materials have to be transported separately.

The secure storage area should be provided with the following:

• Completely spill-proof containment;

• Separate storage areas for different categories of materials with design features to

ensure that incompatible materials cannot come into contact with each other, even

if spilt;

• Proper labeling of all materials;

• External security to prevent unauthorized access;

• Protection from weather; and

• Ventilation to ensure that fumes do not build up or can be vented.

In the longer term, a provision should be made for the delivery of hazardous wastes to

transfer points. Small secure storage areas should be established for small quantities of

waste oil, automotive and marine batteries, pesticides, paint and other chemicals, and

other hazardous wastes. These storage areas should be regularly cleared. Batteries can

be transferred to a battery storage area for recycling, while uncontaminated waste oil

can be used in energy recovery programs. Other hazardous wastes should be

transported to the landfill site designated as storage area.


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（6） Construction Waste

1） Construction Waste Generation

The economy of Quang Ninh Province is rapidly increasing presently, and the

construction activities in the urban areas has likewise increased. As a result, many

waste are also generated from the economic boom. Generated construction waste shall

be treated properly otherwise the environment in the province will be negatively

affected. Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or

incidentally by the construction. This includes building materials such as insulation,

nails, electrical wiring, and rebar, as well as waste originating from the site preparation

such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and various rubbles. Construction waste may

also contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances. Therefore these waste shall

be disposed properly at designated landfill site according to the regulations and landfill

management which shall be conducted by responsible Government organization.

2） Establishing Regulations

For the proper treatment of the generated construction waste, it is recommended that

appropriate regulations be established by responsible organization. To reduce the

environmental impact by waste going to landfill, construction waste shall be disposed

and treated according to regulations including a series of exemptions and permits that

apply to the use, treatment, disposal and storage of waste. Several materials used in the

construction can be reused with corresponding exemption.

Hazardous materials such as asbestos materials shall be kept separately at the

designated place. Permits and exemptions must be obtained prior to the activity taking

place. Construction waste includes:

• crushed bricks, concrete, rocks and aggregate - to create a noise bund around a

new development and then using soil to landscape

• road plannings and rubble - to build a track, road or car park

• wood-chip - to construct a track, footpath

• bringing in soil from another development for landscape use at a housing

development

3） Management

Identification of the most appropriate and locally suited environmentally sound

technologies (EST) for managing and utilizing debris particularly reuse/recycle

technologies and including identification of potential technology suppliers. EST are

those technologies that have a minimum negative impact on the environment in its

entire life cycle from production, manufacture, use and decommissioning. This activity

will identify the most appropriate EST that are locally suited for the context.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(fastener)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_stump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_substance


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4） Conditions of Disposal Site

Where most of the materials that will be placed into a construction waste disposal site

are inert, and generally not subject to significant decomposition and settlement, the

engineering and environmental standards are often significantly different than those

for MSW landfills. The following standards are typical for a construction waste

disposal facility:

• A synthetic (plastic) liner may not be required

• Daily covering of the disposed waste materials may not be required

• A control system for subsurface landfill gas may not be required

• Leachate collection system should be in place, but an on-site treatment system

may not be required

• Control of odors, dust, and litter is required

• Control of site access and disposal is required

• Leveling and compaction of disposed waste materials is required.

（7） Recycling of Scrap Cars

By recycling old scrap car, it is possible to reduce emissions to the environment and

cut down on pollutions. Therefore it is necessary that old scrap car be collected and

broken down to pieces in the special car factory. In the future, it is expected that the

demand for the treatment of scrap cars will increase. The government requested to

assist in the recycling activities of scrap cars and further requested the establishment

of regulations for recycling. In Japan, several millions of cars per year are collected by

local private recycling factory (not car dealer) and treated according to regulations.

When purchasing a new car, the user paid a certain amount as final treatment cost in

advance and the car dealer issued a certificate of payment according to regulations.

Breaking down of cars properly in order to harvest valuable materials and to collect

waste safely is a long, expensive process, requiring specific equipment and

infrastructure.

1） The Scrapping Process

Scrap cars have been identified as a priority waste stream, and are covered by the

End-of-Life Vehicles Directive. The directive set targets for 85% of scrap vehicles to

be recovered and recycled, rising to 95% by 2015 in European country.

First the car is transported to a covered depollution building. The battery is removed

for recycling and the airbags deployed. The tires are removed and sent for retreading,

recovery or fuel replacement. The tires are a toxic mix of rubber hydrocarbon, carbon

black, oil, sulphur, zinc oxide and other chemicals, including inorganic fillers and

organic vulcanization activators and accelerators.


6-14

Hazardous materials such as mercury switches, are removed and the air conditioning

fluid is removed. The vehicle is then connected to a depollution rig to have its fluids

pumped out into sealed tanks: petrol, diesel, waste oil, coolant, screen fluid and brake

fluid. These are then sent to specialist for recycling or disposal. Specified parts can

now be removed from the vehicle, including catalytic converters or oil filters, glass,

bumpers and other large plastic items, and the dismantled parts are sent to specialist

recycling or disposal. The metal shell of the car is sent to a shredder for further

processing. Finally, the collected and pressed raw materials are sold to recycling

agencies and are then utilize again as materials for new products.

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-2 Flow of Composting (Reference)

Table 6.3-2 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Recycling Plant

Name of Equipment

Source of Recyclable Waste (t/day)

Notes Type A: 20~50

Type B: Under 20

Belt conveyor 1 0 Crusher for bottles 1 1 Refer to Catalog in Annex Press machine for metallic cans 1 1 Refer to Catalog in Annex

Note: Recyclable waste over 50 t/day is not available in the target districts.

Source: Study Team

Disposal of Waste

Waste Separation (manually and

conveyor belt) Grinding

Mixing with sludge and

organic enzymes

Piling for aerobic disintegation in

closed area

Maturing of compost in

ventilated store

Sieving Final Compost Sales /Distribution


6-15

Table 6.3-3 Types of Proposed Recyclable Materials

Category Name Plastics Plastic goods Glass Bottles Textile Textile Paper and cardboard Books, newspaper, cardboard Wood Wood Ferrous scraps Scraps of steel, fused iron, stainless steel Non-ferrous scraps Scraps of aluminum, copper, bronze, lead Other metal scraps Zinc, silver, tin

Source: Study Team

Table 6.3-4 Room and Function for Composting

Room Function Windrow Platform

After segregation of recyclables, organic waste will be brought into the windrow platform, which consists of a large area for the decomposition of waste. Waste brought in will be piled up for a week at one location and then shifted to the second location so that the next set of waste can be received. Shifting will be carried out three times and the volume will decrease by 20% in a week. The windrow will be turned twice a week (on the 4th day on its own place and on the 7th day to new place as next week windrow by wheel loader). The process takes 28 days.

Curing Area Digested material from the windrow will be spread on the platform up to a height of 1-1.5 m, and kept there for 15 days for the removal of moisture.

Refinement Section and Storage

Materials above 6 mm are rejected by the vibro screen (6 mm), and are stored here.

Source: Study Team

Table 6.3-5 Category and Required Number of Equipment in Composting Plant

Name of Equipment Source of Composting Waste

(t/day) Note Type A: 20~50 Type B: Under 20

Trommel 1 1 Wheel loader 1 0 150 hp Vibro screen 1 0 Refer to Catalog in Annex Water supply 1 1 Mini wheel loader 0 1* 60 hp

Note*: One mini wheel loader is commonly used in a small-scale landfill site and composting plant.

Source: Study Team

The typical plans of recycling centers (Type A and Type B) are shown in Figures 6.3-3

and 6.3-4, respectively, for reference.


6-16

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-3 Recycling Center Plan: Type A (for Reference)

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-4 Recycling Center Plan: Type B (for Reference)

Photo: Composting Plant Photo: Composting Plant


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6.3.2 Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste Management System

The major concern of the proposed Project is to improve the MSW management

system in Quang Ninh Province. With respect to industrial solid waste, the current

conditions and problems regarding collection and disposal of MSW, as well as the

operations and maintenance capacity of concerned organizations, should be improved

or solved during the Project implementation period. The following are the targets of

the Project:

• Collection and management of domestic waste generated in the province and

industries and handcart units in accordance with sanitary standards;

• Sanitation improvement, reduction of environmental pollution (soil, water, and

air) caused by solid waste, and improved public health;

• Minimizing pileup of solid waste in the main roads in urban areas of the city,,

reduction of storage of domestic waste generated in production units, making a

contribution to attract investment funds for industrial development of domestic

and foreign organizations and individuals into the city;

• Improvement of collection, transportation, and treatment of solid waste in order to

contribute to the improvement of urban public transportation, scenery, as well as

efficiency of labor;

• Enhanced training and public education in order to increase the public’s

awareness on the potential risks and threats regarding solid waste; and

• Creation of a green, beautiful, and clean environment that would contribute in

attracting domestic and foreign investments in the city.

• Contribution to finalize and develop infrastructure, creating an urban environment

in order to meet the general development needs of Quang Ninh Province up to

2030.

• Currently, many handcarts are damaged to varying extent causing a reduction in

operating performance. For instance, compactor trucks need much time for waste

collection when loading and unloading waste to and from vehicles due to

damages. The lack of waste bins has worsened the environmental conditions of

the city. In order to improve the operating performance of SWM, additional waste

bins and handcarts shall be purchased.

• Waste collection and transportation to the landfill shall be mainly carried out by

curbside collection, or the combination of station collection and primary

collection with segregated collection. The collection of biodegradables is carried

out daily in all tourist and commercial areas and areas of high population density

because biodegradables require immediate treatment due to odor and vermin

problems. On the other hand, recyclables and residual waste can be stored for a


6-18

few days. In this regard, biodegradable waste will basically be collected daily,

while recyclables and residual waste will be collected on alternating days of the

week.

• For the improvement of the collection and transportation system, procurement of

new compactor trucks is recommended with consideration of the future plan and

performance of field operation. Table 6.3-6 shows the proposed equipment and

quantities. Three types of compactor trucks are recommended (4-m3, 8-m3, and

10-m3) for smooth operation.

Table 6.3-6 Proposed Collection and Transportation Vehicles

No. City/District Compactor

Truck Truck Notes

1 Halong City 16 2 Types of compactor trucks: 4-m3, 8-m3, and 12-m3 2 Mong Cai City 7 2

3 Cam Pha City 7 2 4 Uong Bi City 4 1 5 Binh Lieu District 2 1 6 Tien Yen District 3 1 7 Dam Ha District 1 1 8 Hai Ha District 2 1 9 Ba Che District 3 1

10 Van Don District 2 1 11 Hoanh Bo District 3 1 12 Dong Trieu District 4 1 13 Quang Yen Town 4 1 14 Co To District 0 1

Source: Study Team

6.3.3 Selection of Location of New Landfill Site

（1） General Matter

Proposed landfill sites were studied in the RPSWM2010 report which was already

approved by the QN PPC. In this report, the following 10 criteria for site selection are

established and applied for evaluation to assess the suitability of proposed landfill.

• Suitable topography, geotechnical, soil, and the site does not affect the

mineral resources, and free from natural subsidence, landslides, cracks

terrain;

• Suitable for hydrology and hydrogeology, avoid wetlands, far from sources

of surface water and groundwater;

• Suitable climate, meteorology and less flood;

• Do not affect sensitive ecosystems;

• In accordance with the construction plan and have ability to socio-economic

development;

• Land having enough size and capacity to meet the necessary demand of

treatment based on forecast of 2020;

• Priority of selection is operation, carry out research of the projects for solid

waste treatment facilities to upgrade the service.


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• Distance to the waste sources, convenient to transport solid waste to

treatment area;

• Located far from urban area, and not near the historical, religious, cultural

area, resort area and sensitive buildings;

• In accordance with the land use plan, approved by the community

In general, the above conditions is similar to the site selection method conducted in

Japan. In the study, the site condition of targeted area was evaluated by point system

according to the above concept. Basically, the conditions of natural and social

environment are evaluated in the proposed project sites. Therefore, the results of

evaluation have high reliability.

（2） Preliminary Study of Grouping for Improvement of Solid Waste Management

In the existing operation of MSW, the management of landfill operation is conducted

by each district as responsible organization. In the small scale landfill site, no

permanent staff is assigned for the landfill operation. Presently, it is quite difficult to

construct a sanitary landfill facilities based on the government guidelines and laws

governing each small district due to the following reasons:

Construction cost is a huge amount and the arrangement of funds resource

will be difficult for each small district.

Operation of leachate treatment system for landfill will require special

technical skills and it is difficult to employ a skilled staff for a landfill site

especially for small scale landfill.

（3） Recommendation of Study for Site Selection for Regional Landfill Site for Halog

City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District

For the implementation of the grouping, there are three sites selected by DOC for the

proposed landfill for Halong City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District. Each site is

located and accessible by road leading to the existing Dien Vong Water Plant.

Basically, all of the three sites are surrounded by hilly mountain and located along the

valley site. The existing area was of the same conditions as that of the tree covered

production forest.

In September 2013, Quang Ninh DONRE implemented reviewing 3 candidate sites of

the regional landfill site as shown in Figure 6.3-5. The evaluation result is show in

Table 6.3-7. Based on the reviewing work, Site 3 was selected as the most suitable site

for construction of landfill site and relevant solid waste management facility.

For finalization of project site evaluation, the following environmental study and

survey are required additionally. Also it is recommended that the Feasibility Study

(FS) of the selected site including EIA shall be urgently implemented for the final


6-20

evaluation and clarifications. The issues to be paid attention to when selecting this

location are:

Surface water will be discharged finally to Dien Vong River through small

stream, therefore survey of the existing small stream and confirmation of the

conditions of water flow shall be carried out and clarified.

Water utilization such as fishing activity, irrigation, etc. at the downstream of

Dien Vong River shall be surveyed and the impact of social and natural

environment shall likewise be confirmed.

Flow rate in the Dien Vong River shall be checked for both dry and rainy

seasons

For avoiding future troubles regarding odor, wind direction at the proposed

sites shall be checked

Land survey and soil survey to verify the nature of the soil in the site shall be

carried out for confirmation of construction method and cost.

Possibility of reserving a flat area in the site for leachate treatment plant shall

be studied.

Study of water pollution by soil erosion to be generated by the civil work in

the construction work during rainy season shall be conducted.

In the FS report, EIA report shall be prepared all in according with the Vietnamese

Laws and standard. For reducing environmental impact, the proposed landfill site shall

be evaluated and selected based on the collected data and information. It is supposed

that the existing landfills (Deo Sen, Ha Khau for Halong City and Quang Hanh for

Cam Pha City) will be reaching its full capacity in the very near future; therefore,

quick action and immediate planning is required for the site selections.


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Figure 6.3-5 Preliminary Evaluation of Candidate Sites of Regional Landfill Site for

Halong City, Cam Pha City and Hoanh Bo District

Table 6.3-7 Reviewing Result of Candidate Site for Regional Solid Waste

Facility

No. Evaluation criteria Location I Location II Location III

1 Socio-economic

Dev.Planning

Suitable Suitable Suitable

2 Land use Planning Suitable Suitable Suitable

3

Possibility of

compensation, site

clearance

Easy to implement

(existing status is the

hilly land of

production forest)

Easy to implement

(existing status is the

hilly land of

production forest)

More difficult to

implement

(Existing status is

the production forest

land, with farm land

of 1 household)

4

Risks on natural disasters

such as flooding,

subsidence, landslides in

the region

With high risk

because the location

is in the water

convergence and

drainage of the basin

with a large area.

With high risk


is in the water

convergence and

drainage of the basin

with a large area.

With low risk


does not affect to the

drainage flow of the

area.

5

- Potential impacts on

the environmental elements

and socio-economic

objects

- Potential high

levels impacts to

surface water due to

difficulty in building

- Potential high

levels impacts to


difficulty in building

- Potential low

levels impacts to


convenience in

Site 1 Site 2

Site 3

Water Supply Facility


6-22

its own system of

rainwater collection;

- Impacts due to

emissions when using

burning method as

well as impacts of

odors arising (due to

organic substances

such as NH3,

CH3SH, ¬ H-2S, ...)

from operations of

gathering and

disposal of solid

waste impacting

significantly to

operations of the

Dien Vong Water

Plant, due to the near

distance and

frequency of South

wind which is rather

high (nearly 20%

according to the data

at the wind station

of Cua Ong)

its own system of

rainwater collection;

- Impact due to

emission and odors

with levels of impacts

similar to the

Location I.

building its own

system of rainwater

collection;

- Low impacts due

to emission and

odors from organic

substances to the

Dien Vong Water

Plant. Also low

impacts to the

resident areas of the

Quang Hanh Ward.

6

Possibility of water

drainage of the area

Impact strongly to

the flow and

drainage possibility

of the area.

Impact strongly to

the flow and

drainage possibility

of the area.

Minor impacts

7 Possibility of water supply

of the area

Convenient Convenient Convenient

8 Possibility of Power

supply of the area

Convenient Convenient Convenient

9

Transportation conditions Convenient The worst

convenient

Less convenient

compared to

Location I.


6.3.4 Construction of Sanitary Landfill System

The landfill’s general layout shall be designed taking into consideration the facilities’

functional connection, as well as the future development plan. Basically, the design

conditions for the new sanitary landfill should meet the landfill design standards

(TCXDVN261:2001) issued by the Vietnamese government. The landfill plan is

provided below as reference.


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gas vent （used drum)evaporation precipitation landfill gas

（emission）

landfill gas

Leachate Treatment System

leachate

air

removal of surface water

waste

P

airleachateair leachate collection pipe

leachate retention pond

landfill gas

Final Covering

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-6 Proposed Landfill System (Reference)

1） Design of Final Soil Covering

When closing the landfill, the final soil covering of disposed waste including the

face of the slope of the landfill site shall be used. The depth of the final cover

will be approximately 1.0 m in order for plants to grow and transform the

landfill into a park as the ultimate land use. The final soil covering is to be

carried out in sequence with the completed areas of installation of leachate

collection pipe. Clay soil will be used as the final soil covering in order to

reduce the amount of rainwater infiltrating the landfill.

2） Required Volume of Covering Soil

In order to reduce environmental pollution, once the waste layer becomes

2.0-2.5 m thick, it will be covered with daily soil cover of 10-15 cm thickness;

and when the height has reached a certain level, it will be covered with

intermediate soil cover of 40-50 cm thickness. Past overseas researches on

landfills suggest that the amount of the abovementioned soil cover and

embankment should make up around 15-25% of the total landfill capacity.


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（2） Necessary Equipment for Landfill Operations

In order to establish a high-performance sanitary landfill system in the landfill site, it

is recommended to utilize a combination of equipment such as bulldozers, wheel

loaders, and power shovels. Presently, these equipment are being used for solid waste

operation in many countries and their effective performance has been confirmed.

Therefore, in order to improve operating conditions, such necessary equipment shall

be procured because of the following reasons:

• Landfill operation in Halong City does not use equipment such as power shovels,

wheel loaders and dump trucks for soil covering which are indispensable for the

operation of the sanitary landfill system. In case such equipment are not available,

it would be difficult to carry out soil covering works in landfill operation.

• The recommended power shovels and wheel loaders are for multipurpose use.

Many of such equipment are being used in the country and it is easy to get spare

parts in the local market presently.

In order to improve sanitary landfill operations, the recommended equipment are

essential in each landfill site. In this Project, landfill equipment are classified into

three categories, as shown in Table 6.3-8 below. The table shows the list of heavy

equipment required for landfill operation and dumping site operation by each

management agency.


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Table 6.3-8 Category and Required Number of Equipment

Name of Equipment

Generated Waste (t/day) Notes

A: Over 50 B: 20~50 C: Under 20 Bulldozer 1 0 0 21-t class Wheel loader 1 1 0 150 hp Dump truck 1 0 0 15 t Weighing scale 1 1 0 40 t Tractor 0 0 1

Source: Study Team

6.3.5 Closure and environmental restoration of Existing Landfill Site

In case of closing landfill site, the responsible organization (Private company or

Government) must install a final cover that is designated to minimize infiltration and

erosion. The responsible organization shall prepare a closure plan that describe the

steps necessary to close all landfills at any point during their active life in accordance

with design requirement. The major work items and corresponding processes for the

closure of the existing landfill will be as follows:

• Covering of the existing landfill

• Surface water drainage system

• Slope protection from erosion

• Control of landfill gas

• Control and treatment of leachate

• Environmental monitoring system for protect human health and

environment

• Reforestation of the closed landfill

The process in the closure work of the landfill shall be carried out based on available

information. The following items below presents some details of the proposed process

for major works, although the proposed process and measures will be further

elaborated following detailed field investigation:

(a) Covering work

The existing landfill shall be covered with impermeable materials such as clayey soils,

double sided textured HDPE, geotextile, protection soils and fertile topsoil. As such,

the following procedure for the covering work is considered to be practical and proper:

• Compact the existing landfill and level the uneven surface by bulldozer)

• Place and compact the earth materials to make gentle slope on the side slopes of

the existing landfill. (Earth work by bulldozer will be possible on the gentle slope.

Thus, the earth materials will be placed by dump truck, and will be pushed and

compacted by bulldozer upward from the ground level)

• Spread and compact the impermeable clayey soils on the prepared slope by

bulldozer working upward from the ground level.


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• Install double-sided textured HDPE and geotextile over portions where the

impermeable clayey soil layer is completed.

• Spread and compact the protection soils over portions where installation of the

textile is completed.

• Spread and compact topsoil over portions where the protection soil layer is

completed.

• Cover the flat portion of the landfill where the gravel layer is placed prior to and

under the impermeable clayey soil layer on portions where the covering on the

slope is completed.

(b) Surface water drainage system

The area should be provided with a sufficient surface water drainage system to ensure

the stability of the closed landfill. Therefore, a drainage system consisting of ditches

will be constructed on the flat portion of the closed landfill and with beams on the

slope and at the top of the slope.

The slope stability and slope protection from erosion should be secured also during

construction, so drainage ditches will be provided following the covering work of the

landfill.

(c) Slope protection from erosion

The slope of the closed landfill will be vulnerable to water erosion and will require

suitable protection. Although the surface drainage system with ditches will be useful

for slope protection, a grass cover over the slope is recommended to provide for slope

protection. In order to avoid erosion also during construction work, the grass covering

on the slope will be carried out following the covering work of landfill.

(d) Control of landfill gas

Landfill gas will be controlled by releasing the gas through pipes to be embedded in

the flat portion of the closed landfill. This work can be done after completion of the

covering work of landfill.

(e) Control and treatment of leachate

Control and treatment of leachate would be conducted by using the existing facilities

if available. Necessary rehabilitation or supplemental works if any will be executed by

the completion of the closure work of landfill.

(f) Post-Closure care

Post–Closure care activities consist of monitoring and maintaining waste containment

systems and monitoring groundwater to ensure that waste is not escaping and polluting

the surrounding environment. Specific post-closure care requirement consist of

maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of the following:


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• Final cover system

• Leachate collection system

• Groundwater monitoring system

• Methane gas monitoring system

6.3.6 Examination of Introduction of Modern Incineration Plant in the Future

（1） Background

A huge amount of plastic (PET) bottles, beer cans, and glass jars are consumed on a

daily basis, and such wastes threaten to rapidly exceed the landfill capacity of the final

waste disposal site. Some metals and valuable resources including aluminum are

recoverable and recyclable. In order to reduce the volume of waste in the future, 3R

activities shall be promoted in Quang Ninh Province. The Vietnamese government and

the Quang Ninh PPC also urge the advancement of this objective by promoting 3R

activities for waste treatment. The acquisition of appropriate landfill sites will be

difficult in the future. The reduction of waste volume at landfills is necessary to

control waste in the province; therefore, it is important for the province and its districts

to proactively encourage segregation and recycling, which in turn will lengthen the

landfill’s life.

For the reduction of final disposal volume, incineration plants are being used in many

countries around the world. A modern incineration plant has not yet been introduced in

Halong City at present. However, incineration will be an effective waste treatment

method in the future as available land for waste disposal is limited. The benefit of

incineration is that waste volume is reduced (residue after incineration is 10-15%), and

hazardous substances (germs, etc.) are detoxified. Not only will it result to volume

reduction but also to disinfection and extermination.

In addition, due to the existing social situation of Halong City, being a tourism area

with high population density, it is essential that a hygienic environment suitable for

tourism be established through proper waste management. In this regard, the

introduction of incineration facilities in the future shall be beneficial.

There is an increasing trend toward incineration as a means of waste disposal, and this

process is becoming more common worldwide particularly where land is limited and

at a premium. In many countries, potential land is becoming unavailable, or is

restricted as a matter of policy. As such, alternative means of disposal must be

explored.

（2） Characteristics of Facility

Manufacturers of incinerators these days have provided some measures for toxic gas

such as dioxin, and technical operations of incinerators are not a problem. Waste


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treatment by incineration is implemented by almost 90% of all municipalities in Japan.

Moreover, incineration plants are now used in so many countries including developing

countries.

In order to efficiently utilize thermal energy from waste, an incineration plant will

utilize its produced thermal energy for its own power, and then supply the remaining

power to general customers through grid interconnection with the power company’s

network. By installing a generator that uses the heat generated from waste incineration

to reduce the load of the power station, it can also lessen the consumption of fossil fuel,

and as a result help in the prevention of global warming.

The application of incineration technology recognized worldwide shall be very

beneficial. Especially in small islands where land area is limited, the introduction of

such facilities can bring in large benefits from a long-term perspective. A high

proportion of waste in recent years is from petrochemical-based products such as

polyethylene, which is used for shopping bags or plastics. Wastes of such material do

not decompose and assimilate into the soil through time after the landfill’s life.

However, these types of waste generate a high calorific value when combusted. In

Japan, many incineration facilities, which combust such materials for the purpose of

both waste treatment and power generation, have been introduced.

（3） Components of Works and Required Infrastructure

In the first stage, a study on the basic conditions, including financing, considered

emission criteria, and residue management, of the incineration plant, shall be carried

out. The incineration plant shall have the following functions:

• Waste reception and incoming waste handling facilities;

• Waste charging equipment;

• Dual furnaces (possibly more than one stream);

• Waste heat boilers and power generators;

• Ash handling equipment;

• Flue gas cleaning facilities; and

• Chimney and vents.

In addition, some major plants will require normal infrastructure facilities such as

reception area, weighbridge, storage bunkers, offices, utilities, and electrical substation

or transmission lines.

（4） Possibility of Private Sector Participation

The proposed project for the construction of new modern incineration facilities for

urban waste is possible to be carried out through private sector participation. In this

case, can call on private companies to invest through a contract with the PPC for


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construction and operation of the system..

（5） Implementation Process

In introducing a modern incineration system, the following systematic evaluation and

development procedure shall be considered. Figure 6.3-7 shows the flow diagram of

such a plan. An incineration plant shall be considered for Quang Ninh Province as part

of their integrated MSW management plan. To determine whether an energy recovery

project is feasible as a waste management alternative for the community, the following

points shall be clarified.

Establish Project Team

Define SWM Goal

Assess Feasibility (preliminary)

Identify potential energy market, technologies, site

Select best alternative

Select alternatives for detailed evaluation

Define execution plan-Design & construction approach

-Operation/ Tender -Risk study

Authorization to proceed

Project execution

Finish

Source: Study Team

Figure 6.3-7 Incineration Plant Project Development Plan

（6） Study of Introduction of Modern Incineration Plant

For the introduction of modern incineration plant in Quang Ninh Province, we

recommend to carry out an FS for more detail study such as site selection, preparation

of basic design economic analysis (Financial rate of return, Redemption, Construction

cost, Operational cost), management system and EIA study. The arrangement of FS

shall be implemented by the responsible organization according to introduction

schedule at early stage (2015). In the case of utilizing international fund (JICA, World


6-30

Bank, ADB), the FS have to be completed before application for the fund.

Table 6.3-9 Incineration Plant

No. Items of Technology Utilization

01 Incineration plant

Many countries are now using incineration plants for final treatment of waste. The waste originally dumped into a landfill are reduced to 10% of the original volume therefore extending the landfill’s service life and saving costs borne from the operation of the landfill. There are many experiences and technologies now available in the world related to incineration plants, i.e., automatic control system for incineration plant operations wherein only a few workers are required. In addition, by utilizing the energy from waste through the operation of a boiler, a power generator can be used to produce electricity which can be sold commercially or used on site.

Photo: Incineration Plant Solid Waste Treatment Complex (Japan)

Treatment of waste

Source: Study Team

6.3.7 Industrial Solid Waste Management

（1） Coal Mining Sector

According to the overall socio-economic development master plan of the province to

2020, vision to 2030 vision, priorities are given to formulation and implementation of

sustainable coal mining practices to make sure that coal mining operation is in line

with the set targets for tourism development and quality of life. Therefore, Quang

Ninh need to make their best endeavour in cleaning coal mining in order to contribute

to making Vietnam as a leading country in the Southeast Asia in environmental

friendly coal mining. The province has a chance to set the standard and become a

modal for the region, demonstrating that coal mining and tourism development can go

along together sustainably.

（2） Thermal Power Plant

Quang Ninh will prioritize renewable energy projects, particularly wind and solar

energy for rural districts and remote areas where it is difficult to get access to the

power grid and power transmission lines, such as in Quan Lan commune, Van Don

district. Quang Ninh should also minimize waste and reduce power consumption cost

for agricultural farms and processing businesses by establishing plants to convert

waste into energy.


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（3） Process Industry

The Planning on processing sector outlined clearly the actions to be taken for each

sub-sector development. This master plan will focus on development: Focus

synchronization operations in food processing in Viet Hung industrial park to promote

the shift to processing canned foods and high quality seafood.

（4） Industrial Park

The new industrial zones will be planned along corridors NH5, NH18, NH10, NH2,

NH1A, and NH38 in order to attract more investors/tenants for reasons such as

convenient transportation and road access. Moreover, the existing industrial zones will

be enhanced to attract tenants having high technology, electronic manufacturing

services (EMS), biotechnology, and/or food and beverage (F & B) processing.

According to the socioeconomic development planning of the province to 2020, vision

toward 2030, six industrial zones will be prioritized for investment of resources,

mechanisms, and policies based on the principles of successful special economic zones

in the world (SEZ Version 2.0) to concentrate on key sectors in some key industrial

zones. These industrial zones, as summarized in Table 6.3-10 below, are expected to

become the manufacturing centers of the province.

Table 6.3-10 Key Industrial Zones and Key Sectors to be Prioritized

No Priority

Industrial Zone

Planned Area Location Priority Sector

1 Viet Hung Industrial Zone

300.9 ha Viet Hung Ward, Ha Long City

- To prioritize in auxiliary manufacturing, metallurgy, forestry product processing, etc.

- To attract three leading EMS investors to set up manufacturing plants.

- To establish large-scale F & B processing centers.

2 Cai Lan Industrial Zone

305.3 ha Bai Chay Ward, Halong City

- To prioritize in auxiliary manufacturing, food processing, animal feed production, light manufacturing, metal metallurgy, forestry product processing and construction material.

3 Hai Yen Industrial Zone

192.7 ha Hai Yen Ward, Mong Cai City

- To prioritize in machinery manufacturing, textile and light industry.

- Expand the industrial zone to accommodate more potential manufacturing tenants, especially those enterprises related to garment and textile.

4 Hai Ha Industrial Zone

3,900 ha (2,605 ha)

Hai Ha District - Focus on heavy and high-tech manufacturing.

5 Hoanh Bo Industrial Zone

681 ha Hai Yen Ward, Hoanh Bo District

- To prioritize in clean and hi-tech manufacturing, auxiliary manufacturing and those enterprises with potential environmental pollution are not encouraged.

- Accelerate to work with target interested tenants to develop in the zone.

6 Dam Nha Mac Industrial Zone

3,710 ha (1,500 ha)

Phong Coc, Yen Hai, Tien Phong and Lien Vi Wards, Quang Yen Town

- Key sector has not been confirmed. - Potentially develop logistics, transportation

service, seafood and packaged food processing to projected demands as soon as Tien Phong/Lach Huyen Port Complex and Dinh Vu Industrial Zone from Hai Phong City.

Source: SEDP Report of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030, compiled by NK


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Among the six mentioned industrial zones, Viet Hung Industrial Zone was selected to

have the highest priority, since the industrial zone covers important sectors including

EMS model and F & B.

Corresponding with the priority industrial zones and key sectors, industrial waste

amount and industrial waste composition will be generated accordingly.

（5） Other Proposed Measures for Industrial SWM

• Apart from the regulations issued by Quang Ninh Province mentioned in

Subsection 1.2.1, all legal documents on ISW and other relevant environmental

regulations should be reviewed and stricter regulations need to be promulgated,

especially the regulations focusing on collection, transportation, treatment, and

recycling of sludge (from EMS and F & B processing activities).

• For the 2015-2020 period, an action plan should be prepared and focused on the

specific regions, particularly on the target districts/cities covering the six key

industrial zones as oriented in the latest SEDP.

• A regulation on the 3R model should be prepared and applied for the six priority

industrial zones from the present to 2020, and in the 2021-2030 period.

• It is necessary for Quang Ninh Province to formulate an appropriate mechanism

and policy to implement industrial SWM efficiently as indicated in the SEDP; tax

exemptions for investments for upgrading of technology by industrial zones,

incentives and subsidies should be given to the industrial zones which apply 3R

and cleaner production models.

• There should be organized coordination among the relevant departments, namely:

DONRE, QEZA, DOC, and the Department of Environmental Police (DoEP), and

the District Environmental Division.

（6） Education and Awareness

• Awareness on industrial SWM should be enhanced for relevant bodies such as

QEZA, the management boards of industrial zones (especially the six priority

industrial zones in 2015-2020), and tenant leaders in these industrial zones.

• Training courses should strengthen the capacity of directors, division head/leaders,

experts from DONRE, DOC, QEZA, DoEP, and target district environmental

divisions in key areas where the industrial zones are located including Halong

City, Mong Cai City, Hai Ha District, Hoanh Bo District, and Quang Yen Town in

the 2015-2020 period and for the other remaining districts in the 2020-2030

period.

• Tenants, factories and enterprises in industrial zones will be strictly monitored

and managed by state management bodies by implementing regulations on ISW

management.


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（7） Planning

• From the present to 2020, concentrated ISW treatment complexes should be

studied, planned, and constructed at appropriate locations. For example, one

complex will be assigned for Cai Lan, Viet Hung, Dam Nha Mac and Hoanh Bo

Industrial Zones, and another complex for Hai Yen and Ha Ha Industrial Zones, in

order to ensure convenient transportation for treatment and disposal, and to

minimize costs and maximize economic benefits.

• In 2021-2030, inter-regional landfill planning will be continued to an in-depth

study, design, plan and construction in line with the local plan in order to avoid

conflict among localities and to apply advanced technology on waste disposal to

avoid pollution in the air, surface water, and groundwater. At the same time, a

series of consultation meetings must be held among stakeholders including target

DPC, local residents, and investors in order to have mutual understanding about

the social benefits as well as their benefits in the sound material-cycle society as


Table 6.3-11 Proposed Locations for ISW Complexes in Region-level Planning

Treatment Complex Available

Land Area

Planning Orientation

Target Region Source

Son Duong Solid Waste Treatment Complex, Hoanh Bo Dist., Quang Ninh

100 ha New construction

Provincial region (urban area in the west)

Coastal planning, North east planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning

Solid Waste Treatment Complex in Dong Ngu Comm., Tien Yen Dist.


Provincial region (urban area in the center of the province)

Northeast planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning

Hai Son Treatment Complex, Mong Cai City

20 ha Expansion from the existing landfill

Provincial region (urban area in the east)

Coastal planning, northeast planning, three-region solid waste treatment complex planning

Duong Hoa Solid Waste Treatment Complex, Hai Ha Dist.


Provincial region (urban area in the center of the province)

Coastal planning

Source: Report No BVMT-KSMT dated Sept. 2011 provided by EPsD, Quang Ninh DONRE.

（8） Science and Technology

In order to comprehensively and efficiently manage ISW, an integrated system will be

introduced, as illustrated in Figure 6.3-8 below, to increase the amount of collection,

reduce collection and transportation costs, and minimize environmental burdens by 3R

system introduction, new model with advanced technology, and appropriate policies.

This model was built to 2020, vision toward 2030, in accordance with the

development orientation in the SEDP 2013. Based on the available budget, actual

situation, and specific regions, the suitable technology and policies are applied in an

appropriate period.


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From the present to 2020 (corresponding to the “red color” in Figure 6.3-8)

• The 3R model for industrial zones: In April 2005, the 3R Initiative was formally

launched at the 3R Ministerial Conference in Tokyo. This model has been

conducted successfully in domestic waste management in Japan, Singapore,

Indonesia, and other developed countries. Additionally, it has contributed to the

reduction of waste at the disposal site and establishment of a sound material-cycle

society. This model was piloted in four core wards in Hanoi City in 2006-2009.

Some achievements were made as a result of the pilot project. This 3R model may

be applied in industrial SWM in order to minimize the amount of ISW at the

dumping site, to improve the environment, and to bring economic benefits to

stakeholders. The method on ISW separation at source is described in Figure

6.5-2. Source segregation at factories will be carried out by the workers at the

final production stage. Generated waste will be sorted out and stored in specific

containers. Recyclable wastes (bottles, plastic pallet, carton box) will be reused

for production activities. The other types of waste (metal, glass, cloth, rubber,

sludge) will be collected by factory cleaners and transported to the storage site

within the factory. Afterwards, they will be collected and transported by

authorized companies to recycling centers.

• Barcode method: During 3R implementation, a barcode system will be applied to

encourage the tenants/factories to separate their waste more efficiently for both

organic waste (from factory kitchens or canteens) and recyclable waste. Tenants

will accumulate recyclable materials (plastic, paper, metal, rubber, glass, etc.) and

discharge them on a monthly basis. On the other hand, the organic waste will be

collected on a daily basis to avoid odor problems. Moreover, the inorganic waste

will be collected on designated days in a week in order to minimize transportation

and other costs. All data on the enterprises’ separated wastes will be recorded into

a database center. After a specific period of time (e.g., quarterly basis), data will

be calculated and deducted directly from their monthly collection fees or pay an

amount of money based on their accumulated amount.

• Incineration to recover energy: Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste

(EfW) is a process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from

waste incineration. This technology should be studied further, and then applied

and invested to key areas/industrial zones and key sectors aimed at contributing to

the grid.

• Compressing and hardening waste: Inert waste, residue from incineration, and

other residues can be compressed and hardened into construction material or

concrete to be used for land reclamation.


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Source: Planning of ISWM of Quang Ninh province to 2010, orientation to 2020 (2005, modified by NK)

Figure 6.3-8 Industrial SWM Model to be Applied

In the 2021-2030 period (corresponding to “green color” in Figure 6.3-8)

• Biogas or energy generation: While compost output has not been sold or used

popularly by farmers, this amount becomes redundant in the market. In this

regard, the organic waste from the above flow can be degraded and fermented

into biogas or fuel for energy generation. In the 2021-2030 period, it is predicted

that a number of industrial zones (including Quang Trieu Industrial Zone, Dong

Mai Industrial Zone, Phuong Nam Industrial Zone, Cam Pha Industrial Zone, and

Industrial zones

Production

Activities

3R Collection Recyclables &

sludge Reuse

Collected, transported by authorized companies

Collected, transported by specialized vehicles by authorized companies

Preliminary treatment

Hazardous waste Non-hazardous

waste

Recycling center

Non-hz waste treatment complex

Hz-waste treatment complex

Incinerator Other solid waste Degradable waste (organic waste)

Energy recovery (WTE) Pressing &

solid Energy

generation/biogas

Sanitary & safe disposal

Recycling center

Composting

Sanitary disposal

RPF Technology

Barcode method


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Tien Yen Industrial Zone) will be developed actively and a huge amount of

organic waste will be generated. It is a potential source of alternative energy for

sustainable treatment.

• Refuse plastic and paper fuel (RPF) technology: The residue from recycling

centers is comprised of shredded plastic and paper, which will be converted to

clean fuel through RPF technology. According to Takenaka’s presentation, RPF

technology is high quality solid fuel using non-reclaimable used paper and plastic

waste as raw materials. It is used as clean fuel with high calorific value. The RPF

technology has characteristics such as stable quality, handling easiness, easy

emission gas control at incineration process in a boiler (no chlorine gas or dioxins

emission), economical thriftiness, and reduction of CO2 gas emission. In the

2021-2030 period, Quang Ninh Province should take this technology into

consideration and develop it as an alternative energy source and for emission

reduction.

（9） Investment and Funding

• According to Decree 174/2007/ND-CP dated 29/11/2007 of the Prime Minister in

regards of Environmental protection charges on solid waste, organizations,

individuals, businesses, industrial manufacturing establishments do not have to

pay more than 40,000 VND/ton for normal solid waste and 6,000,000 VND/ton of

hazardous waste, based on actual conditions of each locality on treatment,

burying of solid waste, the People's Councils of the provinces and cities that are

under the direct management of the Central Government, shall specify the

applicable environmental protection fee for specific type of solid waste, specific

areas and specific payers.

• Thereby, Quang Ninh PPC needs to establish a regulation on collection of

environmental protection charges for solid waste to be in accordance with the

province’s characteristics and conditions. In the intermediate period between now

and 2020, the province may consider the charge level of 20,000 VND/ton for

normal waste and 4,000,000VND/ton for hazardous waste to encourage

businesses, factories, IZ to voluntarily pay the fees. After that, the fee will be

increased up to the allowed level as specified in this Decree, i.e. 40,000VND/ton

for normal waste and 6,000,000VND/ton for hazardous waste during the period

from 2021 - in 2030.

• Concerning operation mechanism of the fund, an agency or unit shall be assigned

by the PPC to direct collect the fee and prepare local budget income items

(100%) for treatment of solid waste to environmental standards, to disburse for

solid waste separation supports, landfill investment supports, solid waste


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treatment facility supports, commendation to production establishments,

industrial zones or plants for their serious compliance of regulations in terms of

management and application of advanced technologies and cleaner production

mechanisms.

• On a monthly basis or quarterly basis, collected fees shall be contributed to the

state budget by the collecting unit after making necessary deductions for their

operation expenses. Each year, within 60 days from the date of 01 December 01

of the calendar year, the fee collection unit has to make the final account for

collection, remittance, management and ultilisation of the collected fees in the

area for the previous year with tax authorities in accordance with the law on tax

administration. Tax authorities have the responsibility to inspect, supervise and

finalize the collection, remittance, management and utilisation of such

environmental protection charges for solid waste submitted by the collecting

units.

（10） Management organization (To the principle generator must pay)

• Environmental fee must be imposed on the factories or industrial zones which

pollute the environment. Therefore, in order to realise this it is necessary to have

suitable rules and appropriate policies to be released by the PPC and seriously be

applied to maintain the environment in general and solid waste treatment in

particular.

• State management and monitoring roles on industrial SWM must be strengthened

for relevant departments, and follow the legal regulations by industrial zones.

Thereby, the Environmental improvement and waste management bureau under

MONRE should closely monitor and give necessary guidance to the locality,

namely Quang Ninh Province People's Committee in solid waste management in

general and industrial solid waste in particular and compliance with the

provisions of laws.

• Industrial zones, factories, and enterprises in the territory of Quang Ninh province

including prioritised development industrial zones are encouraged to apply the

ISO 14001 standard in industrial SWM, and product management, such as

ecolabelling and green sticker labelling. In exchange, these industrial zones and

plants shall be exempted on a partial basis of their environmental fee remittance

for solid waste.

• To maintain effective industrial SWM operations, the concept of “generator must

pay” should be ensured. Factories which benefit from industrial SWM must also

pay. In the immediate period, it is necessary to establish and formulate this


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principle for those industrial zones that are in operation namely Cai Lan Industrial

Zone, Viet Hung Industrial Zone, from now until 2020, then these industrial zones

which are under construction and under planning shall follow this principle in the

next period.

• Encourage and reward factories or enterprises which strictly follow and apply

industrial SWM. Specifically, Viet Hung IZ is the pilot IZ for establishing the

economic zone version 2.0 in the near future, when there will be many businesses

/ factories who are supposed to seriously abide by regulations on solid waste

management, in exchange they will be rewarded for reducing solid waste,

improvement of production efficiency, taking into account environmental

protection.

• Develop an effective coordination mechanism among relevant bodies, localities,

and manufacturing enterprises or factories for industrial SWM implementation. .

Accordingly, the PPC shall instruct and DONRE shall be the coordinating agency

with DOC, Department of Science and Technology, Economic Zone management

board, Environmental Police Bureau in solid waste management in general and

industrial solid waste in particular. To realise this, it is required that the duties and

responsibilities of each sector should be clarified;

（11） Database on Industrial SWM

• At the moment, DONRE is implementing a project on survey of industrial waste

through out the province including coal mining, thermal power, plants, industrial

zones. Thereby, a database center on industrial SWM shall be established. The

management agency as well as factories/enterprises will be provided with a

database containing the number of operating industrial zones, their

business/manufacturing sector, waste amount generated monthly, quarterly and

yearly, disposal schedule, accumulated points via barcode method, legal

documents, other statistics, etc.

• In the 2021-2030 period: The information system will be upgraded into a shared

network among the 11 industrial zones in the province. The system is aimed at

updating and disseminating relevant information/regulations/technology in a

regular basis. Thereafter the database on industrial SWM will be shared

nationwide and on the global network for intermediate exchange and lesson

learning with other localities nationwide in terms of new technology in solid

waste management and treatment, and in the next period 2021-2030 will

exchange with advanced countries in the environmental protection towards

construction of a province with development of environmentally friendly industry,

green industrial park and synchronous environmental information and solid waste


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management system.

6.3.8 Hospital Solid Waste Management

75 % to 90 % of hospital wastes are similar to household refuse or municipal waste

and do not entail any particular hazard. The other 10% to 25% is called hazardous

medical waste or special waste. This type of waste entails health risks, and it can be

divided into five categories according to the risks involved. Table 6.3-12 gives a

description of those various categories and their sub-groups.

Table 6.3-12 Categories and Sub-groups of Medical Waste

No. Catergories Sub-group of Medical Waste

1 Sharps > Waste entailing risk of injury.

2 a. Waste entailing risk of

contamination

b. Anatomical waste

c. Infectious waste

> Waste containing blood, secretions or excreta

entailing a risk of contamination.

> Body parts, tissue entailing a risk of

contamination

> Waste containing large quantities of material,

substances or cultures entailing the risk of

propagating infectious agents (cultures of

infectious agents, waste from infectious patients

placed in isolation wards).

3 a. Pharmaceutical waste

b. Cytotoxic waste

c. Waste containing heavy metals

d. Chemical waste

> Spilled/unused medicines, expired drugs and

used medication receptacles.

> Expired or leftover cytotoxic drugs,

equipment contaminated with cytotoxic

substances.

> Batteries, mercury waste (broken thermometers

or manometers, fluorescent or compact

fluorescent light tubes).

> Waste containing chemical substances:

leftover laboratory solvents, disinfectants,

photographic developers and fixers.

4 Pressurized containers > Gas cylinders, aerosol cans.

5 Radioactive waste > Waste containing radioactive substances:

radionuclides used in laboratories or nuclear

medicine, urine or excreta of patients treated.

Source: Medical Waste Management (ICRC)

The choice of treatment and disposal techniques depends on the following factors: the

quantity and type of wastes generated, whether or not there is a waste treatment site

near the hospital, the availability of reliable means of transport, whether there is

enough space around the hospital, the availability of financial, material and human

resources, etc. The method must be selected with a view to minimizing negative

impacts on health and the environment. Where there is no appropriate treatment

infrastructure in the vicinity, it is the responsibility of the hospital to treat or pre-treat

its wastes on-site. This also has the advantage of avoiding the complications involved

in the transport of hazardous substances.

The following treatment or disposal techniques may be used for hazardous medical

waste, depending on the circumstances and the type of waste concerned:

Disinfection


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Chemical treatment: addition of disinfectants (chlorine dioxide, sodium

hypochlorite, peracetic acid, ozone, alkaline hydrolysis);

Thermal treatment

low temperatures (100° to 180°C): vapour (autoclave, micro-waves) or

hot air (convection, combustion, infrared heat);

high temperatures (200° to over 1000°C): incineration (combustion,

pyrolysis and/or gasification);

By irradiation: UV rays, electron beams;

Biological: enzymes;

Mechanical processes: shredding (a process which does not decontaminate the

waste);

Encapsulation (or solidification) of sharps;

Burial: sanitary landfills, trenches, pits.

The appropriate treatment and disposal techniques for the various types of waste are

shown in Table 6.3-13. Figure 6.3-9 is an example of a diagram intended to support

decision-making on the treatment methods to be used in the absence of appropriate

regional infrastructures.

Table 6.3-13 Treatment and Disposal Techniques for Various types of Medical Waste

Type of waste /

Technique

Sharps Waste

entailing risk

of

contamination

Anatomical

waste

Infectious

waste

Medicin

al waste

Chemical

waste

Rotary kiln 900-1200°C yes yes yes yes yes yes

Pyrolytic or

dual-chamber

incinerator >800°C

yes yes yes yes no no

Single-chamber

incinerator 300°-400°C

yes

with

precautions

yes

with

precautions

yes

with

precautions

yes

with

precautions

no no

Chemical disinfection yes yes no yes no no

Autoclave yes yes no yes no no

Encapsulation yes no no no yes yes

small

quantities

On-site burial pit yes yes yes yes

after

decontaminati

on

yes

small

quantitie

s

no

Needle pit yes no no no yes

small

quantitie

s

no

Off/site sanitary

landfills

yes

small

yes

with

no yes

after

no no


6-41

Type of waste /

Technique

Sharps Waste

entailing risk

of

contamination

Anatomical

waste

Infectious

waste

Medicin

al waste

Chemical

waste

quantities,

using

encapsulation

precautions decontaminati

on



Figure 6.3-9 Example of Diagram for Hospital Waste Treatment

Yes

Ash

No

Yes

Yes Yes

Domestic waste

Small

incinerator

On-site waste burial pit

Is there plenty

of space

available

on-site?

Is it densely populated area

(people living within a radius of

less than 50m)?

Is it possible to train staff

and invest resources in

incineration or

alternative methods?

Are the

incineration

conditions

acceptable?

Reduction of waste production

Sorting

Sharps Infectious or potentially

contaminated waste

On-site

treatment

Locally treated only

No

No No


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6.4 Proposed Project to 2020

6.4.1 List of Proposed Projects

（1） Proposed Projects by Environmental Planning

Table 6-4-1 Shows the list of proposed projects by the Environmental Planning of


Table 6.4-1 List of Proposed Project for Solid Waste Management Sector


(Million USD)

Municipal Solid

Waste

Management

1 Project on awareness raising on solid waste

management

2014-2018 0.7

2 Preliminary Study on regional solid waste

management

2014 0.2

3 Development of regional solid waste

management system for Halong City, Cam Pha

City, and Hoang Bo District

2014-2018 21.3

4 Development of solid waste management

system for Uong Bi city

2014-2018 3.6


system for Hai Ha District

2014-2018 1.6


system for Van Don District

2014-2018 1.6


system for Quang Yen Town

2014-2018 3.0


system for Co To District

2014-2018 0.9


system for Mong Cai City

2014-2019 6.2


system for Binh Lieu District

2014-2019 1.4


system for Tien Yen District

2014-2019 1.7


system for Dam Ha District

2014-2019 1.3


system for Ba Che District

2014-2019 1.3


system for Dong Trieu District

2014-2019 2.9

Industrial Sold

Waste

Management

15 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid

Waste Management

2014-2015 1.0

Coal Mining

Waste

Management

16 Project for Assessing the stability; Identifying

potential risk areas of soil and rock slide and

proposing the prevention solutions for the outer

dumping sites due to coal mining in the Halong

and Cam Pha areas.

2014-2025 4.8

Note: Highlighted projects are priority projects.

Source: Study Team

（2） Proposed Projects for Coal Mining Waste Management by VINACOMIN

“The Master Plan on the Development of Vietnam’s Coal Sector to 2020, with

Orientation toward 2030”, approved by the prime minister with Decision

No.60/QĐ-TTg on 9th January 2012 states strategies and plans of developing coal

mining sector. Based on the master plan of development of coal mining sector,


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VINACOMIN has prepared “The Planning for Environmental Protection of Quang

Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”, and proposed projects for

rehabilitation of coal mining dumping site and expansion of hazardous waste treatment

plant.

1） Rehabilitation of Coal Mining Dumping Site

The coal mining operations, especially opencast coal mining, always create the huge

volume of waste soil and rocks. Forecasted volume of soil and rock disposal of the

whole Quang Ninh province coal mining region in 2020 will be 1,077,138 thousand

m3, of which in Uong Bi is 29,202 thousand m

3, Hon Gai is 6,446 thousand m

3, and

Cam Pha area is 969,210 thousand m3. Due to not having regulations on environment

protection, during the whole period of the minerals mining industry development in

Vietnam in general and coal industry in particular, activities of environmental

protection, environmental restoration, re-landscaping, mining sites have not been paid

attention, and not implemented as planned. Scenery of mining sites, dumping sites

have many notable features, as follows:

Many dumping sites have nature of "temporary", small, scattered, being

formed during coal mining, existed at any locations that can accommodate the

soil and rock coal waste, so the phenomenon of erosion, landslides, drifting,

sliding often occur, especially during the rainy seasons, causing sedimentation in

streams, rivers, even causing environmental accidents leaving major

consequences to be overcome for a long time;

Many large dumping sites are for inter-mines (East Cao Son, Chinh Bac) have a

long history of far away but continued to receive waste discharge, so the

environmental restoration of these landfill sites is very difficult.

Due to the process of social - economic development, many dumping sites,

including the ones with a long history of formation, even from the French time,

are now fallen into the urban areas, between heart of the city and become subjects

of criticism due to their impacts to environment and landscape.

Due to the above characteristics, conducting of restoration and renovation of the

dumping sites are the urgent tasks.

2） Expansion of Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant

The amount of hazardous waste generated from coal production, processing in Quang

Ninh Province is approximately 1,600 tons per year, consisting of different types of

wastes, can be divided as follows:

Group 1: Industrial hazardous waste such as tires, metals, plastic, non-chemical

packages etc., which can be collected and recycled depending on characteristic of


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materials.

Group 2: Industrial hazardous wastes with less economical values when being

recycled, such as: wasted oil, lead-acid battery, oil-contaminated tanks,

chemical-contaminated packages etc., which can be collected, stored and recycled

in accordance with state’s regulations for hazardous waste.

Group 3: Industrial hazardous waste which cannot be recycled such as:

oil-contaminated cloths, oil-contaminated sludge, sludge contaminated with

hazardous contents, waste from metal surface processing etc., will be collected

and burnt in incinerator.

In 2012, VINACOMIN invested in 1 hazardous waste treatment plant in Quang Ninh

to manage the collection and treatment of hazardous waste for its members, with the

total investment of more than 173 billion VND. From 2013 onwards, hazardous waste

generated from coal mining and processing activities in Quang Ninh will be collected

and processed locally by VINACOMIN. Therefore, the need for an expansion of the

hazardous waste treatment plant is necessary to meet the demand of treating hazardous

waste locally of VINACOMIN.

Table 6.4-2 List of Proposed Projects on Coal Mining Solid Waste Management to 2020

No Name of project/program Number of

projects

Expenditure

(Million VND) 1 Rehabilitation of Coal Mining Dumping Site

1-1 Cam Pha area to 2015 5 188,760

1-2 Hon Gai area to 2015 4 344,750

1-3 Cam Pha area to 2020 6 389,450

1-4 Hon Gai area to 2020 8 445,800 2 Expansion of Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant

2-1 Expansion of Waste Processing Plant Phase

II to 2015 1

150,000

Total Cost 1,518,760 Source: Summarized by Study Team based on “The Planning for Environmental Protection of

Quang Ninh Coal Mining Zone to 2020, Orientation towards 2030”

6.4.2 Outline of Proposed Projects

Outline of proposed projects are shown in Table 6.4-3 to 6.4-7.

Table 6.4-3 Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management

Item Detail

Project Name Project on Awareness Raising on Solid Waste Management


Responsible Bodies PPC, DONRE, DOC

Goal The project includes 3R component as follows:

- Promotion of 3R at provincial level

- Promotion of 3R on tourism solid waste

- Awareness raising for enterprises in improvement of industrial solid waste


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Item Detail

management

Output 1. Materials for awareness raising on 3R components

2. Key actors for proceeding awareness raising on 3R components

3. Proposal on regional system for promoting 3R activity

4. Experiences on pilot project for applying 3R activity

Source: Study Team

Table 6.4-4 Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management

Item Detail

Project Name Preliminary Study on regional solid waste management


The following area is a pilot area for the study.

Uong Bi city, Dong Trieu District, and Quang Yen town (western area)

Halong city, Cam Pha city and Hoang Bo district (central area)

Mong Cai City ad Hai Ha district (eastern area)

Responsible Bodies PPC, Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE

Goal The Project is for study the regional solid waste management by grouping a

number of districts, cities and towns.

Output 1. Candidate site of final disposal site

2. Regional waste segregation and collection plan

3. Regional recycling and composting promotion plan

4. Regional cooperation mechanism on promotion of 3R activities

Source: Study Team

Table 6.4-5 Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City,

Town and District)

Item Detail

Project Name Project on Development of Solid Waste Management System (for Each City,

Town and District)


Responsible Bodies PPC, Relevant local administrations, DOC, DONRE

Goal The Project for development of solid waste management includes construction

of landfill, improvement of collection system, construction of bio composting

plant to serve recycling of solid waste

Output 1. Construction of sanitary land fill site

2. Construction of recycling center

3. Construction of compositing plant

4. Development of regional waste collection system

5. Measures for promotion of composing in each household

6. Program on awareness raising on 3R activities

Note For Halong City, Cam Pha City, and Hoang Bo District, regional solid waste

management system will be developed. For other areas, possibility on

developing regional solid waste management system will be examined by the

Project on Study on Regional Solid Waste Management.

Source: Study Team

Table 6.4-6 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management

Item Detail

Project Name Study on Improvement of Industrial solid Waste Management


Responsible Bodies PPC, DONRE, DOC

Goal The project is to prepare a load map to actualize suitable industrial solid waste


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Item Detail

management

Output 1. Plan of inter-regional industrial solid waste treatment facilities

2.Enhancement of organizational capacity for industrial solid waste management

3.Guideline for industrial solid waste management for industrial zone and economic

zone

4. Plan for introducing advanced technology for industrial solid waste management 5. Initial database for registration of industrial solid waste

Source: Study Team

Table 6.4-7 Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Assessing the stability; Identifying potential risk areas of soil and rock slide

and proposing the prevention solutions for the outer dumping sites due to coal mining in

the Halong and Cam Pha areas

Target Area Halong City and Cam Pha City

Responsible Bodies PPC, VINACOMIN

Goal - Evaluate and identify potential areas having risks of soil & rock slides and mud

floods of the outer dumping sites due to opencast coal mining in Ha Long and Cam

Pha City.

- Identify the areas affected by soil & rock slides, mud floods due to the opencast coal

mining in Ha Long and Cam Pha City.

- Select and apply for engineering solutions with advanced and appropriate

technologies to minimize the adverse impacts on the surrounding areas and the Cua

Luc Bay, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, due to transportation of sedimentation

to streams and rivers derived from the outer coal mining waste dump area.

Output 1. Evaluation Results of the overall levels of stability, the dangers and risks of rock &

landslide, debris flood from the outer dumping sites from Ha Khanh to Mong

Duong area

2. Identification of priority areas to avoid impactsby the flows of debris to the areas

surrounding the outer dumping sites with evaluation of level of risks.

3. Conducting engineering solutions with advanced and appropriate technologies to

minimize the adverse impacts on the surrounding areas and the Cua Luc Bay, Halong

Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, due to transportation of sedimentation to streams and

rivers derived from the outer coal mining waste dump area.

Source: Study Team

6.5 Modern Technology of SWM

Table 6.5-1 shows examples of modern technologies which will be considered in the

planning of the SWM system in the future, if applicable. For the introduction of such

technologies, it is necessary to carry out a more detailed study of each item by taking

into consideration its technical and financial aspects. At present, the utilization of these

technologies in Vietnam is still limited. Thus, difficulty in their operation is expected

at present. The construction cost is also expected to be huge for these technologies.

Table 6.5-1 Examples of Modern Technologies

No. Items of Technology Utilization

1 Leachate treatment system for landfill

In Japan, there are many experiences for the operation of this system. All of the generated leachate from the landfill site (landfill for residue after burning) are treated by a special treatment plant using chemical injection which removes heavy metals. Quality of incoming leachate changes progressively according to phase and time; therefore, the required operation technology is dependent on the inflow quality of leachate.

Leachate treatment


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Photo: Leachate Treatment Plant (Japan)

2 Gas utilization generated in landfill site

Landfill gas is generated through the degradation of MSW by microorganisms. The generated landfill gas can be utilized for electricity generation and direct use. Direct use is the utilization of gas for various small-scale applications. However, if the landfill gas extraction rate is large enough, it could be used for the gas turbine or internal combustion engine such that it will be able to produce electricity and be sold commercially or used on-site.

Figure: Gas Extraction Pipe Photo: Gas Generator (China)

Landfill

Source: Study Team

6.6 Recommendations

(1) Common Utilization of Landfill Facilities

In the existing operation of MSW, the management of landfill operation is conducted

by each district as the responsible organization. There are no permanent staff assigned

for landfill operation in small-scale landfill sites. Presently it is quite difficult to

construct sanitary landfill facilities based on government guidelines and laws of each

small district due to the following reasons:

• Construction cost is huge, and the arrangement of funds is difficult for each small

district.

• The operation of leachate treatment system for landfill will require special

technical skills. It is difficult to employ skilled staff for landfill sites, especially

for small-scale landfills.

Therefore, it is recommended that landfills be operated jointly by small districts. In

this case, a large-scale landfill, which has the capacity to cover waste volume of two or

three districts, will be constructed at one site. As a result of the joint operations of the

large-scale landfill, maintenance works of the leachate treatment system will become

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganisms

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gas_extraction_well.JPG




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easier as compared to individual landfill operation. Increasing the landfill capacity will

lead to lower construction cost and waste treatment unit price. Also, the procurement

of equipment needed for a sanitary landfill, such as dump trucks, bulldozers and wheel

loaders, will be easier. The assignment of necessary equipment and permanent staff

could be carried out in a sanitary landfill system. However, the distance between

collection points and the landfill will be longer and the average daily mileage of

collection vehicles will increase accordingly. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the

number of vehicles for MSW operations. The coverage area of the landfill site shall be

studied according to the estimation of economical distance, conditions of roads, and

waste collection routes. For the unification of SWM, it is necessary to establish a

consensus from each target district at the local government level.

(2) Preparation of FS Report

In case of requesting assistance for international funding for the improvement project,

more studies on the proposed Project are required. Especially, a report on basic design,

cost study, and environment survey shall be completed at the stage of loan application.

Therefore, it is recommended that an FS on the SWM system in Quang Ninh Province

be prepared for the improvement of waste treatment system in the next stage. The

proposed FS shall include the following items:

• Detailed field survey of the existing SWM system,

• Preparation of detailed development plan including recommendations,

• Basic design and cost estimate for recommended project (sanitary landfill and

leachate treatment system, civil works, equipment, etc.),

• Environmental study including monitoring at the landfill site,

• Preparation of action plan on 3R or source segregation,

• Implementation plan for the recommended project,

• Field survey for construction (boring, site survey, geological survey, etc.), and

• Chemical analysis survey of solid waste.

Present international guidelines on infrastructure development suggest that

environmental and social considerations have become critical factors affecting the

feasibility of a project. Environmental and social considerations are mandatory,

especially in cases when financial resources are mobilized or sourced from

international financial institutions (IFI). In the case of JICA, they established the new

JICA Guidelines on Environmental and Social Considerations in April 2010. The

application of this guideline is compulsory for all of their lending operations.

The proposed projects would surely require clearance for environmental and social

safeguards based on the policies of IFIs such as WB, IFC, and JICA, which mandates

adequate environmental and social considerations for development projects.


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(3) Program on Prohibition of Using Specific Packages

In order to reduce the amount of waste generated at sources, the “avoidance” of the

use of materials which may become waste after use should be considered as much as

possible. This program would prohibit utilization of specific types of packaging

material in Halong City. The elimination of waste from specific types of packaging

material in Halong City will be introduced by DONRE.

The following activities will be planned for the “Program on Prohibition of Using

Specific Packages” in Halong City:

• Selection of target packaging materials to be prohibited for use in Halong City.

The packaging materials are to be selected from among wastes which may

become residual waste. The target packaging material with available substitute

should be selected.

• Explanation of the prohibition system to residents and business establishments

and obtain their consensus.

• Introduction of a checking and monitoring system for enforcement of the

program.

One of the possible targets for waste avoidance are the small plastic packages used for

shampoo or liquid soap, which are often used at hotels or resorts, and called “sachets”.

Instead of sachets, refillable bottles are recommended for use.

(4) Source Reduction of Biodegradable Waste

Households with relatively large gardens should implement composting at home.

Home composting is mainly carried out in rural areas. This activity should be

promoted and carried out with the local communities in the district. Biodegradable

waste is sometimes used for livestock feed, or given to nearby farmers. This activity is

expected to be conducted continuously in remote areas in the province. This will

further reduce biodegradable waste. In order to promote reduction of biodegradable

waste at the source effectively, a home composting program, as shown in Table 6.6-1,

is proposed.

Table 6.6-1 Content of Home Composting Program

Content Target Generation Source Target Area Materials to be Addressed Promotion of composting of biodegradable waste

Households and small-scale business establishments

Rural areas in districts and cities

Food waste and garden waste

Source: Study Team

The following activities shall be planned for the home composting program:

• Promotion of home composting of food waste and garden waste through a series


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of dissemination workshops and trainings including introduction of various kinds

of home composting methods such as those using compost bins or compost pits;

• Introduction of incentive schemes such as for reduction of volume of landfill

wherein business establishments which reduce the amount of their biodegradable

wastes are provided rewards or incentives; and

• Introduction of monitoring and instruction systems regarding home composting

activities.

(5) New Landfill Site Planned by Central Government

Presently, the central Government has issued its decision “Approval the planning on

construction of solid waste treatment facilities in three northern, central Vietnam and

southern key economic regions up to 2000” dated October 6, 2008. Regarding the

landfill site selection for proposed project, we would like to recommend the

implementation and selection of Quang Ninh province due to the following reasons:

• Details of selected site (100ha) is not clear

• Budget of the above landfill facility is expected at US$ 68 million including

foreign aid and this implementation plan is not clear

• New Landfill site for Halong City is urgently required

• Halong City is already starting a study of new landfill site based on

common utilization of solid waste treatment by grouping


7-1

CHAPTER 7 FOREST MANAGEMENT

7.1 Forecasted Impact and Priority Solutions to 2020

7.1.1 Potential Impact by Projects in the Socio–Economic Development Plan (SEDP)

Table 7.1-1 shows the potential impact on forest and coastal ecosystem by the priority

projects identified in the SEDP to 2020, Vision to 2030.

Halong-Hai Phong Highway and Dam Nha Mac Industrial Zone (Quang Yen

City): Potential significant impact on the mangrove ecosystem in Quang Yen

Town.

Hai Ha Seaport Industrial Zone (Hai Ha District): Potential significant impact on

the mangrove ecosystem and coastal marine ecosystem, especially the areas of My

Islet and Mieu Islet (marine resource conservation area).

Van Don Economic Zone and Van Don Airport (Van Don District): Potential

significant impact on the mangrove ecosystem (protection forest area) especially

due to airport construction. Also, the potential impact on Bai Tu Long National

Park due to the construction of the economic zone should be strictly avoided.

Halong- Mong Cai Highway and Halong – Hai Phong Highway: Potential impact

on ecosystem. Highway construction may trigger the impacts on ecosystem

especially by changing topography, hydrology and ecological corridors. The

concept of “Eco-road” promoted by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport

and Tourism of Japan can be applied to avoid, mitigate and compensate the

impacts. Eco-road concepts promote “minimizing loss of habitat”, “avoiding

habitat fragmentation”, “minimizing degradation of habitat” and create new

habitat by utilization of road space.

Table 7.1-1 Potential Impacts of the Priority Projects in SEDP

No. Priority Projects Period Potential Impact on Forest/Coastal

Ecosystem Start End I. Projects for Immediate Implementation (2013-2015) 1 Halong-Mong Cai Highway

2013 2016 Forest conversion Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor

2 Halong-Hai Phong Highway

2013 2014

Forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on Ha Nam Important Bird Area (IBA) Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor

3 City Wastewater Treatment 2013 2020

Forest conversion Mangrove conversion

4 Project to Protect and Remedy the Environmental Contamination caused by the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Group (VINACOMIN)

2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected)

5 Railway Cai-Ha Noi 2013 2013

Forest conversion Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor


7-2

No. Priority Projects Period Potential Impact on Forest/Coastal

Ecosystem Start End 6 Project on Solid Waste Treatment

2013 2020 Forest conversion

7 Renovation and Upgrading of the Cai Lan Port

2013 2018 Mangrove conversion Impact on coastal ecosystem

8 International Hospitals in Halong 2013 2015 Forest conversion 9 Tien Phong Port

2013 2013 Coastal forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on marine ecosystem

10 Implementation of Stringent Environmental Regulations

2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected)

11 Halong Bay Water Pollution 2013 2020 N/A (positive impact is expected) 12 Implementing Agency 2013 2020 N/A 13 Investment Promotion

2013 2020 Forest conversion Mangrove conversion

14 All Tourism Projects 2014 2020

Overuse of natural resources Forest conversion Mangrove conversion

15 Mong Cai Border Trade 2014 2020 N/A 16 Packaged Food Manufacturing -

SEZ Initiative 2014 2020 Forest conversion

II. Projects to Start in Mid Term (2015-2017) 17 Halong-Noi Bai Highway 2015 2018 Forest conversion 18 Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) 2015 2020 Forest conversion 19 Halong-Van Don Highway

2015 2017

Forest conversion Mangrove conversion Impact on national park Impact on hydrological condition Interference on ecological corridor

20 Hai Ha Port Construction 2016 2019

Mangrove conversion Impact on marine resource conservation area

21 Van Don Airport 2016 2020

Mangrove conversion Forest conversion

22 Pig Production on an Industrial Scale in Hai Ha 2016 2020 Forest conversion 23 Aquaculture 2016 2020 Mangrove conversion III. Projects to Commence in Long Term (2017-2020) 24 Pork Processing 2017 2020 Forest conversion 25 Seafood 2017 2020 Forest conversion

Source: SEDP of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, and Vision to 2030

7.1.2 Current Protected Area Management

（1） Distribution of Protected Areas

Currently, there are two protected areas in the mountainous areas and one in the

marine/island areas, namely Yen Tu National Forest, Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature

Reserve, and the Bai Tu Long National Park.

Moreover, on a geographical point of view, there is lack of protected areas in the

eastern part of the province and along the coastal area except in the Coastal

Environmental Protection Corridor (CEPC) proposed by the Halong Bay

Environmental Protection Project implemented by the Japan International Cooperation

Agency (JICA).

The current protected area in the province (for both special-use forests and protection

forests) is 162,241.8 ha, which is 26.7% of the total area of the province.

（2） Issues on Protected Area Management

Currently, the management of protected areas is still under preparation and


7-3

improvement. Although ten management boards exist for the special-use forest and the

protection forest, the improvement of the implementation capacity of the management

boards, infrastructure development, community participation approach, research and

development are required. The major issues to be solved are as follows:

Preparation of detailed plan;

Improvement of the buffer zone management;

Allocation and capacity development of human resources;

Improvement of facilities; and

Smooth budget allocation.

It is also noted that currently, there are no management boards in Binh Lieu District,

Cam Pha City, Quang Yen Town, Dong Trieu City, and Co To District. Management of

protection forest and establishment of management boards in these areas should be

considered.

Table 7.1-2 Special-use and Protection Forests Managed by the Management Board

(Unit: ha)

Management Board City/

District

Total

Areas

Protection

Forest

Land

Special-use

Forest

Land

Production

Forest

Land

Forest

Land

Non-forest

Land

Special-use and

Environmental Landscape

Forest in Halong City

Halong City 4,381.8 3,201.1 247.5 933.2 4,117.0 264.8

Mong Cai City Protection

Forest

Mong Cai

City 12,436.0 12,436.0 - - 8,500.0 3,939.0

Ba Che Protection Forest Ba Che

District 8,156.7 8,156.7 - - 5,371.1 2,785.6

Truc Bai Son Protection

Forest

Hai Ha

District 12,029.9 12,029.9 - - 7,910.1 4,119.6

Yen Lap Protection Forest Hoanh Bo

District 13,812.4 13,812.4 - - 11,136.3 2,676.1

Dam Ha Protection Forest Dam Ha

District 10,539.8 10,539.8 - - 9,060.2 1,479.6

Tien Yen Protection Forest Tien Yen

District 8,156.9 8,156.9 - - 5,011.3 3,145.6

Yen Tu Special-use Forest

(National Forest)

Uong Bi

City 2,783.0 - 2,783.0 - 2,605.8 177.2

Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don

District 5,942.0 - 5,942.0 - - -

Dong Son-Ky Thuong

Nature Reserve

Hoanh Bo

District 15,637.7 - 15,637.7 - 13,753.6 1,884.1

Total 93,876.2 68,332.8 24.610.3 933.2 73.407.6 20,468.6

Source: Forest Management Section, Sub-department of Forest Protection, 5 June 2013

（3） Protected Area Management Plan

Currently, there are various plans to improve the protected area network in Quang


7-4

Ninh Province. The management boards are planning the upgrade of the Yen Tu

National Forest to national park (which is already approved by the Prime Minister in

February 2013) and the change of status of the Bai Tu Long National Park under the

special-use forest (SUF) system into a marine protected area (MPA) system.

Furthermore, Dao Tran and Dao Co To are planned to become marine protected areas.

（4） Headwater Protection Forest

There are strategically important water reservoirs which supply water to Halong, Cam

Pha, and Mong Cai City. There are headwater protection forests designated for these

reservoirs, namely, Yen Lap, Cao Van, and Trang Vinh. The conditions of these forests

are summarized in Table 7.1-3 below.

Table 7.1-3 Important Watersheds and Forest Areas

(Unit: ha)

Headwater Protection

Forest

City/

District

Total Areas of

Watersheds

Special-use

Forest Land

Protection

Forest Land

Production

Forest Land

Other Land

Yen Lap Hoanh Bo 18,070.0 14.9 13706.1 1830.6 2,518.4

Cao Van Hoanh Bo 5,382.0 2272.0 2225.1 454.9 430.0

Trang Vinh Mong Cai 6,709.0 5435.0 464.0 810.0

Source: Land Use Map Data, Quang Ninh Province

Table 7.1-4 Important Watersheds and Forest Condition

(Unit: ha)

Special-use and Protection Forests Production Forest


Forest

City/

District Good Degraded Not good Good Degraded Not good

Yen Lap Hoanh Bo 3,995 4,971 4,754 324 781 726

Cao Van Hoanh Bo 802 2,595 1,100 0 46 409

Trang Vinh Mong Cai 1,555 1,111 2,769 56 45 363

“Not good” means “sparse”, “grassland”, “bare land” or other land use.

Source: Satellite image analysis result by Project Study Team/Remote Sensing Center

7.1.3 Potential of Forest Resources for Tourism Resource

The development of the tourism sector is the key to sustainable development of the

province. To increase tourism beside the Halong Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,

the potential of ecotourism of the forest area and other protected areas should be

developed so that the duration of stay per tourist will be longer.

Table 7.1-5 Potential Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province

Area District Potential Features (a) Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don Very High Scenic view of limestone islands, marine

resources, forest resources on island, and sandy beaches


7-5

Area District Potential Features (b) Yen Tu National Forest Uong Bi Very High Historical, cultural, and religious tourism and

ecotourism with precious ancient trees (c) Co To and Tran Island Co To and

Mong Cai High Marine and natural resources including coral

reefs, beaches, and island ecosystem/historical importance (Co To)

(d) Yen Lap Protection Forrest Hoanh Bo High Cultural heritage/boat ride/protection forest/easy access from Bai Chay area

(e) Special-use Forest in Halong City

Halong High Easy access (walking in Bai Chay area)

(f) Quang Yen Wetland (mangrove-friendly aquaculture area)

Quang Yen High Easy access from Bai Chay area, mangroves, and sociocultural landscapes

(g) Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Hoanh Bo Medium Large forest area with some precious species

(h) Tien Yen Bay Wetland (mangrove-friendly aquaculture area)

Tien Yen Medium Large forest

Source: Study Team

7.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020

7.2.1 Targets in National Strategies

The following targets in Table 7.2-1 are indicated in the strategies at the national level:

Table 7.2-1 Major Targets of the National Strategy on Environmental Protection until

2020 and Vision toward 2030 (Excerpt on Forest and Natural Resource)

Source: Appendix, Indicators for Monitoring and Assessing Results of Environmental Protection until 2020 (Attached

to Decision 1216/QĐ-TTG dated 5 September 2012 by the Prime Minister)

No. Indicators Competent Agencies

Roadmap 2010 2015 2020

3 Mitigating deterioration and exhaustion of natural resources; curbing degradation of biodiversity

e. Aqua product resources in sea waters near the coast

MARD - Not lower than

2010 Not lower than 2010

g. Forest coverage MARD 40% 42-43% 45%

h. Area of primitive forests MARD 0.57 million

ha Not lower Not lower

i. Area of mangroves MARD - Not lower than


k. Area of sea grass beds MoNRE 18.500 ha Not lower than


l. Area of coral reefs MoNRE 110.000 ha Not lower than


m. Total area of natural reserves MoNRE 2.5 million

ha up to 10%

against 2010 3.0 million ha

n. Number of endangered rare and precious species

MoNRE 47 Not higher than 2010

Not higher than 2010

o. Number of extinct rare and precious species

MoNRE 9 species

(2001-2010) No No

p. Number of precious and valuable genes lost

MoNRE - Not higher than 2010


q. Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beauty spots

MoCST - Not

deteriorated than 2010

Not deteriorated than 2010

r. Cases of losing biosafety due to genetically-modified organisms

MoH - No No

s. Number of exotic species and their harmfulness

MoNRE - Not higher than 2010


4 Increasing capability of responding to climate change and mitigating the increase of greenhouse gas emissions

c.

Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change

MoNRE - up to 20%

against 2010 up to 60%

against 2010


7-6

Table 7.2-2 Major Targets of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (2006-2020)

No. Indicators Roadmap

2010 2015 2020 Sustainable Forest Management and Development

1 Classification, planning, and identification of permanent forest estate on the map and in the field

16.24 million ha - 16.24 million ha

2 Land allocation and lease 100%

100% 3 Zoning for regeneration 803,000 ha

803,000 ha

4 New afforestation, including centralized production (orientation targets)

750,000 ha

2.25 million ha

5 Afforestation of protection and special-use forests 250,000 ha

250,000 ha

250,000 ha

6 Forest enrichment 500,000 ha 100%

7 Scattered tree planting 1 billion trees 3 billion trees

8 Development of data and monitoring system to manage 14 million ha of forests

1 system - -

9 Develop forest management database and proposal for production units

100% - -

10 Management capacity improvement for forest owners, development of standards, and forest certification issuance

- Capacity building for forest owners

- Standards development and

30% of area is certified

100% area of

production forest

11 Forestry seed program

60% accepted seed/seed-lings; 40% vegetative

seedlings

80% accepted seed/seedlings; 50% vegetative

seedlings

12 Domestic large timber production (support zoning and enrichment)

3.7 million m3 10 million m3

13 Small timber production (support zoning and enrichment)

6 million m3 10 million m3

14 Non-timber forest products (NTFP) production value for domestic consumption

USD 0.4 USD 0.8

Forest Protection Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Services Development

1 Development of protection forest system 5.68 million

ha

5.68 million ha

2 Development of special-use forest system 2.16 million ha 2.16 million ha 3 Forest protection contracts 1.5 million ha 1.5 million ha

4 Forest protection system established in forested communes and villages

100% 100% 100%

5 Establishment of forest management boards/groups (state or community)

100% 100% 100%

6 Development and implementation of forest protection and development plans

100% 100% 100%

7 Piloting and scaling up participatory forest protection and development approaches

30% - 100%

8 Assessment of environment services and payment mechanisms

100% - -

9 Development of Forest Protection and Development Fund

100% by 2007

- -

10 Number of violations of the Forest Protection and Development Law

Reduced by 40%

Reduced by 80%

Forest Products Processing and Trade Program

1 Re-organization of wood and NTFP processing sector

70% 100% 100%

2 Imported timber (large timber) 5.0 million m3 - 3.5 million m3 3 Sawn timber production 4.0 million m3 - 6.0 million m3 4 Particle board production/year 68,000 m3 - 320,000 m3

5 Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) board production/year

170,000 m3 - 220,000 m3

6 Wood product export value/year (3.4 million m3 product/year)

USD 3.4 billion - USD 7 billion

7 Value of NTFP product export/year USD 0.5 billion - USD 0.8 billion

8 Job creation 0.5 million laborers - 1.5 million

laborers 9 Ratio % of NTFP income in household economy 10% - 15-20%

10 Pulp production 0.85 million tons - 2 million tons

(60% of Demand) Research, Education, Training, and Forestry Extension (RETE)


7-7

No. Indicators Roadmap

2010 2015 2020

1 Investments in forestry research 2% GDP forestry

- 2% GDP forestry

2 Research on seed and seedlings 40% area planted

with tissue cuttings

- 60% area planted

with tissue cuttings

3 Improvement of wood processing technology and NTFPs secondary processing

40% of enterprises and craft villages

using new technology

-

70% of enterprise s and craft

villages using new technology

4 Study and development of breakthrough policies Pilot and scale-up Complete policies

5 Regular training in forestry schools 5,000 students/year 5,000

students/year

6 Vocational training

50% of farmers occupied forest

and in craft villages

50% of farmers occupied forest

and in craft villages

7 Training for managers

30% of total staff

80% of

total staff

8 Establishment of linkage between research, training, and forestry extension

- - Network

completed

9 Development of schools with international standards

- - 1 to 2 schools

10 Forestry extension

30% of farmer

households trained

80% of farmer

households trained

11 Participation in forestry extension activities Attract 20%

private and mass organizations

Attract 50%

private and mass organizations

12 Commune forestry extension system

100% communes with large forests

have forest extension workers

100% communes with large forests

have forest extension workers

13 Development of voluntary commune and village extension

30% communes with forest

100% communes

with forest

14 Development of extension programs and materials Develop and

produce Complete and

update

15 Development of linkages: forestry extension, training, forest owners and enterprises

Develop and announce

Finalize network

Renovation of the Forestry Sector Institutions, Policy, Planning, and Monitoring

1 Development and update of the policy, legal, and forestry institutional systems

Develop and implement

Update

and complete

2 Development of mechanisms to promote the participation of private sector, community, and households in forestry activities


Complete

3 Reorganization and improvement of effectiveness of the state administration system on forestry

Completed - Completed

4 Re-organization of state forest companies in key forestry areas

100% of forestry

companies

100% of forestry

companies

5 Development of community forestry management 2.5 million ha

community forests

4 million ha community

forests

6 Establishment of state forestry extension organizations at all levels

Complete Complete

7 Development of M&E unit, linked with strengthening planning system 50%


Complete

Source: Viet Nam Forestry Development Strategy 2006 to 2020 (Attached to Decision 18/2007/QĐ-TTg by the Prime

Minister)

7.2.2 Targets to be Considered in the Provincial Plans

The following targets are indicated in the existing strategies at the provincial level:


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Table 7.2-3 Targets of Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan in the Period of

2010-2015, Orientation to 2020


Roadmap 2010 2015 2020

a Forest Cover DARD - 54% 55%

b Forest Production Area DARD

150,000 ha (pit prop /

chip) 20,000 ha (special forestry product)

c Improvement of cultural, historical, and tourist areas

DARD 1.5–2 million

trees

d Production forest improvement (forest cover increase)

DARD 176,000 ha

(66.4%) 195,000 ha

(73.6%) 224,300 ha

(84.7%)

e Protection forest improvement (forest cover increase

DARD 105,230 ha

(77.2%) 116,200ha (85.3%)

116,700 ha (85.6%)

f Special-use forest improvement (forest cover increase)

DARD 23,750 ha (91.4%)

24,300 ha (93.4%)

24,950 ha (96.0%)

g Pulp production plantation DARD 20,000 ha 30,000 ha 40,000 ha h Wood production plantation DARD 25,000 ha 30,000 ha 34,000 ha i Pit prop plantation DARD - 40,000 ha 36,000 ha j Valuable tree plantation (e.g., cinnamon) DARD - 8,000 ha 10,000 ha

K Planted NTFP in production forest (bamboo, fruit, etc.)

DARD 800 ha - 3,000 ha

l Number of forestry farms DARD 200

(6,000 ha) 500

(10,000 ha) 1,000

(20,000 ha)

Source: Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan, Period 2010-2015, Orientation to 2020

Table 7.2-4 Targets of VINACOMIN


Roadmap 2010 2015 2020

a Mines will meet the environmental standards

VINACOMIN - In sensitive

areas All areas

b Closure of open cast mines VINACOMIN Suoi Lai (2015)

Nui Beo (2017)

Ha Tu (2027)

Source: Master Plan on Development of Vietnam’s Coal Industry through 2020, with the Prospects toward 2030

(Decision No. 60 /QD-TTg dated 9 January 2012), and information from VINACOMIN

7.2.3 Targets to be Considered in the Quang Ninh Provincial Environmental Master Plan

until 2020, Vision toward 2030

Considering the abovementioned targets, the following targets are set in the

Environmental Master Plan of Quang Ninh Province. These targets are based on the

targets in Forestry Protection and Development Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province,

national strategies on environmental protection and forestry development.


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Table 7.2-5 Targets of Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province until 2020,

Vision toward 2030

No. Indicators Competent

Agencies

Target until 2020

1 Forest cover DARD 55%

2 Establishment of concentration forest production area

DARD 150,000 ha (pit prop/chip)

20,000 ha (special forestry product)

3 Improvement of cultural, historical, and tourism area

DARD 1.5–2 million trees planted DCST Not deteriorated than 2010

4 Production forest improvement (forest cover increase)

DARD 224,300 ha

(84.7%)

5 Protection forest improvement (forest cover increase)

DARD 116,700 ha

(85.6%)

6 Special-use forest improvement (forest cover increase)

DARD 24,950 ha (96.0%)

7 Area of certified forest DARD 67,290 ha

(30% of production forest) 8 Chain of Custody (CoC) Certification DARD More than 3 organizations

9 Area of mangroves DARD 3,000 ha is planted

10% of protection mangrove forest is rehabilitated

10 Area of sea grass beds DONRE Not lower than 2010 11 Area of coral reefs DONRE Not lower than 2010

12 Improvement of protected areas DONRE Expansion (2)

New establishment (5)

13 Rehabilitation of coal mining areas DONRE/VINA

COMIN

14 Conservation measures are planned and implemented for 12 Critically Endangered (CR) species

DONRE 12 CR species

15 Number of extinct, rare, and precious species DONRE Zero 16 Number of precious and valuable genes lost DONRE Not higher than 2010

17 Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beautiful spots

DCST Not deteriorated than 2010

18 Cases of losing bio-safety due to genetically-modified organisms

DoH No

19 Number of exotic species and their harmfulness DONRE Not higher than 2010

20 Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change

DONRE Up to 60% against 2010

21 Aqua product resources in sea waters near the coast

DARD Not lower than 2010

Source: Study Team

7.2.4 Thematic Issues to be Considered in the Environmental Master Plan until 2020, Vision

toward 2030

（1） Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Area Management

For conservation of Quang Ninh to be more effective for existing natural conditions in

the province, the following protected areas are either expanded or newly established

for effective protection of the natural condition in Quang Ninh Province. It also

includes the change of status from national park (special-use forest system) to national

park cum marine protected area.

With regard to Bai Tu Long National Park, Decision No. 85/2001/QD-TTg on the

transfer of Ba Mun Nature Reserve in Quang Ninh Province into Bai Tu Long

National Park specifies 15,783 ha as its area, while Decision No. 1296/QD-TTg in

2009 on the development plan of Van Don Economic Zone states 1,754 ha as the area


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of national park. Considering its natural ecological importance, the area of Bai Tu

Long National Park should not be decreased. It should be reviewed to expand the area

with due consideration of marine habitats. Furthermore, Bai Tu Long National Park

should be registered as an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Heritage

Park for high level conservation and ecotourism.

Table 7.2-6 Establishment, Change, and Improvement of Protected Areas

(Unit: ha) Protected Area Type of Protection Area Change Remark

(1) Bai Tu Long National Park

National Park cum MPA TBD Current SUF system to MPA system for better management of marine area

Change status

(2) Yen Tu National Park National Park TBD Expansion of the area and upgrade from national forest to national park

Upgrade

(3) Dong Son – Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Nature Reserve (SUF) TBD (Approx. 21,000)

Current 15,637.7 ha of the nature reserve is expanded by adding Cao Van Lake Watershed areas

Expand

(4) Binh Lieu–Hai Ha Nature Reserve

Nature Reserve (SUF) 9,287.9 New establishment (proposed in the provincial biodiversity action plan)

New

(5) Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve

Ramsar Reserve 7646.9 New establishment (designated as IBA by the Bird Life International)

New

(6) Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve

Ramsar Reserve 16,820.9 New establishment (one of the identified 79 wetlands of national importance by MOSTE/NEA in 2000)

New

(7) Mong Cai Ramsar Reserve

Ramsar Reserve 13,759.6 New establishment (proposed in the provincial biodiversity action plan)

New

(8) Dao Tran and Dao Co To Marine Protected Area

MPA TBD New establishment (Planned Dao Tran MPA and Dao Co To MPA to be merged into one)

New

Source: Study Team

（2） Strengthening Protected Area Management

To strengthen the management of protected areas, the following should be given high

priority:

Management planning;

Protection and conservation with law enforcement;

Buffer zone management;

Scientific research;

Smooth budgeting; and

Human resource management and capacity development.

（3） Improvement of Planted Forest and Production Forest

The plantation in protected areas (special-use forest and protection forest) needs to be

improved in terms of ecological condition and soil conservation. Especially the

monoculture plantation, such as acacia and pine plantation, that should be converted

into multistorey forest with native species in the province.


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The production forest should be managed better in order to achieve sustainable forest

management in the province. The concentrated production forest should be designated

in the productive and less soil eroding areas. Productivity development can improve

sustainable forest management as a whole for the province, and would result in the

reduction of pressure on natural forests and also on production forest in the hilly areas.

（4） Management of Mangrove and Coastal Areas

Mangrove areas have been suffering severe pressures from the change of land use by

the development activities. It is necessary to stop the decrease and degradation to

conserve the ecosystem in the coastal areas.

It is also required to start the monitoring and management of vegetation on limestone

to conserve the landscape of Halong and Bai Tu Long bays.

（5） Rehabilitation and Management of the Coal Mining Area

According to the “Planning on Development of Vietnam Coal Sector to 2020 with

Consideration of Prospects toward 2030 (Decision No. 60/QD-TTg of January 9,

2012)”, closure of open mines is scheduled for Suoi Lai (by 2015), Nui Beo (by 2017),

and Ha Tu (by 2018). However, due to changes of condition of natural resources and

for assurance of coal source to be supplied for the economy, VINACOMIN made a

proposal to the Prime Minister for adjustment of the Planning and the schedule of

closure of Ha Tu was changed to be by 2027. The rehabilitation of the closed mines

should be conducted in accordance with the existing plans.

Especially the mines along the coastline (e.g., mines in Cam Pha City) should be

prioritized since it may cause negative impact directly to the Halong Bay area.

Moreover, it is also recommended to plant trees within the area bordering the

residential area as green belt to mitigate the impacts of coal mining.

7.3 Approaches to Forest Management

7.3.1 General Approaches to Forest Management in Quang Ninh Province

Since Quang Ninh Province is called “small Vietnam” and is located in the area

“where land and sea meet”, sustainable development can only be achieved through

harmonizing the socio-economic development and environmental conservation by

connecting the upstream terrestrial ecosystem down to the marine ecosystem as

watershed systems.

Thus, the following approaches will be emphasized in the Environmental Master Plan

of Quang Ninh Province so that the benefit generated from nature and natural

resources can be maximized in terms of socio-economic development, production,

safety, and comfort of the people in line with biodiversity conservation:

Watershed-based approach from both natural and socio-economic point of views;


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Harmony of conservation and development considering trade-off and off-set

concept;

Ecological corridor approach;

Zoning approach;

Participatory natural resource management (community based management and

co-management), reflecting the Satoyama Initiative concept;

Sustainable forest management;

Application of payments for environmental services (PES); and

Development of ecotourism.

7.3.2 Concept of Approach

（1） Watershed-based Approach from both Natural and Socio-economic Points of View

This approach emphasizes that the watershed will conserve the water resources and

marine areas. Both rich forest and rich coastal ecosystems are indispensable for the

conservation of the marine area.

This approach also promotes the concept of production, processing, and consumption

in each watershed, enabling less energy consumption and transportation emissions and

more benefit generation within the region.

With regard to conservation, the watersheds supplying water to populated areas

especially the watersheds flowing into Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay should be

given higher priority.

This approach is further discussed and explained in 7.3.3 and 7.3.4 below.

（2） Harmony of Conservation and Development Considering the Trade-off and Off-set

Concept

In boosting the sustainable socio-economic development, it is necessary to achieve the

harmony of conservation and development in order to prevent damage to the precious

tourism resources of Quang Ninh Province. For achieving this harmony, it is necessary

to conduct the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and environmental impact

assessment (EIA) for each project in SEDP to consider the trade-off and off-set of the

impact. In order to provide the full function of each forest type, the three types of

forest categories (special-use forest, protection forest, and production forest) should be

reviewed in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development (MARD) and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

(DARD) and should be updated periodically.


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（3） Ecological Corridor Approach

In improving the flora and fauna habitat the ecological corridor approach is effective,

which can contribute to the stabilization of wildlife population. Therefore, in the

Environmental Planning until 2020, Vision toward 2030, it is targeted to connect the

core areas of each habitat area to form large habitats which will contribute to a

healthier and more stable ecosystem. To connect the core areas in the mountain region

such as Yen Tu National Forest and Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, a corridor

on plain land should also be managed. Furthermore, the corridor part may be set in the

production forest area or socio-ecological production landscape (such as Satoyama

landscape area) covering agricultural areas. In such case, keeping such land use in the

corridor is requested.

The major types of ecological corridors are shown in Figure 7.3-1.

Box Trade –off and Off-set Concept

To harmonize environment and economic development, the trade–off and off-set concept should

be carefully examined.

Trade-off: Advancing conservation requires careful consideration of the complexities of

trade-offs. In case a win-win relationship between conservation and development is not

realistic, the trade-off concept should be considered from multiple perspectives and due

decision making process and gain something valuable even though something else of value

is lost. It is necessary to consider not only the monetary benefit but also to consider the

short and long time frame, multi-stakeholder, local, and global scale.

Off-set: The negative impact which cannot be avoided and should be mitigated completely

can be compensated with biodiversity off-setting concept through the establishment and

rehabilitation of the damaged ecosystem in other areas. If the impact is compensated

100%, it is called No Net Loss, and if compensatory measures exceed the negative impact,

it is called Net Positive Impact or Net Gain.


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Core Area

Buffer

Zones

“Stepping Stones”

Corridor

Corridor

Corridor

along river


Figure 7.3-1 Image of Ecological Corridors

（4） Zoning Approach

Land use and resource planning is important to conserve the precious ecosystems

together with sustaining the livelihood of people living in and around these areas.

Especially in the protected areas in Quang Ninh Province, practical buffer zone

management is required to conserve the protected areas and also, to conduct integrated

watershed management. Figure 7.3-2 shows that the downstream area of Dong

Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve needs buffer zone management to mitigate the

impact by practice of traditional slash and burn cultivation without countermeasures

on soil erosion.

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-2 Downstream Area of Dong Song–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve


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（5） Participatory Natural Resource Management (community-based management and

co-management), Reflecting the Satoyama Initiative concept

The ideas of the Satoyama Initiative advance socio-ecological production landscapes

and seascapes for the benefit of biodiversity and human well-being. The Satoyama

Initiative was officially launched through International Partnership at the Tenth

Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention on Biological

Diversity in October 2010.

It means that participatory natural resource management is required to keep the

socio-ecological production landscapes such as in the agriculture practice in the

mountain areas, paddy areas, and aquaculture/fishery in mangrove areas. It is required

to establish models for community participatory resource management in these areas.

Not only involving the natural resource users in the area but also the concept of

establishing a school forest can be one form of achieving co-management and

environmental education.

The following areas are examples of potential model areas:

Quang Yen and Tien Yen areas where mangrove-friendly (extensive or

semi-intensive) aquaculture is conducted or can be promoted;

Tien Yen and Mong Cai mangrove and mudflat areas where resource management

of shellfish is conducted or can be promoted; and

Mountainous areas where traditional slash and burn cultivation is conducted.

（6） Sustainable Forest Management

In order to maximize the potential of large production forest, which reaches up to more

than 30% of the provincial area, the following measures should be promoted:

Improvement on the monitoring of production forest areas to ensure replantation;

Acquisition of forest certificate on sustainable forest management;

Setting up of concentrated production area;

Establishment of a seed orchard for important plantation species;

Low impact logging;

Improvement of the forest road network;

Development of a non-timber forest product (NTFP);

Development of forest-related industry within the watershed; and

Research and development.

（7） Application of Payments for Environmental Services

The payments for environmental services (PES) are one of the tools that will be

applied in generating the awareness of the people enjoying the benefits of

environmental services and the budget for the management of forest areas. The PES


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mechanism could be applied in the management of headwater forests and costal

mangrove forests.

The Vietnamese government has already issued related regulations such as Decree No

99/2010/NĐ-CP on the Policy for Payment for Forest Environmental Services. Also,

there are some pilot projects of PES application in the headwater forest of Dong Nai

Province (support of USAID and ARBCP) and the mangrove forests of Kien Giang

and Thanh Hoa provinces (support of the Katoomba Group, Forest Trends, GTZ and

SNV)

（8） Development of Ecotourism

To generate the budget for forest management, it is necessary to promote ecotourism

in the forest and coastal areas of the province. It is also effective to involve the people

living in the buffer zone in order to support the reduction of pressure on natural

resources utilization.

Ecotourism is also the key to diversify the tourism activities in Quang Ninh Province,

not relying fully on Halong Bay area, but to extend the length of stay of tourists by

attracting them to activities other than the Halong Bay cruises. There are various

potential tourism options such as the nature and cultural tourism in Yen Tu National

Forest areas and the natural tourism in Bai Tu Long National Park.

7.3.3 Geographical Planning Concept of Management

To achieve both the watershed approach and ecosystem approach, emphasis is needed

on the following multi-axis management, namely, the vertical axis that consists of

three systems of watersheds and the horizontal axis that consists of three ecological

corridors as shown in Figure 7.3-3.


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Source:Study Team

Figure 7.3-3 Axis of Natural Management

（1） Vertical Axis (Three yellow triangles)

Western systems of watersheds

Central systems of watersheds

Eastern systems of watersheds

（2） Horizontal Axis

Mountain ecological corridor (Red color)

Coastal ecological corridor (Green color)

Marine ecological corridor (Blue color)

7.3.4 Systems of Watersheds

（1） Concept of Watershed

In Quang Ninh Province, as shown in Figure 7.3-4, a watershed is not only for the

cycle of water flow, but an ecosystem along the river as well as a socio-economic

system which gives benefit to the people.

Rich forest in the upstream area ensures clean water resources for people and

agriculture and also for the river and marine ecosystem. The appropriate land use and

river management in the plain area also mitigates flood damage. Mangrove and coastal

forest has various functions including the mitigation of wind-blown sand, tidal surge,

and typhoon (See also Table 7.3-1 for the functions of mangrove more in detail).

From the socio-economic point of view, a watershed can be the unit of production,


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processing, and consumption. For example, by processing wood products harvested

within the watershed, value-added processes in the same watershed will benefit the

residents both in the upper stream and in the urban areas where factories are located.

Comparing with transportation to farther places, processing and consumption in the

same watershed will also contribute effectively in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions.

The impact on ecosystem may be expected due to climate change. Regular and

continuous monitoring and careful resource management is the key to sustain the

fishing and tourism activities which are very important economic sectors of the

province. The potential risks include water quality degradation brought about by

drought and flood, temperature change, sea level rise, and typhoon.

Especially because Quang Ninh has Halong Bay, the UNESCO World Heritage Site, it

is important to preserve its value by conserving water resources through the

conservation of headwater forest and coastal mangroves. Seafood are essential part of

the tourism attractions in Quang Ninh Province, thus, the improvement and

maintenance of mangrove vegetations is necessary together with the marine resource

management measures.

Considering the importance of the upstream condition for the benefit of the

downstream, namely, the clean water resources, fishery resources, and the tourism

resources, the benefit generated in the downstream should be shared appropriately

with the management of the upstream areas. Application of the PES system and

awareness raising should be considered so that sustainable investment will be made for

the headwater forest protection activities.


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Protection Forest

Water Reservoir

Paddy

Shrimp Pond

Mangrove

Coastal Forest

Residential Area

Production Forest

Habitat/Shelter

Protect People

Protect Land

Water Quality

Fishery Resource

Management

Production

Tourism Resource

Tourism Resource

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-4 Concept of Watershed

Box Concept of Watershed

There are several cycles and systems in a single watershed and the following are examples of

these:

Water Regime: Rain falls in the headwater forest, flows into rivers then finally into the

ocean. During the cycle, water is utilized by human activities for domestic water and

agriculture purposes.

Production: Forest product is processed in the downstream. Fisheries and agriculture

resources will be maintained in the watershed ecosystem and will be harvested sustainably.

Ecosystem: Rich nutrients will be supplied by the rich forest in the upstream and

mangroves to the river and marine ecosystems. Mangroves also provide habitat and shelter.

Protection: Forest and vegetation cover protects land from soil erosion/landslide and

coastal vegetation protects land and people from wind, typhoon, and storm surge.


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（2） Western Systems of Watersheds

The western systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into

Halong Bay, the western part of Bai Tu Long Bay (facing the south of Cam Pha

District) and Bach Dang River. To conserve Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, it is

necessary to consider that the watershed system consisting of headwater forests, plain

Box Watershed Management in Japan~Forest Rehabilitation by Fishermen

The famous social movement in Japan is known as “the sea is longing for the forest, the forest

is longing for the sea”.

Kesennuma Bay, located in the northern Japan, is famous for its rich fishery resources.

Aquaculture of oyster, scallop, and Kombu (a kind of sea grass) is well-known over Japan.

Red tide (harmful algal blooms) frequented in the 1970s and 1980s and devastated the

aquaculture in the bay. A fisherman noticed that the condition of the upstream deciduous

forest was severely degraded, and was replaced with monoculture cedar plantation. He also

noticed that the banks of the major river (Okawa River) flowing into the bay were covered

with concrete for protection and the mad flat in its river mouth disappeared.

To bring back the rich sea environment, a local oyster fisherman started planting deciduous

broad-leaved trees since 1989, and about 30,000 trees have been planted in the upstream of

the Okawa River.

After plantation started, the water quality in the bay improved (including red tide), and the

bay regained its rich fishery production capacity.

Currently, even after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, the people has continued

the plantation in the upstream and re-started the aquaculture activities.

Red Tide, or

harmful algal bloom

(Often in 1970s, 80s)

Planting (1989~)

Oyster production could sustain

Fisherman became one of

the first forest heroes by UN

Source: Yomiuri shimbun (Newspaper)

Source: http://www.mori-umi.org/

Source: http://mizuyama-oyster-farm.com/index.html

Source: Wikipedia


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areas, and coastal vegetation are important for the final flow into these precious bays.

Firstly, the management of headwater protection forests is inevitable in keeping the

water quality and productivity of the marine area of Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay.

The forests in Yen Tu National Forest, Yen Lap Protection Forest, Dong Son–Ky

Thuong Nature Reserve, and the protection forest for Cao Van Water Reservoir are

very important. The Yen Lap Water Reservoir and Dong Ho Water Reservoir are the

sources of water for the western area of Halong City. Whereas, part of Hoanh Bo

District and Cao Van Water Reservoir are important for the eastern area of Halong City

and Cam Pha City area. The catchments of these reservoirs are so important that strict

conservation is required for such areas. Furthermore, forest rehabilitation over the coal

mines in the Cam Pha area is also required so that contamination of soil and soil

erosion will not occur in such area.

Though the coal reserve is reported in these systems of watersheds, considering the

needs for drinking and irrigation water of Halong City and Quang Yen Town,

exploitation should be avoided.

Secondly, coastal management ensures that mangrove forest will nurture marine

resources such as crabs, shells, and fish. The mangrove and coastal forest also protect

the land and people from wind, sand blows, salt, tidal surge, typhoon, and tsunami.

（3） Central Systems of Watersheds

The central systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into Tien

Yen Bay, including Tien Yen, Ba Che, Lang Cong, and Pho Cu rivers. To conserve the

mangrove ecosystem and aquatic resource in Tien Yen bay area, it is necessary to

consider that the watershed system consisting of headwater forests, plain areas, and

coastal vegetation are important for the final flow. In this sense, vegetation in the

northern part of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, the forests in Ba Che, Tien

Yen, and Binh Lieu districts are critically important. Especially water from Ba Che

River will be utilized more in the future considering the increase of water demand in

the province; it is worth starting the conservation of its headwater forest area soon.

In the area of central systems of watersheds, production forest stretches in a large area.

Thus, conservation of headwater protection forest is not only needed but also

sustainable management of production forest area should be promoted, especially by

avoiding the unplanted area and the promotion of low impact forestry practice.

（4） Eastern Systems of Watersheds

The western systems of watersheds include the watersheds of rivers flowing into Tien

Yen estuaries and South China Sea that stretches over Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, Tien Yen,

Binh Lieu, Dam Ha, and Hai Ha districts and Mong Cai City. In the river mouth,


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though under the pressure of development, the mangrove and mad flat areas stretch,

where rich fishery resources can be produced.

It is noted that most of the rivers are not very long, which means that water resource

conservation against floods and droughts is important in the upstream areas. Trang

Vinh Dam and its catchment area are considered very important for Mong Cai City.

Since there are not as many islands as the western part of the province, coastal

vegetation or “green wall” will be even more important considering the tidal surge and

typhoon which may be triggered by climate change, and also the potential tsunami

damage.

7.3.5 Ecological Corridors

（1） Mountain Ecological Corridor

The mountain ecological corridor includes special-use forests, headwater protection

forests, and production forests distributed in the northern part of the province. The

corridor stretches along the ridge line. Moreover, the corridor protects the mountain

ecosystem and biodiversity, ensuring water resources for the people in the

downstream.

For climate change, the corridor serves as the areas to keep water resources, mitigating

both the impacts of drought and flood.

The major areas included in the said corridor are: Yen Tu Proposed National Park, Yen

Lap Watershed Protection Forest, Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve, and the

proposed nature reserves in Binh Lieu–Dam Ha–Hai Ha as shown in Figure 7.3-5.

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-5 Mountain Ecological Corridor


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The mountain ecological corridor also has high potential for ecotourism activities,

especially in Yen Tu Proposed National Park area with the combination of historical

and cultural heritages. Though it is already a popular destination for Quang Ninh

population, further domestic and international tourism can be developed in Yen Tu.

However, the development should be planned in accordance with the carrying capacity

of natural conditions of the area. Yen Lap Protection Forest also has cultural relic sites

as tourist destination, while Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve and the proposed

nature reserve in the northeastern part of the province are importantly regarded as

large habitat.

The zoning concept should be applied in the management of this corridor. Core zones

can be set considering both the ecological value and function of water resources

conservation. While the core zone should be protected, the buffer zone near the core

zone should be conserved ensuring the current utilization by local residents. To

improve the function of the corridor, the production forest distributed in the corridor

should be managed through the promotion of low impact forestry system and the

improvement of operation to multistorey forest with native species.

（2） Coastal Ecological Corridor

The coastal ecological corridor promotes sustainable land use by harmonizing the

environment and development. The coastal ecological corridor includes coastal

mangrove areas and forest areas distributed along the coastal areas all over the

province. The corridor works as the connecting area of the terrestrial and marine areas

of the province, ensuring the rich marine ecosystem in the mangrove and tidal flat

areas. These areas are also important for migratory birds which are conserved globally.

From an economic point of view, this corridor requires investments for industrial

development. And from the point of view of livelihood and security of human being,

the corridors have high potential for fishery production. Furthermore, the corridor

contributes to land erosion prevention, wind prevention, farmland conservation from

salt, tidal mitigation, and tsunami mitigation. It will be even more important in case of

climate change in the low ground area such as Ha Nam Area in Quang Yen Town. It

also contributes to water quality improvement, conserving the precious bays of Halong

and Bai Tu Long for their ecosystem and tourism values. The functions of mangrove

system are summarized in Table 7.3-1.


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Table 7.3-1 Summary of Direct Use and Non-use Benefits from Mangroves System

Direct Value Indirect Value - On-site fisheries (crabs, fish, and shellfish) - Supporting off-site fisheries - Areas for hatchlings - Source of timber, poles, and firewood - Local use, medicinal plants, and honey - Tourism - Erosion control - Reduced threats from waves, storms, storm surges, and tsunami

- Biodiversity - Carbon sequestration - Water quality control (mangrove systems play an important role in sequestering inorganic and other potential pollutants from coastal rivers)

Source: Implementation Completion and Results Report of Coastal Wetlands Protection and Development Project in

Vietnam, World Bank (2008) with revision by the Project Study Team

This corridor will be more important in protecting the land and people with regard to

its adaptation to climate change.

The major areas included in this corridor are: mangroves and coastal vegetations such

as in Ha Nam Island of Quang Yen Town (proposed Ramsar Site/Important Bird Area),

in the estuary of the Cua Luc River of Hoang Bo District, in the estuary of Tien Yen

District, and in the estuaries along the coasts of Dam Ha District, Hai Ha District, and

Mong Cai City as shown in Figure 7.3-6.

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-6 Coastal Ecological Corridor

While there is high demand on the development of flat coastal areas for economic

development, the mangroves and coastal vegetations are crucial in harmonizing

coastal landscape and seascape. Thus, compensation measures, which are mitigating

measures on the impact on mangroves and coastal vegetations, are required in case the

area in this corridor is used for development purposes.


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Moreover, considering the current land use and the fact that people are utilizing the

natural resources, strict protection in this area will be carefully limited to the core zone.

Promotion of the participatory resource management will be the main ways to

maximize the benefits for the people and nature. Satoyama Initiative is one of the

concepts to achieve the participatory resource management (See Chapter 8 for details).

（3） Marine Ecological Corridor

The marine ecological corridor includes marine protected areas (MPA). These areas

are designated for the marine resource conservation distributed from the northeastern

part of the provincial marine area. The corridor stretches along the coastline of the

province up to Cat Ba National Park of Hai Phong City. This corridor protects the

marine resources and biodiversity, ensuring sustainable fishery activities for the people

of Quang Ninh Province and sustainable tourism for the province.

The impact on ecosystem may be expected due to climate change. Regular and

continuous monitoring and careful resource management is the key to sustain fishing

and tourism activities which are very important economic sectors of the province.

The major areas included in this corridor are: Dao Tran and Dao Co To Proposed

National Park (proposed as MPA), Bai Tu Long Bay National Park (currently a

national park and proposed as MPA), the core zone of Halong Bay, a UNESCO World

Heritage Site, and several areas for marine resources conservation.

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-7 Coastal Ecological Corridor

In this corridor, management of fishery resources will be implemented.


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Not only will the marine environment be conserved but also the island ecosystem such

as forest ecosystem in Co To islands and the islands of Bai Tu Long Bay National Park.

The limestone islands in Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay are also significantly

special that further research and conservation which contributes to sustainable tourism

activities are expected.

Though the establishments of two MPAs, namely, Tran Island MPA and Co To Island

MPA are listed in Decision 742/QĐ-TTg approving the system of Vietnam’s MPA

toward 2020, it is recommended to connect these two MPAs into one, so that this

coastal ecological corridor can be managed more efficiently with larger refuge for

marine flora and fauna. In the corridor, important areas especially for spawning of

marine fauna, and also areas for corals and sea grasses should be conserved with the

introduction and enforcement of closed sessions for each important species.

7.3.6 Priority Protected Areas to be Established by 2020

In order to conserve the three systems of watersheds and three ecological corridors, the

following priority protected areas are needed to be established to supplement and

improve the protected area systems of Quang Ninh Province:

Table 7.3-2 Priority Protected Areas to be Established

Priority Protected Areas to be Established

District Proposed Status Current Land Use Potential Area(ha)

(1) Bai Tu Long National Park Van Don National Park cum MPA ASEAN Heritage Park

Special-use forest Change status

(2) Yen Tu National Park Dong Trieu Uong Bi

National Park National Forest TBD

(3) Binh Lieu–Hai Ha Nature Reserve Binh Lieu Hai ha

Nature Reserve Protection Forest 9,287.9

(4) Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve Quang Yen Wetland Reserve Ramsar Site

Protection Forest 7,646.9

(5) Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve Tien Yen Wetland Reserve Ramsar Site

Protection Forest 16,820.9

(6) Mong Cai Wetland Mong Cai Wetland Reserve Protection Forest 13,759.6 (7) Dao Tran and Dao Co To MPA Co To

Mong Cai Marine Protected Area

Protection Forest TBD

Source: Study Team


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Quang Yen

Ramsar Reserve

Dao Tran and

Dao Co To MPA

Tien Yen

Ramsar

Reserve

Yen Tu

National Park

Binh Lieu-Hai Ha

Nature Reserve

Mong Cai

Ramsar

Reserve

Source: Study Team

Figure 7.3-8 Location of Priority Protected Areas to be Established

7.4 Proposed Projects Toward 2020

Table 4.4-1 Shows the list of proposed projects. The proposed projects comprise of

introduction of the corridor concept, improvement of protected areas management,

improvement of forest environment with enhancing of its function as water supply

source, and rehabilitation of coal mining areas

Table 7.4-1 Proposed Projects Toward 2020

Project Target Area Responsible Body Budget Schedule Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement in Quang Ninh Province

Coastal Districts/Towns

DONRE: Land use planning (LUP), Wetland Reserve, Ramsar DARD: Management

USD 11.0 million

2014-2022

Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park and registration for being an ASEAN Heritage Park

Van Don DONRE: LUP BTL MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance

USD 3.6 million

2014-2020

Project for Establishment and upgrading of Yen Tu National Forest to Yen Tu National Park

Uong Bi DONRE: LUP Yen Tu MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance

USD 6.0 million

2014-2019

Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Hoanh Bo DONRE: LUP DS-KT MB: Management DARD/DCST: Technical assistance

USD 5.6 million

2016-2021

Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area

Binh Lieu and Hai Ha

DONRE: LUP DARD: Inventory and management

USD 2.1 million

2013-2020

Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest (Yen Lap and Trang Vinh)

Hoanh Bo and Mong Cai

DONRE: LUP DARD: Inventory and management

USD 3.3 million

2014-2020

Project for Afforestation in Communes along Vietnam - China- Border Line

Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, and Mong Cai City

DONRE, DARD USD 4.5 million

2016-2022


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Project Target Area Responsible Body Budget Schedule Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest-Fire Control, Biodiversity Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector

Province DONRE, DARD, Department of Education and Training

USD 1.8 million

2016–2020

Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry

Province DARD, DOST USD 1.4 million

2016-2020

Study on Plantation Technology Province DARD, DOST USD 1.7 million

2017-2022

Project for Sustainable Forest Management

Province DARD, DOST USD 5.5 million

2017-2025

Project for Ecotourism Development

Province DARD, DCST USD 2.4 million

2014-2020

Project on Environmental Rehabilitation and Restoration of Coal mines

DARD, DOST USD 11.5 million

2015-2030

Examination for Minimizing of Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay

Hoanh Bo, Ha Long, and Quang Yen

DONRE, DARD USD 1.5 million

2018-2021

Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, and encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest

Province DONRE, Land use planning (LUP) DARD

4.8 2016-2020

Developing of Green Belt in Halong and Cam Pha Cities

Halong and Cam Pha City

DOC, DONRE USD 12.0 million

2014-2018

Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental Friendly around Closed Coal Mines

Halong and Cam Pha City

PPC, VINACOMIN USD 2.6 million

2015 - 2020

Source: Study Team

7.4.1 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement (mangrove and coastal forest

plantation)

In order to connect the mountain and sea as the systems of watersheds, rehabilitation

of mangrove and coastal forest in the province is essential. It should be done together

with the establishment of a sustainable management model for coastal natural

resources by community participation including schools for environmental education.

The target areas should cover all the coastal cities and districts, namely, Quang Yen

Town, Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, Cam Pha City, Van Don District, Tien Yen

District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha District, Mong Cai City, and Co To District.

As one of the project’s features, Tien Yen and Quang Yen towns will be selected as

community-based sustainable models through Satoyama Initiative. These areas will be

proposed to be designated as Ramsar sites.

Table 7.4-2 below shows the summary of the Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor

Improvement.


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Table 7.4-2 Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement

Target Area Coastal cities and districts: Quang Yen Town, Halong City, Hoanh Bo District,

Cam Pha City, Van Don District, Tien Yen District, Dam Ha District, Hai Ha

District, Mong Cai City, and Co To District

Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP, Wetland Reserve, Ramsar

DARD: Management

Budget USD 11.0 million

Schedule 2013-2022

Goal To rehabilitate the mangrove and coastal forest in the province and establish a

sustainable management model.

Output 1. Around 3,000 ha of mangrove and coastal forests are newly established, and

around 20,000 ha of existing forests are regenerated or sustainably managed.

2. Model for community-based coastal management is established.

3. Technologies on mangrove-friendly aquaculture in the province.

4. Plantation and rehabilitation technologies for mangrove and coastal plantation

is established and compiled as a manual.

5. In Tien Yen District and Quang Yen Town, the model of community-based

mangrove management system through Satoyama Initiative is established and

the area will be designated as Ramsar Site.

6. Peoples’ awareness on the importance of the mangrove and coastal

vegetations is enhanced.

Activities 1. Preparation of the inventory of coastal vegetation.

2. Preparation of the coastal management plan with community participation and

environmental education in schools.

3. Technical development of mangrove-friendly aquaculture.

4. Technical development of seedling production and plantation, including

setting up of a seed orchard.

5. Establishment of Ramsar Reserve in Quang Yen, Tien Yen, and Mong Cai.

6. Public awareness activities.

Source: Study Team

7.4.2 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park and ASEAN Heritage Park

The Bai Tu Long Bay area is currently managed as a national park and the bay is as

important and precious as the UNESCO World Heritage, Halong Bay. Considering its

importance not only in the ecosystems of the islands of Ba Mun and Cai Lim, but also

its marine ecosystem, it is proposed to change its status into MPA cum national park to

enhance its capacity to manage its marine area more efficiently. Furthermore, the MPA

cum national park should be registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park for high level

conservation and ecotourism. In order to be registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park,

surveys and procedures should be completed to get an agreement with the ASEAN

Senior Officials on the Environment (ASEON) Working Group. The target area covers

the terrestrial and marine areas of Bai Tu Long National Park, with potential expansion

of the area.

It is planned to establish an ex-situ conservation facility and rescue center for better

conservation of biodiversity in the national park.


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Table 7.4-3 below shows a summary of the project.

Table 7.4-3 Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park (change from national

park to MPA, management planning, forest rehabilitation, development of

ecotourism, and biodiversity conservation)

Target Area Bai Tu Long National Park

Responsible Bodies DONRE: LUP

Management Board of Bai Tu Long National Park: Management

Sub-department of Fisheries: Marine conservation plan


Schedule 2013-2020

Goal To strengthen the management capacity of Bai Tu Long National Park.

Output 1. The national park is changed to MPA category.

2. The national park is registered as an ASEAN Heritage Park.

3. Management planning is updated.

4. Management capacity is improved.

5. Forest is rehabilitated.

6. Ecotourism activities are developed.

7. Biodiversity is conserved.

Activities 1. Prepare the plan of MPA.

2. Preparation of a management plan for the MPA cum national park and

ASEAN Heritage Park.

3. Improvement of infrastructure and human resources on management.

4. Ecotourism plan is prepared.

5. Improvement of facilities for ecotourism.

6. Construction of ex-situ conservation facility and rescue center.

7. Study and research on biodiversity and ecosystem.

Source: Study Team

7.4.3 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest

In order to conserve the watershed of Dong Trieu District and Uong Bi City,

connecting the mountain and sea, as the western systems of the watersheds and the

rehabilitation of headwater forest in the province, are essential. This area is rich in coal

resources as well, and rehabilitation work is required especially in the buffer area of

Yen Tu National Park.

The target area to be managed is the proposed expansion area of Yen Tu National Park.

Since records showed that the change in forest cover in Dong Trieu District and Uong

Bi City areas are worse compared with other parts of the province, the expansion of

the national forest to a national park together with the buffer zone management is

important. The forest and ecosystem condition in this area is connected with the

ecosystem of the Bach Dang River, Cat Ba, and Halong Bay area of great importance.

Currently, the Yen Tu National Forest is one of the most popular tourism destinations

in the province, with features of historical, religious, and natural importance. It is one

of the 34 special national monuments in Vietnam. It has further potential as an


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attraction to people for its mountain ecosystem and landscape with cultural, historical,

and religious value. For the sustainable use of this tourism resource, a concept of

ecotourism and cultural tourism should be well-developed considering its carrying

capacity.


Table 7.4-4 Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of Yen Tu National Forest

Target Area Uong Bi City and Don Trieu District


DCST: Co-management

DARD: Co-management


Schedule 2014-2019

Goal To upgrade Yen Tu National Forest to Yen Tu National Park and its sustainable

management.

Output 1. Yen Tu National Forest is upgraded to Yen Tu National Park.

2. The management plan of Yen Tu National Park is prepared with the buffer

zone management plan.

3. Herbal garden is established for ex-situ conservation and ecotourism.

4. Ecotourism and cultural tourism development considering carrying capacity

of the area.

5. Rehabilitation of forest including the conversion of mono-culture forest into

multistorey forest with native species.

5. Conservation and regeneration of precious old trees like Xich Tung.

Activities 1. Upgrade to a national park.

2. Management planning including the buffer zone management.

3. Establishment of a herbal garden.

4. Forest rehabilitation.

5. Improvement of a monoculture forest with native species.

6. Preparation of an ecotourism plan in accordance with the carrying capacity of

the area.

7. Development of an ecotourism facility and human resources.

8. Biodiversity conservation.

Source: Study Team

7.4.4 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

The Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve is located in the center of the province, and

the biggest protected area in the province. Considering its important function as water

reservoir for Halong City and Hoanh Bo District, the management of this nature

reserve and its surrounding buffer zone is the key for the water supply in Quang Ninh

Province. Thus, it is recommended to consider the integration of Cao Van Protection

Forest with Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve for better integrated management

of the watershed and ecosystem. By merging Cao Van Protection Forest Area and the

current nature reserve area, new area of Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve will be

approximately 21,000 hectare.


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It is necessary to include buffer zone management since the surrounding area is

degraded due to slash-and-burn cultivation. Considering its importance as the water

source for the Halong City area, it has the potential to involve schools for

co-management and environmental education.

The existence of this nature reserve is also important in terms of connecting the

mountain ecological corridor from the northeast to the west of the province.


Table 7.4-5 Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Target Area Hoanh Bo District


DARD: Management


Schedule 2013-2020

Goal To improve the management of Dong Son–Ky Thuong Nature Reserve.

Output 1. Management plan is prepared.

2. Boundary is set.

3. Infrastructure for the management of the nature reserve is improved.

4. IT system to monitor the forest resource is launched.

5.Capacity to manage the nature reserve is improved

6. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation is conducted.

Activities 1. Management planning.


3. Forest improvement of monoculture forest with native species.

4. Development of ecotourism.

5. Biodiversity conservation.

Source: Study Team

7.4.5 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area

In the northeastern part of the province there is a large portion of natural forest which

is designated as a headwater protection forest. Considering its importance as the

natural forest and as water source, it should be well protected.

This proposed new nature reserve will be important for both the eastern systems of

watersheds and the mountain ecological corridor of the province.

It is necessary to conduct a detailed inventory before changing the land use from

protection forest to special-use forest so that the current natural resources used by the

local people will not be prohibited. If there are forest-dependent people living in the

area, it is necessary to consider the introduction of participatory natural resource

management systems. Moreover, it has potential to involve schools for

co-management and environmental education.

Table 7.4-6 shows a summary of the project


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Table 7.4-6 Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of the Northeastern Region Forest Area

Target Area Binh Lieu, Hai Ha, and Dam Ha districts


DARD: Management


Schedule 2013-2020

Goal To conserve the natural forest cum headwater protection forest area as a new

nature reserve area.

Output 1. Boundary of the new nature reserve area is demarcated considering the natural

forest area and protection forest area paying attention to the use of local people.

2. The forest area and socio-economic situation are surveyed, putting emphasis

on the local resource use.

3. Management plan is prepared.

4. Buffer zone is set for the needs of the local people.

5. Model for community based forest management is established.

6. Biodiversity conservation plan is prepared based on the biodiversity survey.

7. Potential of ecotourism activities are studied.

Activities 1. Baseline survey (forest inventory, socio-economic survey, and biodiversity

survey)

2. Preparation of management plan based on conservation needs analysis.

3. Preparation of buffer zone management plan and community-based natural

resource plan.

4. Boundary demarcation.

5. Forest fire protection work.


7. Ecotourism study.

8. Land use change from protection forest to special-use forest.

9. Designation of a new nature reserve.

Source: Study Team

7.4.6 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest

The rivers are rather short in the province due to its topography, thus, water resources

should be well conserved to utilize it efficiently. For Halong, Cam Pha, and Mong Cai

cities, headwater protection forest are designated for the water reservoir dams.

The headwater protection forests are important for the supply of clean water for the

population in these cities; therefore, conservation should be given highest priority for

the management of these areas. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of the degraded areas

and conservation from development should be prioritized.

Table 7.4-7 shows a summary of the project.

Table 7.4-7 Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest

Target Area Hoanh Bo (Yen Lap) and Mong Cai (Trang Vinh)


DARD: Management


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Item Detail

Project Name Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest


Schedule 2014-2020

Goal To conserve two headwater protection forest areas for water supply.

Output 1. Boundary of protection forest area is demarcated paying attention to the use of

local people.

2. The forest area and socio-economic situation is surveyed, putting emphasis on

the local resource use.



5. Model for community-based forest management is established in the buffer

zones.

6. The degraded forest area within the boundary is planted so that soil erosion is

stopped.


survey)

2. Preparation of management plan.


resource plan.




7. Soil erosion control works.

Source: Study Team

7.4.7 The Project for Afforestation in Communes along the China-Vietnam Border

There are hilly areas including ridge lines in the areas bordering China and other

provinces where conservation needs are high in terms of water resource management,

erosion control, and biodiversity conservation. At the same time, the area bordering

China requires proper management considering the security system of the country.

Thus a project is necessary to manage, conserve, and improve the forest area along the

border of China. This forest improvement along the border will contribute greatly to

the mountain ecological corridor of the province.

Considering the importance of these border line areas as part of the mountain

ecological corridor, this project may cover the area bordering other provinces (Lang

Son and Bac Giang) and the corridor area as well, although the national border area

has higher priority. It is shown in Figure 7.3-1-Image of Ecological Corridor. These

corridor areas connecting core areas are shown in the environmental zoning map as the

active management zone (such as the one connecting the bordering area with Bac

Giang Province and Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve).



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Table 7.4-8 Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Afforestation in the Communes along China-Vietnam Border

Target Area 12,269.0 ha in 37 bordering villages of 11 communes under the districts of Binh

Lieu, Hai Ha, and Mong Cai City


DARD: Management


Schedule 2013-2022

Goal To manage appropriately the forest area in the areas bordering China and other

provinces.

Output 1. Boundary of protection forest area is demarcated paying attention to the use of

local people.

2. The forest area and socio-economic situation is surveyed, putting emphasis on

the local resource use.



5. Model for community based forest management is established in the buffer

zones.

6. The degraded forest area within the boundary is planted.

7. Soil erosion is controlled.

8. Income from NTFP is increased.


survey).

2. Preparation of management plan.


resource plan.




7. Soil erosion control works.

8. Development of NTFP production.

Source: Study Team

7.4.8 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control, Biodiversity

Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector

To conserve and utilize a large area of forest in the province, the management and

conservation capacity is important to maximize the benefits of forest to the people and

the ecosystem. Public awareness activities and environmental education are important

in order to promote watershed concept together with PES. It will also promote

participatory management and co-management of forest by various bodies.


Table 7.4-9 Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control,

Biodiversity Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest Fire Control,

Biodiversity Conservation, and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector


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Target Area All provinces

Responsible Bodies DONRE/DARD/Department of Education and Training


Schedule 2016–2020

Goal To enhance the capacity of concerned management staff at all levels as well as

related economic parties on forest protection, forest fire prevention, and law

enforcement in the forestry sector.

Output 1. Public awareness on the forest protection is enhanced.

2. Capacity of the staff at all levels including various stakeholders in forest

management (forest protection, fire prevention, and law enforcement) is

improved.

Activities 1. Enhance public awareness activities, such as through mass media, increase

publicity through posters, textbooks, and pamphlets on the necessity and

importance of forest management.

2. Organize training courses to provide technical guidance on forest protection

and forest fire control such as trainings, seminars, study tours, and exchange

visits for forestry-related staff and local people.

Source: Study Team

7.4.9 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry

To achieve sustainable forest management, improvement of forestry production is

necessary as an incentive. Considering the large area of production forest in the

province, forestry-related industries need to be developed. From the viewpoint of

watershed management, the production from the forests of Hoanh Bo, Ba Che, and

Tien Yen District areas should be considered to be processed in the downstream areas

so that the benefits of the forest can be better shared within the area.


Table 7.4-10 Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Improvement of Forestry-related Industry

Target Area Province

Responsible Bodies DARD, DOST: Technical development

DPI: Investment promotion


Schedule 2016-2021

Goal To improve the forest industry in the province and to increase forestry

production amount

Output 1. Forestry production development plan is prepared.

2. Branding of products (such as oil/resin of pine trees in Dong Trieu).

3. NTFP production and processing plan is prepared.

4. Investment promotion on pulp factory and other factories in accordance with

the plan.

Activities 1. Forestry production development planning.

2. Branding of products (such as oil/resin of pine trees in Dong Trieu).

3. NTFP production and processing plan.

4. Investment promotion on pulp factory and other factories in accordance with

the plan.

Source: Study Team


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7.4.10 Study on Plantation Technology

In the province, the following plantation technologies are highly required for further

development:

Multispecies and multistorey plantation;

High-value species plantation;

Plantation of headwater forest;

Forest improvement practice to change monoculture plantation into multispecies

and multistorey plantation;

Mangrove rehabilitation and plantation; and

Maintenance of matured coastal plantation (Casuarinas) by regeneration and

plantation practice.


Table 7.4-11 Study on Plantation Technology

Item Detail Project Name Study on Plantation Technology Target Area Province Responsible Bodies DARD: Study, seed orchard

DOST: Study Budget USD 1.7 million Schedule 2017-2022 Goal To develop forestry technologies to achieve sustainable forest management. Output 1. Technologies to change the monoculture plantation into multispecies and

multistorey plantation are studied. 2. High value species to be planted in the province is studied. 3. Headwater plantation technology considering soil conservation is developed. 4. Mangrove rehabilitation and plantation models are studied in each vegetation

type. 5. Maintenance and plantation technologies of coastal forest are studied in sandy

coastal area. Activities 1. A total of 300 ha of experimental forest is established to change the

monoculture plantation into multispecies and multistorey plantation. 2. Targets of high value species to be planted in the province are selected

considering the market condition and technology development of plantation and processing is conducted.

3. A total of 300 ha of experimental forest is established to study headwater plantation technology considering soil conservation.

4. A total of 300 ha of experimental mangrove forest in Halong, Tien Yen, and Mong Cai areas are established and models of rehabilitation and plantation are studied.

5. Maintenance and plantation technologies of coastal forest are studied in sandy coastal area in accordance with necessity.

Source: Study Team

7.4.11 Project for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)

Considering the large area designated as production forest and high demands for pit

prop and chip, it is necessary to improve further the forestry production in a

sustainable manner. To reduce the environmental impact by forestry activities, the

concentrated production forest area should be designated where the impact is less (e.g.,

the area with steep hills can be left for protection purposes). In addition, low impact

logging with dense forest road development can make forestry activity more


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sustainable. It is also important to consider the safety of forest workers and fire

protection for SFM practice.


Table 7.4-12 Project for Sustainable Forest Management

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Improvement of Sustainable Forest Management


Responsible Bodies DONRE:

DARD: Management

DARD, DOST: Technical development

DOET: Environmental Education

DPI: Investment promotion


Schedule 2018-2025

Goal To practice sustainable forest management in the province and to acquire forest

certification on SFM for the 30% of production forest.

Output 1. Forest certification system is introduced commonly in the province.

2. Concentrated production forest is established.

3. Density of forest road is improved.

4. Low impact logging is conducted.

5. Safety management of forestry workers.

6. Fire protection.

7. Environmental education of schools (school forest can be set).

Activities 1. Forest certification system is introduced commonly in the province.

2. Forest road survey and development.

3. Introduction of low impact logging technology.

4. Training and education of safety management of forestry workers.

5. Fire protection.

6. Involving schools for forest management (establishment of school forest).

Source: Study Team

7.4.12 Project for Ecotourism Development

This activity is closely related to the Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor

Improvement, and detailed plans are discussed in Chapter 8 on biodiversity

conservation.

With regard to ecotourism activities related to forestry sector, potential activities can

be evaluated based on the following criteria:

1. Value of natural condition;

2. Cultural practice of natural resource management;

3. Tourist can “experience” something related to tourism resources; and

4. Access is easy from the Halong Bay area.

The development of potential ecotourism areas is shown in Table 7.4-13, Potential

Ecotourism Development in Quang Ninh Province.


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Table 7.4-13 Project for Ecotourism Development

Item Detail

Project Name Project for Ecotourism Development


Responsible Bodies DCST: Overall management

DARD, DONRE, HBMD and DPCs: Coordination and implementation in

accordance with the location


Schedule 2014-2020

Goal Ecotourism potential is studied and ecotourism activities in Quang Ninh

Province are diversified.

Output 1. Potential ecotourism activities and sites are identified.

2. Ecotourism activities are initiated for the models of community-based natural

resource management.

3. Ecotourism activity development in special-use forest in Halong City.

4. Experiences in each area are shared.

5. Ecotourism guides are trained.

6. “Industrial tourism” can be started as trial for the mines including the restored

area.

Activities 1. Potential ecotourism activities and sites are identified.

2. Ecotourism activities are initiated in the models of community-based natural

resource management (to be selected at least in Yen Tu National Forest, Dong

Son–Ky Thuong, Quang Yen Ramsar Reserve, Tien Yen Ramsar Reserve, Bai

Tu Long National Park, and Co To MPA).

3. Planning of ecotourism activities in the special-use forest in Halong City.

4. Facility development (walking trail) in the special-use forest in Halong City.

5. Facility for tourism on mining activities is developed.

Source: Study Team

7.4.13 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines

Coal mines are located in environmentally important and populated areas such as Cam

Pha and Halong (close to the Halong Bay area), Uong Bi (close to the Yen Tu National

Forest area), and Dong Trieu (close to residential area). Thus, rehabilitation (greening)

of the closed mines and dumping sites, improvement of landscape, and mitigation of

coal dust from mining areas through development of green belt (multi-storey forests

are appropriate) are highly required. If properly prepared, coal mining areas and

rehabilitated areas can be the industrial and cultural tourism resources which can be

used for environmental education.

Table 7.4-14 Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for the Rehabilitation of Coal Mines

Item Detail

Project Name Project on Environmental Rehabilitation and Restoration of Coal mines

Target Area Dong Trieu, Uong Bi, Halong, Cam Pha

Responsible Bodies VINACOMIN: Planning and implementation

DARD: Technical support

DONRE: Monitoring



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Item Detail

Schedule 2015-(Suoi Lai)

2017-(Nui Beo)

2027-(Ha Tu)

Goal To appropriately mitigate pollution from coal mining areas and dumping sites

and to rehabilitate degraded landscape.

Output 1. Plantation technology is developed.

2. Closed open-pit mining areas are rehabilitated.

3. Green belt is established.

4. Public information activity regarding rehabilitation technology is conducted

and practiced in Quang Ninh.

Activities 1. Technical development of the plantation on (i) fast growing species, (2) native

species, (iii) biodiesel plant species, (iv) slope plantation, and (v) green belt.

2. Rehabilitation of open mines (by 2020, complete restoration of disposal sites,

open pit mines, sites that are closed from 2015)

3. Plantation of green belt between the residential areas and mining areas (both

closed and operating mining areas).

4. Public information activities including technical and academic exchange with

other provinces and countries.

Source: Study Team

7.4.14 Status Assessment and recommendation of measures for Minimizing of

Sedimentation in the Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay

Environment of Cua Lac Bay and Halong Bay have been affected by sedimentation in

recent years, of which speed has increased. The sedimentation causes unsuitable

coastal condition, such as "being the swamps" by sediment with red mud layers

exposed at foot of the cliffs. Some of access channels to the port areas have been

shallowed up pretty quickly, and have to be frequently dredged.

In addition to impacts from coal mining, tourism, aquaculture activities in the Bay and

the general operations on the shoreline are contributing to the significant increase in

the amount of sediment as well as hazardous substances to the bottom environment

of Halong Bay. There must be positive solutions to reduce the harmful effects of

sedimentation and sediment pollution, contributing to create a clean and healthy

environment for Cua Lac Bay and Halong Bay to protect the biodiversity and the

precious value.

Table 7.4-15 Status assessment and recommendation of measures for minimizing of


Item Detail

Project Name Status assessment and recommendation of measures for Minimizing of


Target Area Hoanh Bo District, Halong City

Responsible Bodies DONRE, HBMD, VINACOMIN

Budget 0.7 million USD

Schedule 2014-2015


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Item Detail

Goal To study and mitigate the condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in

Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.

Output 1. Assessment result of amount of sediment, sedimentary environment, the

marine motive fossil factors associated with sediment dispersal in Halong

Bay;

2. Evaluation result of the status, speed, trends of sedimentation and

environmental pollution of the bay seabed

3. Solutions to minimize sedimentation and sediment pollution Activities 1. Identification of the current status of the sediment pollution and siltation in

Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.

2. Mapping the degree of sediment pollution and siltation in Cua Luc, Halong

Bay, and their shorelines.

3. Planning of mitigation and control of activities causing sediment pollution and

siltation in Cua Luc, Halong Bay, and their shorelines.

Source: Study Team

7.4.15 Developing of Green Belt for Reducing Erosion Impact from Coal Mining Area in

Halong City and Cam Pha City

Coal mining activities in Halong City and Cam Pha City have strong impacts on

environment of surrounding residential areas, and Halong Bay. Cam Pha City has

identified environmental protection roadmap for the period 2015-2020. Accordingly,

Cam Pha will cease dumping waste in the South side of the City, the whole areas are to

be restored, assigned to organizations for planting protective trees for creating green

trees belt, forming dust shield for the city. For Halong city, in order to reduce sources

of sedimentation materials to Halong Bay, it is recommended to improve the

residential environment, especially to create environmentally friendly landscapes in

accordance with the Halong Bay Natural World Heritage Site. Therefore, it is

necessary to make planning for the green tree belt systems as a buffer zone to isolate

the coal mining areas from the residential areas.

Table 7.4-16 Developing of Green Belt in Halong City and Cam Pha City

Item Detail

Project Name Developing of Green Belt in Halong City and Cam Pha City

Target Area Halong City, Cam Pha City

Responsible Bodies DOC, DONRE, Vinacomin


Schedule 2014-2018

Goal To study and mitigate the condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in

Cua Luc Bay, , Halong Bay, and their shorelines.

Output 1. Detailed plan of development of the green space for Ha Long City and Cam

Pha City

2. Development of green space in the two cities; designing the forms of the

trees of being natural or trimmed, bent in certain shapes to be fit with

landscape and environmental functions of the area

Activities 1. Investigation and assessment of the landscapes and environment status

2. Preparation of detailed planning of the green space for Ha Long City and

Cam Pha City

3. Investment in design and implementation of construction of green space in

the two cities


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Source: Study Team

7.4.16 Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental friendly around

Closed Coal Mines as Buffer Zone

Coal mining activities cause significant impacts on environment, causing many types

of serious natural disasters. Soil quality in the coal mining areas is increasingly

depleted, the amount of nutrient is getting poorer, the soil becomes dry and

friable. The coal mining operations change dramatically the topography surface, create

deep pits, high coal waste dumps sites; causing loss of vegetation carpets on the

surface. The volume of soil and rock layers taken off from open pit coal mines

exploitation is very large, by disposal will form the terrain hazards of landslides, flood

flashs washed away together with sand and mud, causing filling of surface flows,

sedimentation of the Bays. Together with these impacts is the deterioration of quality

of ecosystems on land and in water, shrinking areas of forests, especially mangroves

downstream.

To minimize the adverse impacts, of coal mining as well as of soil and rock waste to

the environment, need to have appropriate solutions. In addition to designing of the

dumping sites as height restrictions, appropriate layering as well as creating drainage

water channels around, trees planting and greening the dumping sites, controlling

erosion, landslides etc. Need to have the comprehensive solutions towards land use

environmentally friendly.

Table 7.4-17 Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental

friendly around Closed Coal Mines

Item Detail

Project Name Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental

friendly around Closed Coal Mines as Buffer Zone

Target Area Halong City, Cam Pha City

Responsible Bodies PPC, VINACOMIN


Schedule 2015-2017

Goal To build up the land use planning in the direction of environmentally

friendly of the coal mining operations, and test the model of land use

environmentally friendly in the key areas.

Output 1. Land use planning with environmentally friendly in and around the

coal mining areas

2. Model project on environmentally friendly land use


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Item Detail

Activities 1. Investigate, evaluate the overall status (natural conditions, natural

resources, environment, ...) of the coal mines and the impact on the

environment around the mines;

2. Survey, assess the needs, conditions and ability to plant the species of

valuable plants in the coal mining areas after mine closure;

3. Make land use planning environmentally friendly in the coal mining

areas of Quang Ninh;

4. Survey, make detailed assessment of some key areas for testing of

models of environmentally friendly land use;

4. Test the model of environmentally friendly land use (spatial design of

land use, investment to materials, equipment, plant seedlings, ...,

plant and care, assessment, ...);

Source: Study Team


8-1

CHAPTER 8 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

8.1 Forecasted Impact and Issues to be Solved on Environmental Management toward

2020

8.1.1 Current Status of Biodiversity

8.1.2 Forecasted Impacts and Issues to be Solved

According to the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to

2020, Vision toward 2030, Quang Ninh has achieved significant economic growth in the

past 10-15 years due to its focus on developing “brown” manufacturing industries with

the coal mining industry as the leading contributor to the province‟s economy. Despite its

impressive growth and contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP), these industrial

activities have resulted to negative impacts on Quang Ninh‟s natural environment. The

rich and diverse biodiversity of Quang Ninh has been degraded through time, and it will

constantly be threatened due to increasing human and economic activities.

Critical actions are needed from the local government of Quang Ninh to address these

environmental problems while also conserving the province‟s natural resources for future

generations.

In addition, based on the Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020, the

forecasted impacts and issues to be solved have been reviewed, and described as follows:

（1） Structure of Management and Biodiversity Conservation across the Government and

Society

One of the strengths of Quang Ninh Province is that many of its staff and leaders have

been trained at various levels about biodiversity conservation. In addition, there are so

many biodiversity conservation tasks stipulated in national and provincial legal

documents. On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses and threats with regard

to biodiversity conservation:

Quang Ninh Province has its biodiversity action plan toward 2020; however, the

conservation activities in this plan have not been started.

The community‟s awareness on and capability for biodiversity conservation are not

enough.

There have been lacking human resources for conservation activities.

Coordination among departments and related organizations is not enough and

effective.

（2） Direct Pressures on Biodiversity and Non-Sustainable Use

Another strength of Quang Ninh Province and Vietnam is that they have the mechanism

to reduce the pressures on biodiversity through environmental impact assessment (EIA)


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and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), as per the law on environmental

protection. On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses and threats with regard to

direct pressures on biodiversity and non-sustainable use:

The integration of biodiversity conservation in the development plan has not been

done yet.

The pressures on biodiversity include high natural and mechanical growths of

population.

Coal mining areas from Dong Trieu to Mong Duong cause environmental pollution.

This problem can lead to serious water pollution, and loss of stream surfaces.

The quality of forests, including protection forests and mangroves, is worsening. The

resources of forest organisms are declining. These are the main causes for the

occurrence of flash floods.

There is exploitation of destructive fishing practices (use of chemicals, electric

shocks, small meshes, and unseasonal fishing).

The use of chemical materials and fertilizers in aquaculture and agriculture is

unsustainable.

Illegal activities, such as exploitation and trade of plant and wildlife across the border,

still occur. In some areas, these activities are serious problems.

The number of tourists visiting Halong Bay is increasing.

There are many socioe-conomic development plans in the Socio-Economic

Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision toward 2030

potential of the destruction of the natural environment.

There are invasive alien species in Quang Ninh Province.

The extreme weather and climate change become more apparent and have significant

effects on biodiversity.

（3） Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic Diversity

Through conservation activities which have been implemented in some areas, such as

Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long National Park, thereby, Quang Ninh Province has

experiences in conservation. In Quang Ninh Province, natural world heritage sites such as

Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long National Park, and Dong Sơn –Ky Thuong have been known to

a lot of people, including scientists and tourists from domestic and overseas locations.

The following are the weaknesses and threats with regard to safeguarding biodiversity in

the entire Quang Ninh Province:

Existing protected areas are not enough for biodiversity conservation in the entire

Quang Ninh Province. Particularly, there are no marine protected areas and wetland

reserves.

There is no ecological networking system for migratory wildlife that connects


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existing protected areas.

There is no facility and organization with the function of ex-situ conservation of

endangered animals and plants.

There are only few projects on restoring or rehabilitating damaged ecosystems such

as coral reefs implemented.

Not yet having projects on repopulating endangered species.

（4） Shortage of Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Quang Ninh Province has strengths for sustainable agriculture and aquaculture that they

can achieve. In addition, the demand for using biodiversity in ecotourism is increasing in

the province.

On the other hand, the following are the weaknesses with regard to creating benefits for

all from biodiversity services:

There are not enough programs, guides (narrators), materials, and facilities for

ecotourism.

There are no specific agriculture and aquaculture methods to maximize ecosystem

services.

The level of poverty in some areas, such as in areas with high biodiversity, remain

high.

（5） Shortage of Implementation through Participatory Planning, Knowledge Management

and Capacity Building

Quang Ninh Province has community-based management for the conservation of

mangroves. However, the following are the weaknesses with regard to implementation

through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building:

There are no systematic surveys, assessment and monitoring system on biodiversity

in Quang Ninh Province.

There is not sufficient database on biodiversity.

The capability of using science and technology in conservation models is still limited.

8.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved toward 2020

8.2.1 Basic Concept

In Decision No. 1216/QD-TTg, dated 5 September 2012, of the Prime Minister on

approving the National Environmental Protection Strategy to 2020, with vision to 2030,

the general objectives, specific targets, orientation and indicators regarding biodiversity

are described. The Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province

to 2020, Vision toward 2030 describes the necessity for biodiversity conservation. Quang

Ninh Province must comply with both the National Environmental Protection Strategy

2020 and the Socio-Economic Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to


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2020, Vision toward 2030.

The Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020 contains much information

and plan; therefore, it should be referred to in formulating the environmental master plan.

In addition, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, and its Aichi Biodiversity

Targets, is a new global framework for action by all countries and all stakeholders. It was

adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the Convention

on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in October 2010. Vietnam is one of the contracting

parties of the CBD. However, Vietnam has not yet developed a national biodiversity

master plan based on the CBD‟s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi

Biodiversity Targets. If biodiversity loss continues at the current pace, ecosystems will

soon go beyond their tipping points wherein they can never recover for future generations.

Therefore, Quang Ninh Province should basically comply with the CBD‟s Strategic Plan

for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

Based on the CBD‟s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, the biodiversity in Quang

Ninh Province should be valued, conserved, restored and sustainably used, maintaining

ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy province and delivering benefits essential for all

people in Quang Ninh Province.

8.2.2 Target to be Achieved

In setting new targets in the environmental master plan for Quang Ninh Province, the

Biodiversity Action Plan in Quang Ninh Province 2020 should adopt the Aichi

Biodiversity Targets. The targets to be achieved for the biodiversity in Quang Ninh

Province are as follows:

Address the underlying causes of biodiversity decline by mainstreaming biodiversity

across the government and society.

Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.

Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic

diversity.

Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management,

and capacity building.

In addition, the indicators of the targets to be achieved based on the National

Environmental Protection Strategy are shown in Table 8.2-1.

Table 8.2-1 Indicators of Targets to be Achieved

No. Indicators Relevant Agencies

Target toward 2020

1. Aquatic resources of coastal areas DARD 70% increase compare to total production of 2010

2. Area of natural forests DARD Not lower


8-5

3. Area of mangroves DARD

3,000 ha is planted 10% of protection mangrove forest is rehabilitated

4. Area of sea grass beds DONRE Not lower than in 2010 5. Area of coral reefs DONRE Not lower than in 2010

6. Number of endangered, rare and precious species

DONRE Zero

7. Number of extinct, rare and precious species

DONRE None

8. Number of precious and valuable genes lost

DONRE Not higher than in 2010

9. Natural heritage sites, landscapes, and beauty spots

DCST Less deteriorated than in 2010

10 Cases of losing biosafety due to genetically-modified organisms

DOH None

11. Number of invasive alien species and their harmfulness

DONRE Not higher than in 2010

12

Natural ecosystems of national and international significance improved for better resistance and adaptability to climate change

DONRE Up by 60% as compared in 2010


8.3 Approaches for Biodiversity Conservation

8.3.1 Approaches for Biodiversity

Based on the targets, the approaches for biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province are as

follows:

（1） Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity

across the government and society

By 2020, at the latest, provincial people are aware of the values of biodiversity and

the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.

By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into provincial

development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being

incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.

By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are

eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts,

and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are

developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the CBD and other relevant

international obligations, taking into account the province‟s socioeconomic

conditions.

- By 2020, at the latest, the government, businesses, and stakeholders at all levels have

taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and

consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe

ecological limits.

（2） Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

By 2015, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, sea grass beds, and


8-6

coral reefs, is brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation are

significantly reduced.

By 2020, areas under agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry are managed sustainably,

ensuring conservation of biodiversity.

By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that

are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.

By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority

species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to

prevent their introduction and establishment.

By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable

ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to

maintain their integrity and functioning.

（3） Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic

diversity

By 2020, protected areas including expanded and newly established protected areas

are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative

and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based

conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.

By 2020, the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their

conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, have been improved and

sustained.

By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated

animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally

valuable species, is maintained, and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and

safeguarding their genetic diversity.

（4） Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services

By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks

has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at

least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation

and adaptation and to combating desertification.

By 2020, ecotourism not only in the Halong Bay area but also in the entire Quang

Ninh Province has been enhanced by using indigenous natural resources and

Satoyama landscape sustainably.

（5） Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management, and

capacity building

By 2015, Quang Ninh Province has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and

has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated local


8-7

biodiversity strategy and action plan.

By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local

communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and

their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national

legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in

the implementation of the CBD with the full and effective participation of indigenous

and local communities, at all relevant levels.

By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its

values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved,

widely shared and transferred, and applied.

By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively

implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources and in

accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource

Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels.

8.4 Proposed Projects toward 2020

8.4.1 Address the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss by Mainstreaming Biodiversity

across the Government and Society

（1） Planning of Biodiversity Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province

In order to promote the specific activities for biodiversity conservation, the Biodiversity

Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province 2020, Vision toward 2030, and the biodiversity

action plans should be planned based on this master plan. The action plan should

recommend detailed plans of other priority projects in Quang Ninh Province, including

the Halong Bay area. The action plan should be revised every five years.

（2） Promotion and Encouragement of Public Education and Awareness

In order to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures

required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness

improvement should be conducted through media (TV, radio, and newspaper) in Quang

Ninh Province.

In addition, in order to increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues,

events, such as the International Day for Biodiversity (IDB) on May 22, should be held

regularly.

（3） Institutional Development and Capacity Building of Relevant Organizations

In order to disseminate the policies, laws, and institutions on biodiversity conservation,

institutional development and capacity building should be conducted in relevant

organizations in Quang Ninh Province.


8-8

8.4.2 Reduce the Direct Pressures on Biodiversity and Promote Sustainable Use

（1） Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species

In order to control the damage on ecosystems, agriculture, and tourism by invasive alien

species, survey of the current status and examination of the controlling methods used

should be conducted in Quang Ninh Province. As island ecosystems are very prone to

invasive alien species, the survey and control of them are very important especially in

Halong Bay, a natural world heritage site, and the Bai Tu Long National Park.

（2） Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, Sea Grass Beds and Seaweed Vegetation

In order to recover the marine ecosystem damaged by illegal fishing, the restoration and

rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation should be developed and

conducted.

8.4.3 Improve the Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic

Diversity

（1） Expansion and Enhancement the protection capacity for the Existing Protected Areas

and Establishment of New Protected Area

In order to reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity, the existing protected areas should

be expanded and enhanced. In addition, new protected areas should be established.

Regarding new protected areas, the establishment of protection areas such as nature

reserves and marine protected areas is very important for the protection of wilderness. In

addition, in order to conserve secondary nature areas such as Satoyama landscapes, the

establishment of conservation areas, such as „Ramsar site‟, is also very important.

（2） Development of Cultivation and Plantation Technologies for Endangered and

Indigenous Plant Species

In order to prevent the extinction of endangered plant species and to restore the natural

vegetation, cultivation and plantation technologies for endangered and indigenous plant

species in Quang Ninh Province should be developed.

（3） Capacity Building of Management Skills for Endangered Species Traffic Control

In order to prevent illegal trafficking of endangered species, capacity building to develop

the management skills of staff of relevant organizations should be conducted.

（4） Establishment of Ex-situ Conservation Center for Plants and Animals

In order to prevent the extinction of endangered species, an ex-situ conservation center

should be established. The ex-situ conservation center should consist of a botanical

garden to safeguard endangered plants, and a rescue center for first aid and rehabilitation

of injured wildlife.


8-9

8.4.4 Enhance the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

（1） Promotion of Ecotourism

In order to promote the beneficial uses of biodiversity, ecotourism should be promoted in

Quang Ninh Province. Various ecotourism programs should be developed according to

each characteristic of biodiversity. The candidate ecotourism sites are the Halong Bay

area, Bai Tu Long National Park, and other conservation areas including proposed

protection areas and Ramsar sites.

In addition, the Halong Bay Ecological museum should be established in order to add

value to Halong Bay‟s tourism. The museum should not only have exhibition facilities but

also a facility for research on the biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province, including Halong

Bay, in cooperation with the proposed ex-situ conservation center (with botanical garden

and wildlife rescue facility). Bai Tu Long National Park has a museum already; however,

its exhibition facilities should be developed more for effective ecotourism and

environmental education.

（2） Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture

In order to promote the beneficial uses of biodiversity, sustainable agriculture and

aquaculture practices, such as the Satoyama Initiative, should be promoted in Quang Ninh

Province.

Agriculture and aquaculture utilizing less chemical materials in their methods are very

beneficial to biodiversity conservation, and are able to produce high value agricultural

and aquaculture products.

（3） Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources

In order to promote the beneficial uses of genetic resources in Quang Ninh Province, a

research center dealing with genetic resources should be established. This center should

have the following functions: researching on the current status of genetic resources;

storage of genetic resources; and developing methods for beneficial uses of genetic

resources in Quang Ninh Province.

8.4.5 Enhance Implementation through Participatory Planning, Knowledge Management, and

Capacity Building

（1） Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring

In order to get basic information for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity,

comprehensive biodiversity survey and monitoring (flora, fauna, genetic diversity, etc.)

should be implemented in Quang Ninh Province.

In addition, a database system should be created that would store and utilize the results of

the survey.

（2） Implementation of Community-based Management of Biodiversity


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In order to conserve and promote sustainable use of biodiversity, local people should

participate in community-based management of natural resources such as mangrove

ecosystems.

（3） Promotion of Environmental Education

In order to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures

required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness should be

conducted through education in schools in Quang Ninh Province.

8.4.6 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020

The schedule, priority, and estimated cost of proposed projects toward 2020 are shown in

Table 8.4-1.

Preparation of Environmental Planning of Q


8-1

1

Table 8.4-1 Schedule, Priority and Estimated Cost of Proposed Projects toward 2020

Project Specific Activities Priority Target Area Responsible Agency

Cooperative Agency

Schedule Cost (USD)

1-1. Planning of Biodiversity of Quang Ninh Province

-Planning of the biodiversity Ⅰ Province DONRE DARD, DST, DPI, HBMD 2013-2014, 2019

200,000

1-2. Project for Promotion and Encouragement of Public Education and Awareness

-Holding events yearly -Broadcasting TV and radio programs -Distribution of leaflets, etc.

Ⅱ Province DONRE DST, HBMD, Department of Education and Training (DOET)

2015-2020 336.000

1-3. Institutional Development and Capacity Building of Relevant Organizations

-Institutional development -Capacity building

Ⅱ Province DONRE Dept. of Home Affairs, DARD, DST

2015-2016 124,000

2-1. Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species

-Survey of invasive alien species -Control of invasive alien species

Ⅱ Halong Bay, Bai Tu Long National Park, Province

DONRE DARD, DST, HBMD 2015-2016 178,000

2-2 Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, Sea Grass Beds and Seaweed Vegetation

-Restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass beds, and seaweed vegetation

Ⅰ Co To Island and other islands

DARD DONRE, DST, HBMD 2014-2015, 248,000

3-1. Expansion and Enhancement of Existing Protected Areas and Establishment of New Protected Area

-Nature reserves are mentioned in Chapter 9 -Establishment of marine protected areas

Ⅰ Bai Tu Long National Park Quang Yen, Tien Yen

DARD DONRE 2013-2020 Described in

Chapter7

3-2. Development of Cultivation and Plantation Technologies for Endangered and Indigenous Plant Species

-Development of cultivation technologies

Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE, DST, HBMD 2015-2016 110,000

3-3. Capacity Buildings of Management Skills for Endangered Species Traffic Control

- Capacity building activities Ⅰ Province DARD Custom Office, Border Guard

2014-2015, 2019

165,000

3-4. Establishment of Ex-situ Conservation Center for Plants and Animals

-Establishment of botanical garden -Establishment of rescue center

Ⅱ Bai Tu Long National Park

DARD DONRE, DST 2015-2016 1,320,000

4-1. Promotion of Ecotourism and Establishment of Ramsar Sites

-Development of ecotourism programs -Training of ecotourism guides -Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative in Ramsar sites

Ⅰ Halong Bay, Quang Yen, Tien Yen Mong Cai

DONRE DARD, DCST, HBMD 2013-2020 750,000

4-2. Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture

-Development of sustainable agriculture and aquaculture

Ⅱ Halong Bay, Quang Yen, Tien Yen Mong Cai

DARD DONRE, DST 2014-2016 156,000

4-3. Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources

-Establishment of research center

Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE, DST 2016-2018 480,000



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2

Project Specific Activities Priority Target Area Responsible Agency

Cooperative Agency

Schedule Cost (USD)

5-1. Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring

-Survey of flora and fauna -Monitoring of ecosystems -Creation of database system

Ⅱ Province DONRE DARD, DST, HBMD 2015-2020 126,000

5-2. Implementation of Community-based Management of Biodiversity

-Examination of method -Implementation of model project

Ⅱ Province DARD DONRE 2014-2016 75,000

5-3. Promotion of Environmental Education -Development of environmental education programs and materials -Implementation of environmental education

Ⅱ Province DONRE DOET 2014-2020 364,000


Preparation of Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030

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uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 (D

raft Final Report)

8.4.7 Priority Proposed Projects toward 2020

（1） Establishment of Ramsar Sites and Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative

1） Necessity of Establishing Ramsar Sites

There are several good wetlands utilized as agriculture or aquaculture areas by local

people in Quang Ninh Province. These wetlands are regarded as secondary nature

and not wilderness. However, these secondary nature landscapes are known and

described as Satoyama landscapes. Satoyama landscapes are important areas

wherein there is coexistence between biodiversity and human activities. Quang

Ninh Province has many potential good practices of the Satoyama Initiative.

However, Satoyama landscapes would be degraded easily by changing the methods

of agriculture and aquaculture (e.g., intensive farming utilizing much chemical

materials), or creation of landfill for other industrial development. Therefore, there

is an urgent need to conserve these Satoyama wetlands. We recommend to

establish of conservation areas with Ramsar sites as the model area of the Satoyama Initiative is strongly recommended. In order to designate a candidate site as a

Ramsar site, it should first be a protected area based on the law. Then, the Quang

Ninh Province People‟s Committee has to write a request letter to the Ministry of

Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). The MONRE should make an

assessment of the status of the sites on whether they could meet the criteria to be

identified as a wetland of international importance. Therefore, the Department of

Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) should immediately survey the

identified wetland of international importance in advance.

Satoyama Initiative

The Satoyama Initiative is a comprehensive effort to spread awareness that

protecting biodiversity entails the protection of both wild and human-influenced

natural environments, such as farmland and secondary forest, which have been

maintained sustainably over a long time. The Initiative is also an effort at

thoughtful action towards the conservation and use of such human-influenced

natural environments. To further extend its reach through global cooperation, the

International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative was launched at the COP10 to

the Convention on Biological Diversity held in Nagoya, Aichi, in October 2010.

Human-influenced natural environments or socio-ecological production landscapes

(SEPLS) as they are referred to under the Satoyama Initiative, include a wide range

of landscapes such as villages, farmland, and adjacent woods, grasslands and coasts

that have been formed and maintained through long-term interaction between

humans and nature. Such landscapes are found in the Quang Ninh Province as


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raft Final Report)

below.

Rice Paddies and Secondary Forest with

Egret Colony in Dam Ha

Aquaculture ponds and

Mangroves in Tien Yen

Aquaculture ponds and

Mangroves in Ha Nam Island

Rice Paddies in Co To

Island


Figure. Typical Landscapes in the Quangh Ninh Province

Sustainable use of land in accordance with the features of the environment is

common in socio-ecological production landscapes, although land use practices

may range widely from rice cultivation to grazing. Socio-ecological production

landscapes are indispensable for food, water, lives and livelihoods, for nurturing

culture and tradition while helping conserving biodiversity by providing a home for

a multitude of species adapted to or dependent on the environment where human

interventions such as agricultural practice continues.

Satoyama Initiative’s Vision

The Satoyama Initiative‟s vision is to realize societies in harmony with nature,

where communities maintain and develop socio-economic activities, in alignment

with natural processes.

The approach towards its vision is three-fold:

(1) consolidating wisdom on securing diverse ecosystem services and values,

(2) integrating traditional ecological knowledge and modern science to

promote innovations, and

(3) exploring new forms of co-management systems or evolving frameworks

of “commons” while respecting traditional communal land tenure.

The Satoyama Initiative promotes the maintaining and rebuilding of

socio-ecological production landscapes where sustainable use of land and natural


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raft Final Report)

resources is practiced in accordance with regional characteristics and modern

socio-economy.

Figure. Three Fold Approach and Five Perspectives

Source: IPSI website http://satoyama-initiative.org/

2） Candidate Ramsar Sites

The two candidate Ramsar sites are shown in Figure 8.4-1.

Quang Yen Coastal

Area (including Ha

Nam Island)

Tien Yen

Estuary Area

Mong Cai

Costal Area


Figure 8.4-1 Candidate Ramsar Sites in Quang Ninh Province

Quang Yen Wetland including Ha Nam Island: There are many shrimp


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raft Final Report)

aquaculture ponds with mangrove forests in the Quang Yen Town coastal area. Ha

Nam Island is listed by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA)

because it is a wintering site of the Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), which

is classified by the IUCN Red List as endangered (EN), and the Chinese Egret

(Egretta eulophotes), which is classified by the same as vulnerable (VU). The local

people, in order to generate income, utilize these shrimp ponds with mangroves and

mud flats for shrimp aquaculture. The other coastal aquaculture areas in Quan Yen

Town also have the same condition.

Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)

Source: Wikipedia, photo by Charles Lam Source: Wikipedia, photo by Drakesketchit

Figure 8.4-2 Endangered Birds in Ha Nam Island

These areas, with their current environmental conditions, should be conserved with

sustainable use. The provisional proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-3.

In order to register the Ramsar sites in Vietnam, they must first be classified as

wetland reserves based on the Law on Environmental Protection, No.

52/2005/QH11. However, the regulations for the core area of the wetland reserve

are too strict to continue the aquaculture. Therefore, the core area should be

minimized, and most of the aquaculture area with mangroves should be within the

buffer zone.


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raft Final Report)

Industrial Area Plan

Road Plan

Core Area(Mangrove

Dense Area)

Core Area(Mangrove

Dense Area)

Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond)



Figure 8.4-3 Provisional Zone Map of Quang Yen Wetland

Tien Yen Wetland: There are many shrimp aquaculture ponds with mangrove

forests in the Tien Yen estuary area. It has one of the most developed mangrove

forests around Dong Rui Island in Quang Ninh Province. The local people utilize

the shrimp ponds and conserve the mangrove forests using community-based

management methods.

These areas, with their current environmental conditions, should be conserved with

sustainable use. A map of the proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-4. The

core area, including the developed mangrove forest, should be minimized, and most

of the aquaculture area with mangroves should be within the buffer zone.

Core Area(Mangrove

Dense Area)

Dong Rui Island


Airport

Plan


Figure 8.4-4 Provisional Zone Map of Tien Yen Wetland


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raft Final Report)

Mong Cai Wetland: There are large mangrove forests and mud flats in the Mong

Cai coastal area. These areas should be conserved with sustainable use. A map of

the proposed Ramsar site is shown in Figure 8.4-5. The core area, including the

developed mangrove forest, should be minimized, and most of the mud flat area

should be within the buffer zone.

Core Area(Mangrove

Dense Area)

Buffer Zone(Shrimp Pond,

Mud Flat)


Figure 8.4-5 Provisional Zone Map of Mong Cai Wetland

3） Promotion of the Satoyama Initiative

Sustainable use activities such as the Satoyama Initiative should be promoted. In

particular, aquaculture technology which utilizes less chemical materials should be

developed. In addition, the use of effective aquaculture methods that would create

habitats for wildlife such as water birds is required. Aquaculture products such as

shrimp would have a high value because they are not only ecofriendly but also

healthy. Marketing strategies such as branding should also be considered. If the

local people would get higher income, this conservation area becomes more

sustainable.

4） Promotion of Ecotourism

Generally, Ramsar sites are very popular ecotourism sites to tourists from

developed countries, especially Western people. Wetlands as an ecotourism site

could be an optional part of the “Halong Bay Cruise”, and give additional value to

Halong Bay. The development of visitor centers, ecotourism programs, and training

of local people as ecotourism interpriter should be conducted.

（2） Establishment of Marine Protected Area

1） Necessity of Marine Protected Area as Refuge


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raft Final Report)

There are coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation surrounding the islands of

Quang Ninh Province. These habitats are very important for regeneration of marine

creatures. However, overfishing and illegal fishing activities, such as electric

fishing and fishing with chemicals, degrade these habitats significantly. Therefore,

there is an urgent need to conserve these islands and coastal ecosystems.

The Co To Islands and the Tran Islands have been separately proposed as marine

protected areas. These island systems are very close to each other and the depths

around the islands are very shallow (less than 30 m). The coral reefs, seaweed, and

sea grass are distributed less than 30 m deep in general. Migratory fishes and

marine mammals migrate between these islands. Therefore, it is better to connect

the Co To Islands and the Tran Islands as one marine protected area, as a “refuge”

of marine animals.

2） Development of Conservation Method

Fisheries management is essential for the conservation of marine ecosystems. The

establishment of no-fishing areas is required considering the current status of

damaged marine ecosystems. However, the establishment of no-fishing areas is

very sensitive to local fisherfolk. Therefore, limitations with regard to the fishing

area, no-fishing period, and allowable fishing gear should be carefully examined in

the marine protected area. The boundaries of the marine protected area and the

no-fishing area should be clearly defined for easy recognition of fisherfolk. One

way is to establish buoys.

In addition, the restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass, and seaweed

vegetation should be conducted for the recovery of marine ecosystems that have

been damaged by illegal fishing.

3） Relief Activities for Local Fisherfolk during No-Fishing Periods

It is very important for local fisherfolk to get alternative income during periods of

no-fishing. This issue should be examined so as to develop sustainable aquaculture

or ecotourism for local fisherfolk.


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CHAPTER 9 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES

9.1 Forecast Impact and Issues to be Solved for Environmental Management towards

2020

9.1.1 Provincial Action Plan to Address Climate Change

Quang Ninh Province issued the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang

Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020 (Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC)

in 2012. The action plan shows the comprehensive orientation of Quang Ninh

Province to cope with climate change. Based on the review of the provincial

socio-economic development plan and the assessment of climate change scenario and

its impact to the province, the plan proposes mitigation and adaptation strategies. It

also presents 20 prioritized mitigation and adaptation projects, as shown in Table 9.1-1.

One of the proposed projects, entitled Water Resource Management in Quang Ninh

Project, was approved in December 2012. A detailed proposal of another proposed

project, entitled Awareness Raising and Environmental Education to Climate Change,

is being prepared as of June 2013.

Table 9.1-1 Prioritized Projects Proposed in the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province to

Respond to Climate Change

No. Field Sector Project 1 Cross-

sectoral issues

Awareness raising

Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities).

2 Assessment Assessment on the impact of climate change and rise in sea level to people‟s lives and infrastructure in the coastal areas. Research and propose solutions to adapt to climate change.

3 Adaptation Coastal protection

Review and consolidation of sea dykes and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province.

4 Protection and restoration of mangrove forests in Quang Ninh Province.

5 Water resource

Preparation of plans for water resources in Quang Ninh Province including plan for the distribution of water resources, water resource protection, and prevention of harmful effects caused by water.

6 Construction of water reservoir to serve in the economic development

of the country and improving the lives of the people.

7 Water environment Research, construction of forced drainage pumping stations for the Ha

Nam area, Yen Hung District.

8 Agriculture Construction of the gravity-water supply system to serve in agricultural production and domestic water on the Ba Che River.

Research, proposal of scientific basis, and development of methodology to assess its vulnerable condition and responding capacity in the context of climate change impact in the agriculture sector.

10 Fishery Development and implementation of aquaculture model in the adaptation to climate change and rise in sea level for the coastal communities in Quang Ninh Province.

11 Information/ early warning

Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District.

12 Research and construction of automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province.

13 Construction of database on environment resources, flash flood


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No. Field Sector Project

warning, and landslide in the mountainous area in synchronous way

from the provincial level to grassroots level.

14 Waste/ Recycling Construction of solid waste treatment station in Dong Ngu (Tien Yen

District), Duong Hoa (Hai Ha District), Hai Son (Mong Cai City),

Thanh Long Hamlet, and An Sinh Commune (Dong Trieu District).

15 Technology application in the production of baffles/partitions and plywood from straw and agricultural waste.

16 Public health Support improved housing and sanitation conditions (water and sanitary latrines) for subjects at high risk and most likely to be severely affected by climate change, poverty, households with orphans, and disabled.

17 Construction plans for disease prevention under the impact of climate change for health workers at the grassroots level.

18 Mitigation Forest management

Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest, especially in the hilly-mountainous areas of Hoanh Bo District, northeast region of Mong Duong and the stream-river basin of Ba Che, Binh Lieu, and Hai Ha.

19 Energy efficiency

Implementation of regulations on energy saving and efficient use in industrial production, in management of construction work as well as in daily life, campaigning for energy saving and clean energy use in each household.

20 Renewable energy

Research, designing, and application of wind power in small scale.

Source: Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020 (Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC)

9.1.2 Organizational Structure to Climate Change

（1） Quang Ninh DONRE

The Quang Ninh DONRE is a specialized agency of the PPC. It advises and assists the

PPC in the management of resources and environment. The Sub-department of Water

Resources and Hydrometeorology is the section responsible for the climate change

issues in Quang Ninh Province. It is the sub-department that having advisory functions

to the Leaders of Quang Ninh DONRE on solutions/Action Plan to Respond to Climate

Change in Quang Ninh Province in 2012.

（2） Provincial Steering Committee to Respond to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

Based on Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC, the Provincial Steering Committee to

Respond to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise is established. Its chairperson is the

vice chairman of PCC, and the standing vice chairman is a representative of DONRE.

It has the following duties:

1. Implements the Action Plan of Quang Ninh Province and the National Target

Program to Respond to Climate Change;

2. Directs, operates, and implements the activities to respond to climate change and

rise in sea level in its jurisdiction;

3. Directs, coordinates, and integrates programs, plans, resources, departments,

branches, localities, and organizations for effective implementation; and

4. Supervises, inspects, and evaluates the performance.


9-3

（3） Permanent Office for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea

Level Rise

Permanent Office for Steering Committee of the Province was established basing on

Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC and located inside the DONRE office. It is,

responsible for advising and helping the steering committee in implementing the

action plan and projects related to climate change in Quang Ninh Province.

（4） Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province

For smooth implementation of adaptation measures, the Natural Disaster Prevention

and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province was established in Quang Ninh

Province. Its chairperson is the vice chairperson of PPC. The DARD, Provincial

Military Commander, and Border Guards Commander are its members.

In the implementation of adaptation measures, each district prepares an annual plan

and report, and submits them to the committee for evaluation and monitoring. In case

of disaster, the committee supports the local districts for rescue and rehabilitation.

9.1.3 Forecast of Climate Change

（1） GHG Emissions

According to the Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2010,

the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2000 was 150.9 million ton of CO2

equivalent (tCO2-eq). The agriculture and energy sectors were the two largest

emission sources. Around 65.1 million tCO2-eq came from the agriculture sector, and

52.8 million came from the energy sector. The details are presented in Table 9.1-2.

Table 9.1-2 GHG Emissions in Vietnam in 2000

(Unit: 1,000 t)

Sector CO2 CH4 N2O CO2-eq Percentage (%) Energy 45,900 309 1 52,773 35.0 Industrial Processes

10,006 0 0 10,006 6.6

Agriculture 0 2,384 48 65,091 43.1 Land Use， Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF)

11,860 140 1 15,105 10.0

Waste 0 331 3 7,925 5.3 Total 67,766 3,164 54 150,900 100 Source: Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2010)

In the medium economic development scenario, the total emissions from the three

principal emitting sectors, namely, energy, agriculture, and land use, land use change

and forestry (LULUCF), are estimated to reach 169.2 million tCO2-eq in 2010, 300.4

million tCO2-eq in 2020, and 515.8 million tCO2-eq in 2030. The details are

summarized in Table 9.1-3.


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Table 9.1-3 Future Estimation of GHG Emissions in Vietnam

(Unit: million tCO2-eq) Sector 2010 2020 2030

Energy 113.1 251.0 470.8 Agriculture 65.8 69.5 72.9 LULUCF -9.7 -20.1 -27.9 Total 169.2 300.4 515.8 Source: Vietnam‟s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2010)

（2） Climate Change Scenarios

1） Temperature

The annual mean temperature is estimated to increase to about 1.6–2.2 ℃ in the low

emission scenario, 2–3 ℃ in the medium emission scenario, and 2.5–3.7 ℃ in the high

emission scenario all over Vietnam by the end of the 21st century.

In Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated that the annual mean temperature increases

to around 2.2–2.8 ℃ in the medium emission scenario.

Table 9.1-4 Temperature Increase in Quang Ninh Province

Year Temperature Increase (℃) 2020 0.5 2030 0.7 2040 1.0 2050 1.3 (1.2–1.4) 2060 1.6 2070 1.8 2080 2.1 2090 2.3 2100 2.5 (2.2–2.8)

Source: MONRE, „Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenario for Vietnam‟ (2012)

2） Rainfall

By the end of the 21st century, the annual rainfall is projected to increase mostly about

6% in the low emission scenario, about 2–7% in the medium emission scenario, and

about 2–10% in the high emission scenario.

Table 9.1-5 Rainfall Increase in Quang Ninh Province

Year Rainfall Increase (%) 2020 1.3 2030 2.0 2040 2.7 2050 3.5 (3.0–4.0) 2060 4.3 2070 5.0 2080 5.6 2090 6.2 2100 6.7 (4.0–7.0)


In Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated that the annual rainfall will increase around

4.0–7.0% in the medium emission scenario and this will cause more flooding in Quang

Ninh Province.


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3） Climate Extremes

Based on the medium emission scenario by the end of the 21st century, the Northeast

Region and the south of Central Highlands area will face relatively higher increase in

temperature than the other areas. In the same period, the number of days over the

maximum temperature of 35 ℃ is estimated to increase from 15 to 30 days in most

parts of the country under the medium emission scenario (A1B).

Regarding the maximum values of daily rainfall in the next 100 years, it is forecasted

that it will increase in the North to North-Central regions, and decrease in the

South-Central, Central Highlands, and South regions.

4） Rise in Sea Level

In the low emission scenario (B1) by the end of the 21st century, the average sea level

along the country‟s coast is projected to rise to about 49–64 cm, about 57–73 cm in the

medium emission scenario (B2), and about 78–95 cm in the high emission scenario

(A1FI).

In the Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region including Quang Ninh Province, it is anticipated

that the sea level will rise around 49–64 cm in the medium emission scenario.

On the other hand, in the simulation of 1 m rise in sea level, more than 10% of the Red

River Delta and Quang Ninh Province will face a risk of inundation, and around 9% of

the population in the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh Province will be directly

affected.

Table 9.1-6 Rise in Sea Level in Mong Cai–Hon Dau Region

Year Sea Level Rise (cm) 2020 7-8 2030 11-12 2040 15-17 2050 20-24 2060 25-31 2070 31-38 2080 36-47 2090 42-55 2100 49-64


（3） Climate Change Impacts

In Quang Ninh Province, there is a concern that climate change will impact a broad

range of sectors such as agriculture, water resources, energy, human health, agriculture,

food security, biodiversity, infrastructure, communities, and others. It might also

influence the poor of local communities. These impacts are summarized in Table

9.1-7.


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Table 9.1-7 Potential Climate Change Impacts to Quang Ninh Province

No. Factor Areas Sectors 1 Temperature

increase - All over the province

especially in the coastal line areas

- Agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries) and food security

- Public health (elder, children and outdoor workers)

2 Sea level rise - Coastal districts Ha Long City, Mong Cai, Yen Hung, and low lands in Ba Che, Đong Trieu, Co To

- Conservation parks

- Agriculture (crops, livestock and fisheries)

- Water resources (surface and groundwater)

- Infrastructure and tourist resorts (Van Don, Ha Long, and Mong Cai, Co To, etc.)

3 Extreme weather events (unusual hot, rainy, weather, storm, hurricanes, tornadoes, and storms)

- All over the province especially in the coastal line areas such as Ha Long, Mong Cai, Cam Pha, Yen Hung, Van Đon, Co To, Tien Yen, Đam Ha, Hai Ha.

- Agriculture (crops, livestock, and fisheries)

- Activities in the coastal and marine areas

- Infrastructure for transportation - Sea dykes - Buildings and fishing facilities - Place of residence - Health and life

4 Drought - Some districts such as Ba Che, Binh Lieu, Hoanh Bo, Van Đon, and Co To

- Agriculture and food security - Water resources (surface and

groundwater) - Industry and energy

5 Sea water inundation

- Coastal districts from Yen Hung to Mong Cai, estuaries Ba Che, Ka Long, Van Đon, and Co To

- Agriculture (crops and fisheries) and food security

- Water resources (surface and groundwater)

Source: Summarized from Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020

9.1.4 Issues to be Solved

Several issues which must be solved for the effective implementation of measures on

climate change were identified based on the site surveys, interviews with relevant

departments such as DOT, DOIT, DARD, review of the draft Socio-economic

Development Master Plan for Quang Ninh Province to 2020 with Vision towards 2030,

and relevant documents to climate change issues such as the Action Plan to Respond to

Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province. The outline is shown in Table 9.1-8 below.

Table 9.1-8 Issues to be Solved until 2020

No. Issues Contents 1 Low awareness and lack

of knowledge on climate change

Although there are no existing detailed surveys about awareness and knowledge on climate change among citizens, it seems both issues are still low. Ordinary people as well as public officers do not understand clearly the causes of climate change and its influence to daily life. To promote measures to climate change effectively, it is vital to have a bottom-up approach on the awareness and knowledge level from public to private sectors, and provincial to local communities.

2 Insufficient organizational system on climate change

The climate change issues cover a broad range of sectors. Various departments and stakeholders need to participate in the implementation of these measures. So, it is crucial to establish a clear structure for decision making, planning, and implementation from the provincial to local level aiming for a smooth coordination and cooperation among various stakeholders. In addition, there is room for government officers to improve their capacities on climate change issues.

3 Insufficient institutional system on climate change

The Vietnamese government recently issued the national strategies and target programs to cope with climate change. Quang Ninh Province needs to prepare local regulations to implement measures


9-7

for climate change following the national policies. Measures for climate change cover various sectors, such as hazard management, agriculture, water resource, forestry, energy conservation, traffic management. It is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should prioritize crucial sectors and to prepare first their legal basis.

4 Vulnerability to climate change

It is predicted that climate change will have an impact in Quang Ninh Province in the short term as well as in the long term. Quang Ninh Province needs to make its society more resilient to its vulnerability to climate change. In this short term, it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should take immediate measures which are relevant to disaster management, such as coastal protection, warning system, and water management, because these are already happening and damages the society often. On the other hand, in the long term, measures related to agriculture, biodiversity, forestry, etc. should be undertaken.

5 Increase in GHG emissions

Quang Ninh Province is expected to enjoy continuous economic growth. As a result, the amount of GHG emissions will increase too. The central government has already set up the target reduction of GHG emission. So, it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province should take practical actions to reduce its GHG emissions especially targeting the larger economic sectors, such as tourism and manufacturing industries.

Source: Study Team

9.2 Targets to be Achieved and Issues to be Solved until 2020

9.2.1 Goals in Climate Change Issues

Aiming at achieving the vision of QNEMP, the goal in climate change issues is set as

follows:

Source: Study Team

Figure 9.2-1 Goal in Climate Change Issues in QNEMP

9.2.2 Targets in the Climate Change Issues

To evaluate the achievement of goal, targets are set into two fields, i.e., the resilient

society (adaptation) and low carbon society (mitigation).

（1） Target to Resilient Society (Adaptation)

A broad range of sectors, such as agriculture, water environment, coastal areas,

forestry, health, might be influenced by the climate change in Quang Ninh Province.

However, due to limited time and budget, it is difficult to tackle all sectors

simultaneously. Thus, it is proposed that this QNEMP should focus on several

prioritized sectors, and Quang Ninh Province should expand adaptation measures to

other sectors gradually in the future.

Vision of EMP

Goal in Climate Change Issues Based on close cooperation and mutual support among residents, public, and

private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes a resilient and low carbon society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.


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A target of adaptation in Quang Ninh Province can be considered in eight sectors: 1)

agriculture; 2) biodiversity; 3) coastal protection; 4) fishery; 5) forestry; 6)

information/early warning; 7) public health; and 8) water resource.

Considering the socio-economic and geographical characteristics and the forecasts of

climate change impacts discussed in the above chapters, the coastal protection,

information/early warning, and water resource are considered as the most critical

sectors in adaptation. They are crucial in coping with natural disaster which increases

in recent years, furthermore, to lessen the direct impact to human lives.

In this QNEMP, qualitative targets of the three prioritized sectors until 2020 are set in

Table 9.2-1.

Table 9.2-1 Targets to Resilient Society (Adaptation) in QNEMP

Target Year 2020 Target of Each Prioritized Sector

Coastal protection:

Reduction in the vulnerability of the communities located in the coastal zone through the development of infrastructure and mangrove forests.

Information/ early warning:

Improvement of weather forecast capacity and early warning system against extreme weather events.

Water resource: Provision of sufficient irrigation and domestic water supply based on the assessment of water resource conditions and improvement of infrastructure.

Source: Study Team

（2） Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)

In order to promote the mitigation measures effectively, it is suggested to set

numerical GHG reduction targets. However, as Table 9.2-2 shows, the Action Plan to

Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision

2020 does not articulate any figures on the GHG reduction targets.

On the other hand, around the end of last year, the central government issued the

numerical GHG emission reduction targets in two regulations, i.e., Project of

Greenhouse Gas Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business

Activities to World Market and National Green Growth Strategy, as shown in the table

below. The former covers comprehensive emission sources compared to the latter.

Table 9.2-2 Mitigation Targets Set in the Vietnamese Policies

Level Quang Ninh Province National Policy Name

Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province in Period 2010-2015, Vision 2020

Project of Greenhouse Gas Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business Activities to World Market

National Green Growth Strategy

Issuance 2012 Nov. 2012 Sep. 2012 Targets No numerical targets set. Target GHG reduction in

2020 compared to GHG emissions in 2005: - Energy and

transportation: Reduce 8%

2011-2020 - Reduce the intensity of

GHG emissions by 8-10% compared to 2010 level

- Reduce energy


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Level Quang Ninh Province National - Agriculture: Reduce

20% - LULUCF: Increase

absorption of GHG to 20%

- Waste: Reduce 5%

consumption per gross domestic product (GDP) by 1-1.5% per year

- Energy: Reduce 10-20% of GHG emissions compared to business as usual (BaU)

- Voluntary reduction: 10%; reduction with international support: 10%

Until 2030 - Reduce annual GHG

emissions: 1.5-2% - Energy: Reduce 20-30%

of GHG emissions compared to BaU

- Voluntary reduction: 20%; reduction with international support: 30%

Until 2050 - Reduce annual GHG

emissions: 1.5-2%

Source: Study Team

As to the numerical target of mitigation measures, the QNEMP proposes to refer to the

reduce energy consumption per gross domestic product (GDP) by 1-1.5% per year

between 2011 and 2020 of the National Green Growth Strategy.

In Vietnam, the standardized methodology to calculate GHG emissions has yet to be

developed. Since 2012, MONRE has been preparing the guidelines and national

standards, but these seem to take some time. Under the said circumstances, it is

difficult for Quang Ninh Province to estimate its GHG emissions.

On the other hand, the data of energy consumption and GDP are available, so the

QNEMP set the numerical targets based on those data. These are summarized in Table

9.2-3 below.

Table 9.2-3 Targets to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation) in QNEMP

Target Year 2020 Energy Consumption - Reduce energy consumption per GDP by 1-1.5% per year between

2011 and 2020

Source: Study Team

9.3 Approaches to Climate Change Issues

9.3.1 Overview of the Approaches

（1） Prioritization of the Approaches

The approaches to climate change issues are composed of three categories, namely, 1)

approach to cross-sectoral issues; 2) to resilient society (adaptation); and 3) to low

carbon society (mitigation).

At first, the approach to cross-sectoral issues and resilient society are the prioritized

areas. One of the components of cross-sectoral issues is the awareness raising to


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climate change. To inculcate climate change issues to the society and change citizen‟s

behavior, more time will be needed, so it is preferable to implement actions such as

awareness raising, as early as possible. In terms of the approach to resilient society,

Quang Ninh Province is vulnerable to natural disasters because it has long coastal

lines and low land areas. It is reported that the frequency of natural disasters gradually

increases in recent years. Thus, the approach to resilient society is an urgent matter for


On the other hand, although a detailed survey on estimation of GHG emissions from

Quang Ninh Province has yet to be conducted, it is considered that this is not very

much critical in 2012. Therefore, the approaches to awareness raising and resilient

society are more urgent than the approach to low carbon society. However, this will be

crucial in the long term because of the steady economic growth of Quang Ninh

Province towards 2020.

Table 9.3-1 Prioritization of the Three Approaches

Approach Term Short Long

Cross-sectoral issues Prioritized Fair Resilient society Highly prioritized Prioritized Low carbon society Fair Prioritized

Source: Study Team

（2） Overall Structure of the Approaches

Aiming at solving the issues, which must be solved for the sake of an effective

implementation of measures about climate change issues, a total of ten approaches are

proposed. Figure 9.3-1 below shows the overall structure of the approaches.

According to the “Action plan to respond to climate change in Quang Ninh Province

period 2010 - 2015, vision to 2020”, mainstreaming climate change is a combination

of strategies to minimize damage from climate change programs and policies for

resource management activities and activities to improve the livelihoods of people

population. Based on the concept, overall structure of approaches were proposed.


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Source: Study Team

Figure 9.3-1 Overall Structure of the Approaches to Climate Change Issues

9.3.2 Details of the Approaches

（1） Approach to Cross-sectoral Issues

In the cross-sectoral issues, three approaches, namely, improving awareness on climate

change, development of organizational and institutional systems, and promotion of

comprehensive actions to climate change, are proposed. These are summarized in

Table 9.3-2 below.

Table 9.3-2 Outline of the Approach to Close-sectoral Issues

No. Name Outline

1 Improvement of awareness on climate change

This approach aims at improving awareness and knowledge about climate change not only for ordinary citizen but also for public officers. This is expected to be the foundation for a smooth implementation of other approaches.

2 Development of organizational and institutional systems

This approach aims at strengthening the organizational and institutional systems in Quang Ninh Province. A solid organizational structure is necessary for clear decision making, as well as coordination among various stakeholders and smooth implementation of projects. In addition, a clear legal basis articulated by local rules and regulations is necessary to implement the projects effectively. These organizational and institutional systems are expected to be the foundation for the smooth implementation of other approaches.

3 Promotion of comprehensive actions to climate change

This approach aims for a comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to adapt and mitigate climate change through the preparation of a five-year action plan, to be done regularly as well as to conduct plan, do, check, and act (PDCA) management.

Source: Study Team

Vision of EMP

Approach to Low

Carbon Society

Approach to

Resilient Society

Goal in Climate Change Issues

Based on close cooperation and mutual supports among residents, public and

private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes the resilient and low carbon

society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.

Approach 4

Enhancement

of coastal

protection

Approach 5

Strengthening

of information/

early warning

system

Approach 6

Improvement

of water

resource

management

Approach 7

Establishment

of system to

emission data

management

Approach 8

Promotion of

low carbon

tourism

Approach 9

Promotion of

Low Carbon

Industry

Approach 10

Promotion of

Rehabilitation of

Forests

Approach 1

Improvement of awareness of climate change

Approach 2

Development of organizational and

institutional systems

Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues

Approach 3

Promotion of comprehensive actions to

climate change


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（2） Approaches to Resilient Society (Adaptation)

As mentioned above, the QNEMP prioritizes three sectors: 1) coastal protection; 2)

information/early warning; and 3) water resource. Aiming to achieve the resilient

society, the QNEMP takes approaches in the sectors as they are outlined in Table 9.3-3

below.

Though this section on climate change issues does not prioritize biodiversity and

forestry, the corresponding chapters in this QNEMP explain the current conditions and

propose management projects. In view of adaptation, these approaches contribute in

coping with climate change.

Table 9.3-3 Outline of the Approaches to Resilient Society

No. Name Outline

4 Enhancement of coastal protection

This approach aims at reinforcing coastal protection to decrease impacts caused by natural hazard. The coastal protection can be promoted by the development of sea and river dykes, as well as management of mangrove forests.

5 Strengthening of information/early warning system

This approach aims at establishing information and early warning system for natural disaster. A hardware component, e.g., improvement of meteorological station, and a software component, e.g., development of database and early warning management system, are covered in this approach.

6 Improvement of water resource management

This approach aims at improving water resource management which is resilient to climate change. Assessment of the current water resource conditions, planning of water resource management, development of water resource database and monitoring system, and rehabilitation and construction of reservoirs are included in this approach.

Source: Study Team

（3） Approaches to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)

In the field of low carbon society, four approaches, i.e., establishment of an emissions

data management system; promotion of low carbon tourism; promotion of low carbon

industry; and promotion of rehabilitation of forests are proposed. These are

summarized in Table 9.3-4.

Table 9.3-4 Outline of the Approaches to Low Carbon Society

No. Name Outline

7 Establishment of an emissions data management system

This approach aims at establishing a data management system for GHG emissions in Quang Ninh Province. Identification of the amount of GHG emissions is crucial for the effective implementation of GHG emission reduction measures. This approach also covers the establishment of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system.

8 Promotion of low carbon tourism

This approach aims at reducing GHG emissions from the tourism activities such as hotel, boat operation, and transportation. The activities cover energy conservation, introduction of bio-fuel, and shift of transportation methods.

9 Promotion of low carbon industry

This approach aims at decreasing GHG emissions from manufacturing activities. The major industrial sectors in Quang Ninh Province, such as cement, brick, thermal power plants, are targets of this approach.

10 Promotion of rehabilitation of forests

This approach aims at improving the quality and coverage of forests in Quang Ninh Province. Not only in the natural forests but also in the mining areas after their operation closure is covered in this approach.

Source: Study Team


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9.4 Proposed Projects towards 2020

9.4.1 Projects to Achieve the Goal in Climate Change Issues

（1） Summary of Projects

Each approach is composed of several projects. Figure 9.4-1 below shows the overall

structure of the projects to achieve the goal in climate change issues.

Source: Study Team

Figure 9.4-1 Overall Structure of Projects in Climate Change Issues

（2） Projects in Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues

1） Approach 1: Improvement of Awareness on Climate Change

Approach 1 comprises one project as follows:

Project 1-1: Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management

mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for

coastal communities).

a) Project 1-1

This project is proposed in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang

Vision of EMP

Approach to Low

Carbon Society

Approach to

Resilient Society

Goal in Climate Change Issues

Based on close cooperation and mutual supports among residents, public and

private sectors, Quang Ninh Province establishes the resilient and low carbon

society until 2020 through progressive mitigation and adaptation measures.

Approach 4

Enhancement of

coastal protection

Project 4-1Review and

consolidation of sea

and river dykes

Project 4-2

Protection and restoration of

mangrove forests

Approach 5

Strengthening of

information/ early

warning system

Project 5-1

Construction,

upgrading and

renovation of

hydrometeorology station in Co To

District

Project 5-2

Development of

environment and hazard database, and

automatic system for

natural disaster

monitoring and

warning

Approach 6

Improvement of water

resource management

Project 6-1Establishment of

water resource

management resilient

to climate change

impactsProject 6-2

Construction of water

reservoir to serve

economic

development and life of people

Approach 7

Establishment of

system to emission

data management

Project 7-1

Development of GHG

inventory and MRV

system

Approach 8

Promotion of low

carbon tourism

Project 8-1Promotion of energy

efficiency in hotels in

Bai Chay area

Project 8-2

Promotion of efficient operation of tourism

boats in the Halong

Bay

Project 8-3

Promotion of efficiency of traffic

management in Bai

Chay area

Approach 9

Promotion of Low

Carbon Industry

Project 9-1Promotion of energy

efficiency in major

manufacturers

Approach 10

Promotion of

Rehabilitation of

Forests

Project 10-1

Enhancement of forest

planting to improve

forest coverage and

quality, and encouragement of

development and

regeneration of natural

forest

Approach 1

Improvement of awareness of climate change

Project 1-1

Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities

in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)

Approach 2

Development of organizational and institutional systems

Project 2-1

Study on development of ASEAN Green Growth CenterProject 2-2

Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to

climate change

Project 2-3

Development of local regulations for the climate change issues

Approach to Cross-Sectoral Issues

Approach 3

Promotion of comprehensive actions to climate change

Project 3-1

Preparation of five-year action plan and its implementation


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Ninh Province. It was already approved in May 2013 and being implemented until

2015 (the first prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).

Project 1-1 aims at improving awareness and knowledge about climate change and sea

level rising among all stakeholders, from public officers to local residents. Due to the

vulnerability, the coastal areas in Quang Ninh Province are prioritized.

Project 1-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-1.

Table 9.4-1 Summary of Project 1-1

Item Contents

Name Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)

Purpose Prioritize the coastal areas, to improve awareness and knowledge on climate change and sea level rising among all stakeholders in Quang Ninh Province.

Activity 1. Survey and assess the current state of awareness, knowledge, attitude, and

behavior of people on climate change, and identify how to cope with natural disasters and needs of the communities on climate change-related information.

2. Compile and print documents and products for training and communication on climate change.

3. Implement programs and campaigns to raise awareness on climate change and sea level rising in communities (prioritizing coastal population), including training of communicators and organizing conferences.

4. Conduct capacity building (human resource development) for staffs at all levels through education, training, and dissemination of policies, and policy proposals and to promote communication on climate change.

Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: Target DPCs

Period 2013-2015

Indicator 1. By 2015, materials for improving awareness and knowledge about climate

change are prepared. 2. By 2015, workshops on improving awareness and knowledge about climate

change are organized in DONRE, DART, DOIT, and DOT. 3. By 2015, workshops on improving awareness and knowledge about climate

change are organized in prioritized coastal districts.

Source: Study Team

2） Approach 2: Development of Organizational and Institutional Systems

Approach 2 comprises three projects as follows:

Project 2-1: Study on development of the ASEAN Green Growth Center;

Project 2-2: Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change;

and

Project 2-3: Development of local regulations for climate change issues.

a) Project 2-1

Quang Ninh Province aims at becoming a core region for green growth in Vietnam. To

develop an ASEAN Green Growth Center is one of the activities to support this idea.

The ASEAN Green Growth Center plans to be a research center as well as a green

business incubator. Project 2-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-2 below:


9-15


Item Contents

Name Study on development of ASEAN Green Growth Center

Purpose Aiming at promoting to establish ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh province

Activity 1. Review requirement of ASEAN Green Growth Center. 2. Clarify required input. 3. Prepare human resource development plan. 4. Prepare a roadmap for establishing Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh

Province.

Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Departments of Finance (DOF)

Period 2013-2014

Indicator 1. Until 2014, development plan of ASEA Green Growth Center will be prepared.

Source: Study Team

b) Project 2-2

In Quang Ninh Province, it is crucial to establish a clear organizational structure to

develop strategies and implement measures tackling climate change issues. Project 2-2

aims at developing the organizational structure for climate change.

Based on Decision No. 713/QD-UBND PPC, the organizational structure has already

been developed as shown in Figure 9.4-2 below.


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Source: Study Team

Figure 9.4-2 Structure of Climate Change Management in Quang Ninh Province

Though the steering committee is developed it does not work efficiently. To improve

the functions, first it is recommended to set up the annual working plan and meeting

schedule.

The Permanent Office for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea

Level Rise is an advisory organization to the steering committee. Its members are

officers from DONRE and Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), but their

tasks are not articulated in the regulation. So, the following tasks are proposed, as

shown in Table 9.4-3 below.

Quang Ninh Provincial Steering Committee to Respond to Climate Change

Chairperson: Vice chairperson of PPC

Standing chairperson: Representative of DONRE

Secretariat: Sub-Department of Water Resources and Hydrometeorology

Members: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Departments of Finance (DOF),

Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Education and Training (DOET), Information and Communication (DIC), Department of Health (DOH), Department of

Culture, Sports and Tourism (DCST), Department of Labour – Invalids and Social Affair

(DOLISA); New Rural Construction Committee (NRCC), Centre for Hydrometeorology of Quang Ninh, Chairpersons of districts, towns and cities, etc.

Decision making

Advising/

Planning/Implementation

Implementation

Relevant provincial organizations, PPCs of districts, towns and cities

Permanent Office for Steering

Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

Chairperson : Representative of DONRE

Deputy director: Head of Sub-Department of Water Resources and

Hydrometeorology

Natural Disaster Prevention and

Rescue Committee

Chairperson : Vice chairperson of PPC

Members: DARD, Provincial Military

Commander, Border Guards Commander

Members: DONRE, DPI


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Table 9.4-3 Tasks of the Quang Ninh Provincial Standing Office for the Steering

Committee

Organization Tasks

DONRE 1. Propose and build the mechanism and policies on management of actions in climate

change issues 2. Guide and support departments and local authorities in the implementation. 3. Overall coordination of activities of information, education, and communication

related to climate change. 4. Guide, monitor and evaluate the implementation.

DPI 1. Scrutinize, adjust the strategies, plan and plans of socio-economic development of

the province in order to adapt effectively to climate change issues and ensure sustainable development of the province

2. Coordinate with DOF and DONRE to properly allocate funds for the activities.

Source: Study Team

With regard to adaptation, the Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of

Quang Ninh Province is established prior to the establishment of a Permanent Office

for Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. Its focal

organization is DARD. It is crucial that these two offices collaborate and share

information closely.

To improve the efficiency of the organizational structure, Project 2-2 contains the

following components, as shown in Table 9.4-4 below:


Item Contents

Name Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change.

Purpose Aiming at effective implementation of measures to climate change issues, to prepare an annual working plan, to clarify tasks, and to develop coordination scheme in the current organizational structure.

Activity 1. Review tasks of each organization in the current organizational structure. 2. Clarify tasks of each organization. 3. Prepare an annual working and meeting schedule. 4. Prepare cooperation management scheme between the Permanent Office for

Steering Committee in Response to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise and the Natural Disaster Prevention and Rescue Committee of Quang Ninh Province.

Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: Department of Planning and Investment (DPI), Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Department of Education and Training (DOET), Department of Information and Communication (DIC), Department of Health (DOH), Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (DCST), Department of Labour–Invalids and Social Affair (DOLISA), New Rural Construction Committee (NRCC), Centre for Hydrometeorology of Quang Ninh, authorities of districts, towns, and cities, etc.

Period 2013-2014

Indicator 1. By 2014, annual working plan of the steering committee is prepared. 2. By 2014, the steering committee is convened periodically.

Source: Study Team

c) Project 2-3

The coping measures to climate change issues cover a broad range of sectors such as

agriculture, forestry, industry, energy, and infrastructure. Besides, it is relatively a new

concept for local governments in Vietnam. Local regulations for climate change issues


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have not been developed well.

Therefore, Project 2-3 aims to develop a proper legal basis in implementing adaptation

and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province. Based on the review of legal

documents in Quang Ninh Province, preparation of the following policies and

regulations, at least, seems to be critical. These are legal foundations for several

projects, so it is crucial to synchronize the development and corresponding projects, as


Table 9.4-5 Proposed Policies/Regulations to Promote Adaptation and Mitigation

Measures

No. Field Policies/Regulation Corresponding Project in QNEMP

1 Adaptation Protection of sea dykes and prevention of sea water inundation

Project 4-1: Review and

consolidation of sea and river dykes

2 Mitigation GHG inventory and MRV system Project 7-1: Development of GHG

inventory and MRV system in Quang Ninh Province

3 Energy efficiency in tourism industry Project 8-1: Promotion of energy

efficiency in hotels in the Bai Chay area

4 Energy efficiency in manufacturing Project 9-1: Promotion of energy

efficiency in major manufacturers

5 Transportation management in the Bai

Chay area Project 8-3: Promotion of efficiency of traffic management in the Bai Chay area

Source: Study Team

To realize the development of a legal basis, Project 2-3 contains the components

shown in Table 9.4-6 below:


Item Contents

Name Development of local regulations for climate change issues

Purpose To develop local regulations as the basis in the promotion of adaptation and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province.

Activity 1. Review local regulations relevant to adaptation and mitigation measures, and

identify the deficiencies.. 2. Prepare draft regulations and submit to PPC. 3. Issue necessary local regulations.

Proponent Focal organization: PPC Cooperating organization: DONRE, DOIT, DOT, DARD, DCST

Period 2013-2015

Indicator By 2015, the following local regulations, at least, are issued: 1. Energy efficiency in tourism industry. 2. Energy efficiency in manufacturing. 3. Transportation management in the Bai Chay area.

Source: Study Team

3） Approach 3: Promotion of the Comprehensive Actions to Climate Change


Project 3-1: Preparation of a five-year action plan and its implementation.

a) Project 3-1


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Currently, Quang Ninh Province promotes actions to adapt and mitigate climate

change following the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh

Province in 2010-2015, Vision 2020. Therefore,in 2013, it is necessary to check the

progress and act swiftly to improve any shortcomings. Afterwards, in 2015, based on

the review of achievements, actions for the next five years will be planned, and the

implementation will start.

Project 3-1 prepares an action plan to respond to climate change every five years, and

conducts the PDCA (plan, do, check, and act) cycle for each five-year period. Project

3-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-7 below:


Item Contents

Name Preparation of a five-year action plan and its implementation

Purpose Aiming at promoting a comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to climate change, to prepare a five-year action plan periodically and conduct PDCA management.

Activity 1. In the middle year of each five-year action plan, a review of the progress and

improvement of shortcomings will be conducted. 2. In the final year of each five-year action plan, review of the achievement and

plan actions for next five years will be conducted. 3. Implement actions following a five-year action plan. 4. Conduct the above cycle every five years.

Proponent Focal organization: PPC, DONRE Cooperating organization: DPI, DOF, DARD, DCST, authorities of districts, towns, and cities

Period 2013-2030

Indicator 1. Every five years, action plan is prepared. 2. Every five years, PDCA cycle (from Activities 1 to 4) is conducted.

Source: Study Team

（3） Projects in Approach to Resilient Society (Adaptation)

1） Approach 4: Enhancement of Coastal Protection

Approach 4 comprises two projects as follows.

Project 4-1: Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province;

and

Project 4-2: Protection and restoration of mangrove forests in Quang Ninh Province.

a) Project 4-1


Ninh Province (the second prioritized project in Table IV.10 stated in the action plan).

Ha Nam in Quang Yen Town is one of the most vulnerable areas to extreme weather

because it is situated in low lying area. Thus, it is an urgent issue to reinforce the sea

dykes system.

Project 4-1 is summarized in Table 9.4-8 below:


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Item Contents

Name Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes in Quang Ninh Province

Purpose Aiming at minimizing impacts of extreme weather, to reinforce dyke systems in Quang Ninh Province.

Activity 1. Review current dyke conditions and projects in Quang Ninh Province. 2. Based on coordination among districts, DARD, and DONRE, prepare a plan for

dyke consolidation. 3. Implement consolidation activity.

Proponent Focal organization: Target DPCs Cooperating organization: DARD, DONRE

Period 2013-2015

Indicator By 2015, dykes in target districts are consolidated.

Source: Study Team

2） Approach 5: Strengthening of Information/Early Warning System

Approach 5 comprises two projects as follows.

Project 5-1: Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in

Co To District; and

Project 5-2: Development of environment and hazard database, and automatic system

for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province.

a) Project 5-1


Ninh Province (the fourth prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).

A meteorological station plays a key role in weather forecast and early warning system.

Thus, Project 5-1 aims to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District

including construction of a new office. This project also plans to strengthen the

capacity of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center.



Item Contents

Name Construction, upgrading, and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District

Purpose Aiming at improving the weather forecast and early warning system, to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District and improve staff‟s capacity.

Activity Review the conditions of the hydrometeorology station in Co To District. Assess the capacity of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center. Prepare the renovation plan. 1. Implement the renovation including procurement of equipment. 2. Conduct training of staffs of the Provincial Meteorological Center.

Proponent Focal organization: Provincial Meteorological Center Cooperating organization: Co To DPC, DONRE

Period 2014-2015

Indicator By 2015, the hydrometeorology station in Co To District is renovated.

Source: Study Team

b) Project 5-2


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This is a project developed by combining and adjusting the two proposed projects in

the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province (the seventh

and 20th prioritized projects in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).

Aiming at developing a proactive and prompt natural disaster information system in

Quang Ninh Province, a database of environmental resources and hazards will be

developed in Project 5-2. Besides, an automatic monitoring model will be researched

and installed.



Item Contents

Name Development of an environment and hazard database, and an automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning in Quang Ninh Province

Purpose Aiming to mitigate disaster as much as possible, to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning.

Activity Review the conditions of early warning and disaster management and the database in Quang Ninh Province. Research and prepare a plan to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning and their database. Construction of automatic system and database for natural disaster monitoring and warning. 1. Conduct training of DONRE staffs.

Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: DARD, Provincial Meteorological Center

Period 2014-2015

Indicator By 2015, the automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning is operating.

Source: Study Team

3） Approach 6: Improvement of Water Resource Management

Approach 6 comprises two projects as follows:

Project 6-1: Establishment of a water resource management resilient to climate change

impacts; and

Project 6-2: Construction of a water reservoir for economic development of the

country and improving people‟s lives.

a) Project 6-1

Project 6-1 aims at developing a water resource management, which is resilient to the

climate change impacts.

Based on the proposed project in the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in

Quang Ninh Province, the Preparation of Plan for Water Resources in Quang Ninh

including Plan for Distribution of Water Resources, Water Resource Protection, and

Prevention of Harmful Effects Caused by Water (the third prioritized project in Table

IV.10. stated in the action plan), the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province

from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030 was approved in December 2012. It has

specific targets as follows:


9-22

1. Guarantee water supply to residential areas;

2. Share and distribute rational water resources in the province for the agriculture

sector;

3. Ensure water for aquatic ecosystems and maintain the river environment; and

4. Rational exploitation and utilization of groundwater resources and utilization of

surface water resources for domestic water, industry, and agriculture.

To achieve the targets above, the Water Resource Planning contains ten projects as

follows:

Table 9.4-11 Ten Proposed Projects in Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province

from 2010 to 2020

No. Project Proponent Period Budget (VND in millions)

1 Dissemination of regulations on water resources DONRE 2013-2015 1,000

2 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply in Van Don Economic Zone

DONRE 2013-2014 12,000

3 Preliminary project to limit groundwater exploitation in Quang Ninh

DONRE 2013-2014 2,000

4 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply schemes Vietnamese border belt-China

DONRE 2013-2015 12,000

5 Construction of water resources monitoring network in Quang Ninh Province

DONRE 2013-2015 8,000

6 Statistical surveys and making a list of wells in critical areas for preventing contamination of groundwater in Quang Ninh Province

DONRE 2013-2015 7,000

7 Investigation and assessment of major rivers in Quang Ninh Province

DONRE 2016-2020 10,000

8 Investigation and updating of the database of water resource management service in Quang Ninh Province

DONRE 2016-2020 5,000

9 Detailed assessment of water resources for the construction of water supply for high mountains and areas with water scarcity

DONRE 2016-2020 12,000

10 Assessment of impacts of climate change and sea level rise on water resources in Quang Ninh Province and propose solutions to protect water resources in the context of climate change

DONRE 2016-2020 7,000

Source: Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030

Source: Study Team

The QNEMP defines the above ten projects as subprojects in Project 6-1. So, Project

6-1 aims for the implementation of ten subprojects proposed in the Water Resource

Planning to develop a resilient water resource management in Quang Ninh Province.



Item Contents

Name Establishment of water resource management resilient to climate change impacts.

Purpose Aiming at developing the water resource management for sustainable use under the economic development and climate change, to implement ten subprojects proposed in the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province from 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030.


9-23

Activity 1. Prepare the appropriate budget and human resources to implement the ten subprojects.

2. Implement the ten subprojects. Proponent Focal organization: DONRE

Cooperating organization: DARD, target DPCs, Provincial Meteorological Center Period 2013-2020

Indicator By 2015, the water resource monitoring network is established. By 2020, the water resource database is prepared.

Source: Study Team

b) Project 6-2


Ninh Province (the 13th prioritized project in Table IV.10. stated in the action plan).

There are around 150 reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province with a total designed

capacity of 344.71 million m3. The reservoir system provides irrigation water to

around 50,000 ha of plantation areas. Project 6-2 plans to analyze the water demand,

select sites, design works to build reservoirs and operation rules prioritizing islands

where water is scarce.

On the other hand, DARD implements several reservoir projects. In 2011, 56 projects

including 43 new projects were repaired and upgraded. In 2012, the following

reservoirs projects were upgraded and repaired:

Ha Nung RP in Son Duong Commune, Hoanh Bo District (budget of

VND 7.5 billion);

Cai Xuoi RP in Ban Sen Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND

14.9 billion);

Ky Vay RP, in Dai Xuyen Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND

3.2 billion);

Dong Thai RP, Quan Lan Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND

7.9 billion); and

Di Ba RP in Doan Ket Commune, Van Don District (budget of VND

19.4 billion).

In this project, it is necessary to review the current projects and conditions of

reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province first, to avoid unnecessary overlap and to set

priorities among them.



Item Contents

Name Construction of water reservoir to serve in the economic development of the country and improving people‟s lives.

Purpose Aiming to provide sufficient water and preventing natural disaster, as well as to construct and rehabilitate reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province.

Activity 1. Review the current projects and conditions of reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province

Analyze water demand Select sites and design works to build reservoirs and operation rules Implement the construction


9-24

Proponent Focal organization: DARD Cooperating organization: DONRE, target DPCs

Period 2014-2017

Indicator Within 2014, selection of sites and designing of works are completed. By 2017, construction of the prioritized reservoirs is completed.

Source: Study Team

（4） Projects in Approach to Low Carbon Society (Mitigation)

1） Approach 7: Establishment of a System on Emissions Data Management


Project 7-1: Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and

verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province.

a) Project 7-1

Project 7-1 aims at establishing the emission data management including the inventory

of GHG and MRV system in Quang Ninh Province.

According to the Prime Minister No. 1775/QD-TTg, Project of Greenhouse Gas

Emission Management, Management of Carbon Credit Business Activities to World

Market, the Vietnamese government plans to enhance a national GHG inventory. From

2012 to 2015, it establishes a clear system of GHG inventory, and from 2016 to 2020,

it plans to prepare a GHG inventory periodically.

Sooner or later, it seems that the local government will have an obligation to prepare

its own GHG inventory. Ho Chi Minh City, for example, following the national

strategy, has already started to prepare its GHG inventory. Thus, this project is

proposed for Quang Ninh Province to develop a GHG inventory and measurement,

reporting and verification (MRV) system from 2017 to 2020.

Because currently, Quang Ninh Province as well as MONRE does not have enough

capacity to develop a GHG inventory, it is recommended that the targets of this project

should be limited to major energy consumers from the start. Following Decree No.

21/2011/ND-CP, entitled Detailing the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of

Energy and Measures for its Implementation, defines the major energy consumers,

Quang Ninh Province has already selected those in the table below as major energy

consumers (Refer to Table 9.4-15).

Table 9.4-14 Major Energy Consumers in Quang Ninh Province

No. Name Subsector TOE

List of 2012

1 Machinery Manufacturing Company of

TKV (Vinacomin) Mechanical production 2,571

2 Coc Sau Coal Joint-stock Company Coal mining 48,005

3 Vang Danh Coal Joint-stock Company Coal mining 9,025

4 Cao Son Coal Company Coal mining 58,832

5 Deo Nai Coal Company Coal mining 34,060


9-25


6 Duong Huy Coal Company Coal mining 9,187

7 Ha Lam Coal Company Coal mining 8,294

8 Ha Long Coal Company Coal mining 6,705

9 Ha Tu Coal Company Coal mining 23,199

10 Hon Gai Coal Company Coal mining 9,729

11 Khe Cham Coal Company Coal mining 6,233

12 Mao Khe Coal Company Coal mining 5,198

13 Mong Duong Coal Company Coal mining 4,691

14 Nam Mau Coal Company Coal mining 6,057

15 Nui Beo Coal Company Coal mining 21,538

16 Quang Hanh Coal Company Coal mining 7,704

17 Thong Nhat Coal Company Coal mining 78,906

18 Uong Bi Coal Company Coal mining 4,144

19 Cua Ong Coal Collection Company Coal mining 21,407

20 Hon Gai Coal Collection Company Coal mining 4,451

21 Cam Pha Thermoelectric Joint-stock

Company Thermoelectric Plant 458,173

22 K130-Petrol Storage-Transportation Unit,

B12 Petrol Company Others industrial production 1,065

23 Uong Bi-110MW Thermoelectric One

member Co., Ltd. Thermoelectric Plant 282,796

24 Uong Bi-300MW Thermoelectric One

member Co., Ltd. Thermoelectric Plant 445,135

25 Quang Ninh Thermoelectric Joint-stock

Company Thermoelectric Plant 881,410

26 Dong Bac Corporation Coal mining 54,299

27 Cam Pha Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 131,487

28 Quang Ninth Cement and Construction

Joint-stock Company Cement production 144,569

29 Ha Long Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 127,768

30 Thang Long Cement Joint-stock Company Cement production 260,880

31 Ha Khau Construction and Construction

Materials Production Joint-stock Company Construction materials 2,280

32 Ha Long Viglacera Joint-stock Company Bricks, tiles and other products from

baked clay 66,133

33 Cai Lan Vegetable Oil Company Food processing 10,319

34 Halong Shipbuilding One member Co.,

Ltd. Shipbuilding 3,177

35 Vietnam-The Ky Moi Synthetic Fiber Co.,

Ltd. Thread and weave fabric 1,697

36 VINA New Taps One Member Co., Ltd. Thread and weave fabric 1,096

37 Vi Son Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 28,432

38 Hung Long Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 1,954

39 Hai Ninh Bricks-Tiles Joint-stock

Company

Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 3,213

40 Dam Ha Tunnel Bricks-Tiles Factory Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 2,374

41 Hoang Ha Corporation Joint-stock

Company


from clay 2,014

42 Kim Son Construction Material Production

Joint-stock Company


from clay 4,959

43 Thang Loi Construction Co., Ltd. Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 8,803

44 Dong Trieu Viglacera Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 7,063

45 Song Hong 12 Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 2,056


9-26


46 Ha Long 1-Viglacera Joint-stock Company Baked bricks, tiles and other products

from clay 7,746

47 Yen Tho Construction Ceramic Joint-stock

Company

Other construction materials

production 1,457

48 Cam Pha Warehouse-Transport-Port

Company, TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 2,713

49 Da Bac Warehouse-Transport Company,

TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 9,898

50 Transport, Loading-Unloading Company,

TKV Inland Waterway Transportation 1,154

List of 2013 (as of July 2013)

1 Vinaflour -Wheat Flour Production Co.,

Ltd. Wheat flour production 2,090

2 Young Sun Wolfram Industry Co., Ltd. Wolfram alloy production for export 1,358

3 Vietnam Intergral Materials Investment

Co., Ltd.

Raw materials processing and rare soil

refinement 1,536

4 Dien Vong Water Plant Water, water materials, equipment and

water treatment service 1,485

5 Dat Viet Ceramic Joint-stock Company Production of several baked bricks,

tiles and other products 1,813

6 Vinh Thang Joint-stock Company Construction materials production 2,130

7 Dat Viet Brick-Tiles Joint-stock Company Construction materials production 1,002

8 Mao Khe Thermoelectric Plant Project Thermoelectric Plant 788,400

9 Texhong Ngan Long Scientific Co., Ltd. Productions of thread and fabric 58,325

10 Brach of Halong Metro cash & carry Super Market 501

11 Quang Ninh Au Lac Co., Ltd. Tourism & Amusement Service 501

12 Hoang Gia International Joint-stock

Company Hotel 818

13 Loi Lai Entertaining International

Joint-stock Company Hotel 789

Source: DOIT



Item Contents

Name Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province.

Purpose To prepare GHG inventory aiming to identify GHG emissions and the effectiveness of mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province.

Activity 1. Strengthen capacity of DONRE through the preparation of guidelines of GHG inventory and MRV, and consultation with MONRE.

2. Identify major energy consumers defined in Decree No. 21/2001/ND-CP. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and major energy

consumers. 4. Gather data, calculate GHG emissions, and prepare GHG inventory.

Proponent Focal organization: DONRE Cooperating organization: MONRE, DOIT, Department of Construction (DOC)

Period 2017-2020

Indicator By 2020, GHG inventory of major energy consumers in Quang Ninh Province is prepared.

Source: Study Team

2） Approach 8: Promotion of Low Carbon Tourism

Approach 8 comprises three projects as follows:

Project 8-1: Promotion of energy efficiency in the hotels situated in the Bai Chay area;

Project 8-2: Promotion of the efficient operation of tourism boats in Halong Bay; and


9-27

Project 8-3: Promotion of the efficiency of traffic management in the Bai Chay area.

a) Project 8-1

This project aims at improving energy management in the hotels in the Bai Chay area.

The targets of this project are relatively larger hotels based on Decree No.

21/2011/ND-CP and number of stars. According to the decree, hotels which annually

consume energy of a total of five hundred tons of oil equivalent or higher are

designated as major energy consumers. On the other hand, the data from DCST

showed that there are ten four-star hotels and 15 three-star hotels. These can be the

targets of this project.

The goal of this project is that all target hotels should assign energy managers and

prepare energy management reports until 2018. Aiming at achieving the goal, DOIT,

as a focal organization, and cooperating organizations will provide support and

conduct energy audit and instruction to the target hotels.



Item Contents

Name Promotion of energy efficiency in hotels in the Bai Chay area

Purpose To promote efficient energy management in hotels in the Bai Chay area

Activity 1. Identify major energy consumers (hotels) defined in Decree No. 21/2011/ND-CP and number of stars (three and four).

2. Organize workshops among government organizations and target hotels. 3. Promote energy conservation by hotels through assignment of energy managers

and preparation of energy management reports. 4. Conduct energy audit and instruct about improvement of energy management

Proponent Focal organization: DOIT, target hotels Cooperating organization: DOC, DCST, DONRE

Period 2016-2018

Indicator By 2018, all target hotels have assigned energy managers and prepared energy management plans and reports.

Source: Study Team

b) Project 8-2

Tourist boats in Halong Bay play a crucial role in the tourism business. There is still

some room for improvement in the operation efficiency of these boats by reducing

CO2 emissions.

There are 86 registered private tourist boat companies in Quang Ninh Province. The

number of boats owned by a company varies from 1 to 23 depending on its size.

Currently, there is the Ha Long Tourist Boat Sub-association in the Quang Ninh

Tourism Association with a total of 15 members. There are two types of tourist boats,

i.e., day excursion boats and overnight stay boats. According to DOT, the total number

of registered tourist boats was 525 consisting of 351 day excursion boats and 174

overnight stay boats as of End of 1st Quarter 2013.


9-28

The Decision No. 716/QD-UBND on Operation Management of Tourist Boats for

Halong Bay Excursion and Overnight Stay, issued in March 2011, classifies tourist

boats into four classes, namely, standard, first class, second class, and third class.

However, currently, there are no detailed data on the engine types and energy

consumption of the tourist boats. Thus, it is critical to survey these basic data for

further consideration to improve their operation efficiency. Based on the survey results,

several measures can be developed, e.g., set a regulation of engine specification,

support to renew old engines, set a rule on boat operation in Halong Bay, etc.

On the other hand, DARD, DOT, and JICA have started the study about the application

of biodiesel to the tourist boats since June 2013. In the study, a total of two boats

coming from a boat company and from the Halong Bay Management Board will be

operated with biodiesel in Halong Bay. This study is also included in Project 8-2 as

one of the activities.



Item Contents

Name Promotion of an efficient operation of tourist boats in Halong Bay

Purpose To improve the operation efficiency of tourist boats and introduce biodiesel aiming at reducing GHG emissions.

Activity 1. Survey engine types and energy consumption of the tourist boats. 2. Develop measures to improve boat operation and their implementation. 3. Organize workshops for government organizations and boat owners. 4. Promote bio-diesel in boat operation .

Proponent Focal organization: DOT, target boat company, Ha Long Tourist Boat Sub-association Cooperating organization: DCST, DONRE

Period 2013-2016

Indicator 1. By 2016, 30% of tourist boats operating in Halong Bay renew their engines. 2. By 2016, tourist boats fueled by biodiesel started their operation.

Source: Study Team

c) Project 8-3

Project 8-3 aims at improving the traffic management in the Bai Chay area, especially

on Bai Chay Road. It can contribute in decreasing CO2 emissions from tourism

transportation.

In Quang Ninh Province, there are three types of road transportation services, namely,

bus service on fixed routes (28 companies), bus, van, taxi on request (45 companies),

and contracted transport service (14 companies). These transportation services are

operated by private companies in Halong City and in other cities and towns. Currently,

the bus transportation is mostly used by domestic visitors. Foreign tourists use buses,

vans or taxis arranged by travel agents. These transportation causes frequently

congestion and illegal parking along the streets and on the pedestrian roads in the Bai

Chay area.


9-29

To consider appropriate traffic management measures, it is necessary to identify

current traffic conditions, e.g., volume and types of vehicles, seasonal and day trends,

etc. As traffic management measures, the following options are worth considering:

1. Season, day, time, and car types prohibition of entering Bai Chay Road;

2. Strict control of roadside parking on Bai Chay Road;

3. Strategic development of parking spaces;

4. Parking guidance and information system; and

5. Introducing the park and ride system and environment-friendly public

transportation on Bai Chay Road.



Item Contents

Name Promotion of an efficient traffic management in the Bai Chay area.

Purpose To improve the traffic management in the Bai Chay area aiming at reducing GHG emissions.

Activity 1. Survey traffic volume in the Bay Chay area. 2. Develop traffic management measures and issue local regulations, if needed. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and traffic service

companies. 4. Implement traffic management rules on Bai Chay Road.

Proponent Focal organization: DOT Cooperating organization: DCST, DONRE

Period 2016-2018

Indicator By 2018, traffic management rules on Bai Chay Road are implemented.

Source: Study Team

3） Approach 9: Promotion of Low Carbon Industry


Project 9-1: Promotion of energy efficiency to major manufacturers.

a) Project 9-1

This is developed by the modification of the 11th prioritized project in Table IV.10. of

the Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change in Quang Ninh Province.

Targeting major manufacturers in Quang Ninh Province, Project 8-1 aims at promoting

energy efficiency for the reduction of GHG emissions.

In 2010, the Resolution No. 51/2010/QH10, entitled Law on Economical and Efficient

Use of Energy, was promulgated. Following the law, Decree No. 21/2011/ND-CP, or

also known as Detailing the Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy and

Measures for its Implementation, was issued in 2011. According to the decree,

industrial production establishments, which annually consume energy of a total of one

thousand tons of oil equivalent or higher, are designated as major energy consumers.


9-30

Therefore, they have the obligation to assign an energy manager, and prepare the

annual and five-year energy management plans and reports, as well as conduct energy

audit once per three-year. Following the decree, DOIT has identified major

manufacturers in Quang Ninh Province as shown in Table 9.4-17.

Targeting these critical manufacturers, Project 9-1 will improve their energy efficiency

through technical and financial support and instruction from Quang Ninh Province.

In Project 9-1, it is crucial that the target manufactures should assess the financial

sources to improve their energy efficiency. So, Quang Ninh Province needs to provide

environmental subsidies to target manufactures and/or assist them to obtain any

financial support such as the Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund (VEPF).

The Vietnamese government and the Japanese government have started their

discussions about a new carbon market mechanism after 2020. The Japanese

government proposes the Joint Crediting Mechanism/Bilateral Offset Credit

Mechanism (JCM/BOCM), and it was reported that the two governments will sign a

bilateral agreement within 2013. Aiming at establishing the appropriate JCM/BOCM

scheme, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of

Environment of Japan are conducting several projects, some of which provide

subsidies for improving energy efficiency of the facilities in developing countries.

Thus, the activities in Project 9-1 will be able to consider a possibility to utilize the

JCM/BOCM scheme.



Item Contents

Name Promotion of energy efficiency to major manufacturers

Purpose To improve the energy efficiency of major manufacturers aiming at reducing GHG emissions.

Activity 1. Strengthen the capacity of DOIT on technical aspects of energy efficiency and energy audit through preparation of guidelines and consultation with MONRE.

2. Issue local regulations about energy efficiency. 3. Organize workshops among government organizations and major energy

consumers. 4. Provide technical and financial support to major energy consumers. 5. Consider to participate in the JCM/BOCM scheme to improve energy efficiency

of major manufacturers. Proponent Focal organization: DOIT, target major energy consumers

Cooperating organization: DOC, DONRE Period 2013-2017

Indicator By 2017, all target manufacturers have assigned energy managers and prepared energy management plans and reports.

Source: Study Team

4） Approach 10: Promotion of Rehabilitation of Forests


Project 10-1: Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality,

and encourage development and regeneration of natural forest.


10-1

CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Capacity development for environmental monitoring is an important component in the

environmental plan. In this chapter, the following topics are of concern: (i)

construction of automatic environmental monitoring stations in Quang Ninh Province,

(ii) establishment of a provincial GIS center for enhancing capacity of environmental

information management, and (iii) cooperation with international environmental

monitoring.

10.1 Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020

To 2020, it was proposed to extend current monitoring network as shown in Table

10.1-1 to 10.1-5, and Figure 10.1-1. The proposed monitoring network has 66 air

quality monitoring points, 62 surface water quality monitoring points, 15 groundwater

quality monitoring points, 38 coastal water quality monitoring points, and 5 soil

monitoring points. It is recommended to deploy operations of the monitoring network

to 2020.

Additionally, to confirm inter-provincial impact from Hai Phong Province, it is

proposed to set a new moitoring point in the Chanh river existing border between

Quang Ninh Province and Hai Phone Province.

Table 10.1-1 Proposed Air Quality Monitoring Network to 2020

No District/

town Location

Coordianate

(X,Y) Objectives Remark

1. Dong

Trieu

Crossroad in Dong trieu town 2332484

371478

To evaluate air quality around

main intersection roads.

01 existing

monitoring point

2. An Sinh temple area 2336370

373710

To evaluate background air

quality in Đánh giá chất lượng

không khí nền khu vực nông

thôn

Mao Khe- 07 new monitoring points (removing 04 existing monitoring points: Mao Khe cossroad, Kim Son IZ, Nha Sang coal company, Binh Khe commune people’s committee)

3. Resident area in Kim Son

commune

2331748

376047

To evaluate air quality arounf

Kim Som industrial cluster

and Quan Trieu IZ operation

4. Ben Can cross road area 2329929

379431

To evaluate air quality

impacted by coal

transportation, processing and

mining

5. Vinh Hai area, Mao Khe town 2329059

379532


impacted by coal sea port

operation; Hoang Thach

cement factory operation at

the south of Hai Duong

province

6. Resident area in Dong Son hamlet,

Binh Khe commune

2333980

378281


impacted by thermal power

construction and operation

7. Resident area in Me Son hamlet in

Xuan Son commune

2332901

376086


impacted by thermal power

construction and operation

8. Resident area in Yen Duc 2326858 To evaluate air quality


10-2

No District/

town Location

Coordianate


commune 382331 impacted by Tan Phu Xuan

cement factory activity in Hai

Phong city

9. Uong Bi

Crossroad in Quang Trung ward

(intersection between 18A road

and Vang Danh – Dien Cong road

in city)

2327024

398835

To evaluate air quality in

resident area impacted by

transportation, transport of

coal, and thermal power

activities

02 monitoring

point remained

in the existing

monitoring

network

10. Crossroad of road No. 10 2327277

394566


impacted by transportation,

and construction activities for

developing Phuong Nam IZ

11. Resident area in Hop Thanh

hamlet, Phuong Nam ward

2325684

391167



stone mining and cement

manufacture

Added monitoring

point according to

document No.

3695/UBND-MT1

dated

19/09/2011 about

supervision on

Lam Thach

cement plant

problem

12. Yen Tu tourist area 2338592

393140

Đánh giá chất lượng không

khí vùng du lịch chịu tác động

do hoạt động phát triển du

lịch, giao thông và khai thác

than phía Bắc khu vực

05 new monitoring points (remove 03 existing monitoring points in:Area of construction materials manufacture in Phuong Nam, Khe Ngat, and Chap Khe IZ)

13. Market area in Vang Danh ward 2334368

400884


impacted by coal mining and

transportation activities in

Vang Danh area

14. 25/2 Square in Uong Bi city 2327451

397968

To evaluate air quality in city

center at 1 km distance from

the west of Uong Bi thermal

power plant

15. Bai Soi Resdident area in Bac Son

ward

2328745

400857


resident area from the

north of Uong Bi thermal

power plant

16. Resident area in Bach Dang 1

hamlet in Phuong Nam ward

2326038

391387




manufacture

17. Quang

Yen

Bieu Nghi crossroad 2323646

406690



and construction activities for

developing Dong Mai IZ

02 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network

18. Quang Yen town 2316437

401242


urban resident area in Quang

Yen town impacted by

transportation, and urban

construction activities

19. Resident area in Yen Giang ward 2316537

400140

To evaluate ambient air

quality thermal power plant,

cement factory and building

ship at the west od Hai Phong

city

02 new monitoring points

20. Resdient area in Phong Coc ward 2312017

402000

To evaluate air quality in Dam

Nha Mac IZ

21. Hoanh

Bo

Troi township 2326034

420883



transportation, and urban

construction activities

01 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network


10-3

No District/

town Location

Coordianate


22. Resident area in Thong Nhat

commune

2328579

431010



manufacture

03 new monitoring points (removing 01 monitoring point at IZ in Thong Nhat commune)

23. Resident area in Le Loi commune 2325472

423324


Hoanh Bo IZ and cement

manufacture

24. Resident area in group IV in in

Son Duong ward, western stone

mining of Thang Logn cement

2329531

425743

To evaluate air in area directly

impacted by stone mining and

cement manufacture

25.

Ha Long

Tuan Chua tourist area 2314992

421158


tourist area impacted by

construction activity

07 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network 26. Ao Ca crossroad 2320149

423454


main intersection areas

27. Loong Toong crossroad 2318540

430732


main intersection areas

28. K67 hospital area 2320762

431080



transportation, coal mining

and urban construction

activities

29. Ha Lam market 2319383

433065



transportation, and coal

mining activities

30. Cau Trang (White bridge) – Km 8 2317666

435847



transportation, coal mining

and section activities

31. Bai Chay tourist area 2318174

426951

To evaluate air quality in bai

Chay torurist area

32. Cao Xanh – Ha Khanh B urban

resident area

2321371

431571



combining coal mining,

transportation, urban

construction, thermal power,

and waste to be fiiled up and

treated, and thermal power

06 new monitoring points (removing 06 exsiting monitoring points : Ha Khau dumping site, Deo Sen dumping site, Cai Lan IZ, coal port in Ha Khanh ward, and coal mining area in Ha Tu – Nui Beo –Halong bay – Mot islet)

33. Resident area in Doi Cay in Ha

Khanh ward

2322865

433309

Đánh giá chất lượng không

khí khu vực chịu tác động của

hoạt động khai thác than, giao

thông, xây dựng đô thị, nhiệt

điện

34. Resident area in Viet Hung ward

which located in western Viet

Hung Industrial Zone

2324039

420536



trasnportation, manufacture in

industrial zone

35. Resident area in Ha Khau ward 2321621

421430



transportation, construction

material, and ship building

activities

36. Ba lan resident area in Giang Day

ward

2320764

424156


resident area impacted by ship

building, industry, and

construction material

activities.

37. Ti Top island 2307629

430398


Halong bay

38.

Cam Pha

Cam Dong crossroad 2323698

452337



transportation activity

03 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network 39. Crossroad at 18A Road and road 2323286 To evaluate air quality in


10-4

No District/

town Location

Coordianate


for coal transporting to 10-10 port 455660 resident area impacted by

transportation and transport of

coal activitties

40. Resident area in Ben Gio 2323222

450123


around coastal resident area in

city

41. Crossroad at 18A Road and road

for transporting coal to Khe Day

port

2330076

455578



transportation, coal

exploitation and processing,

waste discharge and theral

power plant activites

06 new monitoring points (removing 03 existing monitoring point: Quang Hanh dumping site, crossroad at km No. 6 in Quang Hanh ward, Cua Ong coal selection company).

42. Crossroad at 18A Road and road

for transporting coal to Km 6 port

2323768

446995



transport of coal to Km5 sea

port

43. Resident area in Cam Thach ward 2324198

448174



cement produce

44. Crossroad at City People

Committee

2324064

450221


center of Cam Pha city

45. Resident area in group 3 in Cam

Thinh ward

2323746

458471



Cam Pha thermal power plan,

transport of coal and Cua Ong

sea port.

46. Resident area in Group 7 in Mong

Duong ward

2330892

455674



transportation, coal processing

and thermail power activitites

47. Van Don Cai Rong township 2329739

466495



construction and development

activities

02 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network

48. Bai Dai tourist area 2325187

472505




activities

49. Ba Che Ba Che township 2353382

451429




activities

01 monitoring

point remained in

the old monitoring

network

50. Tien Yen Resident area in Tien Yen

township

2359682

463902



urban development activities

01 monitoring

point remained in

the old monitoring

network

51. Resident area in Dong Ngu

commune

2360285

472090

To evaluate air quality in Tien

Yen IZ development area

01 new monitoring point

52. Binh

Lieu

Resident area in in Binh Lieu

township

2380697

463857



construction activity and

urban development

02 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network

53. Area in Hoanh Mo immigration 2386065

474324


resident area boundary

54. Dam Ha Resident area in in Quang Tan

commune

2362977

481596

To evaluate air quality in rual

resident area in Dam Ha

district

01 monitoring

point remained in

the old monitoring

network

55. Resident area in in Chu Van An

streer

2362121

484618



producing construction

material, transportation, and

industrial produce activities

01 added monitoring point


10-5

No District/

town Location

Coordianate


56. Hai Ha Hai Ha township 2373161

500106

To evaluate air quality in area

impacted by transportation

activities

01 monitoring

point remained in

the old monitoring

network

57. Resident area in Quang Dien

commune

2370538

498444


impacted by development of

Hai Ha sea port industrial

zone

02 new monitoring points (removing and replacing 01existing monitoring point at Hai ha IZ)

58. Bac Phong Sinh immigration area 2390921

496546



59. Mong

Cai

Crossroad at City post office 2381578

522404


resdient area impacted by

transportation activities

02 monitoring

points remained in

the old monitoring

network 60. Tra Co tourist area 2376132

528499

To evalutate air quality in

tourist area impacted by urban


activities

61. Roundabout at Hung Vuong and

Hoa Dinh avenue (QL18- TL

335)

2381261

522916



construction, urban

development, and Hai Hoa IZ.

05 new monitoring points (replacing 03 existing monitoring points: Km15- Dan Tien Port, Hai Yen IZ, Ninh Duong IZ, Hai Hoa daumping site)

62. Resident area at northwest Hai Yen

industrial

2383113

517329


impacted by industrial

activities

63. Resident area in Ninh Duong ward 2380301

521820


which impacted by stock

storage, load and unload in

Ninh Duong ward

64. Resident area in Bac Son

commnune

2388132

514909



65. Resident area in Quang Nghia

commnune

2379871

500835


resident area influenced by

solid waste treatment factory

in Quang Nghia commune.

66. Co To Resident area in Co to township 2319755

299160


resident area in sea and island

region

01 monitoring

point remained in

the old monitoring

network

Number of air monitoring points according

to the adjusted and supplemented monitoring

network

66 Monitoring parameters: Temperature, humidity,

wind speed, wind direction, average noise,

maximum noise, TSP, SO2, NOx, CO, O3

- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year.

- Monitoring parameters: Remain as the existing monitoring network accordign to QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT and

QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT including: temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, everage noise, maximum

noise, TSP, SO2, NOx, CO,O3.

Source: DONRE

Table 10.1-2 Proposed Surface Water Quality Monitoring Network to 2020

No Location Coordianate


I Reservoirs

1. Ben Chau lake - Dong trieu

district

2337127

2339362

To evaluate water quality for

irrigation

New monitoring point

2. Khe Che lake – Dong Trieu

district

2339362

372500


irrigation


3. Co Le lake – Dong Trieu 2328662 To evaluate water quality for New monitoring point


10-6



district 384151 irrigation

4. Cau Cuon lake – Dong Trieu

district

2330825

383263


irrigation


5. Khe Uon 1 lake – Dong Trieu

district

2330157

386720


irrigation


6. Yen Trung lake - Uong Bi

city

2329983

387100


irrigation

Remaining existing monitoring

point

7. Tan Lap lake – Uong Bi city 2328177

395270


irrigation


8. Roc Ngo lake – Hoanh Bo

district

2328062

423634


irrigation


9. Luong Ky lake – Hoanh Bo

district

2326815

428715


irrigation


10. Yen Lap lake – Ha Long city 2322239

413575


domestic water supply and

irrigation


point

11. Khe Ca lake – Ha Long city 2324041

410418


irrigation


12. Cao Van dam in Cao Van lake

– Cam Pha city

2330391

443560


domestic water supply


point 13. Mat Rong lake – Van Don

district

2331189

465951




14. Dam Ha Dong lake – Dam Ha

district

2366469

480854




15. Truc Bai Son lake 2376841

490122


irrigation

New monitoring point.

16. Tai Chi lake 498488

2376454




17. Trang Vinh lake – Mong Cai

city

2383392

515829


irrigation


point

18. Quat Dong lake – Mong Cai

city

2383575

513412


irrigation


point

19. Truong Xuan lake – Co To

district

2321552

500989




20. C4 lake – Co To district 2319013

501104




21. Chien Thang lake – Co To

district

2322734

506653




II River and stream system for

discharging

II.1 Cam river – Da Bac (Dong

Trieu district – Uong Bi city)

`

22. Khe Cai in Thuong Yen Cong

commune

2334960

393688

To evaluate water quality in

upstream tributary of Cam river

for irrigation


23. Upstream of Cam river in

Dong Trieu farm

2335163

380396


Cam river for irrigation


24. At Cam bridge 2331617

373490

To evaluate water quality

receiving waste sources from

industrial manufacture, traffic,

domestic in Dong Trieu area


point

25. At Da Vach bridge 2328351

379231


receiving waste sources in



10-7



Dong Trieu –Quang Ninh, and

Minh tan – Hai Duong

26. At Da Bac bridge 2323986

389217



industrial manufacture, traffic,

domestic, agriculture in Dong

Trieu – Quang Ninh, and Thuy

Nguyen – Hai Phong


II.2 Non Dong – Cau Lim stream

(Mao Khe)

27. Non Dong stream after being

through Mao Khe mining area

2331360

381654



coal mining activity


28. At Lim bridge 2329909

379470



coal mining and domestic

activities


II.3 Sinh river (Uong Bi)

29. At bridge of Sing river,

National Road 18A, Uong Bi

city

2326707

397796


Sinh river receiving waste

sources from trading, domestic,

and industrial activites


point

II.4 Vang Danh river (Uong Bi)

30. Vang Danh stream, behind the

wastewater receiving point

from Vang Danh mine

2336663

400793


upstream tributary of Vang

Danh river receiving waste

sources from coal mining

operation of Vang Danh mining


31. Uong Thuong stream, behind

the wastewater receiving point

from Uong Thuong –

Vietmindo area

2334894

403047





activity in Dong vong – Uong

Thuong – VietMinDo area


32. Than thung stream, behind

the wastewater receiving point

from Nam Mau mine area

2335350

396664





activity in Nam Mau area


33. In front of Lan Thap dam 2331604

400375

Following the old monitoring

network


point

II.5 Uong river (Uong Bi)

34. At Uong Bi bridge 2326709

399493



trading, traffic, and domestic

activities


point

II.6 12 Slots stream (Uong Bi)

35. Before water intake point for

domestic water supply purpose

2327929

402564

To evaluate surface water

quality for domestic water

supply


point

II.7 N2 channel (Uong Bi)

36. At receiving water getting into

Dong May reservoir

2326242

400901





10-8



supply

II.8 Chanh river (Quang Yen)

37. Chanh river bridge 2315857

400636



seafood processing, domestic

and construction activities


point

II.9 Thac Nhoong river – Troi

river (Hoanh Bo)

38. On front of Dong Ho dam 2327578

419149



supply


point (replacing existing monitoring point at Troi bridge)

II.10 Tan Dan stream (Hoanh Bo)

39. At Bang Anh hamlet in Tan

Dan commune

2339560

408238


upstream tributary river


coal ming acticity in Yen Lap

watershed


II.11 Dong Quang river (Hoanh

Bo)

40. Da Trang dam 2329079

428598



supply for Hoanh Bo district


II.12 Vao stream (Hoanh Bo) 41. Vao stream dam 2327425

420765


quality influenced by

agriculture and domestic

activities


II.13 Dien Vong river (Hoanh

Bo-Cam Pha- Ha Long)

42. At Da Bac dam 2326740

441868



supply


II.14 Lai stream

43. Suoi Lai bridge on 336 road 2323156

433720



coal mining activity which

discharging to Cua Luc bay


II.15 Ha Lam stream (Ha Long)

44. After receiving waste water

from Ha Lam coal mining

2319394

433938



Ha Lam coal mining


45. K67 bridge on 336 2320971

431186



coal mining, bomestic, and

tracffic, which discharging to

Cua Luc bay


II.16 Ha Tu stream (Ha Long)

46. Ha Tu bridge on National road

No.18A

2318514

437734



coal mining, traffic, trading ,

and domestic activities


II.17 Lo Phong (Ha Long)

47. Lo Phong bridge in national 2319184 To evaluate water quality Remaining existing monitoring


10-9



Road No. 18A 438460 receiving waste sources from



point

II.18 Moong coc 6 stream (Cam

Pha)

48. At bridge on national road No.

18A

2323378

455654






point

II.19 Mong Duong river (Cam Pha)

49. Bridge in Grop 3, Mong

Duong ward

2330082

456902




and domestic activities in

Mong Duong area

New monitoring point (replacing existing monitoring point at Mong Duogn bridge)

II.20 Ba Che river (Ba Che – Tien

Yen district)

50. Ba Che 2 bridge 2353270

453074



domestic activity in Ba Che

area


point

51. Water intake into factory 2353478

450465



supply for Ba Che district

02 New monitoring point (replacing existing monitoring at Ba Che 1 bridge)

52. Downstream at forest product

industrial cluster in Nam Son

commune

2349969

455566



forestry processing, and

domestic activities in Ba Che

area

II.21 Hoanh Mo stream – Binh

Lieu stream – Tien Yen river

(Binh Lieu – Tien Yen)

53. Hoanh Mo immigration 2388952

472836

To evaluate environmental

water impacted through the

boundary


point

54. On front of PacHooc bridge 2381180

463719



supply for Binh Lieu district


point

55. Water intake for domestic

water supply for Tien Yen

district

2361079

463374

Đánh giá chất lượng nước phục

vụ mục đích sinh hoạt cho

huyện Tiên Yên, chịu tác động

của các hoạt động khai thác cát,

thủy điện phía thượng nguồn

New monitoring point (relace old monitoring point at confluence of Tien Yen – Pho Co river)

II.22 Dong Van stream (Binh Lieu) 56. Flowing through Dong Quan

clearance stock

To evaluate environmental

water impacted through the

boundary


II.23 Dam Ha river (Dam Ha)

57. Flowing bridge insite Dam Ha

township

2361911

484306


quality influenced by activities

in Dam Ha area

New monitoring point (removing than replacing existing monitoring point at Dam ha brifge on National road No. 18A)

II.24 Ha Coi river (Hai Ha)


10-10



58. water intake for domestic

water factory in Quang Chinh

commune

2372920

498243



supply for Hai Ha district


59. Ha Coi bridge 2372692

500970


quality influenced by activities

in Hai Ha area


point

II.25 Ka Long – Bac Luan bridge

(Mong Cai)

60. Water intake for domestic

water for Mong Cai city in Ka

Long river

2382329

521289



supply for Mong cai city


61. Down stream of Ka Long river

nearby Hoa Binh bridge

2380551

522000

To evaluate water quality river

influenced by trading, traffic,

stock load and unload in

boundary area

New monitoring point (removing 04 existing points at Ka Long bridge, Bac Luan bridge on Ka Long river, joining river at Bac Luon on Ka Longlong river, port on Ka Long river in Ninh duong commune)

II.26 Pat Cap river (Mong Cai)

62. At bridge in Quang Nghia

commune

2381267

505875


influenced by waste sources

from boundary, and domestic


Number of surface water monitoring

points according to the revised and

supplemented monitoring network

62 Monitoring parameters: Temperature, pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5,

Amoni (calculated by N), Clorua, Nitrit, Nitrat, Photphat, Sunphat,

As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, Total fat-oil, Coliform.

- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year (Note: For the river mouths

effected by tide, moinitoring is conducted at the lowest tide level).

- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, QCVN

38:2011/BTNMT, QCVN 39:2011/BTNMT and Annex III.1-1 of the Decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including:

Temperature, pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5, Amoni (calculated by N), Clorua, Nitrit, Nitrat, Photphat, Sunphat, As, Cd,

Pb, Fe, Hg, Total grease-oil and Coliform.

Source: DONRE

Table 10.1-3 Proposed Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network to 2020

No. Monitoring location Coordinate

(X,Y)

Objectives Remark

1. Water well for domestic use in

Hong Phong commune, Dong

Trieu district

2331630

369899

To evaluate chacteristics of

groundwater for domestic

water supply

Remaining existing

monitoring point


Quang Trung ward, Uong Bi

2327046

398512

To evaluate characteristics of


water supply

Remaining existing

monitoring point


Phong Coc commune – Quang

Yen

2312025

402023



water supply

Remaining existing

monitoring point

4. Water well for domestic use of

resident area nearby Ha Khau

Landfill site , Ha Long city

2321778

421308



water supply

Remaining existing

monitoring point

5. Domestic water well in Tra Co

ward in Mong Cai city

2375652

527277

To evaluate chateristic


water supply

Remaining existing

monitoring point


10-11

6. Water well 548 in Dong Trieu

(Quang Ninh Clean Water

Business One Member Co.,Ltd)

2334026

373352

To evaluate groundwater in

Quaternary layer in Dong

Trieu area

New adding

monitoring point

7. Water well G12 Mao Khe (Quang

Ninh Clean Water Business One

Member Co.,Ltd)

2330399

380330


Quaternary layer in Mao Khe

area

New adding

monitoring point

8. Water well 462 Vang Danh



2334589

402147

To evaluate groundwater for

domestic water supply for

Vang Danh area

New adding

monitoring point

9. G3 water well in Bai Chay



2318923

427292


Trias layer in Bay Chay area;

monitor salinization

New adding

monitoring point

10. Water well ATH10 Hon Gai



2317084

433607


Trias layer in Hon Gai area;


New adding

monitoring point

11. Water well 101 Cam Pha (Quang


Member Co.,Ltd)

2324815

459069


Trias layer in Hon Gai area;


New adding

monitoring point

12. Water well 106 Cam Pha (Quang


Member Co.,Ltd)

2324508

456515


Trias, Cacbonat, Cacbon -

Pecmi layers; monitor

salinization

New adding

monitoring point

13. Water well VH2 (Van Hai

Viglacera company)

2314139

477730


Devon layer; monitor

salinization

New adding

monitoring point

14. Water well LK2 COTO (Co To

district)

2323593

500351


Devon layer; monitor

salinization

New adding

monitoring point

15. Water well LK2 in Hai Yen IZ 2382833

516781

To evaluate water quality at

Jura Ha Coi layer

New adding

monitoring point

Number of groundwater quality

monitoring points according to the

revised and supplemented monitoring

network

15 Monitoring parameters: temperature, pH, hardness

(Calculted by CaCO3), sanility, Total solid (TS), COD

(KMnO4), Amoni (calculated by N), Nitrit (NO2-),

Nitrat (NO3-), Sulfat (SO4

2), Asen (As), Cadimi (Cd),

Chì (Pb), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), Mangan (Mn),

Coliform.

- Monitoring frequency: Remain as the old monitorjng network with 4 times per year

- Monitoring parameters: Add and revise the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT and

Annex III.1-1 of decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including : temperature, pH, hardness (Calculted by CaCO3),

sanility, Total solid (TS), COD (KMnO4), Amoni (calculated by N), Nitrit (NO2-), Nitrat (NO3-), Sulfat

(SO42), Asen (As), Cadimi (Cd), Chì (Pb), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), Mangan (Mn), and Coliform.

Source: DONRE

Table 10.1-4 Proposed Coastal water Quality Monitoring Network to 2020

No Location

Coordianate


I Beach area

1. Bai Chay beach 2318041

426922

To evaluate coastal water quality in beach

area influenced by waste water from

domestic, trading, service, entertainment,

sports and water tracffic

Monitoring points are

kept as old

monitoring plan

2. Tuan Chau beach 2314992

421158

- “ -

3. TiTop beach 2307387

430084

- “ -

4. Bai Dai beach 2335033

472678

- “ -


10-12

No Location

Coordianate


5. Tra Co beach 2376230

531370

- “ -

6. Binh Ngoc beach 2374484

526169

- “ - New monitoring point

II Aquaculture area

7. Cua Van aquaculture area

– Halong Bay

2303770

434782

To evaluate coastal water quality influenced

by waste water from aquaculture, domestic

sources and water traffic

Remaining existing

monitoring points

8.

Aquculture area in Hai

Hoa ward in Mong Cai

city (To Chi mountain

area)

2379574

529701

To evaluate coastal water quality receiving

waste water sources from aquaculture,

domestic sources, port activities, water

traffic and golf yards

9.

Minh Thanh aquaculture

area in Quang Yen town

2322837

408679


by waste water from aquaculture, and other

waste water sources in the area.


10.

Aquaculture area in Cam

Thanh commune in Cam

Pha city

2333861

459414



water traffic and port activities.

11.

Aquaculture area in in

Ban Sen commune in Van

Don district

2316735

472713




12.

Aquaculture area in Hai

Lang commune in Tien

Yen district

2352392

467384




13.

Aquaculture area in Dam

Ha commune in Dam Ha

district

2354808

486639



water traffic and domestic.

14.

Aquaculture area in Phu

Hai commune in Hai Ha

district

2368993

504619



water traffic, domestic and port activities.

15.

Aquaculture area in

Quang Minh commune in

Hai Ha district

2372145

507328



water traffic, domestic and port activities.

16.

Aquaculture area in

Quang Nghia commune

in Mong cai city

2378149

506849


by aquaculture activity and solid waste

treatment plant of Quang Nghia commune

III Coastal elsewhere

17.

Troi bridge on Troi – Vu

Oai road (Troi river

mouth)

2324548

421156

To evaluate coastal water quality in river

mouth before discharging into Cua Luc bay


18. Bang bridge (Dien Vong

river mouth)

2324593

433996

To evaluate coastal water quality before

discharging in Cua Luc bay influenced by

waste sources from coal mining, thermal

power plant and construction.

Remaining existing

monitoring point

19. Bai Chay tourist boats

terminals

2317251

424838

To evaluate coastal water receiving waste

sources from tourism activities and water

traffic.

Remaining existing

monitoring point

20. Tuan Chau ferry port 2313089

420076


sources from tourism and trading in Tuan

Chau island


21. Buffer zone on front of

Bai Chay area

2316474

427167


sources from tourism, water traffic and

domestic.


22.

Coastal area in Hung

Thang urban resident

area

2317178

421792


sources from domestic of residential areas New monitoring point

23. Cua Luc bay – Bai Chay

bridge

2318862

428763

To evaluate coastal water influenced by

waste water sources from Cai Lan sea port,

Cai Lan IZ activities, domestic, infrastructure

construction and coal ming activities

Remaining existing

monitoring point

24. Ship way between

Halong bay and Mot islet

2307468

432888

To evaluate coastal water in Ha Long bay

areas influenced by water traffic.

Remaining existing

monitoring point


10-13

No Location

Coordianate


25. Ha Long 1 market area 2317708

429126

To evaluate coastal water in buffer zone in

Hon Gai-Hong Ha areas receiving waste

sources from tradding, domestic and

water traffic activities.

Remaining existing

monitoring point

26.

Coastal area in coatal

roand of Lan Be – Cot 8

in Ha Long city

2316319

433272

To evaluate coastal water in buffer zone in

Hon Gai-Hong Ha areas influenced by waste

sources from domestic from shore and

floating houses, water traffic activities.

Remaining existing

monitoring point

27. Nam Cau Trang bridge 2317666

435847


sources from coal ports and domestic Remaining existing

monitoring point

28. Lo Phong channel area 2314674

439270


sources from domestic, and coal port

activities


29. Km6 port area

2320716

447760


waste sources from coal ports, stone mining,

coal mining, cement industry, ship building,

water traffic and domestic

Remaining existing

monitoring point

30.

Coastal area from Cam

Pha cement factory to

Vung Duc

2321637

451776

- “ -

New monitoring point (replace monitoring point at Ben Do)

31.

Coastal area from Vung

Duc to Cam pha thermal

power plant

2320765

456343


waste sources from coal ports, coal mining,

and domestic


32.

Coastal area from Cam

pha thermal power plant

to Cua Ong coal selection

– Cua Ong port

2322162

459944


waste sources from coal ports, domestic and

coal mining

New monitoring point (replaced monitoring point at Cua Ong)

33. Mong Duong river mouth

area

2330495

460281


waste sources from coal mining, coal ports

and domestic of the Mong Duong area.


34. Gac way at Van Don 1

bridge

2327093

460280

- “ - Remaining existing

monitoring point

35. Cai Rong port area 2329724

466521


waste sources from water traffic, seafood

collection boats station and tourist boats.

Remaining existing

monitoring point

36. Dan Tien port area 2378698

515332

To evaluate coatal water quality in Dan Tien

port Remaining existing

monitoring point

37. Co To port area 2319575

501050

To evaluate coatal water quality influenced

by sea traffic Remaining existing

monitoring point

38. Vung Cat 2,3 area in

group 4 in Coto township

2317783

498813

To evaluate coatal water quality receiving

waste sources from preliminary processing

of jelly fish activity


Number of coastal water

monitoring points according

to the revised and

supplemented monitoring

network

38

Monitoring parameters: temperature, pH, TSS, DO, COD (KMnO4),

Amoni (calculated by N), As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, oil-fat, Coliform.


- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT and Annex

III.1-1 of Decision No. 16/2007/QĐ- TTg, including : temperature, pH, TSS, DO, COD (KMnO4), Amoni

(calculated by N), As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, grease-oil, Coliform.

Source: DONRE

Table 10.1-5 Proposed waste water quality monitoring network to 2020

No Location

Coordianate


1. Wastewater from Mao Khe 2329912 To evaluate characteristic New monitoring point (replace old


10-14

No Location

Coordianate


town flowing into Cau Lim

stream in Dong Trieu

379478 domestic waste water in

resident area

monitoring point for domestic wastewater in Mao Khe town)

2.

Open channel for wastewater

drainage of Vang Danh ward,

upstream of Lan Thap dam,

Uong Bi

2334317

400102

To evaluate characteristic

domestic waste water in

resident area

New monitoring point (replace old monitoring point for domestic wastewater in Quang Trung ward)

3.


drainage of Cot 3 residential

area, Halong city

2317826

432713



resident area

01 remaining existing monitoring

point (replace old monitoring point at Cai Dam WWTP)

4.


drainage of residential area

of Cam Thanh ward

2323498

450903



resident area

Changing monitoring point

5.

Wastewater discharge gate of

residential and commercial

area of Mong Cai city into

Ka Long river

2381660

522266



resident area

New monitoring point (replace old domestic wastewater monitoring point at tran Phu ward residential area)

Number of domestic waste water

monitoring points according to

the revised and supplemented

monitoring network

5

Monitoring parameters: Temperature, pH, BOD5, TSS, TDS,

Sunfua (calculated by H2S), Amoni (calculated by N), NO3-, PO4

3-,

oganic oil and fat, Total Coliforms.


- Monitoring parameters: Add the monitoring parameters according to QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, including :

Temperature, pH, BOD5, TSS, TDS, Sunfua (calculated by H2S), Amoni (calculated by N), NO3-, PO4

3-, oganic oil

and fat, Total Coliforms.

Source: DONRE

10.2 Sediment Monitoring in Halong Bay

In 2011, the sediment quality in Halong Bay was monitored under the JICA technical

cooperation project for Environmental Protection in Halong Bay. In the survey, heavy

metal concentration in the sediment was analyzed. According to the monitoring results,

heavy metal pollution exceeding the international guideline values such as Japanese

Sedimentation Quality Guideline Value, was not observed.


uang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 (Final Report)

10

-15


Figure 10.2-1 Proposed Provincial Monitoring Network to 2020


10-16

10.3 Project for the Construction of Automatic Environmental Monitoring Stations in

Quang Ninh

The project for the construction of automatic environmental monitoring stations in Quang

Ninh is really necessary, but faces challenges if appropriate budget for maintenance will

not be allocated. If DONRE will operate these monitoring stations in good condition for

longer than eight years, surely, DONRE in Quang Ninh will be the leading DONRE in

Vietnam.

The project consists of three components, namely, a) Automatic monitoring stations for

measuring ambient air quality: ten stations will be located in populated areas or areas

impacted by industrial activities, hereafter called as “auto AQM station”; b) Automatic

monitoring stations for measuring surface water (two stations) and coastal water (five

stations), hereafter called as “auto WQM stations”; and c) Automatic monitoring stations

for measuring emission gas from the stack of important thermo power and cement

production plants: seven stations, hereafter called as “auto plant emission monitoring

(PEM) station”.

（1） Necessity

The Project Study Team has examined the contents of the project proposal which were

prepared by DONRE, and it was concluded as quite necessary. The project shall help the

environment management of DONRE very much. The reasons are as follows:

a) Auto AQM station can able to grasp air quality such as particulate matter (TSP, PM10,

PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, and SO2, together with some meteorological parameters

such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and rain on semi-instant value,

hourly average, daily average and annual average.

By applying a) auto AQM station, DONRE can grasp the hourly, daily, monthly, yearly, or

annual concentration of TSP, PM10, O3, CO, NOx, and SO2, and then can compare it

with air quality standards (AQS), QCVN 05/2009/BTNMT. Finally, DONRE can discuss

whether Quang Ninh Province and the Halong Bay area are clean enough or not. If

DONREplans to apply stricter AQS than the national standards, the auto AQM station is

essential.

The difficulties of air quality monitoring are described in Chapter 5, by adopting auto

AQM station, some of the difficulties such as underestimation of NOx and large error of

TSP measurement could be solved in the place where auto AQM station is expected to be

installed. Moreover, the difficulties such as no good representative values of 24-hour data

and annual data might be solved. The most important solution is overestimation due to

intentional selection of date and time, by avoiding rainy days and one to two days after

rain, might be solved.


10-17

Regarding c): “Auto PEM station”, it is quite effective to sound the alert for the neighbors

of the plants when serious incidents might happen and gaseous pollutants/toxic pollutants

are being emitted. It will help a prompt evacuation of residents. It is indispensable for the

local government authority to control very large emissions of gaseous pollution from

factories such as thermal power plant, cement plant, and iron manufacturing plant. In EU

countries, USA, and Japan, it is a common methodology to control emission in the heavy

industry area in case of emergency, such as photochemical smog episodes and high PM

concentration episodes. The countermeasures, i.e., to ask these plants to reduce the

production rate temporarily in order to reduce emission during the episode. The local

government could confirm that whether the emission is reduced or not by this system. In

addition, it is recommended to install Oxygen (O2) sensor together with sensors for air

pollutants at any plant, because O2 is indispensable parameter to grasp combustion

condition and judge whether flue gas is diluted intentionally or not.

Lessons Learned from Past Experiences in Vietnam

AQM Station Maintenance

-In Hanoi, seven auto air quality monitoring stations have been installed since 2002. Among them, only one

station belonging to the Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), VEA, MONRE achieved 90%

data availability per year, that was installed in 2009. 2-3 other stations are running around half. The

remaining three stations, including one station provided by JICA assistance, had completely stopped.

-In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), ten auto air quality monitoring stations have been installed since 2000.

Among them, no station achieved 90% data availability per year in 2008, nine auto air quality

monitoring station are arranged for HCMC Environmental Protection Agency (HEPA) from 2000 to

2002, with the assistance of donors (UNDP, DANIDA, NORAD). As of 2008, in each monitoring

parameter (NOx, SO2, PM10, etc.), only two to three stations are available. Even in the running stations,

data availabilities are 20%-40%. Taking the lifetime (8-10 years) into account, all stations are stopped

most probably. The remaining one was established in 2003, belonging to the National Centre for

Hydrometeorology (NCH) MONRE. It is located in agricultural area; 16 km south-southeast from the

city center therefore this station does not represent the situation of air pollution in HCMC. Budgets are

not enough to maintain/repair the equipment

-Hydro Meteorological and Environmental Station Network/MONRE

Under the National Hydro Meteorological Center (NHMC), there are ten auto monitoring stations located

in Hanoi (two stations), Hai Phong, Cuc Phuong-Ninh Binh, Vinh-Nghe An, Da Nang City, Pleiku, Son

La, Nha Be-Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho City.

One example of AQM station in Hanoi is as follows.

Since late 2008, due to cut-down of budget allocation from the government, the allocated budget is not

enough for maintenance, especially the replacement of the time-life devices. Then, the automatic

analyzed data from the station has been not accurate. The major problem of the station now is the

maintenance and time-life devices replacement cost.

-Other nine auto monitoring stations under the management of the Hydro Meteorological and Environmental

Station Network Center are facing the same problem. The station is trying to get more budget allocation for

better operation of these stations but failed. In general, the budget is enough for operation, insufficient for

maintenance, although human resources are enough for operation. Accordingly, it is insufficient for

replacement.

Training of Staff

As for daily, weekly, and monthly check, monitoring division staffs do not receive satisfactory training.

Actually, the staff check to see if equipment is moving or not. It is difficult for him to judge whether the

present data indicated on the display is either normal or abnormal.

As for screening (to exclude outliers), monitoring division staff do not receive adequate training.

Lack of training such as 1) the knowledge and experience for concentration range of pollutants in due

consideration with possible range, 2) how to find outlier candidates statistically, 3) general relationship


10-18

between air pollution levels and meteorological conditions, and 4) failure criteria and principles of

measurement of automated analyzers. Therefore, staff in charge cannot distinguish a valid data and

invalid data.

The staff has not received sufficient training on how to make a report and analyze data statistically.

Lack of the knowledge of basic statistical methods for air quality monitoring data, for example, the daily

average (e.g., in Japan, 20 hours or more are required), annual average (e.g., 6,000 hours or more must be

measured). The staff did not receive adequate training on how to create an annual report. Source: Study Team

（2） Special Conditions in Vietnam for “Auto AQM Station”

- High Humidity

Most of the equipment set up in “auto AQM station” apply a kind of sensor

technology such as ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry, infarred (IR) spectrometry,

chemical luminescence, and UV fluorescence. As a precondition of these

technologies, sample gas should be in dry condition, therefore the dryer for sampled

air such as silica gel and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are needed to be replaced very

frequently. In some case, if the dryer capacity is not enough, the sensor will be

damaged. There are some famous manufacturers from USA, Germany, France, UK,

Australia, and Japan. Continuous high moisture content/humidity condition like in

Vietnam is not observed in these countries; therefore the operational cost of a dryer

is higher than the usual cost in these countries.

- Frequent Electric Power Failure:

Unfortunately, frequent electric power failure is observed in Vietnam, also in Quang

Ninh. Most of the equipment set up in “auto AQM station” are very prone to

electric power failure. Although uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will be

installed, the power consumption of “auto AQM station” is quite large; from 3 kVA

to 5 kVA, the UPS can last only for 10 minutes. The electric power failure can

cause damage to the equipment set up on “auto AQM station”. Also this is not

observed in these manufacturing countries at all. Therefore, the repair cost is much

higher than the usual cost in these countries. Another alternative is the use of

generator during power failure, this has to be considered very carefully because

generator will emit CO, NOx, SO2, and PM (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) and will affect

the data. One of the solutions is to place the generator more than 50 m in distance.

It is recommended to installation the generator (10 kVA) for all stations, distance of

50m from the station: therefore there will be a total of ten generators.

Regarding c): “Auto PEM station”, the conditions are similar to a) “Auto AQM station”.

（3） Consumable Auxiliaries, Spare Parts/Replace

First of all, continuous air quality monitoring analyzers such as particulate matter

(TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx, and SO2 monitors are completely


10-19

different from household appliances such as refrigerator. The operations of these

equipment are expensive. For example, most of the equipment, particulate matter

(TSP, PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), CO, NOx and SO2 monitors in a) “Auto AQM

station” and CO, NOx and SO2 in c) “Auto PEM station”, diaphragm pumps are set

as a suction pump. Diaphragm which is a kind of membrane made of special rubber

needs to be replaced every two years. The cost of a diaphragm in US cost a few

hundred dollars to USD 500, therefore a total of (500 x 5 x 10 + 500 x 3 x 7 =)

USD 35,500 is needed every two years at the maximum. As to the cylinders for

standard gases of CO, NO, and SO2, each station needs three cylinders. Cylinders of

standard gases are imported from Singapore and usually expire in two years.

Approximately, one cylinder of standard gas costs USD 500 to USD 1,000, in total,

USD 1,000 x 3 x 10= USD 30,000 is needed every two years at the maximum.

These are just examples of consumable auxiliaries and spare parts, based on the list

of user’s manual from the manufacturer, many items are to be replaced periodically.

1） Budget for Maintenance after Construction

After construction of facilities and purchase of equipment set up in “Auto AQM

station”, the maintenance costs, taking into account the conditions mentioned above

are shown in Tables 10.2-1 to 10.2-3. The values in the table do not include

operating costs, such as 1) labor cost, 2) stationeries, 3) energy cost, and 4) phone

line cost. Moreover, the design lifetime of the equipment is eight to ten years at the

maximum. Therefore, after eight years from the construction and installation of

equipment, the replacement procedure shall start.

Table 10.3-1 Expected Maintenance Cost for Ten Auto AQM Station

Year from the Start of the Operation

Expected Cost for Maintenance % of Purchase Cost

Expected Cost (USD)

1st year 2% 110,340 2nd year 5% 275,850 3rd year 5% 275,850 4th year 5% 275,850 5th year 5% 275,850 6th year 10% 551,700 7th year 10% 551,700 8th year 10% 551,700 9th year 10% 551,700

10th year Need to be replaced 5,517,000


Table 10.3-2 Expected Maintenance Cost for Seven Auto WQM Station



Expected Cost (USD)

1st year 2% 37,760 2nd year 5% 94,410 3rd year 5% 94,410 4th year 5% 94,410 5th year 5% 94,410 6th year 10% 188,820 7th year 10% 188,820


10-20



Expected Cost (USD)

8th year 10% 188,820 9th year 10% 188,820

10th year Need to be replaced 1,888,200


Table 10.3-3 Expected Maintenance Cost for Auto PEM Station



Expected Cost (USD)

1st year 2% 45,210 2nd year 5% 113,000 3rd year 5% 113,000 4th year 5% 113,000 5th year 5% 113,000 6th year 10% 226,000 7th year 10% 226,000 8th year 10% 226,000 9th year 10% 226,000

10th year Need to be replaced 2,260000


2） Human Resources and Training

At least five experts are necessary for the operation and data interpretation of 25

stations except from other tasks. Three of the five experts will be assigned to take

charge of a) “auto AQM station” and c) “auto PEM station” while the other two

experts will be assigned to take charge of b) “auto WQM stations”. These experts

need to undergo trainings, such as 1)Training at the manufacturer training

center/factory in the manufacturing country for a month, on-the-job training (OJT)

is desirable, 2) Training on data screening (to exclude outliers) and how to make a

report and analyze the data statistically.

3） Selection of Supplier

It is very crucial for DONRE to select a supplier that meets the quality requirement

as well as the quality of engineers that the supplier can provide. Due to the special

condition/situation in Vietnam such as high humidity and frequent electric power

failure as mentioned before, the probability of equipment failure is expected to be

higher than normal operation. In choosing the supplier at the bidding process, it is

not recommended to choose only in terms of price/cost. It is important to consider

the quality of supplier as well.

10.4 Establishment of Provincial GIS Center

As mentioned in Chapter 9, Quang Ninh Province has risks of suffering negative impacts

due to climate change. The total damages caused by natural disasters were estimated at up

to 120 billion VND, and 65 billion VND in 2005 and 2012, respectively.1

Thus, natural disasters in Quang Ninh Province has been limiting the development of its

economy, and damaging the environment, ecology and impacting the social life of the

1 http://quangninh24h.info/xem-tin-tuc/trien-khai-cong-tac-phong-chong-lut-bao-nam-2013.html


10-21

province. Along with impacts of global climate change, the level of natural disaster in the

country has worsened in general, particularly in Quang Ninh.

Recognizing this problem, the XIIIth Congress of the Quang Ninh Provincial Party

(2010–2015) had clearly stated the key tasks and measures for sustainable development.

One of the measures stated in the congress was “Increasing investment in research,

application of scientific and technical advances, new technology to serve leadership,

management and administration in agriculture, forestry, fishery production, administrative

reform, public services, and environmental protection”. In its development orientation,

Quang Ninh has always defined that science and technology is one of the important

driving forces for a rapid and sustainable socioeconomic development. This is also

consistent with the viewpoints of Resolution No. 20 of the Party on Science and

Technology, in which the development and application of science and technology is the

top national policy.

With the above direction at present, Quang Ninh is one of the leading provinces in

developing the E-government. The ranking index of development and application of

information technology in recent years have always been very impressive and have been

specifically deployed and planned out by 2015. Such plans include the availability of

Wi-Fi coverage throughout the towns and cities of the province and the use of email

boxes for work by 100% of provincial officials, especially in guiding the development

and deployment of strategy on information technology as well as the development and

application of the natural resources and environment action plan for responding to climate

change in the provincial areas.

Currently, the baseline data on natural resources, environment and the sea, and islands in

the province is quite large. These data were collected from several national level and

provincial level topics, projects and programs (annual projects and tasks of the province,

project on the development of a national database on natural resources and environment,

Scheme No. 47: Baseline Survey and Marine Natural Resources and Environment to 2010,

Vision to 2020, etc.). These products are quite diverse, including a database on natural

social conditions as well as a system of maps, satellite images of all kinds, and software

for managing the database based on GIS technology. To exploit and use effectively these

valuable information sources serving directly the direction, administration and state

management in general and in the field of natural resources, maritime and disaster

prevention in particular, the pressing issue now is to set an action plan for high

technology application, particularly geographic information and remote sensing to solve

the management problems. Some proposals on how to improve the capacity on

geographic information and remote sensing are as follows:


10-22

Develop projects and explanation notes on the necessity for submission to

competent authorities for approval.

Select consulting companies, construct specific applications to meet the

requirements and issues set by the managers.

Select managing models concentrated or dispersed in each area of expertise and

select specific policies for the concentrated model (at the Environmental

Information Center or at the Response Center, if any, in functioning sections or at

the sub-department of Environmental Protection)

Enhance human capacity: Organize training courses on the use of equipment,

software, report making; sending of faculties for training at professional

institutions at home or abroad.

Enhance the hardware and software capacity.

Assessment of effectiveness: Announce monitoring reports during deployment

period (e.g., damage assessment report after a storm, flooding, water pollution due

to oil spill, etc.)

10.5 Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring for Quang Ninh Province

10.5.1 Considerable Inter-regional Environmental Impacts on Quang Ninh Province

Quang Ninh Province has a strategic geo-political and geo-economic location in the

northeast part of Vietnam. The province is close to two of the three largest cities in

Vietnam (Ha Noi City and Hai Phong City), bordering China and its coastline to the Gulf

of Bac Bo. Inter-regional environmental problems due to its ability to link with China’s

economy and act as a cargo bridge between China and the ASEAN countries, especially

in the border environment, have not been considered. Consequently, environment

management should focus on regional and inter-regional operations and environmental

monitoring to identify its origins and its characteristics.

Representative issues coming from China include air pollution such as NOx, SOx, TSP

and acid rain deposition2.

A representative issue from contiguous city is water pollution through the Bach Dang

River and outside the Quang Ninh sea area. It is also especially necessary to pay attention

to pollution sources at Hai Phong Port3. Another issue to be considered is oil spill. The

sources of oil pollution and potential oil spill are the drilling platforms in the Gulf of

Tonkin and Gulf of Bac Bo. Monsoons can bring pollution especially since oil spills may

spread to the coast of Quang Ninh Province.

2 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), 2011, Second Periodic Report on The State of Acid

Deposition in East Asia

3 United Nations Environment Programme, 1998, National Report of Viet Nam on the Formulation of a Transboundary

Diagnostic Analysis and Preliminary Framework of a Strategic Action Programme for the South China Sea


10-23

10.5.2 Recommendation on Inter-regional Environmental Monitoring

In order to observe the inter-regional impacts on the environment, it is necessary to

implement appropriate monitoring and evaluation in Quang Ninh Province. Two

recommended methods to mitigate air, water and coastal area pollution are given below.

（1） Monitoring for Inter-regional Air Pollution

To implement the monitoring of the impacts of inter-regional air pollution on Quang Ninh,

it is necessary to have a monitoring site on the relevant area. One such kind of monitoring

network that could be used is the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia

(EANET). The EANET was established because of the necessity to establish regional

monitoring network with standardized monitoring methods and analytical techniques

regarding the state of acid deposition in the region. The objectives of EANET are as

follows: to create a common understanding of the state of acid deposition problems in

East Asia; to provide useful inputs for decision making at the local, national, and regional

levels aimed at preventing or reducing adverse impacts on the environment caused by

acid deposition; and to contribute to the cooperation among participating countries on the

issues related to acid deposition.

As of 2009, wet deposition monitoring was conducted at 54 sites in 13 participating

countries, which include four Vietnam monitoring sites, namely: Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Da

Nang, and Cuc Phuong (Figure 10.1-1). It is recommended that Quang Ninh Province will

cooperate to obtain real time information on the impacts of inter-regional air pollution. It

is one of the options for contributing in the air pollution monitoring for Quang Ninh

Province through EANET activities.


10-24

Source: EANET

Figure 10.5-1 EANET Deposition Monitoring Sites (2009)

（2） Monitoring for Inter-regional Water Pollution and Seabed Sediment

To implement monitoring for inter-regional water pollution and seafloor sediment,

cross-sectoral management, strategic environmental assessment, and local community

participation are essential. The Vietnamese government is putting emphasis on

environmental issues, including integrated coastal management (ICM)4. The ICM aims to

coordinate the application of different policies affecting the coastal zone and related to

activities such as nature protection, aquaculture, fisheries, agriculture, industry, offshore

wind energy, shipping, tourism, development of infrastructure, and mitigation and

adaptation to climate change. The ICM will contribute to the sustainable development of

coastal zones by the application of an approach that respects the limits of natural

resources and ecosystems (ecosystem-based approach). It covers the full cycle of

information collection, planning, decision-making, management, and monitoring of

implementation. It is important to involve all stakeholders across the different sectors to

ensure broad support for the implementation of management strategies. Before 1995,

ICM initiatives had not yet been formulated at both the central and local levels in Vietnam.

4 European Commission. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Available from:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/

Urban

Rural

Remote

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/


10-25

However, after 1995, ICM initiatives have been formulated at the central level and

implemented at the local level as pilot projects supported by the Vietnamese government

and international organizations.

In terms of national policy, Government Decree No.25/2009/ND-CP on integrated marine

resources management and environmental protection, dated March 6, 2009 (enforced in

May 2009), is the first integrated governance policy in the field of coastal, sea, and island

management in Vietnam. The policy offers some guide items for ICM implementation in

Vietnam, coastal function zoning, and coastal use planning. The Law of Sea and Law of

Marine Resources and Environment are being prepared which will be legal documents

focusing on ICM and marine spatial planning and management. There are some ICM

projects in Vietnam such as the Vietnam-The US of America Project on Building Capacity

on ICM for Viet Nam in Tonkin Gulf, supported by the US National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN) (2003-2012); as well as the National Program on ICM in 14 Provinces in

Central Vietnam Toward Year 2015 and Vision 2020, which covers Thanh Hoa down to

Binh Thuan provinces. The Vietnam Administration of Seas and Island and Partnerships

in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) implement the

Vietnam-PEMSEA program on ICM upscaling for seven key coastal provinces, namely:

Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Khanh Hoa, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Soc Trang and Kien

Giang (2011-2015)5. Consequently, Quang Ninh Province should monitor and evaluate

the coastal conditions through the ICM activities.

（3） Monitoring for Radioactive Substance

China has plan to construct 2 of new nuclear power plant near the border between

Vietnam and China. After operation of the new clear power plant, Quang Ninh Province

have to consider risk of radiation impacts, especially in accidental case. To reduce the risk,

it is recommended that Quang Ninh Province will have ability of radioactive substances

in air, water and soil environment. At the same time, an emergency response plan and a

regional commucation plan are recommended to be developed for distrct and city at the

border area, especailly Mong Cai City. For these activities, a project is proposed in this

environmental planning in Chapter 11. The detail is proposed in the Environmental

Improvement Project Report.

（4） Recommendatin on Soil Qualitgy Monitoring

So far, systematic soil quality monitoring has not been implemented in Quang Ninh Province.

5 Strategy on Integrated Coastal Management in Vietnam, Assoc. Dr. Nguyen Chu Hoi, Deputy Administrator of Vietnam

Administration of Seas and Islands(VASI); Available from:

http://soctrangteam.blogspot.com/2011/11/strategy-on-integrated-coastal.html

http://soctrangteam.blogspot.com/2011/11/strategy-on-integrated-coastal.html


10-26

However, coal industry and other ehavy industry, and insufficient solid waste management

may cause soil pollution in the province. Therefore, it is recommended to implement

systematic provincial-level soil quality monitoring, and a project was proposed under the

environmental planning of Quang Ninh Province. The activities of the project are;

- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the

soil environment,

- Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure quality and take soil samplings in

areas contaminated affected by industrial activities (due to coal mining, industrial

activities...)

- Analysis of toxic substances in the samples


11-1

CHAPTER 11 SOLUTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

PLANNING

11.1 SOLUTIONS FOR PRIORITY PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION

11.1.1 Solutions on Management

*Period 2014 – 2020:

- Harmonize between socio-economic development planning of the province, the sectors with

environmental planning;

- Promote application of the developed countries standards: application of environmental

Norms of Vietnam on air environment and construction, altering the factor of emission

standards in the Halong Bay area before 2015; development and application of more

stringent standards for water sources discharged into water sources used for supply purposes

for drinking, tourism, aquaculture, irrigation on parameters of coliform, BOD5, TSS, NO3,

phosphorus; construction of guiding documents to the private sector units to comply with the

new standards; development of regulations to manage and supervise the implementation of

the environmental protection works in the province (especially in the fields of treatment of

wastewater and emission etc.).

- Develop programs of capacity development for the provincial officials responsible for

environmental control;

- VINACOMIN is a key unit contributing to realize green growth strategies; close cooperation

between the province and Vinacomin to develop cooperative programs to ensure budget for

implementation of the environmental planning; consider establishment of fund to support the

pollution control operations; closely monitor implementation progress of the planned

environmental protection projects of Vinacomin;

- Promote environmental education and public awareness raising activities focusing on:

promoting 3R activities, introducing Satoyama model, promotion of eco-tourism;

- Develop policies and guidelines to introduce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and promote

public-private participation (PPP ) and promote cooperation with domestic investors to

promote the environmental protection projects; Exploit the special funds such as the trade

credits mechanizm for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG);

- Perform necessary tasks for asking donors for establishing feasibility study (FS) of projects

for construction of sewage treatment system and solid waste management system…;

- Strengthen measures to mobilize funding sources: construction of policy and mechanism to

encourage participation of private sector in implementation of environmental solutions;

develop guidance on the technical requirements of waste handling; mobilize international

financial supports for reduction measures of greenhouse gases emissions;

* Period 2021 - 2030:

- Application of standards of the developed countries; evaluation effectiveness of the new

standards application;

- Consideration the setting up of new funds for advanced technologies;

- Development of programs to share the practical and effective experiences in pollution


11-2

control with units in private sector.

- Enure the operation and maintenance costs of the infrastructures which have been built.

11.1.2 Solution on communication and awareness on environmental protection and socialization

of environmental protection

- Communication and education to raise awareness and understanding of the people, thereby

raising awareness of compliance, enforcement of law, and implementation of policy

measures for environmental protection; developing mass movement to protect the

environment; building model integrating environmental protection with social-economic

model; mobilization of community to contribute resources to environmental protection... At

the same time identify patterns of socialization for environmental protection in accordance

with the characteristics of each locality to apply.

- In residential areas, encourage people to perform waste separation at source under the 3R

model; participate in the street cleaning; building road sections that are self-managed by

women/youth/veteran ...; establish self-managed sanitation teams for each street to be in

charge of inspection and supervision of the activities of environmental violations and

mobilize people to participate in environmental protection programs, waste collection from

the alleys.... ; collection and treatment of wastewater; participation in environmental impact

assessment in the area where they live...

- Promotion construction of integration model for environmental protection with

social-economic model: Promotion of eco-tourism in the forests and coastal areas in the

province to attract the participation of people living in the buffer area of economic

development, reducing pressure on natural resources and participating in protection of

natural resources for development; development of forest environmental services

contributing to increased income and increased protection of land, regulating and

maintaining of water sources, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases....

11.1.3 Solutions on sources of investment

- Diversifying investment sources for environmental protection. Increase expenditure ratio for

environmental protection following the economic growth rate.

- Focus the provincial budget to ensure implementation of proposed projects in the Provincial

Environmental Planning; Propose with the central level for special fund allocation to serve

environmental protection tasks.

- Actively mobilize funds from the Sponsors; ODA;

- Promote socialization of environmental protection, promote active participation of the people,

businesses and investors at home and abroad.

- The units, business with production and trading activities, minerals trading, especially for

coal products must ensure full funding and timely implementation of projects to improve the

environmental impacts due to activities of mining, processing, transportation and

consumption of coal.

11.1.4 Solutions on policy, mechanism

Developing, specifying mechanisms and regulations to manage and implement effectively

environment protection through projects, including:

- Mechanism of combination between contents of social - economic development with


11-3

environmental protection.

- Mechanisms of linking between urban development with environmental protection.

- Mechanism of coordination between industries - agriculture, construction, trade - services for

the protection of environment.

- Policies to encourage the production and business establishments to abide by the regulations

on environmental protection, environmental improvement and application of clean

technologies.

- Encouraging and mobilizing capitals to raise funds for environmental protection in order to

attract and unify management of investments for environmental protection in the province.

11.1.5 Solutions on science and technology

- Promotion of more effective waste management solutions, minimize environmental

impacts by 3R approach (reduce, reuse and recycle).

- Step by step application of advanced technology in production facilities to both save

resources and contribute to environmental protection.

- Strict application of environmental standards for the production facilities.

- Application of advanced technologies to treat industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater,

sewage from mining.

- Application technology of waste treatment for microbial fertilizers

11.1.6 Solutions on Human Resource

*Strengthening capacity of the State management agencies for Environment for the main contents:

- Study to establish the management apparatus that are streamlined, appropriate and

effective.

- Strengthening capacity for planning, monitoring and strategy reviewing for implementation

of Green Growth strategy

- Strengthen capacity of the strategic environmental impact assessment (SEA) and ability

to monitor the predicted impacts of SEA to avoid negative and unforeseen impacts of

environment to ensure harmony between environmental protection and economic

development

- Strengthening capacity of environmental check and inspection

- Building capacity in promoting adaptation measures to climate change by mobilizing

international funding or commercial credit mechanisms.

*Strengthening capacity of relevant organizations:

- Strengthen capacity of the staff directly manage environment at the local levels.

- Formation of joint working groups with experts and local authority to support businesses,

production and trading facilities on advanced industrial wastewater and solid waste

management; promote development of wastewater treatment systems in rural areas; and

3R activities in resident areas.

.


11-4

11.2 PRIORITY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Among the projects proposed in Chapter 4 to Chapter 10, the following projects

recommended to commence any projects promotions actions in 2013 are shown in Tables

11.2-1 to 11.2-7. The outline of the proposals in each sector is shown below.

11.2.1 Outline by Each Environmental Management Sector

1. Water Environment Management

This priority project intends to construct wastewater treatment system and sewerage

network for Halong City. It is recommended to carry out an F/S study to update the

existing plan funded by the national or provincial budget. Currently, part of the project is

being proposed to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) yen loan.

Consequently, it is possible to consider the inclusion of wastewater treatment project in

all areas of Halong City. Considering the concept to introduce the standards of developed

countries proposed by the socio-economic master plan, and reflection of green growth

strategy by actualizing the concept of sustainable development for Halong City, the

planned wastewater treatment system is proposed to introduce the advanced system to

treat nitrogen and phosphate more effectively, and examine collection and reuse system of

generated sludge from the treatment system. At the same time, it is recommended that

preliminary feasibility study be conducted for priority areas, such as Mong Cai City, Cam

Pha City, Uong Bi City, and Van Don District.

Regarding coal mining wastewater, the Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries

Group (VINACOMIN) plans to construct wastewater treatment system in all of its coal

mining areas by 2015. It is recommended that Quang Ninh DONRE should monitor the

progress of their activity.

2. Solid Waste Management

The priority projects are the technical assistance and awareness raising projects to

develop capacities for promoting reduce, reuse, recycle (3Rs) activities and operation

improvement of the solid waste management system, and for regional solid waste

management improvement projects to develop improved solid waste management system

by improving the solid waste collection system and constructing regional composting

plant and sanitary landfill site for Hạlong City, Cam Pha City, Hai Ha District, Van Don

District, Hoanh Bo District, Quang Yen Town, and Co To District, of which available

landfill site capacity will be finished soon. Regarding these projects, cooperation of

adjacent local administration will contribute in decreasing the required cost for the

projects and actualizing a more efficient solid waste management. Currently, regional

(inter-administrative) solid waste management in Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, and

Cam Pha City is under examination. It is recommended to continue this examination.

Furthermore, it is suggested that similar study should be soon carried out for the eastern


11-5

part and western part of Quang Ninh Province.

In Quang Ninh Province, the private sector has already participated in the operation of

solid waste management. Using this experience, it is recommended to continue

encouraging the local investors in implementing the regional solid waste management

project.

Regarding the introduction of incinerators, it is recommended to examine its possibility

for regional solid waste management for Halong City, Hoanh Bo District, and Cam Pha

City. For Co To District, a pilot project to introduce the use of an incinerator is being

planned, so the project should be reviewed.

3. Air Environment Management

The project for strengthening capacity for environmental management intends to provide

equipment related to air quality monitoring to EMAC of DONRE. This project has been

already approved by PPC.

The project for mandatory reporting of flue gas measurement value to local government

plans including instructions on self-monitoring to these unit on their flue gas in the

stack/duct for large-scale plants as a mandatory report containing flue gas measurement

result on a quarterly basis. This project can be implemented by the budget allocated to

DONRE for annual environmental monitoring. It is recommended to implement these

projects within 2013 depending on the status of the budget allocation.

Another project is to solve the difficulties of dust measurement in the field and laboratory,

and to promote smooth and convenient initial operation of the “Auto AQM Station” and

“Auto PEM (Plant Emission Monitoring) Station”, supported by an international expert.

The technique on emission measurement under standard oxygen concentration is also

instructed by applying the emission standards of developed countries in the future. This

project is recommended to apply for international funding donor to get technical

assistance from international experts.

4. Forest Management

There are five priority projects proposed in the forest management sector as shown in

Table 11.2-4. Some of these projects are related to the development and upgrading of

conservation areas. Through these proposed priority projects, recommend the followings:

- Upgrate the Bai Tu Long National Park with inclusion of a new marine protected

area.

- Register the Bai Tu Long National Park to be an ASEAN Heritage Park to

disseminate its worth more widely in the international level.

- Upgrade the Yen Tu National Forest to be a national park by increasing the area

designated as protected area.


11-6

- One of the important priority projects in the forest management sector is the project

for management of headwater protection forest, of which the objective is to carry out

activities for protecting important watersheds that function as major surface water

supply sources, e.g., Yen Lap Lake and Trang Vinh Lake in Quang Ninh Province,

such as carrying out of baseline survey, preparation of management plan with setting

buffer zone, conducting forest fire protection work, and soil erosion prevention

work.

- Another important priority project is the rehabilitation and monitoring project for the

three major coal mines, i.e., Ha Tu, Suoi Lai, and Nui Beo by reforestation and earth

works to prevent soil erosion.

5. Biodiversity Conservation

There are three priority projects proposed in the conservation sector as shown in Table

11.2-5. Most important priority projects are related to the proposal for registration of

Ramsar sites for Quang Yen Town, Tien Yen District, and Mong Cai City. Another

important concept related to the priority projects is the “Satoyama Initiative”, which is the

concept for regional environment management with local people based on Japanese

experiences, promoted by the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10) of the Convention

on Biological Diversity. Regarding the priority projects related to registration of Ramsar

site, promotion of ecotourism is one of the important activities, and the project including

the activities can be carried out with private sectors to promote eco-tourism activities.

6. Climate Change Issue Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

There are five priority projects proposed in the conservation sector as shown in Table

11.2-6. One of the important projects in this sector is to promote the establishment of an

ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh Province. Quang Ninh Province is the

candidate province for the establishment of an ASEAN Green Growth Center. If the

center is established in Quang Ninh Province, it will contribute to the enhancement of

environmental management by shifting industrial and economic structure from “Brown

Growth” to “Green Growth”. Other main priority projects are related to mitigation

measures on possible climate change impacts such as increasing risk of natural hazard

and sea level rising. Another group of priority projects are related to a new mechanism

that will assist in the introduction of new technology for reducing GHG emission,

cooperating with developed countries such as Japan under new cooperation mechanism

known as Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)/Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism (BOCM)

for tourism and industrial sectors. For these projects, private investor can be involved in

the planning and implementation of projects.

7. Environmental Monitoring

Regarding environmental monitoring, one of the important projects is to install an


11-7

automatic environmental monitoring system in Quang Ninh Province. For operation and

maintenance of an automatic monitoring station, a certain budget will be required for

each year. Another important priority project proposed is the development of GIS

information center managing information at the provincial level. The GIS center is

expected to have various functions in developing an environmental information database,

such as biodiversity conservation, inland and marine resource protection, and hazardous

management.

11.2.2 Implementation Schedule



11-8

Table 11.2-1 Priority Projects in Water Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost

(millionUSD)

95.0

170

5.0

1.0

10.3

NOTE 1) Wastewater treatment process of each plant will be designed the advanced treatment process which can remove : Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA

Nitrogen and Phosphorous as well as BOD and SS.

2) In the F/S stage, methods for reduction of volume and recycling of sewer sludge will be studied as a countermeasure : Request of International Loan, Appraisal of ODA Donor, Selection of Consultant

against the limitation of landfill sites.

3) Wastewater from hospitals, public facilities, restaurants and other commercial facilities can be discharged : Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works

to sewer lines after construction of wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage system.

4) The owners and the operators of hospitals, public facilities, restaurants and other commercial facilities must : Implementation of project

treat the effluent before discharging to sewer lines as required to comply with a wastewater treatment plant.

5) Budget for the project is provided by VINACOMIN and other coal mining companies, such as deposit for environmental improvement for coal mining industry.

Total project cost is 354 million USD.

WEM-2

Development of


System in Priority Area

Mong Cai City

Cam Pha City

Uong Bi City

Van Don District

Construction of

wastewater treatment

facilities and sewerage

system in Mong Cai City,

Cam Pha City, Uong Bi

City and Van Don

District

National or

provincial budget

and ODA (To be

applied)

It is recommended to prepare

pre-F/S study and EIA study

by National or provincial

budget.

For F/S, B/D and D/D,

applying for ODA will be

considered.

2 millionUSD 93 millionUSD

ODA (To be

applied)


pre-F/S study and EIA study

by National or provincial

budget.

For F/S, B/D, D/D and

construction, applying for

ODA will be considered.

2 millionUSD 100 millionUSD 68 millionUSD

2022 2023 2024 2025

WEM-1

Development of


System for Halong

City

Construction of


facilities and sewerage

system in Halong city

ODA (under the

process to apply

for JICA yen loan)

It is recommended to carry out

F/S study to update existing

plan by National or provincial

budget.

or

to request JICA to conduct

Special Assistance for Project

Formation (SAPROF).

It is possible to consider to

include the wastewater

treatment project in all area

of Halong city by JICA yen

loan.

Year

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021No. Project Content of Project Budget Sources Actions to be taken in 2014 Remarks

It is recommended to conduct

a feasibility study to update the

current plan by the central

budget or the provincial

budget.

To ensure the budget, it is

recommended to cooperate

with VINACOMIN.

2 million USD

Project for Planning

Rural Wastewater

Treatment System in

Quang Ninh Province

The project is to examine

individual wastewater

treatment system in rural

area in Quang Ninh

province.

ODA loan

Provincial budget


budget.

-

8.3 million USD

WEM-3

WEM-4

0.7 million USD 0.3 million USD

Improving of

environment in areas of

Lo Phong, Khe Re

streams and Mong

Duong River

The Project to construct


system for coal mining

industry

Central budget or

provincial budget,

cooperation with

VINACOMIN



11-9

Table 11.2-2 Priority Projects in Air Environment Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Budget million

USD2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

: Implementation of project

Year

No. Name of Project Contents of ProjectFinancial

sources

Actions to be

Taken in 2014

Recommended

reached

inception in

2014.

Project on Mandatory

Reporting of Flue Gas

Measurement Value to

Local Government

The project is to introduce self monitoring

of flue gas in the stack/duct for large scale

plants as a mandatory report containing

flue gas measurement result on a quarterly

basis.

Provincial

Budget

Project for Strengthening

Capacity for Environmental

Management

The project invests in instruments

/equipment, including 1)Equipment for

environmental inspection, 2)Field

monitoring equipment (air & water),

3)Laboratory equipment, 4)Auxiliary

equipment.

Provincial

Budget

Recommended

reached

inception in

2014.

Funding will

come from the

annual budget

for

environmental

monitoring

AEM-1

AEM-2

AEM-3

0.65

0,24

-

Capacity Development on

Air Quality Monitoring and

Plant Emission Monitoring

by International Expert

The project is to solve the difficulties of

dust measurement in field and laboratory,

and to promote smooth initial operation of

“Auto AQM station” and “Auto PEM

Station”, with support from international

experts

Provincial

Budget

Non-

refundable

ODA



11

-10

Table 11.2-3 Priority Projects in Solid Waste Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost

(millions)

: Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA

: Request of International Loan, Appraisal of ODA Donor, Selection of Consultant

: Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works

0.2 million USD

10.7

0.20 million USD

10.5 million USD

(Local JSC: 4.8 million USD,

ODA or provincial budget: 5.7 million USD)

SWM-4

Development of solid

waste management system

for Uong Bi City, Hai Ha

District, remind area of

Van Don District, Quang

Yen Town, and Cot To

District

The Project for development of

solid waste management includes

construction of landfill,

improvement of collection system,

construction of bio composting

plant to serve recycling of solid

waste.

ODA budgets or

provincial budget with

private investors to

entrust the operation of

the collection system,

composting and landfill

It is recommended

to update the existing

F/S by provincial or

central budget

The towns and districts are listed as

priority areas, as existing capacity of

each landfill will be finished soon.

Preliminary study on

regional solid waste

managementSWM-2

The project is for study the

regional solid waste management

by grouping a number of districts,

cities and towns.

It is recommended

to ensure budget for

the project.

At present, Halong city, Cam Pha

town and Hoanh Bo district, and a

part of Van Don district are

considering grouping for solid waste

management.

0.2

SWM-1

Project on awareness

raising on solid waste

management

The project includes 3R

component as follows:

- Promotion of 3R at provincial

level

- Promotion of 3R on tourism

solid waste

- Awareness rising for enterprises

in improvement of industrial solid

Provincial and National

budget

Content of Project Budget SourcesPriority City/town/districtYear

2013 20202014 2015 2016

Provincial and National

budget

2017 2018 2019

Actions to be taken

in 2014Remarks

It is recommended

to ensure budget for

the project

- 0.7

0.35 million USD

To ensure the budget, it is

recommended to cooperate with

VINACOMIN.

SWM-3

Development of regional

solid waste management

system for Halong City,

Cam Pha City, Hoanh Bo

District, and a part of Van

Don District

The Project for development of

solid waste management includes

construction of landfill,

improvement of collection system,

construction of bio composting

plant to serve recycling of solid

waste.

ODA budgets or

provincial budget with

private investors to

entrust the operation of

the collection system,

composting and landfill0.4 million USD

It is recommended



central budget

Research results on the system of

solid waste management by region

(SWM-2) will be reflected.

21.3

4.8

0.07 million USD

20.9 million USD



0.35 million USD

31.4 million USD



SWM-5

Assessment of stability,

identifying potential risks

of soil and rock slides

areas and proposing

prevention solutions for

the Outer Dumping Sites in

Halong and Cam Pha

areas.

The project is to improve

condition of coal mining waste

dumping site; ensure safety for

resident areas.

The central budget or

provincial budget,

cooperation with

VINACOMIN

It is recommended



central budget



11-1

1

Table 11.2-4 Priority Projects in Forest Management Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost

(million USD)

11

3.6

6.0

3.3

1.5

12.0

2.6

: Approval in QNPPC, Preparation of Feasibility Study & EIA

: Detailed Design, Tendering, Procurement of Materials, Construction Works

No. Project Name Content ProjectFinancial

Source

Actions to be

Taken in 2014Remark

Year

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

FM-2

Project for development of

Bai Tu Long National Park,

registration as ASEAN

Heritage Park

The project is to developed a national park

cum marine protected area , and register as

an ASEAN Heritage Park.

National and

provincial

budget

It is

recommended to

request budget

for starting the

project.

With the registration as an

ASEAN Heritage Park, the

values of Bai Tu Long Bay

area will be more widely

recognized. Eco-tourism will

be boosted more

FM-3

Project of Establishment

and Upgrade of Yen Tu

National Park (Expansion)

The project is to upgrade Yen Tu National

Forest to Yen Tu National Park.

National and

provincial

budget

It is

recommended to

request budget

for starting the

project.

Eco-truism activity will be

promoted.

: Request of Investment (National/provincial budget, international loan, other sources), Approval of authority, Selection of Consultant

FM-4

Project for Management of


Forest

The project is to carry out protect important

watersheds for major surface water supply

source in Quang Ninh province, such as

carrying out of baseline survey, preparation

of management plan with setting buffer

zone, conducting forest fire protection

work, and soil erosion prevention work.

National and

provincial

budget

It is

recommended to

start preparation

work for this

project.

The project is expected to

contribute to protect major

water supply source in

Quang Ninh province.

1.5millionUSD

2027 2028 2029 2030

1.8millionUSD

1.5millionUSD 2.1millionUSD

0.8millionUSD 5.2millionUSD

2022

Project for Coastal

Ecological Corridor

Improvement in QN

Province

Mangrove and coastal forest in the province

is rehabilitated and the sustainable

management model is established.

Provincial

Budget

NDE achieve the

necessary budget

allocation

Management of mangrove

areas are restored or

renovated conceptual model

proposed by Japan

Satoyama to sustainable

management of the natural

environment

20262023 2024 2025

2.0 million USD 9.0 million USD

FM-5

Rehabilitation and

Monitoring Project for

Rehabilitation of Coal

Mines

Nghiên cứu và giảm thiểu được những điều

kiện ô nhiễm trầm tích và bùn lắng ở vịnh

Cửa Lục và Vịnh Hạ Long và đường bờ

biển của các vịnh này

Funds from

VINACOMIN

- -

1.5 million USD

FM-1

FM-6

Developing of Green Belt in

Halong and Cam Pha Cities

To create green trees belt, rehabilitate

landscapes and environment of Halong and

Cam Pha Cities.

Funds from

VINACOMIN

It is

recommended to

discuss with

VINACOMIN to

start the project.

-

FM-7

Planning and Testing the

Models of Land Use toward

Environmental Friendly

around Closed Coal Mines

Land use towards environmental friendly

at closed coal mining area

Funds from

VINACOMIN

- -

9.0 million USD

2.0 million USD

3.0 million USD

0.6 million USD



11

-12

Table 11.2-5 Priority Projects in Biodiversity Conservation Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost(million USD)

50 ## 50

0.25

57 57 57

0.25

50 ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

0.98


BDC-3

Project on Establishment

of Ramsar Site with

promotion of Eco-

tourism and Sustainable

Environment

Management.

This project is to conserve the

SATOYAMA wetlands and promote

the sustainable use and ecotourism, the

three coastal wetlands (Quang Yen ,

Tien Yen and Mong Cai) in Quang

Ninh Province with registration with

the Ramsar Sites.

ODA loan or Central

Budget, together with

Private sector investor

It is recommended to start to

prepare request documents if the

project apply for ODA fund.

The Ramsar sites will be expected

to contribute to promote eco-

tourism activities in Quang Ninh

province.

The SATOYAMA initiative is the

Japanese idea to manage regional

environment with local people

promoted by COP 10.

BDC-2

Restoration and

Rehabilitation of Coral

Reefs, sea grass and

seaweed vegetation

Project for rehabilitation the situations

of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed

vegetation, example in offshore area of

Co To Island

National and provincial

budget.

It is recommended to start

preparation work.

-

BDC-1

Planning of Biodiversity

Action Plan of Quang

Ninh Province

Project on Detailed Planning of

Biodiversity Action Plan

National and provincial

budget.

It is recommended to request

budget to PPC.

-

Year2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

No. Project Content of Project Financial Source Actions to be Taken in 2014 Remark



11

-13

Table 11.2-6 Priority Projects in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost

(million

USD)2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

CC-1

Communication for raising of

knowledge on climate change for

management mechanism at all

levels as well as communities in

Quang Ninh Province (priority for

coastal communities)

Communication for raising of

knowledge on climate change for

management mechanism at all

levels as well as communities in

Quang Ninh Province (priority for

coastal communities)

Provincial Budget It is recommended to

request budget to PPC.

- 0.1

CC-2

Study on development of the

ASEAN Green Growth Center

Promotion the establishment of the

ASEAN Green Growth Center in

Quang Ninh.



Quang Ninh province is a

candidate for establishing

the Green Growth Centre of

ASEAN.

0.3

CC-3

Capacity enhancement for

organizations in responding to

climate change

Capacity enhancement for

organizations in responding to

climate change


request budget to PPC. - 0.1

CC-4

Development of local regulations

for the climate change issues

Development of local regulations

for the climate change issues


request budget to PPC. - 0.1

CC-5

Construction, upgrading and

renovation of hydrometeorology

station in Co To District

Construction, upgrading and

renovation of hydrometeorology

station in Co To District


request budget to PPC.- 0.5

CC-6

Development of environment and

hazard database, and automatic

system for natural disaster

monitoring and warning

Development of environment and

hazard database, and automatic

system for natural disaster

monitoring and warning



- 1.3

CC-7

Promoting efficient operations of

tourist boats in Halong Bay

Promoting efficient operations of

tourist boats in Halong Bay

Private donor It is recommended to


JCM/BOCM mechanism

proposed by Japanese

Government can be applied

0.3

CC-8

Promotion of energy efficiency in

major manufacturers

Promotion of energy efficiency in

major manufacturers

Private donor It is recommended to


JCM/BOCM mechanism

proposed by Japanese

Government can be applied0.3

: Project Implementation

No. Project content Financial sourcesActions to be taken in

2014Remark

YearProject



11

-14

Table 11.2-7 Priority Projects in Environmental Monitoring Sector: Content, Budget and Implementation Schedule

Project Cost

(million USD) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

EM-1

The project for

construction of

automatic

environmental

monitoring

stations in Quang

Ninh (DONRE)

including

Construction

The Project will carry out construction and

installation of automatic environment

monitoring stations to grasp quality status of

air environmetn and water environment in

Quang Ninh Province

(1) Automatic envrionment monitoring

station to measure ambient air quality: 10

stationsto be installed in dense populated

areas or in areas affected by industrial

activities.


station to measure surface water quality (2

stations) and coastal water quality (5

stations)


station to measure emissions from stacks of

major thermal power plant and cement

plants: 7 stations

under proposal

process to Quang

Ninh PPC

The project shall

commence depending

on the approval of the

PPC

To operate and maintain

these automatic

monitoring statsion, it

requires certain budget

allocation per annum.

28.6

EM-2

Development of

construction plan

of regional GIS

centre

Reason for establishment of the GIS and

Remote Sensing centre, to:

(1) safety for tourism

(2) Response to climate changes

(3) Management of sea - island economy as

well as support to people who live along the

coast line and on islands.

(4) Management of natural hazard

(5) Management of natural resources and

environment protection

National and

provincial budget

It is recommended to

start the procedures

to apply for provincial

budget

The GIS centre is

expected to implement

many fucntions to

formulate Environmental

information database,

such as biodiversity

conservation, protection

of resources on sea and

inland, and management

of hazards

0.5


Year

No. Project Name Content Project Financial SourceActions to be Taken

in 2014Remark

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, Vision to 2030 (Draft Final Report)

11-15



raft Final Report)

11.3 Possible Budgetary Sources for Implantation of the Proposed Projects

11.3.1 General

The PPC, proponents, DPI, and DOF need to prepare sufficient budget to implement the

proposed projects. There are several budget sources to be able to choose, as shown in

Table 11.2-1 below. It is recommended that PPC and relevant departments will select and

apply the most appropriate budget source to obtain budget for the projects.

Table 11.3-1 List of Budget Sources for Projects in the Climate Change Issues

No. Category Name Remarks

1 Within Vietnam Provincial budget Collected environmental protection fee, Environmental Protection Fund can be considered as a part of budget for implementation of the proposed project.

2 Budget from central government

-

3 Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF)

VEPF can be considered for renewable energy projects (wind, solar and geothermal power, and hydropower) and power plant projects with methane collected from landfill sites and coal mines.

4 International donor fund

International donor fund To application for funds, documents to be prepared should be prepared by preliminary survey done by Vietnamese side, and a certain period is necessary to proceed the process for application.

5 Private sector fund

Private fund

For certain field, private funds can be utilized.

6 Specific Funds for Certain Specific Sector

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

As of November 2012, a total of 166 projects in Vietnam have been registered.

7 Joint Crediting Mechanism/Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism (JCM/BOCM)

The Vietnamese government and the Japanese government continue their discussion for the agreement of JCM/BOCM.

8 Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA)

This is an ecosystem-focused fund ensuring that climate change concerns are incorporated in the management of ecosystems through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) focal area projects.

9 Adaptation Fund This is administered by the GEF and began to generate significant resources in 2010. The fund was principally established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol.

10 Climate Investment Funds (CIF)

It is managed by the World Bank included in the Clean Technology Fund and the Strategic Climate Fund, which support various programs.

Source: Study Team

It is noted that presently there are various specific funds can be mobilized for addressing

climate change issues, so it is better to consider the way to utilized these funds as

effectively as possible.

Regarding the private funds, it is considered that the fund can be used for the following

sector.

Construction of industrial wastewater treatment system in industrial zones and

economic zones by contracting investors to develop required facilities.

Promotion of “Jokaso” or “Bio-toilet” projects by inviting private investors


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raft Final Report)

manufacturing / trading the equipment

Joint stock companies who has experiences / has intention to operate solid waste

management system in Quang Ninh Province.

Construction of industrial solid waste pre-treatment system in industrial zones and

economic zones by contracting investors to develop required facilities.

Construction of hospital solid waste pre-treatment system to new hospitals by

contracting investors to develop required facilities.

Renew/upgrade/rehabilitate the effluent and emission treatment systems to existing

thermal power plants and cement plants to meet the new effluent/emission standards

to 2015 and compatible with standards of the developed countries’ level.

Promoting eco-tourism in active management zone or Coastal Environmental

Protection Corridor proposed by the Project for Environmental Protection in Halong

Bay.

Introducing energy saving measures to manufacturers, hotels and tourism boats for

the projects to reduce amount of GHG emissions

11.3.2 Required Indicative Cost for Each Phase of Environmental Planning

The required budget for implementing all projects proposed by the Environmental

Planning is shown in Table 11.2-2. Total cost will be around 1,300million USD.

Table 11.3-2 Estimated Indicative Cost

Unit cost: million USD

Sector Possible Source 2013-2015 2015-2020 2020-2030 Total

Water Environment Government/Donor/

PPP 11 390 515,6 916,6

Air Quality

Management Government/Donor 1 3 0 4

Solid Waste

Management

Government/Donor/

PPP/FDI 3 30 65 98

Joint-stock

company - 15 - 15

Forest Management Government/Donor/

PPP 18,5 61,3 3 82,8

Biodiversity

Management

Government/Donor/

FDI 2 2 2 6

Climate Change Government/Donor/

PPP/FDI 22,6 44,2 77 143,8

JCM/BOCM

scheme 0.1 0.3 ^- 0.4


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raft Final Report)

Environmental

Monitoring Government/Donor 11 5,5 21 37,5

Total

69,2 551,3 683,6 1.304,1

Note; The price does not consider influence of inflation.

Source: Study Team

11.3.3 Preliminary Suggestion of Mobilization of Budget for Environmental Planning

Every year, Quang Ninh Province made the provincial expenditures for environmental

management. To cover the estimated budget for the Environmental Planning, the

following optional ideas can be proposed;

To focus the investment resources for implementing the proposed projects in the

period from 2014 to 2020, it is considered that Quang Ninh Province should

increase the provincial budget for Environmental Fund, to spend around 1 to 2 %

of total expenditure. If operational budget for environmental management is 1 to

2 % of total provincial expenditure, the province have to allocate 2 to 4% of total

expenditure for the Environmental Planning. In 2012, Quang Ninh Province spend

around 7.4% of total expenditure for environmental management, it is considered

that allocation of 2% to 4% of total expenditure can be examined. Nevertheless the

allocation of 2% to 4% of the provincial total expenditure for environmental

management, to cover the budget for development of large scale infrastructure

such as wastewater treatment systems and solid waste management systems,

international donors fund will be required. Therefore, it is expected that the 2 to

4% of total provincial expenditure will be used for sustainable environmental

management considering actualization of green growth strategy in Quang Ninh

Province.

Besides, Quang Ninh Province has another budget sources for environmental

protection, that are environmental protection tax and environmental protection fee.

These sources of fund should be prioritized 100% for implementation of projects

under the Environmental Planning

According to reports from the Tax Authority of Quang Ninh Province:

Source of Fund from environmental protection fees for minerals mining activities

between 2008 to 2012 can be shown as: about 271.58 billion in 2008, about 283 billion in

2009, about 323.68 billion in 2010, about 314.33 billion in 2011 and approximately 495.2

billion in 2012.

Source of Fund from collected environmental taxes (revenue from coal): started to collect

from 2012 with a total amount of 458.54 billion, 70%,of which is reserved to Quang Ninh

Province with respectively around 320.98 billion.


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raft Final Report)

Thus, the total cost can be spent on environmental protection in 2012 was estimated at

816.18 billion

After 2015, a part of investment cost will be expected to be covered by donor

fund.

Involving of private investment by FDI or PPP can be promoted the certain sector,

such as a part of wastewater treatment system excluding construction of sewerage

system, recycling activity of solid waste management, promotion of eco-tourism

under forest management and biodiversity conservation sector, introduction of

Ramsar site with SATOYAMA initiative, and adaptation measures on climate

change issues.

Regarding the projects related to coal mining sector, the environmental protection

budget already secured by VINACOMIN, specifically:

- The Concentrated Environmental Fund: 1.5 % of sales of coal and minerals

production. This fund is used primarily for investment, environmental protection

programs in general that involving many units, the urgent and important

environmental protection works, the environmental protection works of existing

production facilities and the other environmental protection works in accordance

with regulations of the Ministry of Finance .

- The investment capital source of VINACOMIN and the Units: This includes the

development investment fund, the commercial loans, socialization capitals and

other investment funds. The fund is used for investing in environmental protection

works of the new production facilities, the facilities with nature of both for

production and having effects of reducing environmental negative impacts.

- The International financing source: the grants that are mainly used for research

and technology application, training and human resources development for

environmental protection. The preferential loans are used to supplement

investment budgets in the environmental protection works.

- Regular environmental expenditures: spend at minimum 0.5% of production cost

to implement the regular environmental protection works .

According to Decision No. 1052/QD-VINACOMIN dated 18/6/2013 of

VINACOMIN on approval the Environmental Protection of Coal mining Region

of Quang Ninh Province to 2020, vision to 2030 Project, it determined that the

total capital demands for environmental protection in the 2013 - 2020 period is

3,855,990 million, of which for the period 2013 - 2015 is 1,601,840 million and

for the 2016 -2020 period is 2,254,150 million.

However, with the content of this study proposed in Chapter 4 ( Section 4.4.1 (2)


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raft Final Report)

and Chapter 6 (Section 6.4.1 ( 2 ) ) of this report, the budget needed for the

period between 2013 to 2020 is about 4,083,597 million, allocating for the period

from 2013 to 2015 is approximately 2,450,357 million, for the 2016 to 2020

period is approximately 1,633,240 million.

In case that economical development of Quang Ninh Province will follow

prediction by the Socio-economic Development Plan, total amount of 1% of total

provincial expenditure from 2012 to 2020 will be around 230 million USD. In case

that the required indicative cost on water environment management and solid

waste management sector will be covered by donor fund and private sector, the

remained indicative cost can be covered by provincial budget. Therefore, to get

international donor funds for development of infrastructure in water environment

and solid waste management sector, it is recommended that initial examination for

development of such infrastructures such as pre-feasibility study will be carried

out by Vietnamese side budget. For such studies, if national government will

support as special funds, the proposed Environmental Planning can be proceeded

smoothly, especially in initial phase of the plan during 2014-2015, and middle

phase of the plan during 2016 to 2020 for priority projects.

11.4 Monitoring of Implementation of the Proposed Projects

It is proposed that a Project Management Unit will be organized directly under DONRE

to assist PPC in managing the capital funds for construction, receiving, managing and

using the sources of fund assigned by the PPC and other sources (if any) to prepare

construction investments; perform the construction investment projects for environmental

protection of the province and the Sectors (if any).

11.5 Required Process to Apply for International Donor Fund

To apply for international donor fund, the following process should be taken generally.

Considering the following process, it is necessary to secure required budget and period

for preliminary study such as F/S and application process.

(1) Preparation of the Loan Request

Before applying for international donor fund, it is recommended Quang Ninh Province

After to implement feasibility studies to confirm the feasibility of the Project by declaring

its viability and authorizing the conglomerates, considering the predicted impact, such as

increasing of pollution load, to at least 2020, and as necessary to 2030.

(2) Donor’s Appraisal and Loan Agreement

In response to the loan request, the international banking organization will dispatch an


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raft Final Report)

appraisal mission to assess the necessity, feasibility, readiness conditions, and so on. They

will also examine the project whether the proposal is suitable as a loan project, and in

accordance with the policy set forth by the international banking organization. During the

process of confirmation of all relevant aspects, additional survey may be required, so it is

recommended to correspond such request flexibly.

(3) Project Implementation

When a project is approved for a certain international donor fund, a project management

unit (PMU) should be assigned for the execution of the proposed projects and its

management. The PMU will hold a tendering procedure to select a qualified firm in

performing the management services as an operating organization and supervising

consultants (international and local consultants), and carry out the management of the

Project. During the implementation period, the designated consultant will carry out

supervision of construction works according to FIDIC guidelines, as well as the laws of

Vietnam.

(4) Example of Implementation Schedule of the Project

It is expected that the implementation of the proposed Project will take around five years,

as shown in Table 11.4-1 below.

Table 11.5-1 Implementation Plan (for Reference)

Notes:

Actual construction period will be changed according to the site conditions.

Approval of international loan will be done by the Vietnamese government.

FS (including basic design) and EIA will be done by the Vietnamese government.

Source: Study Team

11.6 Relevant Organizational Functions and Human Resources to be Enhanced

（1） Current Limitation on Relevant Organization and Human Resorces

To implement the proposed environmental planning, especially commecing priority


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raft Final Report)

projects smoothly, the following capacity limitation of relevant organization and human

resources should be improved.

Currently, the number of officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial

wastewater treatment system is limited. To introduce appropriate wastewater

treatment system, DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE needs to enhance their capcity

for introducing advanced industrial wastewater treatment system.

The number of officers who have knowledge on rural wastewater treatmet

system is limited. For promoting individual wastewater treatment system in

rural area, DONRE and DOC needs to need to enhance their capcity for

introducing rural wastewater treatment system.

The number of officers who have experiences and knowledge to promot 3R

activities. For promoting 3R activities to local residents, DONRE and DOC

should set specific team in their organizations.

The number of officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial solid waste

management is limited. For instructing enterprise to proceed appropriate

industrial solid waste management, DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE need to needs

to enhance their capcity for introducing advanced solid waste management

system.

The SATOYAMA initiative, introduced by this environmental planning is a new

idea for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of regional resources.

DONRE, DARD, Fishery Department and the concerned rural administration

bodies need to develop capacities to actualize the SATOYAMA initiative.

For proceeding climate change adaptation measures by using international fund

or credit mechanism by trade of GHG emission reduction, the officers who have

knowledge on such mechanisms should be dispatched. DONRE should consider

to allocate such officers and set a specific section.

（2） Solutions on improvement of related organization and human resources

For implementation of the Environmental Planning, need to enhance the environmental

management capacity of the concerned organizations, as shown bellows:

For instructing enterprise to equip appropriate wastewater treatment system, a

group of technical officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial

wastewater treatment system should be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from

DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE will be nominated as the members of the group.

After 2015, depending on disseminating of technical information to enterprises,

the number of officers should be increased.

For promoting individual wastewater treatment system in rural area, a working


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raft Final Report)

group is recommended to be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from DONRE

and DOC will be nominated as members of the group. Depending on spreading

of the individual treatment system, the number of officers should be increased.

For promoting 3R activities to local residents, a working group is recommended

to be established. The working group comprises of officers of DONRE and

DOC with external experts who has knowledge of environmental education on

3R activity, and local officers and representative of local residents of model

areas selected as core group to promoting 3R activity.

For instructing enterprise to proceed appropriate industrial solid waste

management, a working group of technical officers who have knowledge on

advanced industrial solid waste management system should be established.

Initially, 3 to 5 officers from DONRE, DOIT, and DOSTE will be nominated as

the members of the group. After 2015, depending on disseminating of technical

information to enterprises, the number of officers should be increased.

For promoting SATOYAMA initiative, a working group is recommended to be

established. The working group comprises of officers of DONRE, DARD and

Fishery Department with external experts who has knowledge on SATOYAMA

initiative, and local officers and representative of local residents of model areas

selected as core group to promoting the initiative.

For proceeding climate change adaptation measures by using international fund

or credit mechanism by trade of GHG emission reduction, a working group of

technical officers who have knowledge on advanced industrial solid waste

management system should be established. Initially, 3 to 5 officers from

DONRE will be nominated as the members of the group. After 2015, depending

on increase of experience of climate change adaptation measures, the number of

officers should be increased.

（3） Promotion of environmental education activities and public awareness raising

In order to improve efficiency of the proposed projects, the environmental education

activities and public awareness raising play very important roles, especially the

environmental education activities on the related fields as presented in the Table 12.6-1

below. It should be noted that the environmental education activities will bring into play

the efficiency after a certain period, rather than immediately. So these activities should be

done continuously. One important thing to bring about success of the environmental

education activities is that there should be a key force in implementing the activities in

active way, such as schools, local authorities or mass organizations such as Youth Union

and Women Union which have strong concerns to educational activities. It is better to

select the group of agency to be representatives for promoting environmental education


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raft Final Report)

and receiving active support from all authority levels , from grass-root to provincial level.

Table 11.6-2 Environmental education in environmental field

Environmental fields Notes

Promotion of 3R

activities - Waste separation should be carried out at source. To perform

successfully the waste separation at source, collaboration with local

residents is essential and environmental education should be

implemented.

- Construction of large scale solid waste collection system in each

locality is difficult to do. Therefore, to ensure the management of

solid waste, need to consider the applicability of individual re-use

system such as small scale bio-composting stations. Accordingly,

need to promote the appropriate re-use techniques.

Introduction of

SATOYAMA model - To introduce Satoyama models, the local people need to understand

the concept of sustainable development, taking into account the

characteristics of the natural environment of the locality. In order to

balance between local economic development and environmental

protection, should organize meetings between the local government

and local people, in cooperation with experts with in-depth

knowledge of the local environment.

Promotion of

eco-tourism

- To promote eco-tourism, it is important that the available human

resources needs knowledge on local environment characteristics and

can guide tourists. To have such human resources, the provincial level

and local governments should develop training programs for local

people and organizations involved.

Source: Study Team


1

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. Benefit of Environmental Plan

It is expected the following benefits by implementation of the Environmental Plan;

The Environmental Plan will contribute to mitigate impact from secondary

industry which is represented by coal mining industry, and promoting of

sustainable tourism. It means that the Environmental Plan will urge shifting of

industry from “brown” to “green” and support actualization of green growth

strategy.

Natural environment of Quang Ninh Province from mountain area to marine area

will have connected as network by enhancement of function of protected area and

appropriate land use by environmental zoning. As a result, it is expected to sustain

appropriate environmental condition to actualize sustainable development.

Quang Ninh Province aims at introducing developed country standard in

provincial level to 2020. The Environmental Plan will contribute to reduce amount

of pollution discharge to environment by development of wastewater and solid

waste management system with introduction of new technologies.

The Environmental Plan will contribute to enhance worth of coastal and marine

environment by expanding marine protected area, enhancement of function of Bai

Tu Long National Park and introduction of SATOYAMA initiative. It will urge

sustainable development with wise-use of coastal and marine natural resources.

The expected achievement status comparing goal and vision of the environmental

planning to 2020 and 2030 are described in Table 1-1

Table 1-1 Expected Achievement Status by Implementation of Environmental Planning of

Quang Ninh Province

Environmental

Component

Goal of Environmental Planning to 2020

Quang Ninh Province will be a leading

actor in Vietnam for environmental

protection under the concept of green

growth.

Vision of Environmental Planning to

2030

Quang Ninh Province will be a key

leading actor for successful

implementation of environmental

protection targets within framework of

green growth strategy in Vietnam, will

have capability for exchange of

information and experiences to the other

countries, such as the ASEAN countries.

Water Environment For central area of Quang Ninh Province

including Halong City will have wastewater

treatment system, and advanced rural

wastewater treatment including livestock

wastewater treatment will be actualized in

All area in the province will have

wastewater treatment system, and various

wastewater, such as industrial wastewater,

hospital wastewater, aquaculture

wastewater, and coal mining wastewater


2

certain area. For coal mining wastewater,

wastewater treatment system will be

developed for all coal mining area.

will be treated in proper way.

Air Environment Air pollution control and monitoring

capacity will be developed to achieve

advanced environmental and emission

standard.

All parameters satisfy advanced

environmental and emission standard by

provincial government instruction to

various sectors.

Solid Waste Management Halong city, Cam Pha City, and Hoang Bo

District will have regional solid waste

management system.

All area in the province will have advanced

solid waste management system, and 3R

activities will become more friendly

concept for provincial people. Various solid

waste, such as industrial solid waste,

hospital solid waste, and coal mining waster

will be treated in proper way.

Forest Management Protected area will be extended, and its

management capacity will be enhanced.

Additionally, watershed management

concept will be introduced.

Inland, coastal and sea environmental

corridor will be developed in provincial

level, and watershed management concept

will become more friendly concept for the

concerned people for forest management.

Biodiversity Conservation A new concept for biodiversity

conservation and sustainable resource

usage, named SATOYAMA initiative will

be introduced.

New Ramsar sites and established protected

areas will help to sustain well condition on

biodiversity in Quang Ninh Province.

SATOYAMA initiative will become more

friendly concept for the concerned people.

Climate Change Issue General policy and institutional system to

adopt climate change issue will be

developed, and adaptation measures will be

actualized.

Mitigation measures will be adopted, and

reduce of GHG emission and development

of low carbon society will become common

concept under green growth strategy.

Environmental Monitoring Provincial monitoring network will be

developed, and automatic monitoring will

be started.

Provincial monitoring network will be

sustained under proper condition with

operation of automatic monitoring system,

and specific monitoring activity will be

implemented regularly, such as soil

monitoring, radioactive substance

monitoring and biodiversity monitoring.

Source: Study Team

2. Relationship between Environmental Zoning and proposed projects in the

Environmental Planning of Quang Ninh Province

The Environmental Planning proposed a total of 91 projects and proposed collaboration with

Vinacomin through implementation of planned projects based on the Decision No. 60 QD-TTg


3

dated 9/1/2012, and the Environmental Protection Project for Coal mining Region of Quang Ninh

Province to 2020, orientation to 2030. These projects have close relationships with concept of the

proposed environmental zoning and each zone has specific characteristics shown in the projects

which will be implemented. Outlines of projects in each zone are presented in the following section,

and the relationships between projects and the environmental zoning are presented in the Table 2-1.

(1) Conservation Zone

The Conservation Zone is the areas officially authorized for environmental protection by the state

and the local governments. These zones are expected with functional enhancement to maintain

good environmental status and support sustainable development in developing areas. In this zone,

the following major types of projects are proposed:

Expand the strict conservation areas and strengthen fields of environmental management,

such as: registration of the Bai Tu Long National Park as the ASEAN Heritage, and

upgrade the Yen Tu area to be the National Park.

Develop mountainous, coastal and marine ecological corridors to protect the valuable

biological resources, not only to help protection of environment but also to develop

sustainable tourism and improve coastal environment including the main tourist areas like

Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay through establishment of new protected areas such as

the forest conservation areas, especially the areas of northeastern islands and coastal areas

of the Province.

Conserve the valuable environmental resources such as coral reefs, endangered species on

land and sea through related management capacity building, and control of economic

activities by setting new regulations of the Province, and

Conserve and improve conditions of watershed areas to provide good quality fresh water

by increasing the forest cover, improve forest management capacity and limit industrial

activities such as coal mining operations.

(2) Active Environmental Management Zone

The Active Management Zone is areas for sustainable use of natural resources and development of

the local economy, with respect/harmony with environmental protection. This zone is expected to

be the model area for realization of sustainable development and contribution to promotion of

eco-tourism activities. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:

Introduce new ideas and new systems to manage the good environmental conditions and

encourage local economy, such as registration of Ramsar site with the new concept of

Biodiversity with "Satoyama” Initiative and promotion of eco-tourism with maintaining the

natural resources value by developing new regulations of the Province.


4

Limit operations of large-scale economy and high intensity industrial activities to maintain

the natural and valuable environment and resources, by implementing effective planning

and evaluation of the expected operations on environment,

Enhance functions against natural hazards by expansion and improvement of areas of

coastal mangroves, strengthening the local management, and

Encourage awareness of the people involved and local authorities on sustainable

development and promoting eco-tourism.

(3) Renovation and restoration zone

As the areas to be restored to improve environmental conditions and reduce impacts on the marine

and coastal environment, this area is also expected to be used for environmentally friendly goals

such as practice areas for the tourism sector and education, like a museum of coal mining

operations. To implement the proposed projects in this zone, good collaboration with Vinacomin is

necessary. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:

Recover the coal mining areas by improving soil quality, application of measures to reduce

erosion and planting trees, consider the effect of mitigating sedimentation in coastal and

sea areas.

Develop the green belts to reduce environmental impacts to the surrounding areas,

Improve environment in the landfill areas by building the necessary infrastructure and

introduction of appropriate technologies for coal mining waste treatment,

Install wastewater treatment systems for treating of the coal mining wastewater and surface

runoff water due to effects of open-cast mining, and

Plan the testing models of land use towards environmentally friendly around the areas of

closed coal mines.

(4) Development Zone

As the areas where the relevant provisions of the current is applied for change of land use purposes.

At the same time, a part of this area is expected to have a better environment to satisfy the

standards of developed countries. In this area, the following major types of projects are proposed:

Develop the concentrated wastewater treatment systems and regional solid waste

management to satisfy the environmental standards of developed countries.

Introduce appropriate technologies for treatment of wastewater and industrial solid waste

to realize the environmentally friendly industry operations.

Strengthen air quality monitoring to control air pollutants,

Set regulations at provincial level to control or restrict the construction of additional


5

large-scale sources of air pollution of such as the thermal power plants and the cement

industry in the main tourist areas in Halong Bay.

Perform strategic environmental impact assessment to avoid the regional environmental

impacts by the regional development plans, including other provinces, together with

supports from the central government, and

Implement projects of greenhouse gas emissions reduction in Halong Bay area

cooperating with other organizations and private sector such as the tourist boats companies,

tourism facilities, as well as hotels and the inland transportation companies.

Table 2-1 Relationship between Proposed Projects and Environmental Zoning

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct

Corresponding Environmental Zone

Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

Water environment management

1

Development of Wastewater Treatment System for Halong City (Component applied to JICA Yen loan)

The Project to develop wastewater management system in each city, town and district.

95.0 2013-2020 x x

2

Development of Wastewater Treatment System for Halong City (other components)

" 170.0 2014-2022 x x

3 Development of Wastewater Management System for Mong Cai City

" 98.0 2014-2022 x x

4 Development of Wastewater Management System for Cam Pha city

" 135.0 2014-2022 x x

5 Development of Wastewater Management System for Uong Bi city

" 98.0 2014-2022 x x

6 Development of Wastewater Management System for Van Don District

" 23.0 2014-2022 x x

7 Development of Wastewater Management System for Quang Yen Town

" 15.0 2016-2027

x

8 Development of Wastewater Management System for Dong Trieu District

" 54.0 2016-2027

x

9 Development of Wastewater Management System for Binh Lieu District

" 6.0 2018-2030

x

10 Development of Wastewater Management System for Tien Yen District

" 15.0 2018-2030

x

11 Development of Wastewater Management System for Dam Ha District

" 8.0 2018-2030

x

12 Development of Wastewater Management System for Hai Ha District

" 129.0 2018-2030

x

13 Development of Wastewater Management System for Ba Che District

" 11.0 2018-2030

x

14 Development of Wastewater Management System for Hoang Bo District

" 41.0 2018-2030

x

15 Development of Wastewater Management System for Co " 4.0 2018-2030

x


6

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

To District

16

Project for Planning Rural Wastewater Treatment System in Quang Ninh Province

The project is to examine individual wastewater treatment system in rural area in Quang Ninh province.

1.0

2014-2016 x x x

17

Project for Preparing Guidelines to Control Industrial Wastewater to Satisfy EU Standards

The project is to prepare guidelines for controlling industrial wastewater by EU level effluent standards.

0.5

2015-2017 x

18

Improving of environment in areas of Lo Phong, Khe Re streams and Mong Duong River

The Project to construct wastewater treatment system for coal mining industry

10.3 2014-2020 x x

19 Project for planning to decrease the amount of non-revenue water

The Project is to examine possible measures to decrease non-revenue water.

0.3 2015-2016

x

20

Project for Planning of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Improvement

The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced treatment system for wastewater from livestock

1.0 2016-2020

x

21

Project for Planning Aquaculture wastewater Treatment Improvement

The project aims at planning and implementing a pilot project to introduce advanced treatment system for wastewater from aquaculture

1.0 2016-2020

x x

Air Quality Management

22

Project for Strengthening Capacity for Environmental Management

The project invests in instruments /equipment, including 1)Equipment for environmental inspection, 2)Field monitoring equipment (air & water), 3)Laboratory equipment, 4)Auxiliary equipment.

0.65 2014-2015 x x x x

23

Project for Enhancing EMAC’s Capacity on Science and Technology

Main objectives of project are to (1) Improving technical infrastructure in terms of working room, essential specialized area (2) Supplementing required equipment and upgrading existing one (3) Increasing the quantity and quality of staff

3.0 2016

x x x

24

Capacity Development on Air Quality Monitoring and Plant Emission Monitoring by International Expert

The project is to solve the difficulties of dust measurement in field and laboratory, and to promote smooth initial operation of “Auto AQM station” and “Auto PEM Station”, with support from international experts

0.24 2014-2016 x x x x

25

Project on Mandatory Reporting of Flue Gas Measurement Value to Local Government

The project is to introduce self monitoring of flue gas in the stack/duct for large scale plants as a mandatory report containing flue gas measurement result on a quarterly basis.

The budget will be covered by

annual budget

for

2014-2016 x x


7

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

environment

al monitoring

sector.

26

Project for Introduction of Severer “Western Air Quality Standards” to Quang Ninh Province

After 3 years accumulation of “Auto AQM station” data at least, and to establish the scientific committee to discuss own AQS in Halong Bay Area, it is desirable to adopt Quang Ninh independent PM10 standard as a leading environmental province. The limitation value might be between 50μg/m3 to 100μg/m3

0.02 2016-2020

x x x

Solid Waste Management

27

Project on awareness raising on solid waste management

The project includes 3R component as follows: - Promotion of 3R at provincial level - Promotion of 3R on tourism solid waste - Awareness rising for enterprises in improvement of industrial solid waste management.

0.7 2014-2018 x x x x x

28

Preliminary Study on regional solid waste management

The Project is for study the regional solid waste management by grouping a number of districts, cities and towns.

0.2 2014-2015 x x x x

29

Development of regional solid waste management system for Halong City, Cam Pha City, and Hoanh Bo District

The Project for development of solid waste management includes construction of landfill, improvement of collection system, construction of bio composting plant to serve recycling of solid waste.

21.3 2014-2018 x x x x

30 Development of solid waste management system for Uong Bi city

" 3.6 2014-2018 x x x x

31 Development of solid waste management system for Hai Ha District

" 1.6 2014-2018 x x x x

32 Development of solid waste management system for Van Don District

" 1.6 2014-2018 x x x

33 Development of solid waste management system for Quang Yen Town

" 3.0 2014-2018 x x x x

34 Development of solid waste management system for Co To District

" 0.9 2014-2018 x x x

35 Development of solid waste management system for Mong Cai City

" 6.2 2014-2019 x x x

36 Development of solid waste management system for Binh Lieu District

" 1.4 2014-2019 x x

37 Development of solid waste management system for Tien Yen District

" 1.7 2014-2019 x x x


8

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

38 Development of solid waste management system for Dam Ha District

" 1.3 2014-2019 x x x

39 Development of solid waste management system for Ba Che District

" 1.3 2014-2019 x x

40 Development of solid waste management system for Dong Trieu District

" 2.9 2014-2019 x x

41

Study on Improvement of Industrial Solid Waste Management

The project is to prepare a roadmap to actualize suitable industrial solid waste management

1.0 2014-2015 x

42

Assessment of stability, identifying potential risks of soil and rock slides areas and proposing prevention solutions for the Outer Dumping Sites in Halong and Cam Pha areas.

The project is to improve condition of coal mining waste dumping site; ensure safety for resident areas.

4.8

2014-2019

x x

Forest management

43

Project for Coastal Ecological Corridor Improvement in QN Province

Mangrove and coastal forest in the province is rehabilitated and the sustainable management model is established.

11.0 2014-2022 x x x

44

Project for Management of Bai Tu Long National Park with Registration of ASEAN Heritage Site

Management capacity of Bai Tu Long National Park is strengthened.

3.6 2014-2020 x x

45

Project for Establishment and Upgrading of Yen Tu National Forest to National Park

Yen Tu National Forest is upgraded to be Yen Tu National Park and sustainably managed.

6.0 2014-2019 x x

46 Project for Management of Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve

Management of Dong Son – Ky Thuong Nature Reserve is improved.

5.6 2016-2021 x

47

Project for Management of North-eastern Region Forest Area

Natural forest cum headwater protection forest area is conserved as a new nature reserve area.

2.1 2016-2020 x

48

Project for Management of Headwater Protection Forest (Yen Lap and Trang Vinh)

Three headwater protection forest areas are conserved for supplying water.

3.3 2014-2020 x x

49 Project for Afforestation in Communes along China-Vietnam Border Line

Forest area in the bordering with China is appropriately managed.

4.5 2016-2022 x x

50

Project for Capacity Building on Forest Protection, Forest-Fire Control, Biodiversity Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Forestry Sector

Enhance the capacity of concerned management staffs at all levels as well as the related economic parties on forest protection, forest fire prevention and law enforcement in the forestry sector.

1.8 2016-2020 x x x

51

Project for Improvement of Forest Related Industry

Forest Industry in the province is improved and Forestry Production Amount is Increased.

1.4 2016-2021 x x

52 Study on Plantation Technology

Forestry technologies to achieve sustainable forest management are developed.

1.7 2017-2022 x x

53

Project for Sustainable Forest Management

Sustainable forest management is practiced in the province and 30% of the production forest gets the forest certificate on SFM.

5.5 2017-2025 x x x


9

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

54

Project for Eco-tourism Development

Ecotourism potential is studied and eco-tourism activities in Quang Ninh Province are diversified.

2.4 2014-2020 x x x x

55

Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project for Rehabilitation of Coal Mines

Pollution from coal mining areas and dumping sites including landscape degradation is appropriately rehabilitated.

11.5 2015-2030 x x

56

Project for Control and Minimize Sedimentation in Coastal Zone in Cua Luc Bay and Halong Bay

Condition of sedimentation and siltation pollution in Cua Luc and Halong Bay and their shorelines are studied and mitigated

1.5 2018-2021 x x x x

57

Enhancement of forest planting to improve forest coverage and quality, and encouragement of development and regeneration of natural forest

Aiming at working as a sink of CO2 and disaster prevention, to improve forest quality and coverage areas in Quang Ninh Province

4,8 2016-2020

x x

58

Developing of Green Belt in Halong and Cam Pha Cities

To create green trees belt, rehabilitate landscapes and environment of Halong and Cam Pha Cities.

12.0 2014-2018 x

x

59

Planning and Testing the Models of Land Use toward Environmental Friendly around Closed Coal Mines

Land use towards environmental friendly at closed coal mining area

2.6 2015 - 2020 x

x

Biodiversity

60 Planning of Biodiversity Conservation Plan of Quang Ninh Province

This project is to prepare Biodiversity Conservation Plan.

0.25 2015-2019 x x x x x

61

Project for Promotion and Encourage of Public Education and Awareness

This project is to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures required for, the conservation of biodiversity.

0.3 2015-2020 x x x x

62

Institutional Development and Capacity Building for Relevant Organizations

This project is to disseminate the policies, laws, and institutions about the biodiversity conservation for the institutional development and capacity building in Quang Ninh Province based on the prepared Biodiversity Conservation Plan.

0.1 2015-2016 x x

63

Survey and Control of Invasive Alien Species

This project is to control of the damage for ecosystems, agriculture and tourism by invasive alien species, survey of current status and examination of controlling method of invasive alien species in Quang Ninh Province.

0.2 2015-2016 x x

64

Restoration and Rehabilitation of Coral Reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation

This project is to recover marine ecosystem damaged by illegal fishing, the restoration and rehabilitation of coral reefs, sea grass and seaweed vegetation.

0.25 2014-2015 x x

65 Development for cultivation and plantation technology of endangered and indigenous

This project is to prevent the extinction of endangered and restore the natural

0.1 2015-2016 x x


10

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

plant species vegetation, the cultivation and plantation technology of endangered and indigenous plant species in Quang Ninh Province.

66

Capacity buildings for management skills of endangered species traffic control

This project is to prevent the illegal traffic of endangered species, capacity building of management skills for relevant organization staff should be conducted.

0.2 2014-2015,

2019 x

67

Establishment of ex-situ conservation center of plants and animals

This project is to develop ex-situ conservation center. The ex-situ conservation center should be consisted of botanical garden for conserving the endangered plants and rescue center for first aid and rehabilitation of injured wildlife.

1.3 2015-2016 x

68

Promotion of Eco-tourism and Establishment of Ramsar Site

This project is to conserve the SATOYAMA wetlands and promote the sustainable use and ecotourism, the three coastal wetlands (Quang Yen , Tien Yen and Mong Cai) in Quang Ninh Province with registration with the Ramsar Sites.

0.98 2014-2020 x x x

69

Conservation and Beneficial Use of Genetic Resources

This project is to establish the genetic resources research center for promoting the beneficial use of genetic resources in Quang Ninh Province

1.8 2016-2018 x x

70

Implementation of Comprehensive Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring

This project is to get basic information for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, the comprehensive biodiversity survey and monitoring (flora, fauna, genetic diversity, etc,) in Quang Ninh Province. In addition, database system to store and utilize the results of the survey should be constructed.

0.1 2015-2020 x x

71

Promotion of Environmental Education

This project is to promote and encourage understanding of the importance of, and the measures required for, the conservation of biodiversity, public education and awareness should been conducted through education in the school in Quang Ninh Province.

0.4 2014-2020 x x x x

Climate change

72

Communication for raising of knowledge on climate change for management mechanism at all levels as well as communities in Quang Ninh Province (priority for coastal communities)

Prioritizing the coastal areas, to improve awareness and knowledge about climate change and sea level rise among all stakeholders in Quang Ninh Province

0.1 2014-2016 x x x


11

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

73 Study on development of the ASEAN Green Growth Center

Aiming at promoting to establish ASEAN Green Growth Center in Quang Ninh province

0.3 2014-2015 x x x x x

74 Capacity enhancement for organizations in responding to climate change

Aiming at effective implementation of measure to the climate change issues, to prepare an annual working plan, to clarify tasks and to develop coordination scheme in the current organizational structure

0.1 2014-2015 x x x x x

75 Development of local regulations for the climate change issues

To development local regulations as the basis for promotion of adaptation and mitigation measures in Quang Ninh Province

0.1 2014-2016 x x x x x

76 Preparation of five-year action plan and its implementation

Aiming at promoting comprehensive and effective implementation of actions to climate change, to prepare five-year action plan periodically and conduct PDCA management

112.6 2014-2030 x x x x

77 Review and consolidation of sea and river dykes

Aiming at minimize impacts by extreme weather, to reinforce dyke systems in Quang Ninh Province

55.7 2014-2015 x x x x

78

Construction, upgrading and renovation of hydrometeorology station in Co To District

Aiming at improving weather forecast and early warning system, to renovate the hydrometeorology station in Co To District and improve staffs’ capacity

0.5 2014-2016 x x x x x

79

Development of environment and hazard database, and automatic system for natural disaster monitoring and warning

Aiming at mitigate disaster as much as possible, to develop a system for natural disaster monitoring and warning

1.3 2014-2018 x x x x x

80

Establishment of water resource management resilient to climate change impacts

Aiming at developing the water resource management for sustainable use under the economic development and climate change, to implement 10 sub-projects proposed in the Water Resource Planning in Quang Ninh Province Period of 2010 to 2020, Orientation to 2030

3.6 2014-2020 x

81

Construction of water reservoir to serve economic development and life of people

Aiming at providing sufficient water and preventing natural disaster, to construct and rehabilitate reservoirs in Quang Ninh Province

9.6 2014-2017 x x x x

82

Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system

Development of GHG inventory and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system in Quang Ninh Province

0.1 2017-2020 x

83 Promotion of energy efficiency in hotels in Bai Chay area

To promote efficient energy management in hotels in Bai Chay area

0.1 2016-2018 x x


12

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

84 Promotion of efficient operation of tourism boats in the Halong Bay

To improve operation efficiency of tourism boats and introduce bio-diesel aiming at reducing GHG emissions

0.3 2014-2017 x x x

85 Promotion of efficiency of traffic management in Bai Chay area

To improve traffic management in Bai Chay area aiming at reducing GHG emissions

0.1 2016-2018 x

86 Promotion of energy efficiency in major manufacturers

To improve energy efficiency of major manufacturers aiming at reducing GHG emissions

0.3 2014-2017 x x

Environment monitoring

87

Project for Construction of Automatic Environmental monitoring Stations in Quang Ninh Province

The project will be implemented by construction and installation of automatic environmental monitoring stations to grasp the quality of air and water environment in Quang Ninh province (1) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring ambient air quality: 10 stations located in populated area or the area impacted by industrial activities. (2) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring surface water (2 stations) and coastal water (5 stations) (3) Automatic monitoring stations for measuring flue gases from stacks of important thermo power and cement production plants: 7 stations

28.6 (10.8 million USD

for construction, and 17.8

million USD

for maintenance and

repairing)

2014-2030 (including

maintenance and

repairing)

x x x x x

88 Development of construction plan of regional GIS center

Reason for establishment of the GIS and Remote Sensing center, to: (1) Safety for tourism (2) Responses to climate changes (3) Management of sea-island economy as well as support to people who live along the coast line and on islands. (4) Management of natural hazard (5) Management of natural resources and environment protection

0.5 2014-2015 x x x x x

89

Project for soil quality monitoring in Quang Ninh Province

- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the soil environment, - Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure quality and take soil samplings in areas contaminated affected by industrial activities (due to coal mining, industrial activities...)

5,0 2016-2030 x x x x


13

No Name Objectives

Cost

(Millio

n

USD)

Schedule

Priori-

ty

Proje-

ct


Cons-

erva-

tion

Active

Manag

-ement

Resto-

ration

Deve-

lop-

ment

- Analysis of toxic substances in the samples

90 Project for Implementation of radioactive substances monitoring

The project aims at strengthening the radioactive substances monitoring capacity, particularly in the border region between Quang Ninh province and China.

1,0 2021-2023 x x x x

91 Project for Biodiversity monitoring and supervision in Halong Bay

- Equip with modern mechanical equipment systems to monitor and supervise the marine biodiversity environment, - Develop mobile monitoring stations to measure and monitor the quality of the major marine ecosystems of Ha Long Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay (sea grass ecosystems, coral ecosystems) and biodiversity sampling in degraded areas in the Bay). - Analysis of the status and quality of biodiversity samples

2,0 2016-2018 x x

3. Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning

For actualization of concept proposed by the Environmental Planning, national and local

administration should be cooperated to achieve some objectives. Outline of road map for such

cooperation is proposed as shown in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Outline of Road Map for Implementing of Environmental Planning

Item Term

Short-term

(2014-2015)

Middle-term

(2016-2020)

Long-term

(2021-2030)

Introduction of

developed country

standard

- Discuss with VEA to

introduce new standards such

as change of coefficient of

emission standard in Halong

Bay Area

- Prepare capacity

development program for

provincial officers in charge

of pollution control

- Prepare guideline to instruct

private sectors for complying

new standards

- Set new standards

as provincial level

- Train provincial

officers in charge

of pollution

control

- Instruct private

sectors for

complying new

standards using

prepared

guideline

- Review

effectiveness of

new standards

- Implement

pollution control

activities based

on the new

standards

- Develop

program to share

good practice for

pollution control


14

Item Term

Short-term

(2014-2015)

Middle-term

(2016-2020)

Long-term

(2021-2030)

among private

enterprises

Securing budget

for implementing

the Environmental

Plan

- Develop cooperation

program for securing budget

for the Environmental Plan

with VINACOMIN

- Discuss with national

government on possibility to

have special budget for

investment for environmental

management

- Concentrate provincial

budget for securing initial

phase of implementation of

the Environmental Plan

- Prepare guideline to

introduce FDI and promotion

of PPP and promote with

local investors

- Start required actions to

apply for donor fund such as

implementation of F/S for

development of wastewater

treatment system and solid

waste management system

- Implement

cooperation

program for

securing budget

for the

Environmental

Plan with

VINACOMIN

- Secure provincial

budget for

implementation of

the

Environmental

Plan depending

on growth of

provincial income

and expenditure

- Collect good

practice of FDI

and PPP in the

province

- Apply for donor

fund

- Secure operation

and maintenance

cost of

developed

infrastructure

- Examine to

establish new

fund to introduce

advanced

technology

- Utilize special

fund such as

credit

mechanism by

trade of GHG

emission

Source: Study Team

4. Consultation Process of Environmental Planning

The implementation process of Environmental Plan should be monitored periodically. It is

recommended to establish a Project Management Unit for managing the Environmental

Projects under DONRE with the tasks outlined in chapter 11, at the same to advise

DONRE which is the main body responsible for monitoring progress of the

environmental planning implementation, to advise PPC to organize consultation

meetings with the concerned organizations annually, and review implementation schedule

of the Environmental Plan, and revised the schedule as necessary considering

achievement of target to 2020.

5. Recommendations

For actualizing the proposals on the Environmental Planning of Quang

Ninh Province, it is essential to get close cooperation and assistance from the


15

Government of Vietnam, Quang Ninh Province and VINACOMIN. In the following

section,

5.1 Recommendations to the Government of Vietnam:

- Early amend the Environmental Protection Law to be in accordance with the

Socio-economic development of the country and the province;

- Give directions to MONRE to study and support Quang Ninh Province to prepare and

supplement to the National Environmental Standards of Vietnam with regulations for

specific regions of Quang Ninh Province applying the European Standards; amend the

National Environmental Technical Standards QCVN 19, 22, 23:2009/BTNMT (issued

together with Circular No. 25/2009/TT-BTNMT dated 16/11/2009 by MONRE) for

classification of regional coefficients applicable specifically to the areas around Halong

Bay;

- Stop implementation of investment projects for capacity improvement of Cement Plants,

Thermal Power Plant at shore of Cua Luc Bay, Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay; No

planning, investing to new construction of Cement Plants, Thermal Power Plants in the

neighboring areas of Ha Long Bay in the distance at least 15 km from the boundary of

buffer zone of the Halong Bay and the center of Urban areas in the vicinity of Halong

Bay (Halong, Cam Pha, Van Don, Hoanh Bo).

- Early termination of opencast mining in the areas of Halong and Cam Pha Cities in

accordance with the Decision No. 60/QD-TTg dated 9/1/2012 of the Prime Minister

approving the Vietnam Coal Industry Development Plan to 2020, perspective to 2030.

- Be available with mechanisms to guide the Socio-economic development plannings

which have regional (provinces) and international (China) environmental impacts, such

as: Establishment of a National Steering Committee, issuing Decrees by the Government

etc.

5.2 Recommendations to the Quang Ninh Province and VINACOMIN:

- Annual capital allocation priorities for implementation of the Environmental Protection

Plannings and Environmental Improvement Project of the Province: from 2 % - 4 % of

the Total expenditures of the Provincial state budget.

- Early construction of appropriate policy and mechanisms in order to encourage private

investment and calling for foreign investments of ODA , FDI , PPP ... to implement the

environmental protection projects proposed in the Environmental Plannings and the

Environmental Improvement Project of the Province.

- Establishment of an Agency for managing the Environmental Projects of the Province for

giving advice, implementation organization of the Environmental Plannings and

Environmental Improvement Projects according to the set schedule.


16

- In the long run, there should be plans to close the opencast mines and rehabilitate and

restore the coal waste dumping sites. Remove the cement plants, thermal power plants

from the Halong Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay areas after 2030.

- Stop coal mining activities in the areas of protective watershed forests of Yen Lap lake

after 2020.

- Speed up the planning and investment to modernize the coal ports, coal processing areas,

coal dumping sites and coal transportation roads.

- Early renewal the methods of transportation of coal, soil and rock waste,

transportation of coal by closed conveyor systems and railways, stop coal transportation

by trucks in 2020.

5.3 Addressing on Inter-regional Environmental Issues

Hai Phong City examines to develop coastal area around border between Quang

Ninh Province and Hai Phong City with land reclamation for development new

economic zone and connecting inland area and Cat Ba island for developing new

residential area and promotion of tourism industry. If such plan is carried out,

coastal environment around border will be changed, and may affect environmental

condition of Halong Bay area. Therefore, Quang Ninh Province is recommended

to enhance water quality monitoring activity in the concerned area. Additionally,

exchange of information on development plan between Quang Ninh Province and

Hai Phong City should be implemented periodically. If strategic environmental

impact assessment of border area is implemented by cooperation of two provinces,

it will contribute to environmental protection for both sides.

Quang Ninh Province is located at international border. Therefore, Quang Ninh

Province is unavoidable to face risks of environmental impacts from other

countries. To avoid serious impact from other countries, it is recommend to

participate international monitoring network as proposed in Chapter 10. One of the

important matters to be examined is to examine measures to avoid import of

hazardous materials from other countries. It is necessary to enhance capacity of

investigators on imported materials to check hazardous material. At the same time,

provincial standard on materials which can be used should be set based on the

international standard such as ISO 14000 series to apply for the standard in whole

provincial level. For effective implementation of checking hazardous materials

from other countries, it is necessary to cooperate with national government to set

clear standard to reject hazardous materials at border of Vietnam.

FINAL REPORT - UBND tỉnh Quảng Ninh

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