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ANNEXURE C
CONTENT
BLOCK- 1 Multi Disciplinary Nature of Environment Studies
Unit 1- Environment Studies: Scope and Importance
Unit 2- Conservation of Natural Resources
Unit 3- Degradation of Environment
BLOCK-2 Resources
Unit 4- Mineral and Food Resources
Unit 5- Energy and Land Resources
BLOCK- 3 Ecosystems
Unit 6- Ecosystem and Energy Flow
Unit 7- Biodiversity and its conservation
BLOCK- 4 Environmental Pollution
Unit 8- Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope
Unit 9- Pollutions: Air, Noise, Water
Unit 10-Pollution: Soil, Land, Thermal, Radioactive
Unit 11- Solid Waste Management
BLOCK- 5 Environmental Problem: Social and Legal
Unit 12- Global Environment Problems
Unit 13- Environmental Protection Acts
Unit14- Health and Environment
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ANNEXURE (D)
BLOCK- 2 Resources
Unit 4- Mineral and Food Resources
Unit 5- Energy and land resources
BLOCK: 2 Resources
Summary:
Unit-4: This unit covers Mineral and Food Resources that explains the use
and exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting and Using
Minerals Resources. Food Resources- World Food Problems,Changes Caused by Agriculture and Overgrazing, Effects of modern
agriculture, Fertilize-pesticide Problems.
Unit-5: This unit covers Energy and Land Resources that explains growing energy
needs, renewable and non-renewable resources, energy sources use
of alternate energy sources. Land Resources- land as a resource,land degradation, soil erosion and desertification, conversation of
natural resources. Equitable use of resources for sustainable
development.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-4 Mineral and Food Resources
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the introduction of mineral and food resources
Discuss the nature of mineral and food resources.
Explain the scope of mineral and food resources.
Narrate the importance of mineral and food resources.
Structure
4.1 The green revolution4.2 Benefits from the green revolution
4.3 Problem caused by the green revolution
4.4 Technology in agriculture4.5 Farming system
4.6 Biotechnology for crop improvement
4.7 Genetic engineering versus breeding4.8 Potential benefits of biotechnology
4.9 Management of agriculture produces
4.10 Post harvest field management4.11 Post harvest operations
4.12 SUMMARY:
One of the challenges before the world is to increase food production inavailable resources for growing population and changing consumption pattern. an
estimated 854 million people around the world remain undernourished.
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On the one hand, there is the increasing demand for food. on the other hand,
inputs such as land, water and nutrients, such as for cities and industrial use,
biodiversity conservation,etc.
1.6 Glossary:1. Threshing
Threshing is done both manually and mechanically. Bullocks and
tractors are used for threshing.
2. Drying
Drying is needed to reduce the moisture content in grains to a safe limit.
Question
[A] Essay type questions
1. Describe the concept and benefits of green revolution.2. State the benefits and problems caused by green revolution.
3. Write an essay on technology in agriculture.4. What are the post harvest operations?
[b]. short answer type questions
1. What problem caused by the green revolution?
2. What are advantages of crop rotation method?
3. Write short note on the following:(a) Biotechnotecnology for crop improvement.
(b) Harvesting the crop.
[c] Objective type question
(1) Problem caused by green revolution:(a) Change in cropping patterns
(b) Use of chemical fertilizers
(c) Loss of genetic diversity
(2) Farming is the complex system of:
(a) Soil (B) plants(c) Animals (d) all of them
(3) Genetic engineering can help to develop:
(a) new medical treatment
(b) new industrial products
(c) improved fibers and fuels
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(d) all of them
ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-5 Energy and land Resources
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the introduction of energy and land Resource
Discuss the Methods of energy and land resources
Explain General Process of Succession.
Narrate the all conversions like soil, water, and wildlife.
Structure
5.1 growing needs of energy
5.2 renewable & non- renewable energy sources
5.3 use of alternating energy sources5.4 important facts5.5 energy resources
5.6 conventional sources of energy
5.7 land resources5.8 composition of soil
5.9 ways in which land is degraded
5.10 control of land degradation5.11 importance of soil
5.12 soil erosion
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5.13 SUMMARY: Energy resources play an important role in the development of any nation.
Energy is primary need to exist and run life properly. The capability to work is
called energy. Energy has various forms. Energy got from machines is calledmechanical energy and energy got from chemicals is called chemical energy. The
energy which is stored and not in the state of working at once is called potential
energy.
5.14 Glossary:
(1) Fossil energy; most of the energy production of the world is gained from
burning of fossil fuels. it is called fossil energy.(2) Food resources; the material which provide recessing energy for living to man
are called food materials.
Question
(a) Essay type question
1. Write an essay on biogas.
2. Write an essay on land resources.
3. Explain conservation of energy.
(b)Short type question
1. What is tidal energy?
2. What is fissile energy?
3. Suggest measures to control of land degradation.4. What are the causes of soil erosion?
(c) Objective type questions
(1) accumulation of non-biodegradable materials in the food chain is called:
(a) Biomagnifications (b) detoxification(c) None of these (D) both of these
2. Nuclear energy can be generated by(a) Nuclear fusion (b) nuclear fission
(c) Both of these (D) none of these
3. The minimum time needed for the formation of one inch of top soil is:
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(A) 10 years (b) 50 years
(c) 100 years (d) 200 years
4. Minimum disturbance is caused to SOC1 during:
(a) Contour farming (b) no- till farming
(c) Terrace farming (d) alley cropping
ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-3 Degradation of Environment
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
It includes Nature and Types of Environment Degradation.
Discuss the super natural powers of Environment Degradation.
Explain all kind of Environment Degradation in details.
Narrate the necessity of Environment Degradation.
Structure
3.1 Physical of Natural Environmental Degradation3.2 Environment Degradation by Volcanoes and Earthquakes
3.3 Floods, Droughts and Famines
3.4 Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions3.5 Summary
3.6 Glossary
3.7 Self Assessment Questions
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3.5 SUMMARY:
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through
depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems andthe extinction of wildlife. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the
environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Soils are often initially acid
because their parent materials were acid and initially low in the basic captions(calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium). Acidification occurs when these
elements are removed from the soil profile by normal rainfall, or the harvesting of
forest or agricultural crops. Soil acidification is accelerated by the use of acid-
forming nitrogenous fertilizers and by the effects of acid precipitation.
3.6 Glossary:
Physical of Natural Environmental Degradation: Land degradation is a human-
induced or natural process which impairs the capacity of land to function. While
soil acidification of alkaline soils is beneficial, it degrades land when soil acidity
lowers crop productivity and increases soil vulnerability to contamination anderosion.
Environment Degradation by Volcanoes and Earthquakes: A volcano tectonic
earthquake is an earthquake induced by the movement (injection or withdrawal) ofmagma. The movement results in pressure changes in the rock around where the
magma has experienced stress. At some point, the rock may break or move. The
earthquakes may also be related to dike intrusion and may occur as earthquakeswarms.
Floods, Droughts and Famines: A natural disaster is the effect of a natural
hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, or landslide).
It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends onthe vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their
resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur
when hazards meet vulnerability.
Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions: The term deforestation isoften misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed.
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However in temperate me sic climates, the removal of all trees in an areain
conformance with sustainable forestry practicesis correctly described as
regeneration harvest
Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions: Big dam was an earthendam located 11 miles west of Purvis, Mississippi in Lamar County. On March 12,2004 the Big Bay dam embankment failed though piping in the vicinity of the
principal spillway 12 years after construction. A peak breach flow of 147,000 ft3/s(4,200m3/s) was estimated from the breach geometry, breach timing and the
reservoir volume.
ANNEXURE (D)
BLOCK- 2 Ecosystems
Unit 4- Ecosystem and Energy Flow
Unit 5- Biodiversity and its conservation
BLOCK: 2 ECOSYSTEMS
An ecosystem is abiologicalenvironment consisting of all the organisms living in
a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the
environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water andsunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (a biotic)
factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical
environment. Ecosystems have become particularly importantpolitically, since the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - ratified by 192 countries - defines"the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable
populations of species in natural surroundings" as a commitment of ratifying
countries.
Unit-4: This unit covers Ecosystem and Energy Flow, explains the
structure of ecosystem, energy and energy relationship, energy fluxin ecosystem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity8/2/2019 EVs_paper
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Unit-5: This unit covers Biodiversity and its conservation explains the natural
hazards and their impact and conservation..
ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-4 Ecosystem and Energy Flow
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the introduction of Ecosystem.
Discuss the structure of Ecosystem.
Explain the concept of Ecological Pyramids.
Narrate the concept of energy flow and biomes in India..
Structure
4.1 Structure of the Ecosystem4.2 Abiotic Component
4.3 Ecological succession
4.4 Tropic levels, Food chains and Food Webs4.5 Ecological Pyramids
4.6 Biomes of India
4.7 Energy and energy relationships
4.8 Special features of the ecosystem of India4.9 Energy Flux in Ecosystem
4.10 Summary
4.11 Glossary4.12 Self Assessment Questions
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4.10 SUMMARY
An ecosystem is abiologicalenvironment consisting of all the organisms living in
a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the
environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (a biotic) factors
with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.
Ecosystems are primarily governed by stochastic (chance) events, the reactions
these events provoke on non-living materials and the responses by organisms to theconditions surrounding them. Thus, an ecosystem results from the sum of
individual responses of organisms to stimuli from elements in the environment.
4.11 Glossary
Ecosystem An ecosystem is abiological environment consisting of all theorganisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical
components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil,
water and sunlight.
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,biome, or an entireplanet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health ofecosystems.
Ecological Pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or
productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem8/2/2019 EVs_paper
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT 5- Biodiversity and its conservation
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the introduction of Biodiversity.
Discuss the various natural hazards and their impacts.
Explain the Dispersal of Animals.
Structure
5.1 Natural Hazards and their Impact on environment5.2 Origin and Evolution of Animals
5.3 Dispersal of Animals
5.3.1 Types of Dispersal5.3.2 Factors of Animal Dispersal
5.4 Floral and Fauna commonality of Indias two hot spots
5.5 Extinction of Species
5.6 Summary5.7 Glossary
5.8 Self Assessment Questions
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5.6 SUMMARY
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,
biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems.
Greater biodiversity implies greater health. Biodiversity is in part a function ofclimate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar
regions support fewer species. "Biological diversity" or "biodiversity" can have
many interpretations. It is most commonly used to replace the more clearly defined
and long established terms, species diversity and species richness. Biologists mostoften define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a
region". The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoingbiodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss ofgenetic diversity. Named the
Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts,
particularly habitat destruction. Biodiversity's impact on human health is a majorinternational issue
5.7 Glossary
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,
biome, or an entireplanet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health ofecosystems.
Animal Dispersal The dispersal of animals is usually linked with a change inabiotic and biotic environmental conditions and in the population size of the
animals. The state of a population of a given species, for example, an increase in
number that causes greater population density, stimulates the dispersal of theanimals.
Anthropogenic resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem8/2/2019 EVs_paper
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ANNEXURE (D)
BLOCK- 3 Environmental Pollution
Unit 6- Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope
Unit 7- Pollutions: Air, Noise, Water
Unit 8-Pollution: Soil, Land, Thermal, Radioactive
Unit 9- Solid Waste Management
BLOCK: 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causesinstability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or
living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign
substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are
considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. The atmosphere is a
complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planetEarth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized
as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Unit-6: This unit covers Environmental Pollution- Nature and Scope,explains the importance.
Unit-7: This unit covers Pollution- Air, Noise, and Water explains all in details.
Unit-8: This unit covers Pollution- Soil, Land, Thermal, and Radioactive it covers
all kind of pollution.
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Unit-9: This unit covers Solid Waste Management it includes all the wastes.
ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-6 Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the Environment Pollution.
Discuss the nature of Environment Pollution.
Explain the scope of Environment Pollution.
Narrate the importance of Environment Pollution.
Structure
6.1 Environment Pollution
6.2 Kind of Pollutants6.3 Kind of Pollution6.4 Effect of Pollution on Nature
6.5 Summary
6.6 Glossary6.7 Self Assessment Questions
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6.5 SUMMARY
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes
instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems orliving organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign
substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are
considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
6.6 Glossary
Environment Pollution: The forging of metals appears to be a key turning point inthe creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of
glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Romanand Chinese metal production.
Kind of Pollutants: Pollutant is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,
or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, intothe atmosphere. Kind of Pollution
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants
relevant to each of them:
Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and
motor vehicles.
Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomicalinterference.
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise,
industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial andindustrial waste into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic
sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to
surface waters waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophicationand littering.
Effect of Pollution on Nature:
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In the past, the water level has varied significantly. Due to these variations in
the water level in the basin the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have
sometimes been land. At certain critical water levels it is possible forconnections with surrounding water bodies to become established.
ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-7 POLLUTION- AIR, NOISE, AND WATER
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the details of all kind of Pollutions. Discuss the reason and cure by Pollution.
Explain the impact on environment because of Pollution.
Narrate how to recover by Pollution.
Structure
7.1 Cause of Pollution
7.2 Air Pollutants
7.3 Water Pollution
7.4 Noise Pollution7.5 Effect on Human by These pollutions
7.6 Summary7.7 Glossary
7.8 Self Assessment Questions
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7.6 SUMMARY
Water pollution from an oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet
Noise pollution from a jet engine
Disruptive seismic vibration from a localized seismic study
Light pollution from an intrusive street light
Thermal pollution from an industrial process outfall
Radio emissions from an interference-producing electrical device
7.7 Glossary
Cause of Pollution: Pollution comes from both natural and man made sources.
Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining,agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster.
Air Pollutants: Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, intothe atmosphere.
Noise Pollution: Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal or
machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of humanor animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning
seasickness
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans andgroundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or
indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-8 POLLUTION- SOIL, LAND, THERMAL, AND RADIOACTIVE
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the details of all kind of Pollutions.
Discuss the reason and cure by Pollution.
Impact on environment because of Pollution.
Narrate how to recover by these Problems.
Structure
8.1 Industry and Urban Wastage
8.2 Agricultural Practices
8.3 Radioactive Material8.4 Disease Caused8.5 Summary
8.6 Glossary
8.7 Self Assessment Questions
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8.5 SUMMARY
Soil contamination (soil pollution) is caused by the presence of xenophobic(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This
type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage
tanks, application of pesticides, and percolation of contaminated surface water tosubsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct
discharge of industrial wastes to the soil.
Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human
activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposedproperly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of
minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few
factors.
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changesambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of
water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, isradioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases (including thehuman body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process
giving rise to their presence in such places.
8.6 Glossary
Industry and Urban Wastage: Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying
the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills wereoften established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
Agricultural Practices: Agricultural pollution comprises wastes, emissions, anddischarges arising from farming activities. This includes runoff and leaching of
pesticides and fertilizers; pesticide drift and volatilization; erosion and dust from
cultivation; and improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses. Someagricultural pollution is point source, meaning that it is derived from a single
discharge point, such as a pipe.
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Radioactive Material: Radioactive contamination, also called radiologicalcontamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or
gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended orundesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places
Disease Cased: Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment.There are a number of effects of this:
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decreasein the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects
ecosystems in many ways.
Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity.
Invasive plants can contribute debris and bimolecular (allelopathy) that can
alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing
native species competitiveness.
Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize land whichcan change the species composition of ecosystems.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants tocarry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of troposphere ozone
which damages plants.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect otherorganisms in the food web.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the details of all kind of Wastes.
Discuss the reason and cure of Wastes.
Impact on environment because of Wastes.
Narrate how to recover by these Problems.
Structure
9.1 Fertilizer and Farm Wastes
9.2 Plastic and Rubber9.3 Dissolved Solids
9.4 Synthetic Detergents
9.5 Biological Pollutants9.6 Water Pollutant: Industrial9.7 Summary
9.8 Glossary
9.9 Self Assessment Questions
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9.7 SUMMARY
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal,and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced
by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover
resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous orradioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.
9.8 Glossary
Fertilizer and Farm Wastes: Fertilizers (orfertilizers) are substances that supplyplant nutrients or amend soil fertility. They are the most effective means of
increasing crop production and of improving the quality of food and fodder.Fertilizers are used in order to supplement nutrient supply in the soil, especially to
correct.
Plastic and Rubber: A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products.
Dissolved Solids: Dissolved Solids is a measure of the combined content of allinorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in: molecular, ionized or
micro-granular suspended form.
Synthetic Detergents: Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The
alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic.
Biological Pollutants: Biological pollution, orBiopollution, is a term that defines
adverse effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on quality of aquatic and terrestrial
environment. Biopollution is a synonym for "biological invasion impacts" .
Water Pollutant: Industrial: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in thetemperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal
pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of
water.
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ANNEXURE (D)
BLOCK- 4 ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS: SOCIAL AND LEGAL
Unit 10- Global Environment Problems
Unit 11- Environmental Protection Acts and Population Explosion
Unit12- Health and Environment
BLOCK: 4 GLOBLE ENVIRONMENT PROBLES
Global warming, nuclear waste, pollution, and extinction of species the list of
global environmental issues, which is already quite a long one, continues to grow in
length. Most of us seem to have become quite involved in our personal lives, and
hence, are not at all aware about the current environmental issues, while othersknow about them, but prefer to carry on with their it-won't-affect-us attitude. The
end result, the list is just growing longer and longer, while we run out of times tosolve these global environmental problems. Overpopulation is a condition where an
organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. The term often
refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, theEarth. We know that pollution causes not only physical disabilities but also
psychological and behavioral disorders in people.
Unit-10: This unit covers Global Environmental Problems explains the
importance.
Unit-11: This unit covers Environment protection Acts and PopulationExplosion explains all in details.
Unit-12: This unit covers Health and Environment it covers all kind of
pollution.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-10 Global Environmental Problems
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the reason of Global Environment Problems.
Discuss the major global problem.
Explain how international cooperation helps in global environment
problems.
Narrate the global environment problems.
Structure
10.1 Thinning Ozone Layer
10.2 Greenhouse Effect10.3 EL Nino10.4 Acid Rain
10.5 Desertification
10.6 Deforestation10.7 Hazardous Wastes Trade
10.8 Biodiversity
10.9 Global Warming10.10 International Cooperation
10.11 Summary
10.12 Glossary
10.13 Self Assessment Questions
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10.11 SUMMARY
Global warming, nuclear waste, pollution, and extinction of species the list of
global environmental issues, which is already quite a long one, continues to grow inlength. Most of us seem to have become quite involved in our personal lives, and
hence, are not at all aware about the current environmental issues, while others
know about them, but prefer to carry on with their it-won't-affect-us attitude. The
end result, the list is just growing longer and longer, while we run out of times tosolve these global environmental problems.
10.12 Glossary
Thinning Ozone Layer: "The ozone layer" refers to the ozone within stratosphere,where over 90% of the earth's ozone resides. Ozone is an irritating, corrosive,
colorless gas with a smell something like burning electrical wiring. In fact, ozone is
easily produced by any high-voltage electrical arc. Each molecule of ozone has
three oxygen atoms and is produced when oxygen molecules are broken up byenergetic electrons or high energy radiation.
Greenhouse Effect: Our atmosphere is but a thin layer of gas around a huge bulkyplanet. This gaseous outer ring and its greenhouse effect make life on Earth
possibleand could destroy life as we know it.
EL Nino: Along the equator, the western Pacific has some of the world's warmestocean water, while in the eastern Pacific, cool water wells up, carrying nutrients
that support large fish populations.
Acid Rain: Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid
precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.). Atmospheric pollutants, particularly
oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen, can cause precipitation to become more acidic
when converted to sulphuric and nitric acids, hence the term acid rain.
Desertification: Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, anddry sub-humid areas due to various factors: including climatic variations and
human activities.
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Deforestation: Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the
land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include
conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.
Hazardous Wastes Trade: As disposal facilities for hazardous waste become
scarcer and more costly in industrialized countries, lesser developed countries are being increasingly targeted as dumping grounds. This places a disproportionate
burden on countries that frequently lack the capacity to deal with the wastes in an
environmentally sound manner.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given
ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of
ecosystems. Greater biodiversity implies greater health. Biodiversity is in part afunction of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich
whereas Polar Regions support fewer species.
Global Warming: Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of
Earth near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected
continuation. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the
20th century has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases,which result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and
deforestation.
International Cooperation: Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social
movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement ofthe state of the environment. Environmentalism and environmental concerns are
often represented by the color green.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-11 Environment Protection Acts and Population Explosion
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
Gives the reason of Environment Protection Act.
Discuss the Population Explosion.
Explain what the impact on population growth is.
Narrate with the conclusion.
Structure
11.1 Increases in Population11.2 Population Policy
11.3 Family Planning11.4 Summary
11.5 Glossary
11.6 Self Assessment Questions
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11.4 SUMMARY
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)
is an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of
the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and culturallysignificant places. Enacted on 17 July 2000, it established a range of processes to
help protect and promote the recovery of threatened species and ecological
communities, and preserve significant places from decline.
Overpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying
capacity of its habitat. The term often refers to the relationship between the human
population and its environment, the Earth. We know that pollution causes not only
physical disabilities but also psychological and behavioral disorders in people.
11.5 Glossary
Increases in Population: The world population is the total population of humans
on the planet Earth, currently estimated to be 6.91 billion by the United StatesCensus Bureau. The world population has experienced continuous growth since the
end of the Bubonic Plague around the years 1348-1350. The highest rates of growthincreases above 1.8% per year were seen briefly during the 1950s, for a longerperiod during the 1960s and 1970s; the growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and
declined to 1.1% by 2009.
Population Policy: The main vision and strategy of PP is to improve the quality of
life for the population, the PP looks to expand opportunities for individuals andfamilies, enhance individual capabilities, increase participation in socio-economic
activities, encourage political and cultural progress, improve living standards, and
provide a clean environment so that people benefit from healthy food, pure waterand sustainable health care.
Family Planning: Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of
birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-
male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to controlthe timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may
encompass sterilization, as well as pregnancy termination.
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ANNEXURE (E)
UNIT-12 Health and Environment
Objectives
The objectives of this unit are to enable you:
. Discuss the Importance of Health.
Explain the impact of Health and Environment.
Narrate with the conclusion.
Structure
12.1 Population12.2 Effect of Pollution
12.3 Aids
12.4 Summary12.5 Glossary
12.6 Self Assessment Questions
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12.4 SUMMARY
Environmental hazards are responsible for as much as a quarter of the total burden
of disease world-wide, and more than one-third of the burden among children.Heading that list are diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, various forms of
unintentional injuries and malaria. The disease burden is much higher in the
developing world, although in the case of certain non-communicable diseases, such
as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, the per capita disease burden is larger indeveloped countries. Health impacts of environmental hazards run across more than
80 diseases and types of injury.
12.5 Glossary
Population: A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same speciesand live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define the
population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area
and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Normallybreeding is substantially more common within the area than across the border
Effect of Pollution: Pollution effects are indeed many and wide-ranging. There is
no doubt that excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to human &animal health, plants & trees including tropical rainforests, as well as the wider
environment.
All types of pollution air, water and soil pollution have an impact on the living
environment.
The effects in living organisms may range from mild discomfort to serious diseases
such as cancer to physical deformities; ex., extra or missing limbs in frogs. Experts
admit that pollution effects are quite often underestimated and that more research isneeded to understand the connections between pollution and its effects on all life
forms.
AIDS: AIDS is caused by HIV. HIV is a virus that gradually attacks immune
system cells. As HIV progressively damages these cells, the body becomes morevulnerable to infections, which it will have difficulty in fighting off. It is at the
point of very advanced HIV infection that a person is said to have AIDS. It can be
years before HIV has damaged the immune system enough for AIDS to develop.
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