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ANNEXURE C

CONTENT

BLOCK- 1 Multi Disciplinary Nature of Environment Studies

Unit 1- Environment Studies: Scope and Importance

Unit 2- Conservation of Natural Resources

Unit 3- Degradation of Environment

BLOCK-2 Resources

Unit 4- Mineral and Food Resources

Unit 5- Energy and Land Resources

BLOCK- 3 Ecosystems

Unit 6- Ecosystem and Energy Flow

Unit 7- Biodiversity and its conservation

BLOCK- 4 Environmental Pollution

Unit 8- Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope

Unit 9- Pollutions: Air, Noise, Water

Unit 10-Pollution: Soil, Land, Thermal, Radioactive

Unit 11- Solid Waste Management

BLOCK- 5 Environmental Problem: Social and Legal

Unit 12- Global Environment Problems

Unit 13- Environmental Protection Acts

Unit14- Health and Environment

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ANNEXURE (D)

BLOCK- 2 Resources

Unit 4- Mineral and Food Resources

Unit 5- Energy and land resources

BLOCK: 2 Resources

Summary:

Unit-4: This unit covers Mineral and Food Resources that explains the use

and exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting and Using

Minerals Resources. Food Resources- World Food Problems,Changes Caused by Agriculture and Overgrazing, Effects of modern

agriculture, Fertilize-pesticide Problems.

Unit-5: This unit covers Energy and Land Resources that explains growing energy

needs, renewable and non-renewable resources, energy sources use

of alternate energy sources. Land Resources- land as a resource,land degradation, soil erosion and desertification, conversation of

natural resources. Equitable use of resources for sustainable

development.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-4 Mineral and Food Resources

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the introduction of mineral and food resources

Discuss the nature of mineral and food resources.

Explain the scope of mineral and food resources.

Narrate the importance of mineral and food resources.

Structure

4.1 The green revolution4.2 Benefits from the green revolution

4.3 Problem caused by the green revolution

4.4 Technology in agriculture4.5 Farming system

4.6 Biotechnology for crop improvement

4.7 Genetic engineering versus breeding4.8 Potential benefits of biotechnology

4.9 Management of agriculture produces

4.10 Post harvest field management4.11 Post harvest operations

4.12 SUMMARY:

One of the challenges before the world is to increase food production inavailable resources for growing population and changing consumption pattern. an

estimated 854 million people around the world remain undernourished.

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On the one hand, there is the increasing demand for food. on the other hand,

inputs such as land, water and nutrients, such as for cities and industrial use,

biodiversity conservation,etc.

1.6 Glossary:1. Threshing

Threshing is done both manually and mechanically. Bullocks and

tractors are used for threshing.

2. Drying

Drying is needed to reduce the moisture content in grains to a safe limit.

Question

[A] Essay type questions

1. Describe the concept and benefits of green revolution.2. State the benefits and problems caused by green revolution.

3. Write an essay on technology in agriculture.4. What are the post harvest operations?

[b]. short answer type questions

1. What problem caused by the green revolution?

2. What are advantages of crop rotation method?

3. Write short note on the following:(a) Biotechnotecnology for crop improvement.

(b) Harvesting the crop.

[c] Objective type question

(1) Problem caused by green revolution:(a) Change in cropping patterns

(b) Use of chemical fertilizers

(c) Loss of genetic diversity

(2) Farming is the complex system of:

(a) Soil (B) plants(c) Animals (d) all of them

(3) Genetic engineering can help to develop:

(a) new medical treatment

(b) new industrial products

(c) improved fibers and fuels

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(d) all of them

ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-5 Energy and land Resources

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the introduction of energy and land Resource

Discuss the Methods of energy and land resources

Explain General Process of Succession.

Narrate the all conversions like soil, water, and wildlife.

Structure

5.1 growing needs of energy

5.2 renewable & non- renewable energy sources

5.3 use of alternating energy sources5.4 important facts5.5 energy resources

5.6 conventional sources of energy

5.7 land resources5.8 composition of soil

5.9 ways in which land is degraded

5.10 control of land degradation5.11 importance of soil

5.12 soil erosion

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5.13 SUMMARY: Energy resources play an important role in the development of any nation.

Energy is primary need to exist and run life properly. The capability to work is

called energy. Energy has various forms. Energy got from machines is calledmechanical energy and energy got from chemicals is called chemical energy. The

energy which is stored and not in the state of working at once is called potential

energy.

5.14 Glossary:

(1) Fossil energy; most of the energy production of the world is gained from

burning of fossil fuels. it is called fossil energy.(2) Food resources; the material which provide recessing energy for living to man

are called food materials.

Question

(a) Essay type question

1. Write an essay on biogas.

2. Write an essay on land resources.

3. Explain conservation of energy.

(b)Short type question

1. What is tidal energy?

2. What is fissile energy?

3. Suggest measures to control of land degradation.4. What are the causes of soil erosion?

(c) Objective type questions

(1) accumulation of non-biodegradable materials in the food chain is called:

(a) Biomagnifications (b) detoxification(c) None of these (D) both of these

2. Nuclear energy can be generated by(a) Nuclear fusion (b) nuclear fission

(c) Both of these (D) none of these

3. The minimum time needed for the formation of one inch of top soil is:

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(A) 10 years (b) 50 years

(c) 100 years (d) 200 years

4. Minimum disturbance is caused to SOC1 during:

(a) Contour farming (b) no- till farming

(c) Terrace farming (d) alley cropping

ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-3 Degradation of Environment

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

It includes Nature and Types of Environment Degradation.

Discuss the super natural powers of Environment Degradation.

Explain all kind of Environment Degradation in details.

Narrate the necessity of Environment Degradation.

Structure

3.1 Physical of Natural Environmental Degradation3.2 Environment Degradation by Volcanoes and Earthquakes

3.3 Floods, Droughts and Famines

3.4 Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions3.5 Summary

3.6 Glossary

3.7 Self Assessment Questions

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3.5 SUMMARY:

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through

depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems andthe extinction of wildlife. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the

environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Soils are often initially acid

because their parent materials were acid and initially low in the basic captions(calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium). Acidification occurs when these

elements are removed from the soil profile by normal rainfall, or the harvesting of

forest or agricultural crops. Soil acidification is accelerated by the use of acid-

forming nitrogenous fertilizers and by the effects of acid precipitation.

3.6 Glossary:

Physical of Natural Environmental Degradation: Land degradation is a human-

induced or natural process which impairs the capacity of land to function. While

soil acidification of alkaline soils is beneficial, it degrades land when soil acidity

lowers crop productivity and increases soil vulnerability to contamination anderosion.

Environment Degradation by Volcanoes and Earthquakes: A volcano tectonic

earthquake is an earthquake induced by the movement (injection or withdrawal) ofmagma. The movement results in pressure changes in the rock around where the

magma has experienced stress. At some point, the rock may break or move. The

earthquakes may also be related to dike intrusion and may occur as earthquakeswarms.

Floods, Droughts and Famines: A natural disaster is the effect of a natural

hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, or landslide).

It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends onthe vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their

resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur

when hazards meet vulnerability.

Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions: The term deforestation isoften misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed.

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However in temperate me sic climates, the removal of all trees in an areain

conformance with sustainable forestry practicesis correctly described as

regeneration harvest

Environmental Degradation Due to Human Actions: Big dam was an earthendam located 11 miles west of Purvis, Mississippi in Lamar County. On March 12,2004 the Big Bay dam embankment failed though piping in the vicinity of the

principal spillway 12 years after construction. A peak breach flow of 147,000 ft3/s(4,200m3/s) was estimated from the breach geometry, breach timing and the

reservoir volume.

ANNEXURE (D)

BLOCK- 2 Ecosystems

Unit 4- Ecosystem and Energy Flow

Unit 5- Biodiversity and its conservation

BLOCK: 2 ECOSYSTEMS

An ecosystem is abiologicalenvironment consisting of all the organisms living in

a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the

environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water andsunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (a biotic)

factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical

environment. Ecosystems have become particularly importantpolitically, since the

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - ratified by 192 countries - defines"the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable

populations of species in natural surroundings" as a commitment of ratifying

countries.

Unit-4: This unit covers Ecosystem and Energy Flow, explains the

structure of ecosystem, energy and energy relationship, energy fluxin ecosystem.

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Unit-5: This unit covers Biodiversity and its conservation explains the natural

hazards and their impact and conservation..

ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-4 Ecosystem and Energy Flow

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the introduction of Ecosystem.

Discuss the structure of Ecosystem.

Explain the concept of Ecological Pyramids.

Narrate the concept of energy flow and biomes in India..

Structure

4.1 Structure of the Ecosystem4.2 Abiotic Component

4.3 Ecological succession

4.4 Tropic levels, Food chains and Food Webs4.5 Ecological Pyramids

4.6 Biomes of India

4.7 Energy and energy relationships

4.8 Special features of the ecosystem of India4.9 Energy Flux in Ecosystem

4.10 Summary

4.11 Glossary4.12 Self Assessment Questions

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4.10 SUMMARY

An ecosystem is abiologicalenvironment consisting of all the organisms living in

a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the

environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (a biotic) factors

with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.

Ecosystems are primarily governed by stochastic (chance) events, the reactions

these events provoke on non-living materials and the responses by organisms to theconditions surrounding them. Thus, an ecosystem results from the sum of

individual responses of organisms to stimuli from elements in the environment.

4.11 Glossary

Ecosystem An ecosystem is abiological environment consisting of all theorganisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical

components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil,

water and sunlight.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,biome, or an entireplanet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health ofecosystems.

Ecological Pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or

productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT 5- Biodiversity and its conservation

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the introduction of Biodiversity.

Discuss the various natural hazards and their impacts.

Explain the Dispersal of Animals.

Structure

5.1 Natural Hazards and their Impact on environment5.2 Origin and Evolution of Animals

5.3 Dispersal of Animals

5.3.1 Types of Dispersal5.3.2 Factors of Animal Dispersal

5.4 Floral and Fauna commonality of Indias two hot spots

5.5 Extinction of Species

5.6 Summary5.7 Glossary

5.8 Self Assessment Questions

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5.6 SUMMARY

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,

biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems.

Greater biodiversity implies greater health. Biodiversity is in part a function ofclimate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar

regions support fewer species. "Biological diversity" or "biodiversity" can have

many interpretations. It is most commonly used to replace the more clearly defined

and long established terms, species diversity and species richness. Biologists mostoften define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a

region". The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoingbiodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss ofgenetic diversity. Named the

Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts,

particularly habitat destruction. Biodiversity's impact on human health is a majorinternational issue

5.7 Glossary

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem,

biome, or an entireplanet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health ofecosystems.

Animal Dispersal The dispersal of animals is usually linked with a change inabiotic and biotic environmental conditions and in the population size of the

animals. The state of a population of a given species, for example, an increase in

number that causes greater population density, stimulates the dispersal of theanimals.

Anthropogenic resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.

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ANNEXURE (D)

BLOCK- 3 Environmental Pollution

Unit 6- Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope

Unit 7- Pollutions: Air, Noise, Water

Unit 8-Pollution: Soil, Land, Thermal, Radioactive

Unit 9- Solid Waste Management

BLOCK: 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causesinstability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or

living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign

substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are

considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. The atmosphere is a

complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planetEarth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized

as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

Unit-6: This unit covers Environmental Pollution- Nature and Scope,explains the importance.

Unit-7: This unit covers Pollution- Air, Noise, and Water explains all in details.

Unit-8: This unit covers Pollution- Soil, Land, Thermal, and Radioactive it covers

all kind of pollution.

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Unit-9: This unit covers Solid Waste Management it includes all the wastes.

ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-6 Environmental Pollution: Nature, Scope

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the Environment Pollution.

Discuss the nature of Environment Pollution.

Explain the scope of Environment Pollution.

Narrate the importance of Environment Pollution.

Structure

6.1 Environment Pollution

6.2 Kind of Pollutants6.3 Kind of Pollution6.4 Effect of Pollution on Nature

6.5 Summary

6.6 Glossary6.7 Self Assessment Questions

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6.5 SUMMARY

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes

instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems orliving organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,

such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign

substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are

considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.

6.6 Glossary

Environment Pollution: The forging of metals appears to be a key turning point inthe creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of

glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Romanand Chinese metal production.

Kind of Pollutants: Pollutant is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,

or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living

organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, intothe atmosphere. Kind of Pollution

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants

relevant to each of them:

Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and

motor vehicles.

Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomicalinterference.

Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise,

industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.

Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial andindustrial waste into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic

sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to

surface waters waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophicationand littering.

Effect of Pollution on Nature:

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In the past, the water level has varied significantly. Due to these variations in

the water level in the basin the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have

sometimes been land. At certain critical water levels it is possible forconnections with surrounding water bodies to become established.

ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-7 POLLUTION- AIR, NOISE, AND WATER

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the details of all kind of Pollutions. Discuss the reason and cure by Pollution.

Explain the impact on environment because of Pollution.

Narrate how to recover by Pollution.

Structure

7.1 Cause of Pollution

7.2 Air Pollutants

7.3 Water Pollution

7.4 Noise Pollution7.5 Effect on Human by These pollutions

7.6 Summary7.7 Glossary

7.8 Self Assessment Questions

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7.6 SUMMARY

Water pollution from an oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet

Noise pollution from a jet engine

Disruptive seismic vibration from a localized seismic study

Light pollution from an intrusive street light

Thermal pollution from an industrial process outfall

Radio emissions from an interference-producing electrical device

7.7 Glossary

Cause of Pollution: Pollution comes from both natural and man made sources.

Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining,agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation

Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster.

Air Pollutants: Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living

organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, intothe atmosphere.

Noise Pollution: Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal or

machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of humanor animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nauseas, meaning

seasickness

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans andgroundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or

indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful

compounds.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-8 POLLUTION- SOIL, LAND, THERMAL, AND RADIOACTIVE

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the details of all kind of Pollutions.

Discuss the reason and cure by Pollution.

Impact on environment because of Pollution.

Narrate how to recover by these Problems.

Structure

8.1 Industry and Urban Wastage

8.2 Agricultural Practices

8.3 Radioactive Material8.4 Disease Caused8.5 Summary

8.6 Glossary

8.7 Self Assessment Questions

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8.5 SUMMARY

Soil contamination (soil pollution) is caused by the presence of xenophobic(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This

type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage

tanks, application of pesticides, and percolation of contaminated surface water tosubsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct

discharge of industrial wastes to the soil.

Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human

activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposedproperly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of

minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few

factors.

Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changesambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of

water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, isradioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases (including thehuman body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process

giving rise to their presence in such places.

8.6 Glossary

Industry and Urban Wastage: Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying

the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills wereoften established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.

Agricultural Practices: Agricultural pollution comprises wastes, emissions, anddischarges arising from farming activities. This includes runoff and leaching of

pesticides and fertilizers; pesticide drift and volatilization; erosion and dust from

cultivation; and improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses. Someagricultural pollution is point source, meaning that it is derived from a single

discharge point, such as a pipe.

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Radioactive Material: Radioactive contamination, also called radiologicalcontamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or

gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended orundesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places

Disease Cased: Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment.There are a number of effects of this:

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decreasein the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.

The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects

ecosystems in many ways.

Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity.

Invasive plants can contribute debris and bimolecular (allelopathy) that can

alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing

native species competitiveness.

Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize land whichcan change the species composition of ecosystems.

Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants tocarry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of troposphere ozone

which damages plants.

Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect otherorganisms in the food web.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the details of all kind of Wastes.

Discuss the reason and cure of Wastes.

Impact on environment because of Wastes.

Narrate how to recover by these Problems.

Structure

9.1 Fertilizer and Farm Wastes

9.2 Plastic and Rubber9.3 Dissolved Solids

9.4 Synthetic Detergents

9.5 Biological Pollutants9.6 Water Pollutant: Industrial9.7 Summary

9.8 Glossary

9.9 Self Assessment Questions

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9.7 SUMMARY

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal,and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced

by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the

environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover

resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous orradioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.

9.8 Glossary

Fertilizer and Farm Wastes: Fertilizers (orfertilizers) are substances that supplyplant nutrients or amend soil fertility. They are the most effective means of

increasing crop production and of improving the quality of food and fodder.Fertilizers are used in order to supplement nutrient supply in the soil, especially to

correct.

Plastic and Rubber: A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-

synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products.

Dissolved Solids: Dissolved Solids is a measure of the combined content of allinorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in: molecular, ionized or

micro-granular suspended form.

Synthetic Detergents: Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The

alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic.

Biological Pollutants: Biological pollution, orBiopollution, is a term that defines

adverse effects of invasive alien species (IAS) on quality of aquatic and terrestrial

environment. Biopollution is a synonym for "biological invasion impacts" .

Water Pollutant: Industrial: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in thetemperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal

pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of

water.

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ANNEXURE (D)

BLOCK- 4 ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS: SOCIAL AND LEGAL

Unit 10- Global Environment Problems

Unit 11- Environmental Protection Acts and Population Explosion

Unit12- Health and Environment

BLOCK: 4 GLOBLE ENVIRONMENT PROBLES

Global warming, nuclear waste, pollution, and extinction of species the list of

global environmental issues, which is already quite a long one, continues to grow in

length. Most of us seem to have become quite involved in our personal lives, and

hence, are not at all aware about the current environmental issues, while othersknow about them, but prefer to carry on with their it-won't-affect-us attitude. The

end result, the list is just growing longer and longer, while we run out of times tosolve these global environmental problems. Overpopulation is a condition where an

organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. The term often

refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, theEarth. We know that pollution causes not only physical disabilities but also

psychological and behavioral disorders in people.

Unit-10: This unit covers Global Environmental Problems explains the

importance.

Unit-11: This unit covers Environment protection Acts and PopulationExplosion explains all in details.

Unit-12: This unit covers Health and Environment it covers all kind of

pollution.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-10 Global Environmental Problems

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the reason of Global Environment Problems.

Discuss the major global problem.

Explain how international cooperation helps in global environment

problems.

Narrate the global environment problems.

Structure

10.1 Thinning Ozone Layer

10.2 Greenhouse Effect10.3 EL Nino10.4 Acid Rain

10.5 Desertification

10.6 Deforestation10.7 Hazardous Wastes Trade

10.8 Biodiversity

10.9 Global Warming10.10 International Cooperation

10.11 Summary

10.12 Glossary

10.13 Self Assessment Questions

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10.11 SUMMARY

Global warming, nuclear waste, pollution, and extinction of species the list of

global environmental issues, which is already quite a long one, continues to grow inlength. Most of us seem to have become quite involved in our personal lives, and

hence, are not at all aware about the current environmental issues, while others

know about them, but prefer to carry on with their it-won't-affect-us attitude. The

end result, the list is just growing longer and longer, while we run out of times tosolve these global environmental problems.

10.12 Glossary

Thinning Ozone Layer: "The ozone layer" refers to the ozone within stratosphere,where over 90% of the earth's ozone resides. Ozone is an irritating, corrosive,

colorless gas with a smell something like burning electrical wiring. In fact, ozone is

easily produced by any high-voltage electrical arc. Each molecule of ozone has

three oxygen atoms and is produced when oxygen molecules are broken up byenergetic electrons or high energy radiation.

Greenhouse Effect: Our atmosphere is but a thin layer of gas around a huge bulkyplanet. This gaseous outer ring and its greenhouse effect make life on Earth

possibleand could destroy life as we know it.

EL Nino: Along the equator, the western Pacific has some of the world's warmestocean water, while in the eastern Pacific, cool water wells up, carrying nutrients

that support large fish populations.

Acid Rain: Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid

precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.). Atmospheric pollutants, particularly

oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen, can cause precipitation to become more acidic

when converted to sulphuric and nitric acids, hence the term acid rain.

Desertification: Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, anddry sub-humid areas due to various factors: including climatic variations and

human activities.

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Deforestation: Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the

land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include

conversion of forestland to agriculture or urban use.

Hazardous Wastes Trade: As disposal facilities for hazardous waste become

scarcer and more costly in industrialized countries, lesser developed countries are being increasingly targeted as dumping grounds. This places a disproportionate

burden on countries that frequently lack the capacity to deal with the wastes in an

environmentally sound manner.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given

ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of

ecosystems. Greater biodiversity implies greater health. Biodiversity is in part afunction of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich

whereas Polar Regions support fewer species.

Global Warming: Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of

Earth near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected

continuation. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the

20th century has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases,which result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and

deforestation.

International Cooperation: Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social

movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement ofthe state of the environment. Environmentalism and environmental concerns are

often represented by the color green.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-11 Environment Protection Acts and Population Explosion

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

Gives the reason of Environment Protection Act.

Discuss the Population Explosion.

Explain what the impact on population growth is.

Narrate with the conclusion.

Structure

11.1 Increases in Population11.2 Population Policy

11.3 Family Planning11.4 Summary

11.5 Glossary

11.6 Self Assessment Questions

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11.4 SUMMARY

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)

is an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of

the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and culturallysignificant places. Enacted on 17 July 2000, it established a range of processes to

help protect and promote the recovery of threatened species and ecological

communities, and preserve significant places from decline.

Overpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying

capacity of its habitat. The term often refers to the relationship between the human

population and its environment, the Earth. We know that pollution causes not only

physical disabilities but also psychological and behavioral disorders in people.

11.5 Glossary

Increases in Population: The world population is the total population of humans

on the planet Earth, currently estimated to be 6.91 billion by the United StatesCensus Bureau. The world population has experienced continuous growth since the

end of the Bubonic Plague around the years 1348-1350. The highest rates of growthincreases above 1.8% per year were seen briefly during the 1950s, for a longerperiod during the 1960s and 1970s; the growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and

declined to 1.1% by 2009.

Population Policy: The main vision and strategy of PP is to improve the quality of

life for the population, the PP looks to expand opportunities for individuals andfamilies, enhance individual capabilities, increase participation in socio-economic

activities, encourage political and cultural progress, improve living standards, and

provide a clean environment so that people benefit from healthy food, pure waterand sustainable health care.

Family Planning: Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of

birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-

male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to controlthe timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may

encompass sterilization, as well as pregnancy termination.

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ANNEXURE (E)

UNIT-12 Health and Environment

Objectives

The objectives of this unit are to enable you:

. Discuss the Importance of Health.

Explain the impact of Health and Environment.

Narrate with the conclusion.

Structure

12.1 Population12.2 Effect of Pollution

12.3 Aids

12.4 Summary12.5 Glossary

12.6 Self Assessment Questions

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12.4 SUMMARY

Environmental hazards are responsible for as much as a quarter of the total burden

of disease world-wide, and more than one-third of the burden among children.Heading that list are diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, various forms of

unintentional injuries and malaria. The disease burden is much higher in the

developing world, although in the case of certain non-communicable diseases, such

as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, the per capita disease burden is larger indeveloped countries. Health impacts of environmental hazards run across more than

80 diseases and types of injury.

12.5 Glossary

Population: A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same speciesand live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define the

population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area

and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Normallybreeding is substantially more common within the area than across the border

Effect of Pollution: Pollution effects are indeed many and wide-ranging. There is

no doubt that excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to human &animal health, plants & trees including tropical rainforests, as well as the wider

environment.

All types of pollution air, water and soil pollution have an impact on the living

environment.

The effects in living organisms may range from mild discomfort to serious diseases

such as cancer to physical deformities; ex., extra or missing limbs in frogs. Experts

admit that pollution effects are quite often underestimated and that more research isneeded to understand the connections between pollution and its effects on all life

forms.

AIDS: AIDS is caused by HIV. HIV is a virus that gradually attacks immune

system cells. As HIV progressively damages these cells, the body becomes morevulnerable to infections, which it will have difficulty in fighting off. It is at the

point of very advanced HIV infection that a person is said to have AIDS. It can be

years before HIV has damaged the immune system enough for AIDS to develop.

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