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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE)
Unit 1 a)
Environment: Meaning and its Components.
What is Environment?????
“Environment is a word which describe in aggregate, all the external
forces, influences and conditions which affect the life, nature, behavior
and growth, development & maturation of living organism.”
By Douglas & Holland
Types of Environment
Natural environment
Manmade environment
Scope of Environment:
Natural environment:
Atmosphere = Space occupied by air
Hydrosphere = Space occupied by water
Lithosphere = Space occupied by solid
Biosphere = Space occupied by life
Ecosphere
The biosphere plus those parts of the hydrosphere, atmosphere &
lithosphere in which & with which the biotic components interact.
Living tends to be found at the junctions of these three great
spheres.
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Ecology
Ecology = Greek word „oikos‟ (home) + ology (study)
Study of how organisms interact with one another and their non-
living environment (biotic and abiotic components)
What is an ecosystem?
System = regularly interacting and interdependent components
forming a unified whole
Ecosystem = an ecological system; = a community and its
physical environment treated together as a functional system
Defined area in which a community lives with interactions taking
place among the organisms between the community and its non-
living physical environment.
An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between all living and
non-living things
The biggest ecosystem is an earth called “biosphere‟
Ecosystems: Fundamental Characteristics
Structure:
Living (biotic)
Nonliving (abiotic)
Process:
Energy flow
Cycling of matter (chemicals)
Change:
Dynamic (not static)
Succession, etc.
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Ecosystem organization
Types of ecosystem
Natural ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Man-made or Artificial ecosystem
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Composition of ecosystem
Abiotic Components
Water, air, temperature, soil, light levels, precipitation,
salinity
Biotic Components
Producers, consumers, decomposers
Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi
Food Chain
A food chain is the relationship of organisms that depend on each other
for energy or food.
It is a straight line relationship such as algae is food for fish which are
food for squid which are food for sharks.
Food Web
A food web is more complex and is a food chain with the interrelated
chain of organisms that depend on each other for food. If one organism
is removed, other organisms may be endangered or possibly die out.
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
Meaning: Graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community
Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top.
This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic
level, some of the energy is lost as heat.
3 TYPES OF PYRAMIDS:
1. Pyramid of Biomass
2. Pyramid of Energy
3. Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Biomass: Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic
level
Biomass weight is determined after dehydration
Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels.
Measured in Kg, grams or pounds
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Pyramid of Energy: Shows the energy available at each trophic level.
The size of the blocks represents the proportion of productivity
Measured in Joules or Calories
Pyramid of Numbers: Illustration of the number of organisms at each
level
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Conclusion:
Ecological Pyramids show:
Energy transfer and more importantly energy loss in an
ecosystem.
Why there are more herbivores than carnivores in an
ecosystem.
Why there are more plants than everything else
combined (they support all other populations).
Unit -1 [b]
1) Meaning of Environmental Education -
Definitions-
1. Mishra (1993) - “EE appears to be a process that equips human
being with awareness, knowledge, skills, attitudes & commitment
to improve environment.”
2. R. A. Sharma (1996) - “EE refers to the awareness of physical &
cultural environment & perceive its relevance for real life
situation.”
3. Cook & Hearn (1971) - “EE is problem centered interdisciplinary,
value- oriented, community-oriented & concerned with man‟s
survival as species, based on student initiated activities & involves
present & future oriented.”
Characteristics-
A process recognizing interrelatedness among men, his cultural &
biological surrounding.
A process that equips human beings with awareness, skills,
attitudes, values & commitment to improve environment.
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Refers to knowledge & understanding of physical, biological,
cultural & psychological environment & to perceive its relevance
for real life situation.
Identifies the imbalances of environment & tries to improve it in
view of sustainable development.
Objectives-
To develop an awareness of environment & sensitivity (feeling &
attitudes) to the total environment & it‟s allied problems.
To help acquiring knowledge & variety of experience of
environment associated problems.
To develop basic understanding of structure, process & problems
of environment & interdependence of environmental components.
To help acquiring skills for identifying & solving environmental
problems.
To develop attitudes, a set of values & feelings of concern about
environment.
To provide an opportunity for an active participation or practice at
all levels in working for solution of environmental problems.
To develop an ability for evaluating environmental components &
educational programmes in terms of economic, social, cultural,
aesthetic & educational factors.
Principles-
1) To consider the environment in its totality.
2) To consider a continuous life process from pre-school to all higher
levels formal as well as non-formal.
3) To be interdisciplinary in approach in EE.
4) To emphasize active participation in prevention & solution of
environmental problems. from local, national, international point
of view.
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5) To examine major environmental issues from local, national,
international point of view.
6) To focus on current, potential environmental issues & situations.
7) To consider environmental aspects in plans for growth &
development.
8) To emphasize the complexity of environmental problems & need
to develop critical thinking & problem solving attitude.
9) To promote the values & necessity of local, national &
international co-operation in the prevention & solution of
environmental problems.
10) To help learners to discover the symptoms & the real causes
of environmental problems.
Role of teacher EE-
A teacher -
would correlate topics of environmental issues, while teaching his
own subject matter.
should help individuals in providing awareness & sensitivity to the
total environment.
should create an awareness regarding renewable & non-renewable
sources of environment.
should help his pupils to acquire basic understanding of the
environment & associated problems.
should use play-way techniques to make them understand the
significance of food chains, food webs.
should help the students to acquire the social values, strong
feelings of concern for environment & motivation for active
participation.
should conduct activities like drama on environmental
conservation.
should help individuals to acquire skills for solving environmental
problems.
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should organize field trips to zoos, national parks, polluted cities
etc.
should help his pupils to evaluate environmental issues like soil
erosion, population explosion etc.
should organize seminars & workshops on environmental
measures.
should help students to develop the sense of responsibility &
urgency regarding environmental problems.
Unit III – Sustainable Development
Meaning of Sustainable development
Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the
human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand,
and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and
future generations depend.
It is "development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Sustainable development implies economic growth together with the
protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. The
essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between
human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the
prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good
as our own.
The guiding rules are that people must share with each other and care for
the Earth.
Humanity must take no more from nature than nature can replenish. This
in turn means adopting lifestyles and development paths that respect and
work within nature's limits. It can be done without rejecting the many
benefits that modern technology has brought, provided that technology
also works within those limits The term refers to achieving economic
and social development in ways that do not exhaust a country's natural
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resources. Sustainable development respects the limited capacity of an
ecosystem to absorb the impact of human activities.
Why is there a need for sustainable development?
The global picture is quite grave. In past economic activity tended to
mean more pollution and more wasteful use of resources. A damaged
environment impairs quality of life and may in long term threaten
existence and economy. New ways have to be found to restore
environment. For the future we need ways to achieve economic, social
and environmental objectives at the same time and consider the long
term implications of decisions related to environment.
Towards sustainable development
1. Giving citizens the means to freedom, education and employment, to
be effectively involved in decision-making, concerned about their future.
2. A culture of modernity that give importance to change and looks at
science as the basis for explaining reality, that encourages people to
express renewed solidarity towards others and concern about
environment
3. Technical solutions achieving new combinations of various forms
which increase productivity and reduces impact on environment
4. Economic tools enabling decision making to include all the factors
involved in the process of productions.
5. Increasing the quality and usefulness of the various educational and
training processes aiming at balancing development and environment
6. Reinforcement of scientific and technical training restoring
environmental balance
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Sustainable development in any country has to keep in mind the
following considerations:
1. Survival of human beings in a pollution free environment
2. Survival of all other life forms
3. Satisfaction of basic needs of living organisms
4. Economic efficiency and growth of trade and commerce
5. Social justice and equal opportunities to all
6. Population control through generating awareness abut the dangers of
pollution explosion
There has to be an awareness that excessive stress in bio physical
environment for short term gains is ultimately counter productive eg is
we regularly use chemical fertilizers on land , the harvest would bumper
for one or two seasons then the land would become useless as it would
be exhausted of all its nutrients. Similarly cutting of trees for production
of paper or furniture soon would result in all timber etc reserves getting
over.
It takes almost 10-15 years for a tree to grow. This means there is limit
to which productivity can be raised it one erodes the environment
beyond the limit the resources gets depleted and survival becomes
difficulty
Even renewable resources like air and water face the impact. Releases of
poisonous gases in air or dumping of industrial discharges in water
bodies over a long time would seriously affect health and production
Hence when a country develops industries, trade and commerce to meet
the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs it is said to have followed
sustainable practices. In developed countries as technologies improve,
the life style of people demand huge quantities of raw materials most of
which are imported from poorer countries. Thus depletion of natural
resources has caused a greater environmental damage not only to
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developed countries but also at a global level . The greenhouse effect is
a good example. Many automobile and other industries emit a lot of
pollutants in air increasing the levels of carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide thus causing increase in temperatures, which is experienced
worldwide. Acid rain, ozone hole etc are all global problems. The
developed countries therefore have to adjust their life styles to make
more rational use of resources. They will have to introduce policies and
measure to control toxic fumes, recycle wastes and evolve renewable
sources of energy. Hence people participation is absolutely essential to
achieve meaningful results in both the developed as well as developing
countries.
Steps towards Sustainable Development:
1. Teaching and Research:
• Teach Environmental Literacy
• The Campus as a “Learning Laboratory”
• Take an Interdisciplinary Approach
2. Purchasing and Administrative Services
• Only buy what you need
• Implement an environmentally-friendly product purchasing policy
• Buy products that are durable, reusable, recyclable, made from
recycled materials or easily and sustainably disposed of.
• Buy products that are produced in a environmentally sound manner
from companies that operated in an environmental responsible
manner.
3. Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling:
• Establish a waste reduction ethic among the administration, faculty
and students.
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• Expand recycling programs to include various papers, cardboard,
metal/glass/plastic containers.
• Minimize unnecessary copying, excessive press runs of campus
publications, third class mail and phonebooks
• Print two sides, reuse scrap paper
4. Energy Conservation
• Create a data base to tracks energy use, energy cost and resulting
emissions.
• Organize energy conservation programs
• Encourage incoming students to purchase energy efficient products
and conserve energy.
5. Water and Waste Water Management
• Implement a program to report, respond and repair leaks and faulty
plumbing equipment.
• Use drought resistant plantings to minimize irrigation needs
• Consider capturing rainwater for irrigation or gray water uses..
6. Hazardous Waste Management
• Proper handling, collection, disposal and tracking minimum
requirements.
• Educate campus hazardous waste generators about minimization
and proper disposal techniques.
• Switch to non/least toxic paints, solvents and cleaning agents.
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7. Transportation
• Encourage to travel by carpools or use of public transport
• Develop and encourage public transportation between frequently
visited locations.
• Encourage bicycling and walking.
• Minimize vehicle traffic
• Convert to alternative fuel, such as natural gas, electric and
biodiesel.
8. Food and Food Service
• Promote eating "low on the food chain" for health and
environmental reasons. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains and
legumes is healthier and easier on the planet.
• Minimize the use of disposable and throw away trays, plates cups
and flatware
9. Campus Grounds and Land Use
• Redefine campus beauty.
• Reduce lawn areas to reduce maintenance and grass cutting.
• Protect woodlands, wetlands, watershed, and wildlife.
• Implement a tree protection policy.
• Plant native species that do not require irrigation and chemical
fertilizers.
• Create an area to compost organic waste.
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10. New Construction
• Don‟t oversize or overbuild unnecessarily.
• Recycle and re-commission buildings being replaced.
• passive solar.
• Include suitable recycling collection space in building design
programs.
• Specify environmentally-friendly building materials and products.
Unit 3(ii) Environmental Education
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Introduction :
Water is essential not only for our existence but for all the animals
and plants on this universe.
Water is required to manage food production, industrial output and
the urban life style.
Water – it‟s source is limited by rain.
Modernization & industrialization has brought fast depletion in
water table.
It is important to conserve this rain water in the most efficient way.
This is what is called “ rain water harvesting ”
According to the requirement / purpose & also place, the design of
R W H will vary ie., the site that commends the pattern and not „
any tailor made design
Meaning:
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Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and
storing, of rainwater.
• To conserve rain water during monsoon.
• To arrest ground water decline and improve ground water levels &
availability.
There are two classes of rainwater harvesting systems:
Systems which collect roof runoff for household use.
Systems which use in field or adjoining catchment to provide
supplemental irrigation for agriculture.
Process:
.
Rain water falling on this roof top / terrace having a total area of
290 sqm is made to pass through the filtering unit and the borewell
is recharged through a recharge pit in the vicinity of the bore well.
Rain water from roof top(50% area) from 3 blocks is lead to
filter chamber through down water pipes and intermediate
chambers.
Further, water from the filter chamber is lead to the recharge pit
constructed near the new bore well.
Provision for spill over water from the recharge pit is also made.
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Diagrammatic Representation of the PROCESS:
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Filtration system :
If the roof is neat & clean then the rain water is free from physical
impurities & rain itself is free from chemical impurities, so we
need to worry about biological contamination only.
Hence, to use it for potable purpose, it will need to be treated.
After the first rain separator filtration of water is recommended.
According to the requirement / purpose and also place the filter
design will vary.
Precautions -
Demands relatively clean roof.
Not to store junk or waste material on roof.
Broom it clean especially during the rainy days.
Filtration is recommended.
The height of the r w h structures to be raised a little above the
ground.
To have better results, all the r w h structures should be kept clean
& the top of the filter chamber & recharge pit is covered with slab.
Advantage –
Gives drinking water , where the ground water is not in potable
condition.
Recharges the aquifer ( ground water bodies) & avoids depletion of
ground water.
Retains dampness in the ground.
Improves the soil condition & fertility of the land.
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In urban / suburban areas it reduces water supply & electric bill
amount.
Above all we feel proud of offering this (r w h) as our humble
contribution to „ our mother earth „.
Conclusion -
One time investment and life time service.
Make it a socio-economic reformation movement or else - the
drinking water will not sustain for long.
Recharge the ground water to remove the thirst of our mother
earth after all she keeps it safely for you & your comfortable life
only.
Unit III (ii)
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Since earliest times, humankind has been generating waste, be it the
bones and other parts of animals they slaughtered for their food or the
wood they cut to make their carts. With the progress of civilization, the
waste generated became of a more complex nature. At the end of the
19th century the industrial revolution saw the rise of the world of
consumers. Not only did the air get more and more polluted but the earth
itself became more polluted with the generation of non-biodegradable
solid waste. The increase in population and urbanization was also largely
responsible for the increase in solid waste.
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What is Solid Waste?
Solid waste means any garbage, trash, waste tire, sludge from a waste
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant and other discarded
material, including solid, liquid, semisolid or contained gaseous
material.
In other words, solid wastes may be defined as the organic and inorganic
waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their
value to the first user.
Types of solid waste
• Municipal solid waste: MSW consists of household waste,
construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.
• Hazardous waste: Industrial and hospital waste is considered as
hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.
• Infectious waste: Biomedical waste or hospital waste, generated
during diagnosis treatment etc. Include sharps, chemical wastes,
discarded medicines and human excreta etc.
“COLLECTION HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF SOLID
WASTES:-
Solid wastes are generally stored at the generation site and then
transported using some sort of vehicle either to an intermediate place or
treatment prior to final disposal or to the final disposal site directly.
Sources of solid waste
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and demolition
Municipal services
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Process (manufacturing, etc.)
Agriculture
Need for SWM
Ground water pollution and environmental degradation
Serious health problems
Clogging of drains
Decomposition of organic materials
Air, soil pollution
Lack of know-how to deal with disposal of waste
Solid waste management process consists of at least four steps
1. Collection.
2. Transportation.
3. Treatment.
4. Ultimate disposal
Flowchart of the functional elements in SWM
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Main ways to manage solid waste
• Source reduction
• Recycling
• Composting
• Waste-to-energy incineration
• Landfilling
Storage of solid wastes:-
Solid wastes are stored till a sizable amount accumulates which may be
transported using a vehicle of suitable size; while storing special
containers are to be taken for poisonous materials and hazardous wastes.
The storage should be convenient for the user and it should facilitate
safe and efficient collection storage devices should prevent access to
odours, vectors and emission on of excessive odours.
“Collection and handling ”:-
When the quantities of solid wastes to be managed are relatively small
then collection, handling and
short distance transport may be done manually. However, when the
quantities is large mechanical devices should be used.
“Transportation of solid wastes” :-
To transport relatively small quantity of solid wastes our a short distance
horizontally or along a slight incline a well barrow may be used,
However, when the quantity to be transported is large or the distance is
long or both, suitable vehicles should be used.
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“ Recovery and Recycling of solid wastes”:-
Solid wastes particularly mixed refuse may contain non-renewable
resources like metal pieces, plastic pieces etc., as well as renewable
resource-based refuse like food wastes and agricultural wastes. In some
instances the waste from a particular process may find useful application
else-where wherever possible reusable components of wastes should be
recovered and recycled such practice would reduce the waste disposal
cost by reducing the quantity of wastes to be handled depicting natural
resources of scarce items.
“DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES” :-
Sites for waste disposal” :-
Nearly 75.80% of all collected residential and commercial solid wastes
are sent to open dumps, less
than 10% is buried in sanitary landfills, a small amount is dumped into
the sea and remaining is concerted either to obtain energy and recover
metals and partly to reduce the volume of the wastes and the amount of
land required for dumps and sanitary land fills. Usually non-cultivated
lands are used as sites for waste disposal but cultivated land may also be
used.
“Treatment of solid wastes” :-
The treatments of solid wastes would be subjected prior to final disposal
would depend on their composition and quantities. If a waste is not
contaminated and has some endues then the waste may be transported to
the use directly. If the waste is contaminated then it may be subjected to
segregation process and other treatments to extract salvable portions and
to recover energy before ultimate disposal.
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“Treatment process may be classified as”:
1. Mechanical processing.
2. Biological Processing.
3. Thermal Processing.
Mechanical processing is used to “recover salvable materials as well as
to reduce the size of refusenconstituents and to compact the refuses size
reduction and compaction operations make it easier to handle and
transport solid wastes”.
Biological processing is used to “convert the organic constituents of
solid refuse into some byproducts.”
Thermal processing aims at “energy recovery from organic matter
bearing refuse prior to its finalndisposal.”
“Approaches-(At home, city, state)”
Municipal wastes and such other mixed refuse contains both reusable
materials, insert materials as well as materials having high organic
content, considerable amount of attention has been paid and processes
have been developed for recovery of reusable materials and utilization of
the organic or to produce fertilizer solid conditioner.
In the residential level it is our quantity to sort out wastes into organic
wastes like paper, plastic, rubber, leather, metal, compostable matter and
other inorganic. It should be specifically checked whether a solid waste
is hazardous or not and hand over it to the municipal authority.
Municipal authority should sort out the solid wastes into organic,
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inorganic wastes and reusable and useless wastes. It should dump
useless wastes in the outskirt in a deep well which should not easily
accessible to animals like dogs, pigs etc., It should be covered by
polythene papers. It is the duty of our state to impose certain levels and
restrictions to control the release of solid wastes by from industries,
factories etc., it should give certain powers to civil and municipal
authority to manage the solid wastes. “It should make amendments for
the proper treatment of solid wastes”.
What does MSWM Rules say?
1. Littering of municipal solid waste prohibited in cities, towns and in
urban areas.
2. To prohibit littering and facilitate compliance, the following steps
to be taken by the municipal authority, namely :-
• Organising house-to-house collection of wastes through
-- Community bin collection (central bin),
-- House-to-house collection, collection on regular pre- informed
timings
• Devising collection of waste from
- slums and squatter areas
- hotels,
- restaurants,
- office complexes and
- commercial areas
• biodegradable Wastes from slaughter houses, vegetable markets, to
be managed to make use of such wastes;
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• Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes not to be mixed with
municipal solid wastes - follow rules separately specified for the
purpose;
• Horticultural and construction or demolition wastes or debris to be
separately collected and disposed off
• Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt; • Stray animals shall not be allowed to graze around waste storage
facilities
• Municipal authority to notify waste collection schedule and the
likely method to be adopted.
• It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid
littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the
collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal
authority
Segregation of municipal solid wastes
• to encourage the citizens, municipal authority to organise
awareness programmes for
– Source segregation of wastes
– promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials.
• The municipal authority to undertake phased programme to ensure
community participation in waste segregation.
– regular meetings at quarterly intervals to be arranged by the
municipal authorities with CBOs & NGOs.
Components of a modern SWM strategy
• efforts for waste avoidance and reduction - educational and
technical
• waste separation and collection, or collection and separation, with
appropriate means of transport and storage of waste
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• efforts to re-use and recycle as much as possible, which means and
efforts to reduce residual waste to as little as possible, ideally to
“Zero”
• final disposal mechanisms of residual waste, with the least
environmental impact.
Waste minimization
1 Use cloth and paper bags, not plastic
2 Large plot holders to have small compost pits in their own
landscaped areas
3 Segregating wastes in the house with the municipality to provide
separate containers for recyclable waste
4 Separate collection from large generators of organic wastes sent
for composting. Combustible wastes from timber market or
industries sent to „waste to power‟ generating centres
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Unit III( ii)
Mangroves Management
1. Introduction:
1.1 Definition of Mangroves:
Mangroves are salt-tolerant characteristic complex plant communities
occurring in sheltered coast line areas in the tropical and sub-tropical
inter-tidal regions of the world such as bays, estuaries, lagoons and
creeks.
1.2 Ecological Significance of Mangroves:
Mangroves provide important nutrient inputs and act as primary
sources of energy for tropical estuaries.
Biomass productivity of mangroves is relatively high and they act
as reservoir in assimilation of wastes.
Mangroves stabilize the shoreline and act as bulwark against the
devastating impact of hurricanes and cyclones as well as
encroachment by the sea and check soil erosion.
1.3 Economic Significance of Mangroves:
Provide vide variety of goods and services such as:
o durable timbers
o fuel wood of high calorific values
o protein rich fodder for cattle
o edible fruits and vegetables
o traditional medicines
1.4 Threats to Mangroves:
Tree felling for fuel wood and wood products
Grazing by cattle
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Reclamation for agriculture and aquaculture
Urban development and human settlements
Industrialization, Port and Harbor development
Mining Siltation and Sedimentation
¨ DIRECT (Human)
2. Conversion of mangroves to fishponds and salt beds
3. Reclamation of mangrove areas for various developments (such as
wharves, piers, airports, housing projects, etc.)
4. Pollution and siltation
5. Structures obstructing waterways and tidal inundation – this means
that the tidal flow is prevented by these structures affecting
nutrient distribution, salinity and temperature gradients, enhancing
accumulation of biogas and other products of organic
decomposition causing mangrove vegetation to die
6. Overexploitation/utilization, etc.
¨ INDIRECT (Natural phenomenon)
1. Pests (diseases)
2. Sea level rise due to global warming causing polar ice cap to melt
1.5 Policy initiatives for Conservation of Mangroves:
Environmental Protection Act, 1986
National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on
Environment and Development (1992)
Action Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (1995)
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (1991) and
subsequent Amendments
Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and
Coral Reefs (1986)
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1.6 Some of the important Mangrove Species in India:
Avecennia alba
Avecennia officianalis
Avecennia marina
Bruguiera cylindrical
Kendella candel
Rhizophora apiculata
Sonneretia species
2. Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves:
Taking into consideration the ecological and economic significance of
Mangroves, the Ministry of Environment and Forests had launched a
Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral
Reefs was in 1986:
2.1 Objectives:
Immediate objectives of the Scheme are:
o Conservation and protection of the Mangrove Ecosystem for
further degradation;
o Afforestation of degraded Mangrove areas;
o Restoration of degraded Coral Reef areas;
o Maintenance of genetic diversity especially of the threatened
and endemic species;
o Creation of awareness among the people on importance of
Mangrove/ Coral Reef Ecosystem and the need for their
conservation.
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The fig shows Mangroves and their ecological and economic benefits
(Berjak et al. 1977).
Mangrove Restoration
based on ecological mangrove principles;
involving local stakeholders in planning, implementation, and
monitoring;
working with (not against) nature by encouraging natural
regeneration; and
planting mangroves only for very specified reasons where natural
propagules are not available.
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Ms. Arpeeta Bhatia TSCER