ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE) Unit 1 a) Environment _paper_ 4/IV.2_environmental_educat… · place among the organisms between the community and its non-living physical environment.

IV.2 Environmental Education

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Ms. Arpeeta Bhatia TSCER

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE)

Unit 1 a)

Environment: Meaning and its Components.

What is Environment?????

“Environment is a word which describe in aggregate, all the external

forces, influences and conditions which affect the life, nature, behavior

and growth, development & maturation of living organism.”

By Douglas & Holland

Types of Environment

Natural environment

Manmade environment

Scope of Environment:

Natural environment:

Atmosphere = Space occupied by air

Hydrosphere = Space occupied by water

Lithosphere = Space occupied by solid

Biosphere = Space occupied by life

Ecosphere

The biosphere plus those parts of the hydrosphere, atmosphere &

lithosphere in which & with which the biotic components interact.

Living tends to be found at the junctions of these three great

spheres.


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Ecology

Ecology = Greek word „oikos‟ (home) + ology (study)

Study of how organisms interact with one another and their non-

living environment (biotic and abiotic components)

What is an ecosystem?

System = regularly interacting and interdependent components

forming a unified whole

Ecosystem = an ecological system; = a community and its

physical environment treated together as a functional system

Defined area in which a community lives with interactions taking

place among the organisms between the community and its non-

living physical environment.

An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between all living and

non-living things

The biggest ecosystem is an earth called “biosphere‟

Ecosystems: Fundamental Characteristics

Structure:

Living (biotic)

Nonliving (abiotic)

Process:

Energy flow

Cycling of matter (chemicals)

Change:

Dynamic (not static)

Succession, etc.


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Ecosystem organization

Types of ecosystem

Natural ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem

Terrestrial Ecosystem

Man-made or Artificial ecosystem


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Composition of ecosystem

Abiotic Components

Water, air, temperature, soil, light levels, precipitation,

salinity

Biotic Components

Producers, consumers, decomposers

Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi

Food Chain

A food chain is the relationship of organisms that depend on each other

for energy or food.

It is a straight line relationship such as algae is food for fish which are

food for squid which are food for sharks.

Food Web

A food web is more complex and is a food chain with the interrelated

chain of organisms that depend on each other for food. If one organism

is removed, other organisms may be endangered or possibly die out.


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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

Meaning: Graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community

Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top.

This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic

level, some of the energy is lost as heat.

3 TYPES OF PYRAMIDS:

1. Pyramid of Biomass

2. Pyramid of Energy

3. Pyramid of Numbers

Pyramid of Biomass: Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic

level

Biomass weight is determined after dehydration

Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels.

Measured in Kg, grams or pounds


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Pyramid of Energy: Shows the energy available at each trophic level.

The size of the blocks represents the proportion of productivity

Measured in Joules or Calories

Pyramid of Numbers: Illustration of the number of organisms at each

level


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Conclusion:

Ecological Pyramids show:

Energy transfer and more importantly energy loss in an

ecosystem.

Why there are more herbivores than carnivores in an

ecosystem.

Why there are more plants than everything else

combined (they support all other populations).

Unit -1 [b]

1) Meaning of Environmental Education -

Definitions-

1. Mishra (1993) - “EE appears to be a process that equips human

being with awareness, knowledge, skills, attitudes & commitment

to improve environment.”

2. R. A. Sharma (1996) - “EE refers to the awareness of physical &

cultural environment & perceive its relevance for real life

situation.”

3. Cook & Hearn (1971) - “EE is problem centered interdisciplinary,

value- oriented, community-oriented & concerned with man‟s

survival as species, based on student initiated activities & involves

present & future oriented.”

Characteristics-

A process recognizing interrelatedness among men, his cultural &

biological surrounding.

A process that equips human beings with awareness, skills,

attitudes, values & commitment to improve environment.


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Refers to knowledge & understanding of physical, biological,

cultural & psychological environment & to perceive its relevance

for real life situation.

Identifies the imbalances of environment & tries to improve it in

view of sustainable development.

Objectives-

To develop an awareness of environment & sensitivity (feeling &

attitudes) to the total environment & it‟s allied problems.

To help acquiring knowledge & variety of experience of

environment associated problems.

To develop basic understanding of structure, process & problems

of environment & interdependence of environmental components.

To help acquiring skills for identifying & solving environmental

problems.

To develop attitudes, a set of values & feelings of concern about

environment.

To provide an opportunity for an active participation or practice at

all levels in working for solution of environmental problems.

To develop an ability for evaluating environmental components &

educational programmes in terms of economic, social, cultural,

aesthetic & educational factors.

Principles-

1) To consider the environment in its totality.

2) To consider a continuous life process from pre-school to all higher

levels formal as well as non-formal.

3) To be interdisciplinary in approach in EE.

4) To emphasize active participation in prevention & solution of

environmental problems. from local, national, international point

of view.


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5) To examine major environmental issues from local, national,

international point of view.

6) To focus on current, potential environmental issues & situations.

7) To consider environmental aspects in plans for growth &

development.

8) To emphasize the complexity of environmental problems & need

to develop critical thinking & problem solving attitude.

9) To promote the values & necessity of local, national &

international co-operation in the prevention & solution of

environmental problems.

10) To help learners to discover the symptoms & the real causes

of environmental problems.

Role of teacher EE-

A teacher -

would correlate topics of environmental issues, while teaching his

own subject matter.

should help individuals in providing awareness & sensitivity to the

total environment.

should create an awareness regarding renewable & non-renewable

sources of environment.

should help his pupils to acquire basic understanding of the

environment & associated problems.

should use play-way techniques to make them understand the

significance of food chains, food webs.

should help the students to acquire the social values, strong

feelings of concern for environment & motivation for active

participation.

should conduct activities like drama on environmental

conservation.

should help individuals to acquire skills for solving environmental

problems.


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should organize field trips to zoos, national parks, polluted cities

etc.

should help his pupils to evaluate environmental issues like soil

erosion, population explosion etc.

should organize seminars & workshops on environmental

measures.

should help students to develop the sense of responsibility &

urgency regarding environmental problems.

Unit III – Sustainable Development

Meaning of Sustainable development

Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the

human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand,

and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and

future generations depend.

It is "development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainable development implies economic growth together with the

protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. The

essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between

human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the

prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good

as our own.

The guiding rules are that people must share with each other and care for

the Earth.

Humanity must take no more from nature than nature can replenish. This

in turn means adopting lifestyles and development paths that respect and

work within nature's limits. It can be done without rejecting the many

benefits that modern technology has brought, provided that technology

also works within those limits The term refers to achieving economic

and social development in ways that do not exhaust a country's natural


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resources. Sustainable development respects the limited capacity of an

ecosystem to absorb the impact of human activities.

Why is there a need for sustainable development?

The global picture is quite grave. In past economic activity tended to

mean more pollution and more wasteful use of resources. A damaged

environment impairs quality of life and may in long term threaten

existence and economy. New ways have to be found to restore

environment. For the future we need ways to achieve economic, social

and environmental objectives at the same time and consider the long

term implications of decisions related to environment.

Towards sustainable development

1. Giving citizens the means to freedom, education and employment, to

be effectively involved in decision-making, concerned about their future.

2. A culture of modernity that give importance to change and looks at

science as the basis for explaining reality, that encourages people to

express renewed solidarity towards others and concern about

environment

3. Technical solutions achieving new combinations of various forms

which increase productivity and reduces impact on environment

4. Economic tools enabling decision making to include all the factors

involved in the process of productions.

5. Increasing the quality and usefulness of the various educational and

training processes aiming at balancing development and environment

6. Reinforcement of scientific and technical training restoring

environmental balance


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Sustainable development in any country has to keep in mind the

following considerations:

1. Survival of human beings in a pollution free environment

2. Survival of all other life forms

3. Satisfaction of basic needs of living organisms

4. Economic efficiency and growth of trade and commerce

5. Social justice and equal opportunities to all

6. Population control through generating awareness abut the dangers of

pollution explosion

There has to be an awareness that excessive stress in bio physical

environment for short term gains is ultimately counter productive eg is

we regularly use chemical fertilizers on land , the harvest would bumper

for one or two seasons then the land would become useless as it would

be exhausted of all its nutrients. Similarly cutting of trees for production

of paper or furniture soon would result in all timber etc reserves getting

over.

It takes almost 10-15 years for a tree to grow. This means there is limit

to which productivity can be raised it one erodes the environment

beyond the limit the resources gets depleted and survival becomes

difficulty

Even renewable resources like air and water face the impact. Releases of

poisonous gases in air or dumping of industrial discharges in water

bodies over a long time would seriously affect health and production

Hence when a country develops industries, trade and commerce to meet

the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs it is said to have followed

sustainable practices. In developed countries as technologies improve,

the life style of people demand huge quantities of raw materials most of

which are imported from poorer countries. Thus depletion of natural

resources has caused a greater environmental damage not only to


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developed countries but also at a global level . The greenhouse effect is

a good example. Many automobile and other industries emit a lot of

pollutants in air increasing the levels of carbon dioxide and carbon

monoxide thus causing increase in temperatures, which is experienced

worldwide. Acid rain, ozone hole etc are all global problems. The

developed countries therefore have to adjust their life styles to make

more rational use of resources. They will have to introduce policies and

measure to control toxic fumes, recycle wastes and evolve renewable

sources of energy. Hence people participation is absolutely essential to

achieve meaningful results in both the developed as well as developing

countries.

Steps towards Sustainable Development:

1. Teaching and Research:

• Teach Environmental Literacy

• The Campus as a “Learning Laboratory”

• Take an Interdisciplinary Approach

2. Purchasing and Administrative Services

• Only buy what you need

• Implement an environmentally-friendly product purchasing policy

• Buy products that are durable, reusable, recyclable, made from

recycled materials or easily and sustainably disposed of.

• Buy products that are produced in a environmentally sound manner

from companies that operated in an environmental responsible

manner.

3. Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling:

• Establish a waste reduction ethic among the administration, faculty

and students.


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• Expand recycling programs to include various papers, cardboard,

metal/glass/plastic containers.

• Minimize unnecessary copying, excessive press runs of campus

publications, third class mail and phonebooks

• Print two sides, reuse scrap paper

4. Energy Conservation

• Create a data base to tracks energy use, energy cost and resulting

emissions.

• Organize energy conservation programs

• Encourage incoming students to purchase energy efficient products

and conserve energy.

5. Water and Waste Water Management

• Implement a program to report, respond and repair leaks and faulty

plumbing equipment.

• Use drought resistant plantings to minimize irrigation needs

• Consider capturing rainwater for irrigation or gray water uses..

6. Hazardous Waste Management

• Proper handling, collection, disposal and tracking minimum

requirements.

• Educate campus hazardous waste generators about minimization

and proper disposal techniques.

• Switch to non/least toxic paints, solvents and cleaning agents.


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7. Transportation

• Encourage to travel by carpools or use of public transport

• Develop and encourage public transportation between frequently

visited locations.

• Encourage bicycling and walking.

• Minimize vehicle traffic

• Convert to alternative fuel, such as natural gas, electric and

biodiesel.

8. Food and Food Service

• Promote eating "low on the food chain" for health and

environmental reasons. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains and

legumes is healthier and easier on the planet.

• Minimize the use of disposable and throw away trays, plates cups

and flatware

9. Campus Grounds and Land Use

• Redefine campus beauty.

• Reduce lawn areas to reduce maintenance and grass cutting.

• Protect woodlands, wetlands, watershed, and wildlife.

• Implement a tree protection policy.

• Plant native species that do not require irrigation and chemical

fertilizers.

• Create an area to compost organic waste.


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10. New Construction

• Don‟t oversize or overbuild unnecessarily.

• Recycle and re-commission buildings being replaced.

• passive solar.

• Include suitable recycling collection space in building design

programs.

• Specify environmentally-friendly building materials and products.

Unit 3(ii) Environmental Education

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Introduction :

Water is essential not only for our existence but for all the animals

and plants on this universe.

Water is required to manage food production, industrial output and

the urban life style.

Water – it‟s source is limited by rain.

Modernization & industrialization has brought fast depletion in

water table.

It is important to conserve this rain water in the most efficient way.

This is what is called “ rain water harvesting ”

According to the requirement / purpose & also place, the design of

R W H will vary ie., the site that commends the pattern and not „

any tailor made design

Meaning:


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Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and

storing, of rainwater.

• To conserve rain water during monsoon.

• To arrest ground water decline and improve ground water levels &

availability.

There are two classes of rainwater harvesting systems:

Systems which collect roof runoff for household use.

Systems which use in field or adjoining catchment to provide

supplemental irrigation for agriculture.

Process:

.

Rain water falling on this roof top / terrace having a total area of

290 sqm is made to pass through the filtering unit and the borewell

is recharged through a recharge pit in the vicinity of the bore well.

Rain water from roof top(50% area) from 3 blocks is lead to

filter chamber through down water pipes and intermediate

chambers.

Further, water from the filter chamber is lead to the recharge pit

constructed near the new bore well.

Provision for spill over water from the recharge pit is also made.


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Diagrammatic Representation of the PROCESS:


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Filtration system :

If the roof is neat & clean then the rain water is free from physical

impurities & rain itself is free from chemical impurities, so we

need to worry about biological contamination only.

Hence, to use it for potable purpose, it will need to be treated.

After the first rain separator filtration of water is recommended.

According to the requirement / purpose and also place the filter

design will vary.

Precautions -

Demands relatively clean roof.

Not to store junk or waste material on roof.

Broom it clean especially during the rainy days.

Filtration is recommended.

The height of the r w h structures to be raised a little above the

ground.

To have better results, all the r w h structures should be kept clean

& the top of the filter chamber & recharge pit is covered with slab.

Advantage –

Gives drinking water , where the ground water is not in potable

condition.

Recharges the aquifer ( ground water bodies) & avoids depletion of

ground water.

Retains dampness in the ground.

Improves the soil condition & fertility of the land.


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In urban / suburban areas it reduces water supply & electric bill

amount.

Above all we feel proud of offering this (r w h) as our humble

contribution to „ our mother earth „.

Conclusion -

One time investment and life time service.

Make it a socio-economic reformation movement or else - the

drinking water will not sustain for long.

Recharge the ground water to remove the thirst of our mother

earth after all she keeps it safely for you & your comfortable life

only.

Unit III (ii)

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

Since earliest times, humankind has been generating waste, be it the

bones and other parts of animals they slaughtered for their food or the

wood they cut to make their carts. With the progress of civilization, the

waste generated became of a more complex nature. At the end of the

19th century the industrial revolution saw the rise of the world of

consumers. Not only did the air get more and more polluted but the earth

itself became more polluted with the generation of non-biodegradable

solid waste. The increase in population and urbanization was also largely

responsible for the increase in solid waste.


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What is Solid Waste?

Solid waste means any garbage, trash, waste tire, sludge from a waste

treatment plant, water supply treatment plant and other discarded

material, including solid, liquid, semisolid or contained gaseous

material.

In other words, solid wastes may be defined as the organic and inorganic

waste produced by various activities of the society which have lost their

value to the first user.

Types of solid waste

• Municipal solid waste: MSW consists of household waste,

construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue.

• Hazardous waste: Industrial and hospital waste is considered as

hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances.

• Infectious waste: Biomedical waste or hospital waste, generated

during diagnosis treatment etc. Include sharps, chemical wastes,

discarded medicines and human excreta etc.

“COLLECTION HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF SOLID

WASTES:-

Solid wastes are generally stored at the generation site and then

transported using some sort of vehicle either to an intermediate place or

treatment prior to final disposal or to the final disposal site directly.

Sources of solid waste

Residential

Industrial

Commercial

Institutional

Construction and demolition

Municipal services


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Process (manufacturing, etc.)

Agriculture

Need for SWM

Ground water pollution and environmental degradation

Serious health problems

Clogging of drains

Decomposition of organic materials

Air, soil pollution

Lack of know-how to deal with disposal of waste

Solid waste management process consists of at least four steps

1. Collection.

2. Transportation.

3. Treatment.

4. Ultimate disposal

Flowchart of the functional elements in SWM


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Main ways to manage solid waste

• Source reduction

• Recycling

• Composting

• Waste-to-energy incineration

• Landfilling

Storage of solid wastes:-

Solid wastes are stored till a sizable amount accumulates which may be

transported using a vehicle of suitable size; while storing special

containers are to be taken for poisonous materials and hazardous wastes.

The storage should be convenient for the user and it should facilitate

safe and efficient collection storage devices should prevent access to

odours, vectors and emission on of excessive odours.

“Collection and handling ”:-

When the quantities of solid wastes to be managed are relatively small

then collection, handling and

short distance transport may be done manually. However, when the

quantities is large mechanical devices should be used.

“Transportation of solid wastes” :-

To transport relatively small quantity of solid wastes our a short distance

horizontally or along a slight incline a well barrow may be used,

However, when the quantity to be transported is large or the distance is

long or both, suitable vehicles should be used.


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“ Recovery and Recycling of solid wastes”:-

Solid wastes particularly mixed refuse may contain non-renewable

resources like metal pieces, plastic pieces etc., as well as renewable

resource-based refuse like food wastes and agricultural wastes. In some

instances the waste from a particular process may find useful application

else-where wherever possible reusable components of wastes should be

recovered and recycled such practice would reduce the waste disposal

cost by reducing the quantity of wastes to be handled depicting natural

resources of scarce items.

“DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES” :-

Sites for waste disposal” :-

Nearly 75.80% of all collected residential and commercial solid wastes

are sent to open dumps, less

than 10% is buried in sanitary landfills, a small amount is dumped into

the sea and remaining is concerted either to obtain energy and recover

metals and partly to reduce the volume of the wastes and the amount of

land required for dumps and sanitary land fills. Usually non-cultivated

lands are used as sites for waste disposal but cultivated land may also be

used.

“Treatment of solid wastes” :-

The treatments of solid wastes would be subjected prior to final disposal

would depend on their composition and quantities. If a waste is not

contaminated and has some endues then the waste may be transported to

the use directly. If the waste is contaminated then it may be subjected to

segregation process and other treatments to extract salvable portions and

to recover energy before ultimate disposal.


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“Treatment process may be classified as”:

1. Mechanical processing.

2. Biological Processing.

3. Thermal Processing.

Mechanical processing is used to “recover salvable materials as well as

to reduce the size of refusenconstituents and to compact the refuses size

reduction and compaction operations make it easier to handle and

transport solid wastes”.

Biological processing is used to “convert the organic constituents of

solid refuse into some byproducts.”

Thermal processing aims at “energy recovery from organic matter

bearing refuse prior to its finalndisposal.”

“Approaches-(At home, city, state)”

Municipal wastes and such other mixed refuse contains both reusable

materials, insert materials as well as materials having high organic

content, considerable amount of attention has been paid and processes

have been developed for recovery of reusable materials and utilization of

the organic or to produce fertilizer solid conditioner.

In the residential level it is our quantity to sort out wastes into organic

wastes like paper, plastic, rubber, leather, metal, compostable matter and

other inorganic. It should be specifically checked whether a solid waste

is hazardous or not and hand over it to the municipal authority.

Municipal authority should sort out the solid wastes into organic,


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inorganic wastes and reusable and useless wastes. It should dump

useless wastes in the outskirt in a deep well which should not easily

accessible to animals like dogs, pigs etc., It should be covered by

polythene papers. It is the duty of our state to impose certain levels and

restrictions to control the release of solid wastes by from industries,

factories etc., it should give certain powers to civil and municipal

authority to manage the solid wastes. “It should make amendments for

the proper treatment of solid wastes”.

What does MSWM Rules say?

1. Littering of municipal solid waste prohibited in cities, towns and in

urban areas.

2. To prohibit littering and facilitate compliance, the following steps

to be taken by the municipal authority, namely :-

• Organising house-to-house collection of wastes through

-- Community bin collection (central bin),

-- House-to-house collection, collection on regular pre- informed

timings

• Devising collection of waste from

- slums and squatter areas

- hotels,

- restaurants,

- office complexes and

- commercial areas

• biodegradable Wastes from slaughter houses, vegetable markets, to

be managed to make use of such wastes;


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• Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes not to be mixed with

municipal solid wastes - follow rules separately specified for the

purpose;

• Horticultural and construction or demolition wastes or debris to be

separately collected and disposed off

• Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt; • Stray animals shall not be allowed to graze around waste storage

facilities

• Municipal authority to notify waste collection schedule and the

likely method to be adopted.

• It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid

littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the

collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal

authority

Segregation of municipal solid wastes

• to encourage the citizens, municipal authority to organise

awareness programmes for

– Source segregation of wastes

– promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials.

• The municipal authority to undertake phased programme to ensure

community participation in waste segregation.

– regular meetings at quarterly intervals to be arranged by the

municipal authorities with CBOs & NGOs.

Components of a modern SWM strategy

• efforts for waste avoidance and reduction - educational and

technical

• waste separation and collection, or collection and separation, with

appropriate means of transport and storage of waste


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• efforts to re-use and recycle as much as possible, which means and

efforts to reduce residual waste to as little as possible, ideally to

“Zero”

• final disposal mechanisms of residual waste, with the least

environmental impact.

Waste minimization

1 Use cloth and paper bags, not plastic

2 Large plot holders to have small compost pits in their own

landscaped areas

3 Segregating wastes in the house with the municipality to provide

separate containers for recyclable waste

4 Separate collection from large generators of organic wastes sent

for composting. Combustible wastes from timber market or

industries sent to „waste to power‟ generating centres


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Unit III( ii)

Mangroves Management

1. Introduction:

1.1 Definition of Mangroves:

Mangroves are salt-tolerant characteristic complex plant communities

occurring in sheltered coast line areas in the tropical and sub-tropical

inter-tidal regions of the world such as bays, estuaries, lagoons and

creeks.

1.2 Ecological Significance of Mangroves:

Mangroves provide important nutrient inputs and act as primary

sources of energy for tropical estuaries.

Biomass productivity of mangroves is relatively high and they act

as reservoir in assimilation of wastes.

Mangroves stabilize the shoreline and act as bulwark against the

devastating impact of hurricanes and cyclones as well as

encroachment by the sea and check soil erosion.

1.3 Economic Significance of Mangroves:

Provide vide variety of goods and services such as:

o durable timbers

o fuel wood of high calorific values

o protein rich fodder for cattle

o edible fruits and vegetables

o traditional medicines

1.4 Threats to Mangroves:

Tree felling for fuel wood and wood products

Grazing by cattle


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Reclamation for agriculture and aquaculture

Urban development and human settlements

Industrialization, Port and Harbor development

Mining Siltation and Sedimentation

¨ DIRECT (Human)

2. Conversion of mangroves to fishponds and salt beds

3. Reclamation of mangrove areas for various developments (such as

wharves, piers, airports, housing projects, etc.)

4. Pollution and siltation

5. Structures obstructing waterways and tidal inundation – this means

that the tidal flow is prevented by these structures affecting

nutrient distribution, salinity and temperature gradients, enhancing

accumulation of biogas and other products of organic

decomposition causing mangrove vegetation to die

6. Overexploitation/utilization, etc.

¨ INDIRECT (Natural phenomenon)

1. Pests (diseases)

2. Sea level rise due to global warming causing polar ice cap to melt

1.5 Policy initiatives for Conservation of Mangroves:

Environmental Protection Act, 1986

National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on

Environment and Development (1992)

Action Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (1995)

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (1991) and

subsequent Amendments

Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and

Coral Reefs (1986)


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1.6 Some of the important Mangrove Species in India:

Avecennia alba

Avecennia officianalis

Avecennia marina

Bruguiera cylindrical

Kendella candel

Rhizophora apiculata

Sonneretia species

2. Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves:

Taking into consideration the ecological and economic significance of

Mangroves, the Ministry of Environment and Forests had launched a

Scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral

Reefs was in 1986:

2.1 Objectives:

Immediate objectives of the Scheme are:

o Conservation and protection of the Mangrove Ecosystem for

further degradation;

o Afforestation of degraded Mangrove areas;

o Restoration of degraded Coral Reef areas;

o Maintenance of genetic diversity especially of the threatened

and endemic species;

o Creation of awareness among the people on importance of

Mangrove/ Coral Reef Ecosystem and the need for their

conservation.


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The fig shows Mangroves and their ecological and economic benefits

(Berjak et al. 1977).

Mangrove Restoration

based on ecological mangrove principles;

involving local stakeholders in planning, implementation, and

monitoring;

working with (not against) nature by encouraging natural

regeneration; and

planting mangroves only for very specified reasons where natural

propagules are not available.


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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE) Unit 1 a) Environment _paper_ 4/IV.2_environmental_educat… · place among the organisms between the community and its non-living physical environment.

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