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…….Chapter 23Plant Evolution and Diversity

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following structures is a male reproductive structure?A. archegoniaB. megasporeC. pollen coneD. pistil

Incorrect Answers: A. The male reproductive structure is the pollen cone. Pollen, which is the male gametophye, is produced in the pollen cone; B. The male reproductive structure is the pollen cone. Pollen, which is the male gametophye, is produced in the pollen cone; D. The male reproductive structure is the pollen cone. Pollen, which is the male gametophye, is produced in the pollen cone.

2. All of the following are nonvascular plants EXCEPTA. lycophytes.B. liverworts.C. mosses.D. hornworts.

Incorrect Answers: B. All of the following are nonvascular plants except lycophytes, which are seedless vascular plants; C. All of the following are nonvascular plants except lycophytes, which are seedless vascular plants; D. All of the following are nonvascular plants except lycophytes, which are seedless vascular plants.

3. Which plant structure is mismatched?A. archegonia—produce spermB. rhizome—horizontal underground stemC. sepals—protect the budding flowerD. cuticle—prevent water loss

Incorrect Answers: B. The mismatch is archegonia and the production of sperm. Antheridia produce sperm and archegonia produce eggs; C. The mismatch is archegonia and the production of sperm. Antheridia produce sperm and archegonia produce eggs; D. The mismatch is archegonia and the production of sperm. Antheridia produce sperm and archegonia produce eggs.

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4. All of the following characteristics are among the adaptations of plants to life on land EXCEPTA. protection of the embryo from drying out.B. waxy cuticle on leaves to prevent drying out.C. waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out.D. vascular system (in most plants) to move water internally.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the following characteristics are among the adaptations of plants to life on land except a waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out. There is no waxy covering on the roots of plants; B. All of the following characteristics are among the adaptations of plants to life on land except a waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out. There is no waxy covering on the roots of plants; D. All of the following characteristics are among the adaptations of plants to life on land except a waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out. There is no waxy covering on the roots of plants.

5. As plants invaded the land, there wasA. greater availability of light for photosynthesis.B. greater concentrations of carbon dioxide.C. increased threat of desiccation of unprotected cells.D. All of the above.E. A and C only are true.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the above are true. As plants invaded the land, there was more sunlight and carbon dioxide available, but a greater threat of desiccation of cells; B. All of the above are true. As plants invaded the land, there was more sunlight and carbon dioxide available, but a greater threat of desiccation of cells; C. All of the above are true. As plants invaded the land, there was more sunlight and carbon dioxide available, but a greater threat of desiccation of cells; E. All of the above are true. As plants invaded the land, there was more sunlight and carbon dioxide available, but a greater threat of desiccation of cells.

6. Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved fromA. charophytes.B. rhodophyta.C. dinoflagellates.D. the water molds.E. ciliates.

Incorrect Answers: B. Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from charophytes, a freshwater algae; C. Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from charophytes, a freshwater algae; D. Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from charophytes, a freshwater algae; E. Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from charophytes, a freshwater algae.

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7. In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by theA. sporangia.B. fruit.C. gametophyte.D. homospores.E. strobili.

Incorrect Answers: A. In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the gametophyte; B. In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the gametophyte; D. In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the gametophyte; E. In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the gametophyte

8. All land plants have ________ life cycle(s).A. a diplonticB. an alternation of generationsC. both diplontic and alternation of generationsD. haplontic and alternation of generationsE. haplontic, diplontic, and alternation of generations

Incorrect Answers: A. All land plants have an alternation of generations life cycle; C. All land plants have an alternation of generations life cycle; D. All land plants have an alternation of generations life cycle; E. All land plants have an alternation of generations life cycle.

9. In the moss life cycle, the ______ is the dominant generation.A. haploid gametophyteB. diploid gametophyteC. haploid sporophyteD. diploid sporophyte

Incorrect Answers: B. In the moss life cycle, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation; C. In the moss life cycle, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation; D. In the moss life cycle, the haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation.

Chapter reference: 23Figure/section reference: 23.2Level of difficulty: Knowledge/ComprehensionQuestion type: Multiple choiceTopic area: Plant Evolution and Diversity

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13. A derived trait of land plants is the presence of small openings that allow gaseous exchange between the plant and its environment. These structures are calledA. cuticles.B. stomata.C. thallus.D. rhizoids.

Incorrect Answers: A. A derived trait of land plants is the presence of small openings that allow gaseous exchange between the plant and its environment. These are called stomata; C. A derived trait of land plants is the presence of small openings that allow gaseous exchange between the plant and its environment. These are called stomata; D. A derived trait of land plants is the presence of small openings that allow gaseous exchange between the plant and its environment. These are called stomata.

15. Plants are classified in DomainA. Archaea.B. Bacteria.C. Eukarya.D. Plantae.

Incorrect Answers: A. Plants are in Domain Eukarya; B. Plants are in Domain Eukarya; D. Plants are in Domain Eukarya.

16. The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in theA. green algae.B. tracheophytes.C. rhyniophytes.D. bryophytes.E. tree ferns.

Incorrect Answers: A. The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the rhyniophytes; B. The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the rhyniophytes; D. The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the rhyniophytes; E. The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the rhyniophytes.

19. In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.A. haploid gametophyteB. diploid gametophyteC. haploid sporophyteD. diploid sporophyte

Incorrect Answers: A. In the fern life cycle, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant; B. In the fern life cycle, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant; C. In the fern life cycle, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant.

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21. Which of these vascular plants produce seeds?A. fernsB. club mossesC. whisk fernsD. gnetophytesE. horsetails

Incorrect Answers: A. The gnetophyes produce seeds, whereas ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails are seedless; B. The gnetophyes produce seeds, whereas ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails are seedless; C. The gnetophyes produce seeds, whereas ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails are seedless; E. The gnetophyes produce seeds, whereas ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns, and horsetails are seedless.

22. A microspore develops into a(n)A. seed.B. sporophyte.C. male gametophyte.D. female gametophyte.E. ovule.

Incorrect Answers: A. A microspore develops into a male gametophyte; B. A microspore develops into a male gametophyte; D. A microspore develops into a male gametophyte; E. A microspore develops into a male gametophyte

24. In the pine life cycle,A. fertilization occurs shortly after pollination to produce the zygote.B. the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte generation is inconspicuous.C. seed cones are smaller than pollen cones.D. seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.E. the cone is the fruit that surrounds the seeds.

Incorrect Answers: A. In the pine life cycle, seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches; B. In the pine life cycle, seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches; C. In the pine life cycle, seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches; E. In the pine life cycle, seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.

26. Molecular data suggests that hornworts, liverworts, and mossesA. share common ancestry but do not form a monophyletic group.B. do not share common ancestry and form a polyphyletic group.C. share common ancestry, but form a monophyletic group.D. None of the above are true.

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Incorrect Answers: B. Molecular data suggests that hornworts, liverworts, and mosses share common ancestry but do not form a monophyletic group; C. Molecular data suggests that hornworts, liverworts, and mosses share common ancestry but do not form a monophyletic group; D. Molecular data suggests that hornworts, liverworts, and mosses share common ancestry but do not form a monophyletic group.

27. Characteristics of dicots include all EXCEPTA. two cotyledons.B. leaves with netted veins.C. woody or herbaceous plants.D. flower parts in fours and fives.E. vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

Incorrect Answers: A. Characteristics of dicots include all except vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem. In dicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a regular pattern around the perimeter of the stem; B. Characteristics of dicots include all except vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem. In dicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a regular pattern around the perimeter of the stem; C. Characteristics of dicots include all except vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem. In dicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a regular pattern around the perimeter of the stem; D. Characteristics of dicots include all except vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem. In dicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a regular pattern around the perimeter of the stem.

28. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the _________ stage of the life cycle and in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the ___________ stage of the life cycle.A. sporophyte; sporophyteB. gametophye; sporophyteC. sporophyte; gametophyteD. microsporocytes; megasporocytes

Incorrect Answers: A. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the sporophyte, while in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the gametophyte; B. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the sporophyte, while in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the gametophyte; D. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the sporophyte, while in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the gametophyte.

29. The first plants to colonize land were theA. gametophytes.B. bryophytes.C. pteridophytes.D. lycophytes.E. B and C are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. The first plants to colonize land were the bryophytes; C. The first plants to colonize land were the bryophytes; D. The first plants to colonize land were the bryophytes; E. The first plants to colonize land were the bryophytes.

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32. Evolution of plants was marked by which of the following events?A. nourishment of a multicellular embryo within the body of the female plantB. the development of vascular tissues to conduct water and solutes throughout the body of the plantC. seed productionD. flowers producedE. All of the choices are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. A protected, multicellular embryo, vascular tissue, seed production, and flower production are all traits that evolved in plants over time; B. A protected, multicellular embryo, vascular tissue, seed production, and flower production are all traits that evolved in plants over time; C. A protected, multicellular embryo, vascular tissue, seed production, and flower production are all traits that evolved in plants over time; D. A protected, multicellular embryo, vascular tissue, seed production, and flower production are all traits that evolved in plants over time.

33. Of the following, which phylum is mismatched with its plant type?A. Anthophyta—conifersB. Bryophyta—mossesC. Lycophyta—club mossesD. Pteridophyta—ferns

Incorrect Answers: B. Pteridophyta includes the ferns. Anthophyta includes the flowering plants, and conifers do not produce flowers; C. Pteridophyta includes the ferns. Anthophyta includes the flowering plants, and conifers do not produce flowers; D. Pteridophyta includes the ferns. Anthophyta includes the flowering plants, and conifers do not produce flowers.

34. Among adaptations of plants to a terrestrial environment are all of the following adaptations EXCEPTA. a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue.B. a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant.C. stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere.D. All of the choices are adaptations.E. B and C only are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the characteristics listed are associated with the terrestrial adaptation of plants: a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue, a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant, and stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere; B. All of the characteristics listed are associated with the terrestrial adaptation of plants: a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue, a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant, and stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere; C. All of the characteristics listed are associated with the terrestrial adaptation of plants: a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue, a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant, and stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere; E. All of the characteristics listed are associated with the terrestrial adaptation of plants: a dominant sporophyte with vascular tissue, a cuticle to prevent water loss from exposed parts of the plant, and stomata to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere.

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35. Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by means ofA. the detachment of gemmae.B. budding of daughter cells.C. fragmentation of filaments of cells.D. the fusion of antheridial and archegonial products.

Incorrect Answers: B. Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by the detachment of gemmae, each then starting a new plant; C. Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by the detachment of gemmae, each then starting a new plant; D. Asexual reproduction in the liverwort Marchantia is by the detachment of gemmae, each then starting a new plant.

36. BryophytesA. can be found from the Antartic to the tropics.B. produce peat that can be used as fuel.C. erode rocks to produce soil.D. All of the above choices are true regarding bryophytes.E. A and C only are true.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the above choices are true. Bryophytes are found from the Antarctic to the tropics, produce peat, and erode rocks to produce soil; B. All of the above choices are true. Bryophytes are found from the Antarctic to the tropics, produce peat, and erode rocks to produce soil; C. All of the above choices are true. Bryophytes are found from the Antarctic to the tropics, produce peat, and erode rocks to produce soil; E. All of the above choices are true. Bryophytes are found from the Antarctic to the tropics, produce peat, and erode rocks to produce soil.

37. Seedless vascular plants include all of the following EXCEPTA. club mosses—Lycopodophyta.B. horsetails—Sphenophyta.C. Sphagnum—Bryophyta.D. whisk ferns—Psilotophyta.Incorrect Answers: A. Seedless vascular plants include all of the following except Sphagnum moss in Bryophyta, which is nonvascular; B. Seedless vascular plants include all of the following except Sphagnum moss in Bryophyta, which is nonvascular; D. Seedless vascular plants include all of the following except Sphagnum moss in Bryophyta, which is nonvascular.

38. Ferns are usedA. by florists to augment bouquets.B. for medicinal purposes.C. as fertilizers in rice paddies.D. as food in many different places across the world.E. All of the above are true.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Ferns are used for all of the choices: flower bouquets, medicinal purposes, as fertilizers in rice paddies, and as a food source; B. Ferns are used for all of the choices: flower bouquets, medicinal purposes, as fertilizers in rice paddies, and as a food source; C. Ferns are used for all of the choices: flower bouquets, medicinal purposes, as fertilizers in rice paddies, and as a food source; D. Ferns are used for all of the choices: flower bouquets, medicinal purposes, as fertilizers in rice paddies, and as a food source.

39. The dominant plants in modern times are theA. gymnosperms.B. angiosperms.C. club mosses.D. ferns.

Incorrect Answers: A. The dominant plants in modern times are the angiosperms; C. The dominant plants in modern times are the angiosperms; D. The dominant plants in modern times are the angiosperms.

40. Products of pine trees includeA. turpentine.B. wood for construction.C. tea and pine nuts.D. All of the above.

Incorrect Answers: A. Products of pine trees include turpentine, wood for construction, and tea and pine nuts; B. Products of pine trees include turpentine, wood for construction, and tea and pine nuts; C. Products of pine trees include turpentine, wood for construction, and tea and pine nuts.

45. Plant species are _______ when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species.A. dioeciousB. monoeciousC. tetraploidD. bryophytes

Incorrect Answers: B. Plant species are dioecious when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species; C. Plant species are dioecious when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species; D. Plant species are dioecious when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species.

47. Use the word bank to name the structures labeled A, B and C: aerial stem, sporangium, root, frond.

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A. _____________B. _____________C. _____________

A. sporangiumB. rootC. aerial stem

50. Coal was formed from the remains of theA. angiosperms that are now the dominant plant life on Earth.B. seedless vascular plants from the Carboniferous Period.C. cydads that dominated the Triassic Period.D. marine algae that flourished during the Cambrian Period.

Incorrect Answers: A. Coal was formed from the remains of the seedless vascular plants of the Carboniferous Period; C. Coal was formed from the remains of the seedless vascular plants of the Carboniferous Period; D. Coal was formed from the remains of the seedless vascular plants of the Carboniferous Period.

Chapter 25Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Organization

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal plant growth because it is used to buildA. nucleic acids.B. protein.C. chlorophyll.D. All of the above are correct.

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E. A and B only are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal plant growth because it is used to build nucleic acids, protein, and chlorophyll; B. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal plant growth because it is used to build nucleic acids, protein, and chlorophyll; C. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal plant growth because it is used to build nucleic acids, protein, and chlorophyll.

5. Advantages of growing plants by water culture or hydroponics include all of the following EXCEPTA. pests and diseases are eliminated.B. there is no competition from weeds.C. water is reused and very little is lost through evaporation and runoff.D. Minerals are not required for the healthy growth of plants.E. B and D only are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. Advantages of growing plants by water culture or hydroponics include elimination of plant pests and diseases, no weeds, and the reuse of water. Plants grown hydroponically require the same nutrients as plants grown in soil; B. Advantages of growing plants by water culture or hydroponics include elimination of plant pests and diseases, no weeds, and the reuse of water. Plants grown hydroponically require the same nutrients as plants grown in soil; C. Advantages of growing plants by water culture or hydroponics include elimination of plant pests and diseases, no weeds, and the reuse of water. Plants grown hydroponically require the same nutrients as plants grown in soil; E. Advantages of growing plants by water culture or hydroponics include elimination of plant pests and diseases, no weeds, and the reuse of water. Plants grown hydroponically require the same nutrients as plants grown in soil.

6. Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common elements in plants?A. oxygenB. sulfurC. carbonD. hydrogen

Incorrect Answers: A. The three most common elements found in plants are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; C. The three most common elements found in plants are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; D. The three most common elements found in plants are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

8. Soil formation is due toA. decomposition of organic matter.B. mechanical weathering of bedrock.C. chemical weathering of rock.D. All of the choices are correct.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Soil is formed by decomposition of organic matter and mechanical and chemical weathering of bedrock. All of the choices are correct; B. Soil is formed by decomposition of organic matter and mechanical and chemical weathering of bedrock. All of the choices are correct; C. Soil is formed by decomposition of organic matter and mechanical and chemical weathering of bedrock. All of the choices are correct.

9. Soil consists ofA. a mixture of soil particles of different sizes.B. both living organisms and decaying organic material.C. air and water.D. All of these are components that define soil.E. A and B only are found in soil.

Incorrect Answers: A. Soil consists of a mixture of different sized particles, living organisms, decaying organic material, air, and water. All of the choices are found in soil; B. Soil consists of a mixture of different sized particles, living organisms, decaying organic material, air, and water. All of the choices are found in soil; C. Soil consists of a mixture of different sized particles, living organisms, decaying organic material, air, and water. All of the choices are found in soil; E. Soil consists of a mixture of different sized particles, living organisms, decaying organic material, air, and water. All of the choices are found in soil.

11. Which is a correct relationship between soil particles and soil characteristics?A. Clay particles hold tight to NO3

- and the nitrogen content of clay soils is therefore high.B. Clay is unable to retain Ca2+ and K+ which are easily leached away.C. Clay holds water and clumps.D. Sand prevents water erosion and leaching.E. B and D are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. The correct relationship is that clay holds water and clumps. Clay particles are negatively charged, do not bind to NO3

-, and the nitrogen content of clay soils is therefore low; B. The correct relationship is that clay holds water and clumps. Clay is negatively charged and binds to Ca2+ and K+, thus preventing their leaching; D. The correct relationship is that clay holds water and clumps. Sand does not prevent erosion and leaching; E. The correct relationship is that clay holds water and clumps.

16. The carbon needed to build organic compounds in plants comes from _______, while the hydrogen and oxygen comes from _________.A. oxygen in the atmosphere; hydrogen peroxideB. carbon dioxide; waterC. carbohydrates; hydrogen and oxygen gasses in the atmosphereD. glucose; hydrochloric acid

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Incorrect Answers: A. The carbon needed to build organic compounds in plants comes from carbon dioxide, while the hydrogen and oxygen comes from water. The carbon can not come from oxygen in the atmosphere and hydrogen peroxide is poisonous, so it would not commonly be used as a source of hydrogen and oxygen; C. The carbon needed to build organic compounds in plants comes from carbon dioxide, while the hydrogen and oxygen comes from water. Plants are autotrophs and use inorganic carbon from carbon dioxide, not organic carbon from carbohydrates; D. The carbon needed to build organic compounds in plants comes from carbon dioxide, while the hydrogen and oxygen comes from water. Plants are autotrophs and use inorganic carbon from carbon dioxide, not organic carbon from carbohydrates. Hydrochloric acid is caustic acid and would not be a reasonable source ofhydrogen and oxygen for plants.

17. Which term describes the forcing out of water at the surface of a plant's leaves?A. water stressB. atmospheric pressureC. root pressureD. guttationE. transpiration

Incorrect Answers: A. Guttation is the forcing of water out of vein endings along the edges of leaves; B. Guttation is the forcing of water out of vein endings along the edges of leaves; C. Guttation is the forcing of water out of vein endings along the edges of leaves; E. Guttation is the forcing of water out of vein endings along the edges of leaves.

18. Evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves isA. guttation.B. respiration.C. transpiration.D. photosynthesis.

Incorrect Answers: A. Evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves is transpiration; B. Evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves is transpiration; D. Evaporation of water through the stomata of leaves is transpiration.

19. Which statement is NOT true about water uptake in a plant root?A. Water enters the root from the soil by osmosis.B. Water enters the cytoplasm of the root hairs by active transport.C. Water travels by diffusion through the cell walls of the epidermis and cortex.D. Water must enter the cytoplasm of the endodermal cells to get past the Casparian strip.

Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that water enters the root from the soil by osmosis. However, water enters the cytoplasm of the root hairs by osmosis, not active transport; C. It is true that water travels by diffusion through the cell walls of the epidermis and cortex. However, water enters the cytoplasm of the root hairs by osmosis, not active transport; D. It is true that water must enter the cytoplasm of the endodermal cells to get past the Casparian strip. However, water enters the cytoplasm of the root hairs by osmosis, not active transport.

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20. Plant cellsA. actively transport water into the cell.B. allow the entry of all minerals equally.C. actively transport some mineral ions into the cell.D. actively concentrate minerals up to 10,000 times as much as is in the soil.E. C and D are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. Plant cells actively transport some mineral ions into the cell and may concentrate minerals up to 10,000 times as much as is in the soil; B. Plant cells actively transport some mineral ions into the cell and may concentrate minerals up to 10,000 times as much as is in the soil; C. Plant cells actively transport some mineral ions into the cell and may concentrate minerals up to 10,000 times as much as is in the soil; D. Plant cells actively transport some mineral ions into the cell and may concentrate minerals up to 10,000 times as much as is in the soil.

21. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most likely due toA. root pressure.B. turgor pressure.C. active transport by phloem.D. tension caused by transpiration.E. cohesion to the xylem walls.

Incorrect Answers: B. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most likely due to root pressure; C. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most likely due to root pressure; D. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most likely due to root pressure; E. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most likely due to root pressure.

24. Which force is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the trees?A. water stressB. atmospheric pressureC. root pressureD. guttationE. transpiration

Incorrect Answers: A. Transpiration is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the tallest trees; B. Transpiration is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the tallest trees; C. Transpiration is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the tallest trees; D. Transpiration is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the tallest trees.

Chapter reference: 25Figure/section reference: 25.3Level of difficulty: Knowledge/ComprehensionQuestion type: Multiple choiceTopic area: Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Organization

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25. Which force pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root?A. water stressB. atmospheric pressureC. root pressureD. guttationE. transpiration

Incorrect Answers: A. Root pressure pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root; B. Root pressure pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root; D. Root pressure pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root; E. Root pressure pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root.

26. Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules andA. fix atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ to build organic compounds.B. fix carbon dioxide so that the carbon may be used to build glucose.C. increase the surface area, thereby increasing the water absorbing capacity of the plant's roots.D. All of the above are true.E. A and C only are true.

Incorrect Answers: B. Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ to build organic compounds; C. Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ to build organic compounds; D. Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ to build organic compounds; E. Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ to build organic compounds.

28. Which statement is NOT true about stomata?A. As guard cells become turgid, the stomates open.B. There are two guard cells around each stomate.C. Guard cells take up potassium ions and water enters the guard cells.D. The blue light component of sunlight is a signal that can cause stomata to close.E. Stomates open and close on a daily basis, even if kept in the dark, on a circadian rhythm.

Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that as guard cells become turgid, the stomates open. However, the blue light component of sunlight is a signal that can cause stomata to open, not close; B. It is true that there are two guard cells around each stomate. However, the blue light component of sunlight is a signal that can cause stomata to open, not close; C. It is true that guard cells take up potassium ions and water enters the guard cells. However, the blue light component of sunlight is a signal that can cause stomata to open, not close; E. It is true that stomates open and close on a daily basis, even if kept in the dark, on a circadian rhythm. However, the blue light component of sunlight is a signal that can cause stomata to open, not close.

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38. In the pressure-flow model of phloem transport, the sink is normallyA. the stem.B. the roots.C. xylem.D. lenticels.

Incorrect Answers: A. In the pressure-flow model of phloem transport, the sink is normally the roots; C. In the pressure-flow model of phloem transport, the sink is normally the roots; D. In the pressure-flow model of phloem transport, the sink is normally the roots.

39. Which statement is NOT true about the pressure-flow model of phloem transport?A. Water is actively transported into phloem.B. Phloem sap moves at a rate of 60 to 300 cm per hour.C. Pressure is created in the phloem by the buildup of water and sugar.D. Sugar produced by photosynthesis is actively transported into phloem cells.E. Sugar is actively transported out of the phloem at a sink area such as the root.

Incorrect Answers: B. It is true that phloem sap moves at a rate of 60 to 300 cm per hour. It is not true that water is actively transported into phloem; C. It is true that pressure is created in the phloem by the buildup of water and sugar. It is not true that water is actively transported into phloem; D. It is true that sugar produced by photosynthesis is actively transported into phloem cells. It is not true that water is actively transported into phloem; E. It is true that sugar is actively transported out of the phloem at a sink area such as the root. It is not true that water is actively transported into phloem.

42. The transpiration rate in plants is increased byA. wind.B. elevated temperature.C. increased sunlight intensity.D. All of the choices increase the rate of transpiration.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the choices increase the rate of transpiration: wind, elevated temperature, and increased sunlight intensity; B. All of the choices increase the rate of transpiration: wind, elevated temperature, and increased sunlight intensity; C. All of the choices increase the rate of transpiration: wind, elevated temperature, and increased sunlight intensity.

Chapter 27Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The name monocot and eudicot are derived from the differences in the number ofA. roots.B. cotyledons.C. seeds.

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D. None of the choices are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. The name monocot and eudicot are derived from the differences in the number of cotyledons, or seed leaves; C. The name monocot and eudicot are derived from the differences in the number of cotyledons, or seed leaves; D. The name monocot and eudicot are derived from the differences in the number of cotyledons, or seed leaves.

2. If there is only one egg in the ovule, why are two sperm needed for fertilization?A. One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm unites with the central cell nuclei to form endosperm.B. Only one is needed; after one fertilizes the egg, the other disintegrates.C. Both unite the central cell to form triploid endosperm.D. Both unite with the egg, forming both a zygote and endosperm.

Incorrect Answers: B. Two sperm are required for double fertilization. One fertilizes the egg and the other unites with the central cell nuclei to form endosperm; C. Two sperm are required for double fertilization. One fertilizes the egg and the other unites with the central cell nuclei to form endosperm; D. Two sperm are required for double fertilization. One fertilizes the egg and the other unites with the central cell nuclei to form endosperm.

4. Which of these typically occur in both angiosperms and gymnosperms?A. Seeds develop within a cone.B. Seeds develop within a flower.C. Seeds are surrounded by a fruit at maturity.D. Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination.E. Pollen is carried by animal pollinators.

Incorrect Answers: A. Both angiosperms and gymnosperms may rely on wind pollination; B. Both angiosperms and gymnosperms may rely on wind pollination; C. Both angiosperms and gymnosperms may rely on wind pollination; E. Both angiosperms and gymnosperms may rely on wind pollination.

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5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the life cycle of flowering plants?A. The sporophyte is diploid.B. The sporophyte produces heterospores.C. The female gametophyte is the seed.D. The male gametophyte is the pollen grain.E. The female gametophyte is retained within the body of the sporophyte parent generation.

Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that the sporophyte is diploid. However, the female gametophyte is the embryo sac, not the seed; B. It is true that the sporophyte produces heterospores. However, the female gametophyte is the embryo sac, not the seed; D. It is true that the male gametophyte is the pollen grain. However, the female gametophyte is the embryo sac, not the seed; E. It is true that the female gametophyte is retained within the body of the sporophyte parent generation. However, the female gametophyte is the embryo sac, not the seed.

6. Angiosperms have two separate gametophytes becauseA. this is normal for alternation of generations.B. one can survive and fertilize without the need for external water.C. the microgametophyte is haploid and the megagametophyte is diploid.D. these two structures allow fertilization without the need for external water.E. this is normal for all sexually reproducing plants, where sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs by megagametophytes.

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Incorrect Answers: A. It is normal for sexually reproducing plants to have two gametophytes. Sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs are produced by megagametophytes; B. It is normal for sexually reproducing plants to have two gametophytes. Sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs are produced by megagametophytes; C. It is normal for sexually reproducing plants to have two gametophytes. Sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs are produced by megagametophytes; D. It is normal for sexually reproducing plants to have two gametophytes. Sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs are produced by megagametophytes.

7. A moth-pollinated flower is likely to haveA. lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume.B. white flowers with short tubes, a wide landing area, and no odor.C. blue or yellow flowers, a wide landing area, and not very much odor.D. blue or yellow flowers, a wide landing area, and no odor.E. red flowers that open in daytime, a wide landing area, and an odor resembling dead meat.

Incorrect Answers: B. A moth-pollinated flower is likely to have lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume; C. A moth-pollinated flower is likely to have lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume; D. A moth-pollinated flower is likely to have lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume; E. A moth-pollinated flower is likely to have lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume.

9. The microspore develops into aA. megasporocyte.B. female gametophyte.C. microsporocyte.D. male gametophyte.E. zygote.

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Incorrect Answers: A. The microspore develops into a male gametophyte. The megasporocyte develops into a megaspore; B. The microspore develops into a male gametophyte. The megaspore develops into the female gametophyte; C. The microsporocyte develops into microspores and microspores develop into a male gametophytes; E. The microspore develops into a male gametophyte. A zygote is a fertilized egg.

10. A flowerA. is the sexual reproductive organ.B. is composed of whorls of modified leaves.C. serves to attract animal pollinators.D. may contain male and female reproductive parts.E. All of the choices characterize flowers.

Incorrect Answers: A. A flower is the sexual reproductive organ, is composed of whorls of modified leaves, may contain male and female reproductive parts, and serves to attract animal pollinators. All of the choices characterize flowers; B. A flower is the sexual reproductive organ, is composed of whorls of modified leaves, may contain male and female reproductive parts, and serves to attract animal pollinators. All of the choices characterize flowers; C. A flower is the sexual reproductive organ, is composed of whorls of modified leaves, may contain male and female reproductive parts, and serves to attract animal pollinators. All of the choices characterize flowers; E. A flower is the sexual reproductive organ, is composed of whorls of modified leaves, may contain male and female reproductive parts, and serves to attract animal pollinators. All of the choices characterize flowers.

11. The structures in the outermost ring of floral structures that cover and protect the bud areA. carpels.B. sepals.C. receptacles.D. petals.E. stamens.

Incorrect Answers: A. The structures in the outermost ring of floral structures that cover and protect the bud are sepals; C. The structures in the outermost ring of floral structures that cover and protect the bud are sepals; D. The structures in the outermost ring of floral structures that cover and protect the bud are sepals; E. The structures in the outermost ring of floral structures that cover and protect the bud are sepals.

12. Pollen grains are formed in _________ and ova are formed in ____________.A. pistil; stamensB. sepals; calyxC. receptacles; pedunclesD. petals; corollaE. stamens; carpel

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Incorrect Answers: A. Pollen grains are formed in stamens and ova are formed in carpels; B. Pollen grains are formed in stamens and ova are formed in carpels; C. Pollen grains are formed in stamens and ova are formed in carpels; D. Pollen grains are formed in stamens and ova are formed in carpels. Chapter reference: 27

13. Identify the labeled parts of the flower:

A. ________ F. ________B. ________ G. ________C. ________ H. ________D. ________ I. ________E. ________ J. ________

A. antherB. filamentC. petalD. sepalE. stigmaF. styleG. ovaryH. ovuleI. receptacleJ. peduncle

Chapter reference: 27Figure/section reference: 27.1Level of difficulty: Application/AnalysisQuestion type: Art-based; EssayTopic area: Flowering Plants: Reproduction

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14. The anther and filament are parts of theA. pistil.B. sepal.C. receptacle.D. petal.E. stamen.

Incorrect Answers: A. The anther and filament are parts of the stamen; B. The anther and filament are parts of the stamen; C. The anther and filament are parts of the stamen; D. The anther and filament are parts of the stamen.

18. Flower buds develop fromA. axillary buds only.B. apical meristem in the shoot only.C. the same buds as leaves only.D. either axillary buds or apical buds.

Incorrect Answers: A. Flower buds develop from either axillary buds or apical buds; B. Flower buds develop from either axillary buds or apical buds; C. Flower buds develop from either axillary buds or apical buds.

20. Seeds require _____________ for germination to occur.A. oxygen for increased metabolismB. adequate warmthC. adequate waterD. All of the choices are required.E. B and C only are required.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the choices are required. Seeds require oxygen for increased metabolism and adequate water and warmth for germination to occur; B. All of the choices are required. Seeds require oxygen for increased metabolism and adequate water and warmth for germination to occur; C. All of the choices are required. Seeds require oxygen for increased metabolism and adequate water and warmth for germination to occur; E. All of the choices are required. Seeds require oxygen for increased metabolism and adequate water and warmth for germination to occur.

21. Ovules are contained within theA. ovary.B. stigma.C. anther.D. filament.E. style.

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Incorrect Answers: B. Ovules are contained within the ovary. A stigma is at the apex of the style; C. Ovules are contained within the ovary. An anther, which sits on the filament, is part of the stamen; D. Ovules are contained within the ovary. A filament is a stalk upon which an anther sits. Both structures make up a stamen; E. Ovules are contained within the ovary. A style is the tube-like structure, which is part of a carpel.

22. A megasporocyte is found in theA. anther.B. stigma.C. ovule.D. filament.E. style.

Incorrect Answers: A. A megasporocyte is found in the ovule inside of an ovary; B. A megasporocyte is found in the ovule inside of an ovary; D. A megasporocyte is found in the ovule inside of an ovary; E. A megasporocyte is found in the ovule inside of an ovary.

23. Double fertilization in an angiosperm producesA. a diploid zygote and a haploid polar nucleus.B. a diploid zygote and a diploid endosperm.C. a diploid embryo and a triploid zygote.D. a triploid embryo and a diploid endosperm.E. a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

Incorrect Answers: A. Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm; B. Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm; C. Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm; D. Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

24. The function of endosperm is toA. form the seedling.B. develop into the fruit.C. provide water to the embryo.D. provide nutrients to the embryo.E. provide a protective coating for the embryo.

Incorrect Answers: A. The function of endosperm is to provide nutrients to the embryo; B. The function of endosperm is to provide nutrients to the embryo; C. The function of endosperm is to provide nutrients to the embryo; E. The function of endosperm is to provide nutrients to the embryo.

25. The transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel isA. germination.B. pollination.C. fertilization.D. coevolution.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel; C. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel; D. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel.

27. Seeds contains all of the following EXCEPTA. an embryo sporophyte.B. sufficient water for germination.C. stored food.D. a seed coat

Incorrect Answers: A. Seeds contain an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. Seeds do not store sufficient water for germination to occur; C. Seeds contain an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. Seeds do not store sufficient water for germination to occur; D. Seeds contain an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. Seeds do not store sufficient water for germination to occur.

28. Which of the following statements about fruits is NOT true?A. A blackberry is an example of a simple fruit.B. A fleshy fruit has a fleshy pericarp, as in a peach.C. Most fruits are simple fruits, derived from a single ovary.D. A dry fruit may split at maturity to release its seeds, as a pea or bean pod.E. A multiple fruit, such as a pineapple, forms from many individual flowers on a stem.

Incorrect Answers: B. A blackberry is not a simple fruit. It is an aggregate fruit formed from a single flower that has multiple ovaries; C. A blackberry is not a simple fruit. It is an aggregate fruit formed from a single flower that has multiple ovaries; D. A blackberry is not a simple fruit. It is an aggregate fruit formed from a single flower that has multiple ovaries; E. A blackberry is not a simple fruit. It is an aggregate fruit formed from a single flower that has multiple ovaries.

29. The function of fruit is toA. attract pollinators.B. protect and help disperse seeds.C. supply nutrients to the embryo.D. protect flower buds.Incorrect Answers: A. The function of a fruit is to protect and help disperse seeds. A flower attracts pollinators; C. The function of a fruit is to protect and help disperse seeds. The endosperm supplies nutrients to the embryo; D. The function of a fruit is to protect and help disperse seeds. Sepals protect flower buds.

30. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT as likely to disperse seeds at a great distance from the parent plant?A. Coconuts are carried by ocean currents.B. Squirrels bury seeds and nuts for future use.C. Seeds are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant.D. Hooks and spines attach the seed to animal fur or human clothing.E. Seeds eaten with fruit by animals are dropped with the animals' feces.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Seeds that are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant are not likely to be dispersed at a great distance from the parent plant; B. Seeds that are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant are not likely to be dispersed at a great distance from the parent plant; D. Seeds that are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant are not likely to be dispersed at a great distance from the parent plant; E. Seeds that are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant are not likely to be dispersed at a great distance from the parent plant.

32. All of the following statements are true about seed germination EXCEPTA. all seeds require a period of dormancy before germinating.B. in the temperate region, seeds often require a period of cold weather before dormancy is broken.C. fleshy fruits contain inhibitors of germination.D. some seeds require fire or bacterial action before germination can occur.

Incorrect Answers: B. It is true that in the temperate region, seeds often require a period of cold weather before dormancy is broken. However, not all seeds require a period of dormancy before germination occurs; C. It is true that fleshy fruits contain inhibitors of germination. However, not all seeds require a period of dormancy before germination occurs; D. It is true that some seeds require fire or bacterial action before germination can occur. However, not all seeds require a period of dormancy before germination occurs.

34. Bee pollinated flowersA. are red.B. are predominately blue or yellow.C. have little odor.D. All of the choices apply.

Incorrect Answers: A. Bee pollinated flowers are predominantly blue or yellow. Bees do not see red wavelengths of light; C. Bee pollinated flowers are predominantly blue or yellow and have a sweet fragrance; D. Bee pollinated flowers are predominantly blue or yellow and have a sweet fragrance. Bees do not see red wavelengths of light.

35. Which of the following is NOT a simple fruit?A. peachB. peaC. riceD. pineapple

Incorrect Answers: A. A pineapple is a multiple fruit, formed from the fused ovaries of many flowers on one receptable; B. A pineapple is a multiple fruit, formed from the fused ovaries of many flowers on one receptable; C. A pineapple is a multiple fruit, formed from the fused ovaries of many flowers on one receptable.

Chapter reference: 27Figure/section reference: 27.1Level of difficulty: Knowledge/ComprehensionQuestion type: Multiple choiceTopic area: Flowering Plants: Reproduction

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36. Identify the labeled structures of this seed. A. ________B. ________C. ________D. ________E. ________

A. plumuleB. hypocotylC. radicleD. seed coatE. endosperm

37. Monocots protect their first true leaves by __________, whereas eudicots protect their first leaves by __________.A. bending the coleorhiza as the shoot grows through the soil; a surrounding sheath called the coleoptile.B. providing a protective layer called sepals; surrounding them with endosperm.C. bending their shoot as it grows through the soil; surrounding them with a protective sheath called the coleorhiza.D. surrounding them with a sheath called a coleoptile; bending the shoot as it grows through the soil.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Monocots protect their first true leaves by surrounding them with a sheath called a coleoptile, whereas eudicots protect their first leaves by bending their shoot as it grows through the soil; B. Monocots protect their first true leaves by surrounding them with a sheath called a coleoptile, whereas eudicots protects their first leaves by bending their shoot as it grows through the soil; C. Monocots protect their first true leaves by surrounding them with a sheath called a coleoptile, whereas eudicots protects their first leaves by bending their shoot as it grows through the soil.

43. Many plants are totipotent, which meansA. they are capable of providing their own nutrition, requiring no external nutritional sources.B. the cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant.C. they are incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells.D. they are metabolically inactive, existing in a state of dormancy.

Incorrect Answers: A. Many plants are totipotent, which means the cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant; C. Many plants are totipotent, which means the cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant; D. Many plants are totipotent, which means the cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant.

Chapter 28Invertebrates

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPTA. presence of absence of segmentation.B. mode of reproduction.C. type of body symmetry.D. number of germ layers.E. molecular data.

Incorrect Answers: A. Animals are classified according to presence or absences of segmentation, type of body symmetry, germ layers present, and molecular data. They are not classified according to mode of reproduction; C. Animals are classified according to presence or absences of segmentation, type of body symmetry, germ layers present, and molecular data. They are not classified according to mode of reproduction; D. Animals are classified according to presence or absences of segmentation, type of body symmetry, germ layers present, and molecular data. They are not classified according to mode of reproduction; E. Animals are classified according to presence or absences of segmentation, type of body symmetry, germ layers present, and molecular data. They are not classified according to mode of reproduction.

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2. Bilaterally symmetrical animalsA. tend to be active and move forward.B. tend to exhibit cephalization.C. have right and left sides when cut longitudinally.D. All of the choices are correct.E. A and C only are correct.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the choices are correct. Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to be active and move forward, tend to exhibit cephalization and have right and left sides when cut longitudinally; B. All of the choices are correct. Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to be active and move forward, tend to exhibit cephalization and have right and left sides when cut longitudinally; C. All of the choices are correct. Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to be active and move forward, tend to exhibit cephalization and have right and left sides when cut longitudinally; E. All of the choices are correct. Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to be active and move forward, tend to exhibit cephalization and have right and left sides when cut longitudinally.

3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?A. Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion or absorption.B. Animals produce gametes by meiosis.C. Animals digest their food internally.D. Animals are multicelluar eukaryotes.E. The adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.

Incorrect Answers: A. Animals do ingest their food. However, the adult is diploid in a diplontic life cycle, not an alternation of generations life cycle; B. Animals do produce gametes by meiosis. However, the adult is diploid in a diplontic life cycle, not an alternation of generations life cycle; C. Animals do digest their food internally. However, the adult is diploid in a diplontic life cycle, not an alternation of generations life cycle; D. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. However, the adult is diploid in a diplontic life cycle, not an alternation of generations life cycle.

4. Which statement concerning body symmetry is not correct?A. In radial symmetry, two identical halves are obtained regardless of how the animal is sliced longitudinally.B. The evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by cephalization.C. Asymmetrical animals have no body shape.D. Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.E. Radial symmetry is useful because the animals can reach out in all directions.

Incorrect Answers: A. It is not correct that bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. It is correct that in radial symmetry, two identical halves are obtained regardless of how the animal is sliced longitudinally; B. It is not correct that bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. It is true that the evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by cephalization; C. It is not correct that bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. It is true that asymmetrical animals have no body shape; E. It is not correct that bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. It is true that radial symmetry is useful because the animals can reach out in all directions.

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5. In _______, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore.A. gastrocoelomatesB. blastocoelomatesC. protostomesD. deuterostomesE. triploblastics

Incorrect Answers: A. In protostomes, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore; B. In protostomes, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore; D. In protostomes, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore; E. In protostomes, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore.

6. In deuterostomes,A. cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.B. spiral cleavage occurs.C. the fate of cells is fixed and determinate.D. the mouth appears at or near the blastopore.E. B and C are correct.

Incorrect Answers: B. In deuterostomes, cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate. Spiral cleavage occurs in protostomes; C. In deuterostomes, cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate. The fate of cells is fixed and determinate in protostomes; D. In deuterostomes, cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate. The mouth appears at or near the blastopore in protostomes; E. In deuterostomes, cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.

8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges?A. If the cells of a sponge are mechanically separated, they will spontaneously reassemble into a complete and functioning sponge.B. Sponges have two tissue layers.C. Sponges have an osculum, an opening in the upper body.D. Sponges are filter feeders.E. Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Incorrect Answers: A. It is true that if the cells of a sponge are mechanically separated, they will spontaneously reassemble into a complete and functioning sponge. However, sponges lack true tissues; C. Sponges have an osculum, which is an opening in the upper body. However, sponges lack true tissues; D. Sponges are filter feeders. However, sponges lack true tissues; E. Sponges can reproduce asexually or sexually. However, sponges lack true tissues.

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10. A sponge feeds byA. acting as a net in a current that sweeps food particles into its central cavity and digests them externally.B. squeezing the spongocoel cavity and sucking debris in and out through the osculum.C. the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.D. the beating collar cells form a current from osculum to pores; the food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge.

Incorrect Answers: A. A sponge feeds by the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current. The current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells; B. A sponge feeds by the beating of collar cells'flagellae, which form a current. The current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells; D. A sponge feeds by the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current. The current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.

11. Of the following organisms, which is the most evolutionarily advanced, with more complex body structure?A. roundwormsB. cnidariaC. spongesD. comb jellies

Incorrect Answers: B. The most evolutionary complex of the organisms listed are roundworms. Sponges have no tissues, and cnidarians and comb jellies have tissue, but no organ formation; C. The most evolutionary complex of the organisms listed are roundworms. Sponges have no tissues, and cnidarians and comb jellies have tissue, but no organ formation; D. The most evolutionary complex of the organisms listed are roundworms. Sponges have no tissues, and cnidarians and comb jellies have tissue, but no organ formation.

Chapter reference: 28Figure/section reference: Chapter 28Level of difficulty: Knowledge/ComprehensionQuestion type: Multiple choiceTopic area: Invertebrates

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12. The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells isA. comb jellies.B. flatworms.C. sponges.D. cnidarians.

Incorrect Answers: A. The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is the sponge; B. The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is the sponge; D. The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is the sponge.

16. All of the following statements about coral reefs are true EXCEPTA. coral reefs are formed by the slow accumulation of calcium carbonate.B. coral reefs are found in both freshwater and marine environments.C. coral reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps housed in calcium carbonate skeletons.D. coral reefs are very productive ecosystems.

Incorrect Answers: A. All of the following statements about coral reefs are true except that corals are found in freshwater and marine environments. Corals are found in marine waters. It is true that coral reefs are formed by the slow accumulation of calcium carbonate; C. All of the following statements about coral reefs are true except that corals are found in freshwater and marine environments. Corals are found in marine waters formed by colonies of coral polyps housed in calcium carbonate skeletons. It is true coral reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps housed in calcium carbonate skeletons; D. All of the following statements about coral reefs are true except that corals are found in freshwater and marine environments. Corals are found in marine waters. It is true that coral reefs are very productive ecosystems.

17. Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name?A. planarian – NematodaB. fluke – PlatyhelminthesC. coral – PoriferaD. roundworm – CnidariaE. sponge – Mollusca

Incorrect Answers: A. The correct match is fluke and Platyhelminthes. Planaria is a flatworm Platyhelminthes, not a nematode; C. The correct match is fluke and Platyhelminthes. Corals are cnidarians, not Porifera which are sponges; D. The correct match is fluke andPlatyhelminthes. Roundworms are nematodes and cnidarians include jellyfish and sea anemones; E. The correct match is fluke and Platyhelminthes. Sponges are in Porifera and Mollusca include organisms such as snails, scallops, and octopuses.

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23. Human tapeworm infections occur byA. eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.B. being bitten by a mosquito.C. ingesting eggs in contaminated water.D. eating freshly peeled fruit.E. All of the choices are correct.

Incorrect Answers: B. Human tapeworm infections occur by eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef; C. Human tapeworm infections occur by eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef; D. Human tapeworm infections occur by eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef; E. Human tapeworm infections occur by eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.

26. The organism pictured at right is

A. radially symmetric.B. bilaterally symmetric.C. asymmetric.D. None of the above are correct.

Incorrect Answers: B. The organism pictured at right is radially symmetric; C. The organism pictured at right is radially symmetric; D. The organism pictured at right is radially symmetric.

27. If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?A. Shellfish seasonally produce toxic substances.B. Shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms.C. Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species.D. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution; B. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution; C. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

29. Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of aA. scolex, proglottids, and an anus.B. corona, stomach, and intestines.C. visceral mass, mantle, and foot.D. eyespots, digestive system, and nervous system.

Incorrect Answers: A. Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of a visceral mass, mantle, and foot; B. Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of a visceral mass, mantle, and foot; D. Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of a visceral mass, mantle, and foot.

30. Which of these is a bivalve?A. slugB. octopusC. earthwormD. snailE. oyster

Incorrect Answers: A. Oysters are a bivalve; B. Oysters are a bivalve; C. Oysters are a bivalve; D. Oysters are a bivalve.

31. Which of the listed organisms are NOT in phylum Mollusca?A. clamsB. squidsC. lobstersD. nautilusesE. snails

Incorrect Answers: A. Lobsters are not in Phylum Mollusca, but are crustaceans in Phylym Arthropoda. Clams, squids, nautiluses, and snails are molluscs; B. Lobsters are not in Phylum Mollusca, but are crustaceans in Phylym Arthropoda. Clams, squids, nautiluses, and snails are molluscs; D. Lobsters are not in Phylum Mollusca, but are crustaceans in Phylym Arthropoda. Clams, squids, nautiluses, and snails are molluscs; E. Lobsters are not in Phylum Mollusca, but are crustaceans in Phylym Arthropoda. Clams, squids, nautiluses, and snails are molluscs.

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33. Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus, mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is (are) true?A. This is evidence of a primitive state that is generally less efficient than separate sexes.B. This is primarily to allow them to self-fertilize if no other worm is in their sector of the soil.C. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.D. Maintaining any system not clearly male or female is disadvantageous; the earthworm is trapped in an evolutionary dead end.

Incorrect Answers: A. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter; B. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter; D. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

35. To which phylum do leeches belong?A. MolluscaB. ArthropodaC. ChordataD. EchinodermataE. Annelida

Incorrect Answers: A. Leeches are annelids; B. Leeches are annelids; C. Leeches are annelids; D. Leeches are annelids.

36. The organisms used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits areA. octopuses.B. polychaetes.C. leeches.D. squids.E. schistosome blood fluke.

Incorrect Answers: A. Leeches are used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits; B. Leeches are used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits; D. Leeches are used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits; E. Leeches are used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits.

Topic area: Invertebrates

37. Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means theyA. have a trochophore larvae.B. have a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm.C. have the anus arise at or near the blastopore.D. periodically shed their outer covering.E. Both B and C are true.

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Incorrect Answers: A. Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they periodically shed their outer covering; B. Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they periodically shed their outer covering; C. Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they periodically shed their outer covering; E. Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they periodically shed their outer covering.

38. Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?A. There are three layers of tissues in the body.B. Roundworms have a tube-within-a-tube body plan.C. There is an internal body cavity called a pseudocoelom.D. Roundworms have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall.E. Roundworms are all parasitic.

Incorrect Answers: A. Roundworms are not all parasitic. Many are free-living. All other statements are correct; B. Roundworms are not all parasitic. Many are free-living. All other statements are correct; C. Roundworms are not all parasitic. Many are free-living. All other statements are correct; D. Roundworms are not all parasitic. Many are free-living. All other statements are correct.

39. Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode?A. AscarisB. SchistosomaC. WuchereriaD. pinwormsE. Trichinella

Incorrect Answers: A. Schistosoma is not a parasitic nematode. It is the trematode blood fluke. Ascaris, Wuchereria, pinworms and Trichinella are parasitic nematodes; C. Schistosoma is not a parasitic nematode. It is the trematode blood fluke. Ascaris, Wuchereria,pinworms and Trichinella are parasitic nematodes; D. Schistosoma is not a parasitic nematode. It is the trematode blood fluke. Ascaris, Wuchereria, pinworms and Trichinella are parasitic nematodes; E. Schistosoma is not a parasitic nematode. It is the trematode blood fluke. Ascaris, Wuchereria, pinworms and Trichinella are parasitic nematodes.

40. Which of these parasites does NOT enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces?A. tapewormB. pinwormC. AscarisD. Wuchereria

Incorrect Answers: A. Tapeworms, pinworms, and Ascaris enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces. Wuchereria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito; B. Tapeworms, pinworms, and Ascaris enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces. Wuchereria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito; C. Tapeworms, pinworms, and Ascaris enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces. Wuchereria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.

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41. Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused byA. an infection of the human coelom by Ascaris.B. a large number of Trichinella worms encysting in our muscles.C. contracting a disease that usually occurs in elephants.D. microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell.E. a protozoan that lives in tropical roundworms and, when ingested by humans, causes muscles to bloat.

Incorrect Answers: A. Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell; B. Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell; C. Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell; E. Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell.

42. Most animal species are in which phylum?A. MolluscaB. ArthropodaC. ChordataD. EchinodermataE. Annelida

Incorrect Answers: A. Most animal species are in Phylum Arthropoda; C. Most animal species are in Phylum Arthropoda; D. Most animal species are in Phylum Arthropoda; E. Most animal species are in Phylum Arthropoda.

43. The major insect body parts areA. head, cephalothorax, and abdomen.B. cephalothorax, midsection, and abdomen.C. head, thorax, and abdomen.D. head, prothorax, and metathorax.E. head, cephalothorax, and genitalia.

Incorrect Answers: A. The major insect body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen; B. The major insect body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen; D. The major insect body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen; E. The major insect body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen.

45. Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet byA. a water vascular system that regulates water pressure.B. cilia transporting hemolymph from chamber to chamber.C. sticky threads leading from the mouth and primitive brain.D. actin and myosin fibers that slide and give muscle actions to the five arms or "rays."

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Incorrect Answers: B. Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by a water vascular system that regulates water pressure causing expansion and contraction; C. Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by a water vascular system that regulates water pressure causing expansion and contraction; D. Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by a water vascular system that regulates water pressure causing expansion and contraction.

47. Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?A. The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.B. Gas exchange occurs through skin gills and tube feet.C. Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical.D. A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction.E. Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.

Incorrect Answers: B. It is not true that echinoderms have an exoskeleton made of spiny plates. They do have an endoskeleton of spiny calcium plates called ossicles. It is true that gas exchange occurs through skin gills and tube feet; C. It is not true that echinoderms have an exoskeleton made of spiny plates. They do have an endoskeleton of spiny calcium plates called ossicles. It is true that larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical; D. It is not true that echinoderms have an exoskeleton made of spiny plates. They do have an endoskeleton of spiny calcium plates called ossicles. It is true that a water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction; E. It is not true that echinoderms have an exoskeleton made of spiny plates. They do have an endoskeleton of spiny calcium plates called ossicles. It is true that symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.