Elektronika DayaDisiplin ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan teknologi elektronika dalam konversi energi (daya) elektrik.
Mengapa energi (daya) elektrik perlu dikonversikan?• Hampir semua peralatan listrik bekerja kurang efisien atau tidak bisa bekerja pada sumber energi (daya) elektrik yang tersedia.• Banyak pembangkit energi (daya) elektrik nonkonvensional mempunyai bentuk yang tidak kompatibel dengan sumber energi (daya) elektrik lainnya.
2P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Konverter Daya
dayaKonverter Beban
Pengendali
masukan Daya keluaran Daya
PengukuranPengukuran
Acuan
3P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Klasifikasi Konverter Daya
• Konverter DC-ke-DC (Chopper)
• Konverter AC-ke-DC (Penyearah)
• Konverter DC-ke-AC (Inverter)
• Konverter AC-ke-AC (Cycloconverter/Matrix)
4P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Konverter Sinyal dan Daya
Sinyal Konverter
masuk Sinyal keluar Sinyal
masuk Daya
Daya Konverter
masuk Daya keluar Daya
masuk Sinyal
5P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Efficiency is the key
Regulator tegangan
iV
oV
oI
oR
1R
2RiV
oV
oI
oR
vR
6P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Efficiency is very lowNo ripples on the input and output sides
Switching Regulator
iV oV
oIiI
Load
ONT
sT
0
iV
0
0
oV
oI
iI
is
ONo V
T
TV
7P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Efficiency is very highRipples on the input and output sides
Switching Mode Power Supplies
Advantages:• High efficient and small size• DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage
(Energy stored is high)• The reactive component requirements are small.
Disadvantages:• Control is more complicated• EMC problems
9P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Supply Comparison
Power Density Efficiency
Linear Power Supply
<0.12 W/cm3 <40%
SMPS 6W/cm3 >95%
10P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applicationsin Power Generation
• Excitation system
• Automatic Voltage Regulator
• Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro, Wind, Microturbine gas)
• Power Conditioners for Renewable Power Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells)
• Energy Storage
11P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
Rotor
Stator
Exciter generatorMain
12P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Renewable Energy System
Energy Storages
Micro Hydro Electric Power
AC/DC
FuelCells
Fuel CellsExhaust
Fuel
Generatr
AC/DC
Solar Cells
Fuel Cells Modules
BU
S D
C
Utilitas
DC/AC
DC/DC DC/DC
DC/DC
DC/AC
AC Loads
13P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission
• Static VAR Compensators
• Series Compensation
• Phase Shifters
• Dynamic Braking
• Flexible AC Transmission System
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers15P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Static VAR Compensator
• Improving power factor• Reducing voltage drop and losses• Increasing maximum power transfer• Improving damping factor
16P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
HVDC Transmission SystemLine DC
Sys
tem
A
C
Sys
tem
A
C
ConverterConverter
system dc
terminals-Two
• Asynchronous links• Suitable for long distance transmission and
underground cable transmission• Improving damping factor
17P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution
• Static VAR Compensators• Power Conditioners• Active Filters• Unified Power Conditioners• Dynamic Voltage Restorers• High-Speed Circuit Breakers• Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution• Power conditioners for distributed power
generation18P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Active Filter
source AC
sL
si
hi
source
Harmonicse
filter
Active
fi
19P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Transportation Industries
• High-Speed Trains
• Electric vehicles
• Elevators
• Airplanes
• Ships
• Unmanned vehicles
20P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
PWM Inverter for Electric Traction
Pantograph
Inverter PWM
MotorsTraction
21P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Industries
• Rolling mills
• Variable speed pump systems
• Cement kilns
• Rolling ball mills
• Robotics
• Electrolysis
31P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Variable Speed Drive Applications
PUMP
MOTOR
STARTER
MOTORIZEDVALVE
SET-POINTCONTROLLER
SENSOR
FLOW
REFERENCE
PUMP
MOTORSENSOR
FLOW
REFERENCE
CONTROLLER
SET-POINTCONTROLLER
VSD
Fixed Speed
32P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Variable Speed Drives
3
Motor AC
outv
source AC
rectifier
edUncontroll
capacitor
Smoothing
inverter PWM
3
Motor AC
outv
source AC
rectifier
Controlled
inductor
Smoothing
capacitor
Smoothing
inverter
wave-Square
33P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Variable Speed Pumping System
ure
Hea
d/Pr
ess
Flow
1H2H
1Q2Q
3H
1 sticcharacteri Pump
2 sticcharacteri Pump
1 sticcharacteri Pipe2 sticcharacteri Pipe
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
FLOW (GPM)
INP
UT
KW
ADJUSTABLE SPEEDOPERATION WITH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR
VALVE OPERATIONWITH STANDARDEFFICIENTMOTOR
34P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Home Appliances
• Microwave heating
• Air conditioners
• Refrigerators
• Toasters
• Cookers
• Vacuum cleaners
• Wash machines35P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Power Electronic Applications in Information Industries
• DC power supplies
• Distributed power supplies
• Power conditioners
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Battery chargers
• Voltage Regulator Modules
36P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Is power electronics new technology?
Power electronics have been developed since the beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and vacuum tubes technology was emerged.Power conversion has been known for a long time by using a combination of electrical machinery.Power electronics development has grown very fast since the introduction of thyristor or SCR (Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen fifties.
37P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics
theory
Control
sElectronic
systems
Power sElectronicPower
Computer
physics
state-Solid
processing
Signal theory
Circuit
machines
Electric
neticsElectromag
38P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Current Challenges
• Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors• Embedded inverter for motor drives• Intelligent power ICs• Flexible AC power transmission systems• Custom power distribution system• Unified power conditioners• Renewable energy power generation system
39P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Penyearah tak terkendali
iV
1S
2S
3S
4S
uvv
iV
1S
2S
3S
4S
Loadu v
43P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter
Beban
ie ov
1S 3S
2S 4S
ie
4&1 SS
3&2 SS
ovt
t
t
t
componentlFundamenta
46P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya
Understanding Power Electronic Circuits
• Consider all power semiconductor switches as ideal switches
• Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage current, and transition times are zero.
• Practical considerations are given in detailed design.
• Background on signal electronics is useful to understand power electronics.
49P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya