Elektronika Daya Kuliah Ke 1

Elektronika Daya

Pekik Argo Dahono

Elektronika DayaDisiplin ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan teknologi elektronika dalam konversi energi (daya) elektrik.

Mengapa energi (daya) elektrik perlu dikonversikan?• Hampir semua peralatan listrik bekerja kurang efisien atau tidak bisa bekerja pada sumber energi (daya) elektrik yang tersedia.• Banyak pembangkit energi (daya) elektrik nonkonvensional mempunyai bentuk yang tidak kompatibel dengan sumber energi (daya) elektrik lainnya.

2P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya

Konverter Daya

dayaKonverter Beban

Pengendali

masukan Daya keluaran Daya

PengukuranPengukuran

Acuan


Klasifikasi Konverter Daya

• Konverter DC-ke-DC (Chopper)

• Konverter AC-ke-DC (Penyearah)

• Konverter DC-ke-AC (Inverter)

• Konverter AC-ke-AC (Cycloconverter/Matrix)


Konverter Sinyal dan Daya

Sinyal Konverter

masuk Sinyal keluar Sinyal

masuk Daya

Daya Konverter

masuk Daya keluar Daya

masuk Sinyal


Efficiency is the key

Regulator tegangan

iV

oV

oI

oR

1R

2RiV

oV

oI

oR

vR


Efficiency is very lowNo ripples on the input and output sides

Switching Regulator

iV oV

oIiI

Load

ONT

sT

0

iV

0

0

oV

oI

iI

is

ONo V

T

TV


Efficiency is very highRipples on the input and output sides

Linear and Switching Power Supplies


Linear

Switching

Switching Mode Power Supplies

Advantages:• High efficient and small size• DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage

(Energy stored is high)• The reactive component requirements are small.

Disadvantages:• Control is more complicated• EMC problems


Power Supply Comparison

Power Density Efficiency

Linear Power Supply

<0.12 W/cm3 <40%

SMPS 6W/cm3 >95%


Power Electronic Applicationsin Power Generation

• Excitation system

• Automatic Voltage Regulator

• Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro, Wind, Microturbine gas)

• Power Conditioners for Renewable Power Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells)

• Energy Storage


Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator

1D

2D

3D

4D

5D

6D

Rotor

Stator

Exciter generatorMain


Renewable Energy System

Energy Storages

Micro Hydro Electric Power

AC/DC

FuelCells

Fuel CellsExhaust

Fuel

Generatr

AC/DC

Solar Cells

Fuel Cells Modules

BU

S D

C

Utilitas

DC/AC

DC/DC DC/DC

DC/DC

DC/AC

AC Loads


Rote Island Hybrid Power System

P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya 14

Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission

• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission

• Static VAR Compensators

• Series Compensation

• Phase Shifters

• Dynamic Braking

• Flexible AC Transmission System

• High-Speed Circuit Breakers15P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya

Static VAR Compensator

• Improving power factor• Reducing voltage drop and losses• Increasing maximum power transfer• Improving damping factor


HVDC Transmission SystemLine DC

Sys

tem

A

C

Sys

tem

A

C

ConverterConverter

system dc

terminals-Two

• Asynchronous links• Suitable for long distance transmission and

underground cable transmission• Improving damping factor


Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution

• Static VAR Compensators• Power Conditioners• Active Filters• Unified Power Conditioners• Dynamic Voltage Restorers• High-Speed Circuit Breakers• Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution• Power conditioners for distributed power

generation18P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya

Active Filter

source AC

sL

si

hi

source

Harmonicse

filter

Active

fi


Power Electronic Applications in Transportation Industries

• High-Speed Trains

• Electric vehicles

• Elevators

• Airplanes

• Ships

• Unmanned vehicles


PWM Inverter for Electric Traction

Pantograph

Inverter PWM

MotorsTraction


Shinkansen


Electric Traction


Electric Traction


Diesel Electric Locomotive


Toyota Prius


Ford Escape


Toyota Siena


Honda Accord


Hybrid Vehicles


parallel

Split

Series

Power Electronic Applications in Industries

• Rolling mills

• Variable speed pump systems

• Cement kilns

• Rolling ball mills

• Robotics

• Electrolysis


Variable Speed Drive Applications

PUMP

MOTOR

STARTER

MOTORIZEDVALVE

SET-POINTCONTROLLER

SENSOR

FLOW

REFERENCE

PUMP

MOTORSENSOR

FLOW

REFERENCE

CONTROLLER

SET-POINTCONTROLLER

VSD

Fixed Speed


Variable Speed Drives

3

Motor AC

outv

source AC

rectifier

edUncontroll

capacitor

Smoothing

inverter PWM

3

Motor AC

outv

source AC

rectifier

Controlled

inductor

Smoothing

capacitor

Smoothing

inverter

wave-Square


Variable Speed Pumping System

ure

Hea

d/Pr

ess

Flow

1H2H

1Q2Q

3H

1 sticcharacteri Pump

2 sticcharacteri Pump

1 sticcharacteri Pipe2 sticcharacteri Pipe

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

FLOW (GPM)

INP

UT

KW

ADJUSTABLE SPEEDOPERATION WITH

ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR

VALVE OPERATIONWITH STANDARDEFFICIENTMOTOR


Power Electronic Applications in Home Appliances

• Microwave heating

• Air conditioners

• Refrigerators

• Toasters

• Cookers

• Vacuum cleaners

• Wash machines35P. A. Dahono -- Elektronika Daya

Power Electronic Applications in Information Industries

• DC power supplies

• Distributed power supplies

• Power conditioners

• Uninterruptible power supplies

• Battery chargers

• Voltage Regulator Modules


Is power electronics new technology?

Power electronics have been developed since the beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and vacuum tubes technology was emerged.Power conversion has been known for a long time by using a combination of electrical machinery.Power electronics development has grown very fast since the introduction of thyristor or SCR (Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen fifties.


Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics

theory

Control

sElectronic

systems

Power sElectronicPower

Computer

physics

state-Solid

processing

Signal theory

Circuit

machines

Electric

neticsElectromag


Current Challenges

• Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors• Embedded inverter for motor drives• Intelligent power ICs• Flexible AC power transmission systems• Custom power distribution system• Unified power conditioners• Renewable energy power generation system


Microprocessor operating voltages


Laptop Power Supply System


Matriks saklar

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v


Penyearah tak terkendali

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

uvv

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v


Penyearah terkendali

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

uvv

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v


AC regulator

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

uvv


Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter

Beban

ie ov

1S 3S

2S 4S

ie

4&1 SS

3&2 SS

ovt

t

t

t

componentlFundamenta


Konverter DC-ke-DC

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

uvv

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v


Inverter PWM

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

uvv

iV

1S

2S

3S

4S

Loadu v


Understanding Power Electronic Circuits

• Consider all power semiconductor switches as ideal switches

• Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage current, and transition times are zero.

• Practical considerations are given in detailed design.

• Background on signal electronics is useful to understand power electronics.


The End


Elektronika Daya Kuliah Ke 1

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