Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, (2014), 25-36
25
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR ALUMINUM ALLOYS
2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR
WELDING
Nazar ABDULWADOOD1, Burak SAHIN
1, Nihat YILDIRIM
1*
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep,Turkey.
ABSTRACT
The use of fusion welding process for 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 alloys is not preferred because of the heat
generated from the thermal cycle of the welding which can affect the heat treatments of base metals. Therefore,
solid state nature of friction stir welding (FSW) process is generally used in order to join these dissimilar alloys.
This experimental study presents the effect of variable rotational and traverse speeds on hardness, bending, and
tensile properties of 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 alloys joints produced by FSW. Experimental results have shown that
defect free friction stir welded joints of good quality successfully produced from 3 mm thick sections of these
alloys.
Keywords: Friction stir welding, dissimilar aluminum materials welding, aluminum alloy, mechanical
properties.
KAYNAK PARAMETRELERİNİN SÜRTÜNME KARIŞTIRMA
KAYNAĞI İLE BİRBİRİNE KAYNAKLANMIŞ 2024-T3 6061-T6
ALUMİNYUM ALAŞIMLARININ MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ÖZET
Ergitme kaynak metodları 2024-T3 ve 6061-T6 alaşımlarının birbirlerine kaynatılması için önerilmemektedir,
çünkü kaynak esnasında oluşan ısı kaynak bölgesinin ısıl işlem özelliğini etkilemektedir. Bundan dolayı bu
alaşımların birleştirilmesinde, katı hal kaynak yöntemlerinden biri olan sürtünme karıştırma kaynağının (friction
stir welding -FSW) kullanılması tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışma farklı iki malzeme olan 2024-T3 ve 6061-T6
aluminyum alaşımlarının sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı ile birleştirilmesi üzerine yapılan deneysel bir çalışmadır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında kaynak pimi açısal hız ve ilerleme hızının, sertlik dağılımı, eğilme ve çekme özellikleri
üzerindeki etkilerini incelenmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlara göre kusursuz bir sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı işlemi ile
3 mm kalınlığındaki bu alaşımların (2024-T3 ve 6061-T6) oldukça başarılı bir şekilde kaynaklanabildiği
gözlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı, farklı aluminyum alaşımlarının kaynakla birleştirilmesi,
aluminyum alaşımları, mekanik özellikler.
* Corresponding author. Telefon: +90 342 3172531; e-mail: [email protected]
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR
ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING
26
1. INTRODUCTION
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that has been invented at The Weld Institute (TWI,
United Kingdom), and patented in 1991 by Wayne Thomas under research funded by in part by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [1] . It is an adaptation of the friction welding process. FSW is a
continuous process that involves plunging a portion of a specially shaped rotating tool between the butting faces
of the joint [2]. The relative motion between the tool and the substrate generates frictional heat that creates a
plasticized region around the immersed portion of the tool [3,5]. The shoulder prevents the plasticized material
from being expelled out of the weld. The tool is moved relatively along the joint line, forcing the plasticized
material to coalesce behind the tool to form a solid–phase joint [4, 10]. Since its invention, the process has
received world-wide attention, specialized companies from Europe, Japan and USA are using the technology in
production [6]. It can be used also for welding aluminum alloys of different alloy groups or yet dissimilar
materials, metal matrix composites and plastics [9].
Other materials such as magnesium, copper, zinc, titanium and even steel can be welded with this process. The
process presents several advantages when compared with conventional arc welding processes, mainly in the
welding of aluminum alloys. Difficulties related to sensitivity to solidification cracking, gas porosity caused by
the hydrogen absorbed during welding and thermal distortion, very common in fusion welding process; do not
happen in this process [7]. Other benefits of the process include good strength and ductility along with
minimization of residual stress and distortion, no consumables required, improved safety due to the absence of
toxic fumes or the spatter, can operate in all positions (horizontal, vertical, etc.), easily automated on simple
milling machines — lower setup costs and less training [11]. Friction Stir Welding has found various
applications in a number of areas. Potential applications are space shuttle fuel tanks, aluminum decking for car
ferries, manufacturing of compound aluminum extrusions and automotive structural components. The ever
growing list of FSW users includes Boeing, Airbus, Eclipse, NASA, US Navy, Mitsubishi and Kawasaki [12].
FSW technique can be applied effectively to a variety of joints configurations like butt joints, lap joints, T butt
joints and even fillet joints [3]. In a FSW process, advancing side (AS) is the side where the direction of the tool
rotation and traverse movement direction are the same and the side where the velocity vectors (of tool rotation
and traverse movement) are opposite is referred to as retreating side (RS) [13].
Heat treatable aluminum alloys (as such 2024 and 6061) are specially produced for critical applications with
advanced mechanical properties of high strength and ductility but unfortunately sometimes with the disadvantage
of unsuitability to conventional welding processes. Therefore in critical applications of aerospace and similar,
those special heat treatable alloys (not suitable for conventional welding processes) need to be friction stir
welded. Although friction stir welding of the same (or similar) aluminum alloys have been studied largely in
literature [14-19] not much study have been found regarding FSW of dissimilar aluminum alloys [20,22], in
particular of 2024-T3 to 6061-T6 alloys. Two specific articles [23,24] have studied material flow and
microstructural evolution associated with the FSW of 2024 and 6061 aluminums but neither of two alloys has
studied the mechanical properties of the dissimilar material FSW joint. Not much, even almost no study and
experimental results are available regarding mechanical properties of FSW of 2024 and 6061 aluminums. In this
paper, friction stir weldability and also the mechanical properties of the joint produced by FSW of specific
dissimilar aluminum alloys (2024-T3 alloy to 6061-T6) are studied and experimental results are provided as
new/novel results.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1. Material Used
Dissimilar 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloys of 3 mm thick plates were friction stir butt welded. The
chemical composition for 2024 alloy was as follows: Si 0.1255, Fe 0.272, Cu 4.19, Mn 0.6144, Mg 1.26, Cr
0.012, Ni 0.010, Zn 0.165, Ti 0.018, Pb 0.0099, balance Al, and the chemical composition for 6061 alloy was: Si
0.673, Fe 0.590, Cu 0.326, Mn 0.066, Mg 1.03, Cr 0.196, Ni 0.013, Zn 0.108, Ti 0.015, Pb 0.009, balance Al
(All in mass % ). 2024 is an aluminum alloy with copper (Al-Cu) of the 2xxx series with a temper condition of
solution heat treated, cold worked, and naturally aged. It is usually used where good machinability and high
strength are required such as aircraft structures, especially wing and fuselage structures under tension. AA6061
N. ABDULWADOOD, B. SAHIN, N. YILDIRIM
27
is a precipitation hardening aluminum alloy, containing magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements,
Al-Mg-Si grade alloy of the 6xxx series. It is with a temper condition of solution heat treated and artificially
aged [8]. The chemical composition of the base metals was tested by spectrometer device and analyzed
according to ASTM standard B209. The tensile properties of the base metals are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Mechanical properties of 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 base metals
Material Yield strength
MPa
Ultimate tensile strength ( UTS )
MPa
Percentage of
elongation %
2024-T3 380 464 16
6061-T6 295 342 10
2.2. Friction Stir Welding
Friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6061-T6 were carried out using a tool made
of high speed steel (HSS) consisting of 18mm diameter shoulder and 6 mm diameter cylindrical pin with an
overall height of 2.8 mm making it slightly shorter than the plate thickness as it is illustrated in Figure 1. Tool
tilting angle used during all the tests was 1 degree. Tilting angle is the angle between axis of the tool itself and
the axis which is vertical to the plates being welded.
Figure 1. FSW tool used in the current study
All welding experiments were carried out using a vertical milling machine. The welding plates are located on
backing plate which in turn is fastened onto the milling machine table. The welding plates are held fixed in
position by the specially designed mechanical clamps as shown in Figure 2 which illustrate the overall geometry
of friction stir welding process.
Figure 2. A close-up view of friction stir butt welding
Alloy 1
side Alloy 2
side
Weld
area
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR
ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING
28
Variable rotational and traverse speeds were used during tests. For the first set of tests, rotational speeds used
were 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 rpm while keeping the traverse speed constant at 50 mm/min. In the second set,
rotational speed was kept constant at 1000 rpm and traverse speed were set at 25, 75, and 100 mm/min. During
FSW, in the first set (varying rotational speeds) advancing side is aluminum alloy 2024-T3 and retreating side is
aluminum alloy 6061-T6 for one case. Whereas advancing side is alloy 6061-T6 and retreating side is alloy
2024-T3 for the second case. For the second set (varying traverse speed) advancing side is alloy 6061-T6 and
retreating side is alloy 2024-T3. Table 2 and Table 3 summarize welding conditions adopted in the current study.
Table 2. First set of tests with process parameters used to fabricate the joints
Sample number Traverse speed
mm/min
Rotational speed
rpm Direction of weld
1
50
600
2024 on advancing side &
6061 on retreating side
2 800
3 1000
4 1200
5
50
600
6061 on advancing side &
2024 on retreating side
6 800
7 1000
8 1200
Table 3. Second set of tests with process parameters used to fabricate the joints
Sample number Rotational speed
rpm
Traverse speed
mm/min Direction of weld
9
1000
25 6061 on advancing side &
2024 on retreating side 10 75
11 100
2.3. Mechanical Tests
Before implementing the mechanical tests the weldments were characterized by the visual inspection and
qualitative analysis of the weld roots and crowns. X-ray inspection tests of welded specimens were also carried
out to check that no defects or discontinuities were present within the welds. Radiographic unit was operated for
1 min at 150 kV, 2 mA for the inspection.
Tensile properties of each joint were evaluated at room temperature using the computerized Tinus Olsen
universal tensile testing machine. All tensile tests were carried out at a constant crosshead speed of 10 mm/min
and the average of three specimens was taken to evaluate the tensile behavior of each welded joint.
The configuration and dimension of the transverse tensile specimens were specified according to ASTM
(E8M-04) as it is shown in Figure 3. Multiples of specimens are cut from welded plates with the condition that
loading axis of the tensile test specimens is transverse (perpendicular) to the welding direction of the plates.
Figure 3. Tension test specimen geometry. (Dimensions are in millimeters)
Weld area Alloy 1 side Alloy 2 side
N. ABDULWADOOD, B. SAHIN, N. YILDIRIM
29
Face and root bending tests were carried out at room temperature by universal testing machine as it is
illustrated in Figure 4. The welded joints were machined into standard test specimen dimensions according to the
ASTM (E 190-92) as it is shown in the Figure 5. Microhardness testing of the welded joints was accomplished
using the Vickers hardness tester. According to the ASTM, Vickers hardness measurements were taken 1 mm
below the top surface of the specimen perpendicular to the welding direction across the weld nugget zone (NZ),
thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ), TMAZ/HAZ interface zone and the base
materials using a diamond pyramid indenter with a load of 20 kg and loading within 15sec.
Figure 4. Bending setup.
Figure 5. Schematic of bending test specimen according to ASTM. (E 190-92)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Regarding the joint performance, the weldments indicated no visible defects; weld surface is even and uniform.
It can be seen from the Figure 6 and 7 that better surface appearance has been obtained for all the rotational and
traverse speeds used. Also the exit hole at the end of the weld was 100% complete which is an indication of good
quality weld. In all the joints of this work there was a flash extending from the beginning to the end of the weld.
Also X-Ray radiographic inspection was carried out and indicated a good quality weld without any pores and
discontinuities at weldment.
Figure 6. Appearance of the weld using cylindrical pin and variable rotational speed of:
(a) 600 rpm. (b) 800 rpm. (c) 1000 rpm. (d) 1200 rpm at traverse speed of 50mm/min
Weld area
Alloy 1 side
Alloy 2 side
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR
ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING
30
Figure 7. Appearance of the weld using cylindrical pin and variable traverse speed of:
(e) 25 mm/min. (f) 75 mm/min. (g) 100 mm/min at rotational speed of 1000 rpm
Regarding the literature provided in introduction for mechanical properties of FSW of 2024-T3 and 6061-T6
aluminums, not enough even almost no experimental results are available to compare with the experimental
results obtained below. Therefore results obtained in this article are discussed with no reference to literature.
3.1. Tensile Strength of Joints
Tensile properties and fracture locations of joints welded at different welding conditions are summarized in
Table 4, 5 and 6. From the investigation, the better tensile strength results obtained in the case of locating
aluminum alloy 6061-T6 at the advancing side. The reason for this is, material was pushed downward on the
advancing side and moved toward the top at the retreating side within the pin. This indicates that the ‗‗stirring‘‘
of material occurred only at the top of the weld where the material transport was directly influenced by the
rotating tool shoulder that moved material from the retreating side around the pin to the advancing side. Also, the
amount of vertical displacement of the retreating side bottom was inversely proportional to the weld pitch
(welding speed/rotation rate). The yield strength of the joints reached about 179 MPa compared to 295 MPa of
the base alloy, the ultimate tensile strength reached values of 220 MPa compared to 342 MPa of the base alloy.
The highest value of the ultimate tensile strength obtained at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm and traverse speed
of 50 mm/min. The fracture occurred in the TMAZ/HAZ interface region of the 6061-T6 alloy (weaker of the
two) as it is shown in Figure 8.
Table 4. Tensile test results for the case of 2024 on advancing side
Traverse
speed
mm/min
Rotational
speed rpm
AA 2024-T3 Located on advancing side
Yield
strength MPa
Tensile
strength UTS
MPa
Elongation
% Fracture location
Welding
eff.%
50
600 165 195 8 At the NZ/TMAZ
of 6061 57
800 148 184 8.8 At the NZ/TMAZ
of 6061 53
1000 160 193 7.6 At the NZ/TMAZ
of 6061 56
1200 144 193 8.5 At the NZ/TMAZ
of 6061 56
N. ABDULWADOOD, B. SAHIN, N. YILDIRIM
31
Table 5.Tensile test results for the case of 6061 on advancing side
Traverse
speed
mm/min
Rotational
speed
rpm
AA 6061-T6 Located at advancing side
Yield
strength
MPa
Tensile
strength
UTS MPa
Elongation
%
Fracture
location
Welding
eff.%
50
600 172 218 7 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 64
800 176 212 8 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 62
1000 179 220 6 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 64
1200 176 215 7.5 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 63
Table 6. Tensile test results for the case of variable traverse speed
Traverse
speed
mm/min
Rotational
speed rpm
AA 6061-T6 Located at advancing side
Yield
strength MPa
Tensile
strength
UTS MPa
Elongation
% Fracture location
Welding
eff.%
25
1000
144.5 190.3 6.1 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 56
75 154.2 206 4.4 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 60
100 150.7 206 4.3 At TMAZ/HAZ
of 6061 60
Figure 8. Tensile fracture location for the case of 6061 alloy on advancing side
In the case of locating the aluminum alloy 2024-T6 on the advancing side, lower ultimate tensile strength was
recorded. The fracture occurred in the SZ/TMAZ interface region of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy as illustrated
in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Tensile fracture location for the case of 2024 alloy on advancing side
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR
ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING
32
In order to increase the range of the parameters we used variable traverse speeds of 25, 75, and 100 mm/min
with a rotational speed of 1000 rpm (which is representing the better rotation speed of the previous cases). The
location of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 at advancing side again. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength
of the joints reached to a maximum value of about 154 MPa and 206 MPa respectively at traverse speed of 75
mm/min compared to ultimate tensile strength of the base alloy of 342 MPa. The fracture occurred in the
TMAZ/HAZ interface region of the 6061-T6 (weaker of the two again) as it is shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10. Tensile fracture location for the case of variable traverse speed of 25, 75, and 100 mm/min at a
constant rotational speed of 1000 rpm
In general the fracture path of the FSW joints is consistent with the distribution of the lowest hardness. In this
study, all the tensile specimens failed roughly along the low hardness zones, and the tensile strength of the welds
corresponded well with the hardness values along the low hardness zones.
Tensile properties of FSW butt joints of 2024-T3 plate and AA 6061-T6 plate depends mainly on welding
defects and hardness of the joint. Fractures occurred at the variation in tensile strengths at different tool rotation
speed was due to different material flow behavior and frictional heat generated.
3.2. Bending Results
Most of the welds presented good ductility and no cracks were observed (during bending tests) for all of the
rotational (600, 800, 100, and 1200 rpm) and traverse (25, 50, 75, and 100 mm/min) speeds used. It is illustrated
from the bending results that locating the aluminum alloy 6061 on retreating side and 2024 on advancing side
present low bending properties and low ductility, the specimens bent to failure at lower bending angles of degree
as it is shown in Figure 11a. Whereas, with the change of the location of alloys i.e. locating the aluminum alloy
6061-T6 on advancing side and 2024-T3 on retreating side, the bending angle increases gradually and good
bending properties were recorded. It is shown by tests that 180° bending angle (U shape) can be reached and no
cracks were observed as it is shown in the Figure 11b. Also, the same good results were observed for variable
traverse speeds with keeping the location of alloy 6061 on advancing side. These results were in good agreement
with the tensile test results regarding the position of alloys (being at advancing or retreating side).
Figure 11. (a) Bending test specimens for the case of 6061-T6 on retreating side. (b) Bending test specimens for
the case of 6061-T6 on advancing side
b a
N. ABDULWADOOD, B. SAHIN, N. YILDIRIM
33
3.3. Microhardness
The microhardness values in all welding areas are reduced compared with that of base metals. Figure 12 and
13 shows the Vickers hardness profile across the centerline of friction stir weldments for the case of using
rotational speed (600, 800, 1000 and 1200rpm) at constant traverse speed of 50 mm/min and for the case of using
variable traverse speeds 25, 75, and 100 mm/min at a constant rotation speed of 1000 rpm, for both cases
aluminum alloy 6061-T6 located at advancing side. It's clearly observed that the maximum hardness across the
centerline of all the weldments is found to be at the HAZ/TMAZ interface zone of the aluminum alloy 2024-T3,
while there is a significant hardness decrease at the HAZ/TMAZ interface zone of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6.
Generally the hardness of the nugget zone did not show a significant decrease compared to the base alloys. The
hardness of the base alloy of 2024-T3 was recorded to be about 136HV20 while the hardness of the base alloy of
6061-T6 was recorded to be about 95HV20. The minimum hardness for the HAZ/TMAZ interface region was
recorded at rotational speed of 1200 rpm which was 52 HV20 and the maximum hardness recorded at rotational
speed of 1000 rpm which was 63 HV20. The nugget zone for the specimens of rotation speed 600, 800, 1000,
1200 rpm showed an increase in the hardness as the tool rotation increased while keep the traverse speed
constant at 50 mm/min except. On the other hand, the nugget zone for the traverse speeds of 25, 75, and 100
mm/min showed an increase in the hardness as the tool traverse speed decreased while keep the rotational speed
constant at 1000 rpm. The better condition was recorded on rotational speed of 1000 rpm and traverse speed of
50 mm/min which is showing a maximum hardness values across the centerline of the weldment.
Figure 12. Vickers hardness profile across the weld centerline of friction stir welded Al alloy for different tool
rotational speeds at constant traverse speed of 50 mm/min.
Figure 13. Vickers hardness profile across the weld centerline of friction stir welded Al alloy for different
traverse speeds and constant rotational speed of 1000 rpm
EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR
ALUMINUM ALLOYS 2024-T3 TO 6061-T6 JOINTS PRODUCED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING
34
The hardness of the weld nugget depends on the grain size of the nugget zone as well as on the dissolution of
strengthening precipitation during the thermal cycle of the FSW. Increasing tool rotational speed leads to an
increase of the nugget zone temperature and consequently dissolution of the strengthening precipitates will take
place for more regions, then after, re-precipitation and natural ageing take place during the cooling of the weld
leading to the recovery of the hardness in the weld area and the adjacent areas where dissolution temperature has
reached.
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys 2024-T3 to 6061-T6 was studied by using a
vertical milling machine with a variable rotational and traverse speeds to evaluate the effect of process
parameters on the mechanical properties. Following conclusions are made:
1. The weldments indicated no visible defects, weld surface is even and uniform with better surface
appearance and without any pores and discontinuities for the interior portion.
2. The better condition of FSW for a 3 mm thick of dissimilar aluminum alloys 2024-T3 to 6061-T6,
which produces 64 % welding efficiency, at 1000 rpm rotational speed and 50 mm/min traverse speed
are determined.
3. The best strength of the weldments (220 MPa) is achieved when the aluminum alloy 6061-T6 is
located on the advancing side using rotational speed of 1000 rpm and traverse speed of 50 mm/min.
4. For all of the process parameters, fracture occurred on the side of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6 due to
the lower ultimate tensile strength of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6 compared with that of aluminum
alloy 2024-T3.
5. When the aluminum alloy 6061-T6 was located on the retreating side, fracture occurred at the
NZ/TMAZ interface. When it was located on the advancing side, fracture occurred at the HAZ/TMAZ
interface.
6. Low bending properties i.e. lower ductility was observed when the aluminum alloy 6061 located at the
retreating side, while better bending properties and higher ductility achieved when the aluminum alloy
6061 located at the advancing side which is showing 180 degree bending.
7. For the hardness distribution, the maximum value for the nugget zone and TMAZ/HAZ interface of
aluminum alloy 6061-T6 were 128 HV20 and 63 HV20, respectively representing the optimum
welding condition of 1000 rpm for rotational and 50 mm/min for traverse speeds.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Gaziantep University, Turkey, for the assistance to
publishing this work. We are also indebted to BCS Metal Company, Gaziantep/Turkey for the permissions to use
their machines to fabricate this work. Also a special thank for Prof. Dr. Adnan Nama at Technical College of
Baghdad for the assistance and advising.
NOMENCLATURE
FSW Friction Stir Welding TWI The Weld Institute 2xxx Aluminum-Copper (Al-Cu) Alloy Series 6xxx Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon (Al-Mg-Si) Alloy Series T3 Solution Heat Treatment, Cold Worked, and Naturally Ageing T6 Solution Heat Treatment, and Artificial Ageing NZ Nugget Zone TMAZ Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone HAZ Heat Affected Zone BM Base Metal HSS High Speed Steel ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AS Advancing Side of the Weld RS Retreating Side of the Weld UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength
N. ABDULWADOOD, B. SAHIN, N. YILDIRIM
35
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