Dye removal from waste water by using low cost adsorbent: A review

Submitted toNational Conference

on Emerging Research Trends in Engineering-2016

Paper ID - 125

Chemical Engineering DepartmentVishwakarma Government Engineering College

Chandkheda-382424Year: – 2016

Contents

1. Introduction2. Adsorption3. Adsorbent4. Literature review5. Future scope6. References

1. Introduction•The quality of our water resources is getting worse and use of dyes generates colored wastewaters, which give cause of environmental concern.

•Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemical additions that make the environmental challenge for textile industry not only as liquid waste but also in its chemical composition.

•Main pollution in textile wastewater come from dyeing and finishing processes.

•These processes require the input of a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs, which generally are organic compounds of complex structure.

•Water is used as the principal medium to apply dyes and various chemicals for finishes.

•Because all of them are not contained in the final product, became waste and caused disposal problems.

•Major pollutants in textile wastewaters are high suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, colour, acidity, and other soluble substances.

•Substances which need to be removed from textile wastewater are mainly colour, COD, BOD, pH, TDS.

Harmful Effects

• Toxic• Carcinogenic•Mutagenic• Teratogenic• Retards photosynthetic activity• Inhibits growth of aquatic biota

Permissible Limits

• pH is 6.5-8.5• The maximum permissible COD limit is < 150 mg/L • The maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 mg/L. • TDS limit is 2100 mg/L• Color limit 100 hazen

The Technologies

Treatment methods for effluents

Chemical methods Physical methods Biological methods

Oxidation Ozonation Filtration

Coagulation/Flocculation

Adsorption

Microbes

Enzymes

• A process wherein a material is concentrated at a solid surface from its liquid or gaseous surroundings.

• Adsorption is considered as the best wastewater treatment technique because of its all-inclusive nature, modesty and simplicity of operation.

• Basically, adsorption is the accumulation of a substance at a surface or interface.

2. Adsorption

• Simplest

• Low capital and operating costs

• Can have good physical properties

• Adsorbents are easily available

Why Adsorption ??

Adsorption processes: ApplicationsPurifications:

- Removal of organics from vent gases

- SO2 from vent gases

- H2O from air, methane, N2

- Removal of solvent, odours from air

- NOx from N2

- Organics from water solution

- Water from organic solution

- Decolourization

Separations:

- N2/O2

- Acetone from vent stream

- C2H4 from vent

- Normal paraffins/ Iso praffins

- CO, CH4, CO2, N2, Ar from hydrogen

- Normal paraffins from Iso paraffins

- Normal paraffins from olefins

gas p

hase

liqui

d ph

ase

• Adsorption processes is the interaction of adsorbate molecules with the surface of adsorbent

• Therefore adsorbent materials are usually materials with extensive porous structure

Criteria for adsorbent selection:

* Selectivity * Capacity * Chemical and thermal stability* Cost

3. Adsorbent

(I) On basis of their availability(a) Natural materials(b) Industrial/Agricultural/ Domestic wastes or by-products(c) Synthesized products

(II) Depending on their nature (a) Inorganic (b) Organic

An application of bio-sorption using fungi, yeasts and bacteria for the removal of organic pollutants

Classification of adsorbents

Adsorbents: Characterization1) Crystalline/amorphous

2) Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic

3) Surface area (100-1000 m2/gm)

4) Pore size

5) Pore shape: slits, channels, cavities, cages, shapeless

- often modelled as cylindrical channels

r 2 nm Microporous

2 nm r 50 nm Mesoporousr 50 nm Macroporous

Factors Affecting Adsorbents Properties

• Starting materials (e.g., coal vs. wood based) and activation• Pores and pore size distributions• Internal surface area• Surface chemistry (esp. polarity)•Apparent density• Particle Size: Granular vs. Powdered (GAC vs. PAC)

Adsorbents Surface area ( m2/gm ) Cost (RS/kg)

Commercial activated carbon 500 - 2000 500

Bentonite clay 47 - 73 150

Silica gel 250 - 900 120

Alumina 200 - 300 110

Bauxite 25 - 250 90

Banana peel 20.6 - 23.5 60

Kaolinite clay - 40

Fuller’s earth - 15

Wood 3.8 - 6.4 10

Bagasse 607 -

Surface area and cost [23]

4. Literature reviewAuthor Adsorbent Dye Parameter Isotherms and

modelNevine Kamal Amin

(2008) [15]

Sugarcane bagasse pith

reactive orange (RO)dye

contact time, adsorbent dose

and pH

Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms

V.K. Garg , Renuka Gupta, Anu Bala Yadav, Rakesh Kumar (2003)

[22]

Sawdust malachite green contact time, adsorbent dose

and pH

first order rate expression and

Lagergren equation

K. Santhy, P. Selvapathy (2006)

[12]

Coir pith reactive dyes(orange12, red 2,

blue 4)

contact time, adsorbent dose

and pH

Freundlich model

V.K. Garg, Moirangthem Amita, Rakesh Kumar, Renuka Gupta (2004)

[21]

Indian RosewoodSawdust

methylene blue adsorbent dosage, initial dye

concentration, pH and contact time

first order rate equation and fit the Lagergren

equation

F. Ferrero(2007)

[7]

Ground hazelnut

shells and sawdust

Methylene Blue, and Acid Blue 25

- Lagergren’s model, but the best fit was achieved by a second order

Equation

Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms

P.K. Malik(2004)

[16]

Mahogany sawdust:

Direct Blue 2B and Direct Green B dyes

- Langmuir equation as well as the pseudo-second-order

rate equation

C. Namasivayam, D. Kavitha

(2002)[4]

Coir pith Congo Red agitation time,dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH

and temperature

Langmuir andFreundlich isotherms

Dipa Ghosh, Krishna G.

Bhattacharyya(2002) [5]

Kaolinite clay methylene blue pH Freundlich and Langmuir equations

B.H. Hameed, A.L. Ahmad, K.N.A.

Latiff(2007) [3]

rattan sawdust

methylene blue Effect of initial dye concentration on

adsorption

Langmuir and Freundlich models

G. Atun, G. Hisarli, W.S. Sheldrick, and

M. Muhler (2003)

[8]

Fuller’s earth methylene blue dependence on initial

concentrationEffect of

temperature on MB adsorption

-

V. J. P. Poots, G. McKay, J. J. Healy (1978)

[20]

wood AtrazoneBlue

Contact time, initial conc of dye

Langmuir and

Freundlich models

Hung-Yee Shu, Ming-Chin Chang

(2005) [10]

advancedoxidation process

phthalocyanine dye initial hydrogen peroxide

concentration,Effect of UV light

power, , initial dye concentration, pH

-

Li-yan Fu, Xiang-hua Wen, Li-jie Xu, Yi Qian

(2002) [13]

acclimated sludge,

copper-phthalocyanine dye

Influence of CPC concentration on

microbialactivity

-

Adsorption

pH of adsorbate

Adsorbent Dosage Contact time

Factors affecting dye adsorption onto adsorbent

pH

• High pH solution results in an increase in the percentage of cationic dye removal because the positive charge on the solution interface will decrease and the adsorbent surface appears negatively charged.

• Low pH solution results in an increase in the percentage of anionic dye removal because of the electrostatic attraction between anionic dye and the positive surface charge of the adsorbent.

Adsorbent Dosage

• In general, the dye removal percentage is increasing with the increase of the adsorbent dosage.

• When excess adsorbent dosage is used, a significant portion of the adsorption sites remain unsaturated. This obviously leads to low specific adsorption capacity.

• When the adsorbent dosage was lowered, the number of active sites saturated with dyes increased; therefore, specific uptake also increased.

Time

• At higher contact time, the rate of adsorption decreases, gradually leading to equilibrium due to decrease in total adsorbent surface area and less available binding sites.

• The decrease in dye removal with time may be due to aggregation of the dye molecules around the adsorbent particles.

• Is an empirical relation between the concentration of a solute on the surface of an adsorbent to the concentration of the solute in the liquid with which it is in contact.

Freundlich adsorption isotherm

• The Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm is mathematically expressed as

It can be written as,

Or

• Freundlich adsorption isotherm failed at higher pressure.

log𝑞=log 𝐾+1𝑛 log𝑝

Where, q = amount of solute adsorbed

C= eq. concentration

K= adsorption coefficient

n= slope

Simple isotherm equations: Langmuir

Assumptions:

- Single layer

- Interaction between molecules in the layer are negligible

i

i

KpKp

1

i

iii Kp

pKnn

1

max

maxi

i

nn

maxin

maxi

i

nn

Simple isotherm equations: Langmuir

i

iii Kp

pKnn

1

max

maxmax

1

i

i

ii

i

np

Knnp

ip

i

i

np

max

1

in

Knimax

1

bYHYq

1

More convenient unitsq [kg of adsorbate]/ [kg of pure adsorbent]

Y [kg of adsorbate/kg carrier gas]

Lagergren equation

• Lagergren first order model which is generally expressed as

Where, k1 is the first-order-rate constant.

• The kinetic rate expression can be written as

= log

• Low cost adsorbents can be used for water treatment and waste management.

• There is a need to develop more efficient selective, inexpensive and eco-friendly low cost adsorbents for water treatment.

• Continuous process can be used for adsorption process.

• Many work is to be carried out in the area of desorption process.

5. Future scope

[1] A.L. Ahmad, S.W. Puasa, Reactive dyes decolourization from an aqueous solution by combined coagulation/micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration process, Chemical Engineering Journal 132 (2007) 257–265.

[2] Aysegul Pala, Enis Tokat, Color removal from cotton textile industry wastewater in an activated sludge system with various additives, Water Research 36 (2002) 2920–2925.

[3] B.H. Hameed, A.L. Ahmad, K.N.A. Latiff, Adsorption of basic dye (methylene blue) onto activated carbon prepared from rattan sawdust, Dyes and Pigments 75 (2007) 143-149.

[4] C. Namasivayam, D. Kavitha, Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste, Dyes and Pigments 54 (2002) 47–58.

[5] Dipa Ghosh, Krishna G. Bhattacharyya, Adsorption of methylene blue on kaolinite, Applied Clay Science 20 (2002) 295– 300.

[6] Esther Forgacs, Tibor Cserhati, Gyula Oros, Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review, Environment International 30 (2004) 953– 971.

[7] F. Ferrero, Dye removal by low cost adsorbents: Hazelnut shells in comparison with wood sawdust, Journal of Hazardous Materials 142 (2007) 144–152.

6. References

[8] G. Atun, G. Hisarli, W.S. Sheldrick, and M. Muhler, Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from colored effluents on fuller’s earth, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 261 (2003) 32–39.

[9] Gregorio Crini, Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment, Prog. Polym. Sci. 30 (2005) 38–70.

[10] Hung-Yee Shu, Ming-Chin Chang, Decolorization and mineralization of a phthalocyanine dye C.I. Direct Blue 199 using UV/H2O2 process, Journal of Hazardous Materials B125 (2005) 96–101.

[11] Imran Ali, Mohd. Asim, Tabrez A. Khan, Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, Journal of Environmental Management 113 (2012) 170-183.

[12] K. Santhy, P. Selvapathy, Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater by adsorption on coir pith activated carbon, Bioresource Technology 97 (2006) 1329–1336.Klaus Hunger (Editor), Industrial Dyes Chemistry, Properties, Applications, 2003.

[13] Li-yan Fu, Xiang-hua Wen, Li-jie Xu, Yi Qian, Removal of a copper-phthalocyanine dye from wastewater by acclimated sludge under anaerobic or aerobic conditions, Process Biochemistry 37 (2002) 1151–1156.

[14] Maria Cristina Silva, Angelita Duarte Correa Decolorization of the phthalocyanine dye reactive blue 21 by turnip peroxidase and assessment of its oxidation products, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 77 (2012) 9– 14.

[15] Nevine Kamal Amin, Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith, Desalination 223 (2008) 152–161.

[16] P.K. Malik, Dye removal from wastewater using activated carbon developed from sawdust: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, Journal of Hazardous Materials B113 (2004) 81–88.

[17] Sanna Hokkanen, Amit Bhatnagar, Mika Sillanpaa, A review on modification methods to cellulose-based adsorbents to improve adsorption capacity, Water Research 91 (2016) 156-173.

[18] Sarika Diwaniyan, Deepti Kharb, Chandralata Raghukumar, Ramesh Chander Kuhad, Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes and Textile Effluents by Basidiomycetous Fungi, Water Air Soil Pollut (2010) 210:409–419.

[19] Shaobin Wang, Yuelian Peng, Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment, Chemical Engineering Journal 156 (2010) 11–24.

[20] V. J. P. Poots, G. McKay and J. J. Healy, Removal of Basic Dye from Effluent Using Wood as an Adsorbent, Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Vol. 50, No. 5 (May, 1978), pp. 926-935.

[21] V.K. Garg, Moirangthem Amita, Rakesh Kumar, Renuka Gupta, Basic dye (methylene blue) removal from simulated wastewater by adsorption using Indian Rosewood sawdust: a timber industry waste, Dyes and Pigments 63 (2004) 243-250.

[22] V.K. Garg, Renuka Gupta, Anu Bala Yadav, Rakesh Kumar, Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust, Bioresource Technology 89 (2003) 121–124.

[23] V.K. Gupta, Suhas, Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review, Journal of Environmental Management 90 (2009) 2313–2342.

[24] W.T. Tsai, K.J. Hsien and J.M. Yang, Silica adsorbent prepared from spent diatomaceous earth and its application to removal of dye from aqueous solution, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 275 (2004) 428–433.

Questions ??

Thank you