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THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SOCIOLOGY
Sincecommunicationbegan
Scientific study ofsociety started 15thin18th century(scientificRevolution)
Social philosophers: Are we social by
nature of not?
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THE DEVELOPMENT OFSOCIOLOGY
HENRI SAINT-SIMON 1760-1825
Behavior of the society is
determined by law of nature
and can be determined inthe same way as
astronomers, physicists,
biologists, chemists and
other natural scientists.
Positive sociology
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUSTE COMTE 1798-1857
- Founder of
Sociology
-Student andsecretary of Saint-
Simon
-Mental hygiene!
- Society based on
rationality and
science!
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
AUGUSTE COMTE
- Stages of science
Theologicalfictitious
Metaphysicalabstract
Scientificpositive
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Sociology
science of the
associated life
of humanity
Methods and
techniques of
natural sciencesmust also be
applied in the
study of society
AUGUSTE COMTE
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUSTE COMTESOCIAL STATICS SOCIAL DYNAMICS
-
ORDER, STABILITY,and socialorganization
that which holds
societies grouptogether andendure.
processes of sociallife related to
institutionalDEVELOPMENT ANDSOCIAL CHANGE.
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- social staticsstructure of the society
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- social dynamicssocial change
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
HERBERT SPENCER1532-1903
- He applied the concept
of Darwins theory ofevolution to societies
in order to explain how
they change or evolve,
over time.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
HERBERT SPENCER1532-1903
Evolutionary
process
Primitive tocomplexsocieties
Survival of the
fittest
Governedby conflict
Social progress
Naturalselection(adaptation)
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917
- focused on the concept
of social integration.- society does not
operate under the rule
of natural science but bydistinct social facts and
phenomena.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917
- Social solidaritysocial
forces that hold societytogether
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
- SOCIAL INTEGRATIONdensity of social relationships
- The more people are connected to
one another the stronger and
meaningful are the sentiments
that emerge out of these
relationships.
- Focused less on the individual but
more the characteristics of groups
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
- He also examined the
social solidaritythetendency of people to
maintain social
relationships.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL
SOLIDARITY
- People were knit together
by their engagement in
SIMILAR TASKS. They
derived a sense of oneness
from being so much alike.
ORGANIC
SOLIDARITY
- Society is held together by
the interdependence fostered
by the DIFFERENCES among
people.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL
SOLIDARITY
ORGANIC
SOLIDARITY
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - People were knit
together by their engagement in similar tasks. They derived
a sense of oneness from being so much alike.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIMORGANIC SOLIDARITY - Society is held together bythe interdependence fostered by the differences among people.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
- Individuals with social
bonds are less
inclined to suicidethan individuals who
are weakly integrated
into group life.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX- CLASS CONFLICTthe
believed that society is
divided into those whoown the means of
producing wealth and
those who do not.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SOCIOLOGY
FRIEDRICH ENGELS1820-1903
- Together with Karl
Marx, they proposedto address the class
struggle by adhering
to the Communist
Manifesto.
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Bourgeoisie
(oppressor)
Proletariat
(oppressed)
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX- CLASS CONFLICT
have
nots
haves
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBER
Belief systems
affect peoplesaction and in
turn the
economic
system of the
society.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBER 1864-1920
- Focused on the study of
HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY:
the intentions, values,beliefs, and attitudes
that underlie peoples
behavior.
- VERSTEHEN
understanding or insight.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBERVERSTEHEN
sociological
method used
PLACINGONESELF IN
THE SHOES OF
OTHER PEOPLE
and identifywhat they think
and how they
feel.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBERWent against Marx
(conflict theory of
materiality) and
introduced theSUBJECTIVE
MEANINGS of the
sociologist in studying
society.
Sympathetic
understanding!
(society is more than a
collection of objects
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
FERDINANDTOENNIS 1855-1936
All socialrelationships
are creations of
human will.
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Basic, INSTINCTIVE,organic tendency
which drives human
activityEssential
DELIBERATE, purposive
form of volition whichdetermines human
activity with regard to
the future
Arbitrary
Will
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Peasants
Artisans
Common
men
Essential
will
Businessmen
Scientist
Upper class
Arbitrary
will
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Gemeinschaft
Arbitrarywill
Upper classGesselschaft
Essentialwill
Commoner
Typology of Society
(out of the expression of the will)
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
GEORGE SIMMEL 1858-1918
Society CANNOT BE
understood as a psychic
entity independent of
individual minds, as a
kind of mysticism or
conceptualism that
ascribes to mere
concepts.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
GEORGE SIMMEL 1858-1918
Mutual relations may not
last long while some are
purified in the course of
time such as the state,
church, education,
economic group or even
social conspirators!
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
EDWARD TAYLOR 1832-1917
Responsible for the first50 years of Anthropologyin Britain
Popularized comparativemethodology in study(statistical correlation)
Introduced the concept of
ANIMISM OR BELIEF INSPIRITUAL BEINGS in thestudy of anthropology
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
WILLIAM GRAHAMSUMNER 1840-1910
Dealt extensive
researches on folkways FOLKWAYS ARE HABITS
OF INDIVIDUAL ANDCUSTOMS OF THE
SOCIETY which arisefrom efforts to satisfyneeds
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
THORSTEIN VEBLEN1857 1929
Dealt extensive
researches on economic
aspect of the society
labor performance and
laborsaving
machinery.
Th i i ki d t d
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There is in mankind a tendency
towards craftsmanship as an end in
itself developed by cultural heritage
and community stock technicalknowledge.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
BRONISLAWMALINOWSKI1884-1942
the relation of SOCIALACTIVITY WITH RITUAL orinstrumental, governedby set of rules andfacilitated linguisticusages
Social grouping Social organization
Linguistics
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI
known for his detailed first-hand anthropological
observations on the Trobriand islanders.
Kula trading expeditions
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
PITIRIM SOROKIN1889-1968
view society in aMACROSCOPICPERSPECTIVE ratherthan detailed account
Made an encyclopedicsurvey on social forms
of art, systems oftruths, laws, relationswar and revolution.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
TALCOTT PARSONS 1902-1979
REJECTED sprit of age
theory of society, pursuit
of self interest, operationof coercive force
-society is not mere
automatic response from
a stimuli (VS positivisttheories of society)
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Sociologyrejects
Philosophical framework
Uniqueness of historical epochs
Sociology is
Based on universals of social life
Dynamic relation between
important event and human
society
All embracing paradigm (includes
middle ground and miniaturetheories)
An abstract terminology not
immediately known to the world
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QUIZ