CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN
BEAUTY AND THE BEAST MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiner
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Literature Degree at English Literature Department
by
RATU YAYANGLILIS SEPTIAMAYLOFA
NIM. AI160806
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2020
i
APPROVAL
Jambi, September th
2020
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa S.Pd,.MA
Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty
State Islamic University
Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
To
The Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty
State Islamic University
In
Jambi
Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb
After reading and revising everything extend necessary, so we agree that the thesis entitled
“CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN BEAUTY AND THE BEAST MOVIE”,can be
submitted to Munaqasyah exam in part fulfillment to the Requirement for the Degree of
Humaniora Scholar. We submitted it in order to be received well. Thus, we hoped it can be
useful for all.
Wassalamu’alaikum wr. Wb
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd.,MA
NIP: 197604282005012004 NIP.198808112015032006
ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION
This thesis had been examined by the session of Adab and Humanities Faculty
The State Islamic University SulthanThahaSaifuddin Jambi on September 22th
2020 and
accepted as a part of requirement have to be fulfilled for obtaining Undergraduate Degree
(S1) in English Literature Department.
Jambi, November
th2020
Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
Dr. Halimah Dja’far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I NIP:
19601211 198803 2001
Secretary Chairman
Linda Seswati, M.Pd.I
NIP. NIP. 197401031999031006
Examiner I Supervisor I
Ulfatmi Azlan S.S, MA Dr.Diana Rozelin, S.S, M.Hum
NIP.198411272011012012 NIP. 197604282005012004
Examiner II Supervisor II
Yenti S.S, M.Pd Dian Mukhlisa, S.S, MA
NIP.197208052007102004 NIP. 198808112015032006
Dr. Alfian, M.Ed
iv
MOTTO
رش
مك لوه و
ئي ش ا
بح
او
ىسعو ت ن
أ ي كم ر خ
وه و
ئي ش ا
أ وعسى كر ت ن اوه
"Maybe you hate something but it is very good for you and maybe you love something but it is
very bad for you, Allah knows best, whereas you do not know." (Q.S Al - Baqarah: 216)
"Boleh jadi kamu membenci sesuatu namun ia amat baik bagimu dan boleh jadi engkau
mencintai sesuatu namun ia amat buruk bagimu, Allah Maha Mengetahui sedangkan kamu tidak
mengetahui." (Q.S Al - Baqarah: 216)
v
DEDICATION
First of all I would say Alhamdulillahi rabil ‘alamin, my highest gratitude to Allah SWT for
blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy to complete this thesis.
In arranging this thesis, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice, and support for the
researcher
First, my deepest dedication goes to my beloved parents:
My beloved Father, Rasta Septiana Thank you for giving a sincere love and affection to me,
thank you for everything you have given me, and always support me.
My beloved Mother, Rahaya Sepria Thank you for all the prayers that you have given me,
without you I could never have been like this.
And My beloved sister, Rarah Euisvira Septianingsih and Radian Estiantiresti Saputri Even
though we often fight, but it will be a rainbow for our sisterhood, and My big Family
“Syamsuddin” thank you for the support and help that you guys have provided so far. I am so
lucky to have family who are always be there whether in happy or difficult situation.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer would like to say Alhamdullilahirabil’alamin, all the praise to Allah
SWT the lord of all creatures, for His Blessing from the starting point of my study until now the
end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our Prophet Muhammad SAW,
hopefully we will get His syafa’at later at The Last Day. Secondly, I would like to express my
deepest gratitude to people who helped the writer in accomplishing this thesis. I would like to
thank to my supervisors Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum and Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd.,MA who have
helped, adjusted, supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also would like to say
thanks for all classmates English Literature 2016 who have given additional suggestion and
support to finish this thesis.
To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the
writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Su’adi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha
Saifuddin Jambi. Dr. Rofiqoh Ferawati. S.E., M.EI; Dr. As’ad, M.Pd; and Dr. Bahrul
Ulum, MA, The Vices of Rector.
2. Prof. Dr. Halimah Dja’far, M.Fil as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
3. Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first vise Dean of Academic. Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the
second vise Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh, S.Ag.SS M.Pd.I as the third vise Dean of
University Student of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
vii
4. The Head of English Literature Department Dian Mukhlisa, MA and The Secretary of
English Literature Department Chandri Febri Santi M.Pd., and all the lecturers in Adab and
Humanities Faculty.
5. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then contribution and
assistant during studying in UIN of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
6. Then to Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum and Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd.,MA as my supervisors,
thank you for the opportunity, time, and knowledge that has been given during the
completion of my thesis.
7. My best friend, Iga Anggraini, Nursakina and Ovi Rosalinda who have given a lot of
enthusiasm and motivation to the author in compiling this thesis.
8. My beloved friends from English Department B, thank you for the fellowship, friendship.
Especially, Annisa Rachmawati, Aurora Horinza, and Yuni Widia Herlin who have spent
time, and supported and motivated the author in compiling this thesis.
9. My beloved someone who always given supports, motivates, and remembered to finish
this thesis.
This thesis is still far away from perfection. Finally, the writer hopes this thesis will give
positive contributions for readers, especially for the students of English Literature Department of
Adab and Humanities Faculty.
Jambi, September th
2020
Ratu Yayanglilis Septiamaylofa
Nim: AI. 160806
The Writer
viii
ABSTRACT
Ratu Yayanglilis Septiamaylofa, 2020 : Conversational Implicature in Beauty and The
Beast Movie
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd.,MA
Verbal communication is one of important parts of human’s life. One study that deals with verbal
communication is pragmatics. The writers choose this movie as the data because it tells about
some words that implied by the speaker in the daily conversation between closed people. It is
necessary to study how the implicature is working, in order to understand what implied meaning
that is found by the utterance in the movie. The main objective of this study is to discover how
utterance can go beyond its literal meaning by the disobeying or flouting of some principles by
the speaker in dialogue because flouting maxims particularly salient way of getting and
addresses to draw an inference and hence recovers an implicature or implied meaning. Therefore,
this study applies the theory of P.H. Grice (1975), and is supported by Searle's theory (1975).
This research used qualitative research and descriptive method which employs documentation
technique and content analysis. The result of this this study indicate that; The first, there are 13
data included generalized conversational implicature. Then, 3 data about particularized
conversational implicature. The second, there are 23 data included function of conversational
implicature. There are 9 implicatures which has assertive/representative function. Then 5
implicatures which have directive function, then 6 implicatures which have expressive function,
then 3 implicatures which have commisive function. The last, there are 15 data included maxim
violation. There are 4 data included maxim of quality, 6 data included maxim of quantity, data
included maxim of relation, then 2 data included maxim of manner.
Keywords : Conversational Implicature, Maxim, Beauty and The Beast Movie
ix
ABSTRAK
Ratu Yayanglilis Septiamaylofa, 2020 : Conversational Implicature in Beauty and The
Beast Movie
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS.,M.Hum
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd.,MA
Komunikasi verbal merupakan salah satu bagian penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Salah satu
kajian yang berhubungan dengan komunikasi herbal adalah pragmatic. Penulis memilih film ini
sebagai data karena menceritakan tentang beberapa kata yang diimplikasikan oleh pembicara
dalam percakapan sehari-hari antara orang-orang tertutup. Untuk itu perlu dikaji bagaimana
implikatur tersebut bekerja, agar dapat memahami makna tersirat yang ditemukan oleh tuturan
dalam film tersebut. Tujuan utama dari studi ini adalah untuk menemukan bagaimana ucapan
dapat melampaui makna literalnya dengan tidak menaati atau melanggar beberapa prinsip oleh
pembicara dalam dialog karena melecehkan maksim terutama cara yang menonjol untuk
mendapatkan dan menyapa untuk menarik kesimpulan dan karenanya memulihkan implikatur
atau arti tersirat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menerapkan teori P.H. Grice (1975), dan
didukung oleh teori Searle (1975). Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dan
metode deskriptif yang menggunakan teknik dokumentasi dan analisis isi. Data tersebut
merupakan ujaran dalam dialog film Beauty and The Beast yang mengandung implikatur serta
diambil dari transkripsi teks film Beauty and The Beast berbahasa Inggris. Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa; Pertama, ada 13 data termasuk implikatur percakapan umum. Kemudian,
3 data tentang implikatur percakapan khusus. Kedua, ada 23 data yang termasuk fungsi
implikatur percakapan. Terdapat 9 implikatur yang memiliki fungsi asertif / representatif.
Kemudian 5 implikatur yang memiliki fungsi direktif, kemudian 6 implikatur yang memiliki
fungsi ekspresif, kemudian 3 implikatur yang memiliki fungsi komisif. Terakhir, ada 15 data
termasuk pelanggaran maksim. Ada 4 data meliputi maksim kualitas, 6 data berisi maksim
kuantitas, data berisi maksim relasi, lalu 2 data berisi maksim cara.
Kata Kunci : Implikatur percakapan, Maksim, Film Beauty and The Beast
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... i
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ........................................................... ii
MOTTO .......................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION................................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................. v
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem .......................................................... 1
B. Formulation of the Problem .......................................................... 5
C. Limitation of the Problem ............................................................. 5
D. Purpose of the Research ................................................................ 5
E. Significance of the Research......................................................... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Pragmatic ...................................................................................... 7
B. Implicature .................................................................................... 7
C. Conversational Implicature ........................................................... 8
D. Generalized Implicature ................................................................ 9
E. Particularized Implicature ............................................................. 9
F. Speech Act .................................................................................... 10
G. Cooperative Principle.................................................................... 12
xi
H. Beauty and The Beast Movie ........................................................ 14
I. Review of Related Research ......................................................... 15
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Resign of Research........................................................................ 18
B. Source of Data............................................................................... 19
C. Technique of Collenting Data ....................................................... 20
D. Technique of Data Analysis.......................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANLYSIS
A. Finding and Analysis .................................................................... 23
1. Types of Conversational Implicature ............................ 23
a. Genaralized Conversational Implicature ............................ 24
b. Particularized Conversational Implicature ......................... 26
2. Function of Conversational Implicature ........................ 28
3. Maxim Violation ........................................................... 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions…………………………………..........…....….... 47
B. Suggestions…………………………………………............... 48
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CURRICULUM VITE
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the problem
Language is one of the most important factors in human daily life. It used
as means by human beings for communication with each others. Language should
be conveyed as clearly as possible in order that the message can be understand
and interpreted each other. In communication many things that talked like ask
about someone condition, share idea or vacation plan. What is speaker said for
hearer surely has a meaning. Sometime the meaning can understand in an implicit
and explicit manner. In linguistics field there are some branches that study about
meaning, which one in pragmatic. Pragmatic is meaning in use or meaning in
context.1 It means that when the speaker and the hearer communication the
meaning based in context when they talk. Communicate can success if the hearer
can understand about the speech by the speaker, if there is a miss understanding
between speaker and hearer, so the communication cannot find agreement, and
hearer wrong in interpret meaning from the speaker meaning with the one certain
speech.2 So, meaning that pragmatic analyze aim to understand the hearer aim.
Generally in a human life, language is used for different purpose.
Therefore, everyone will find some cases in a communication with other people.
One of the cases is implied meaning, it is found in a communication. A language
is something which is spoken; the written language is secondary and derivative.
There are communities that the same was true in the history of the species. There
are communities that have speech without writing, but we know of human
community which has a written language without a spoken one. Gestures and
facial expression also play a part in linguistic communication, we all know that
talking on the telephone is much less satisfactory that face to face conversation. It
1 Jenny Thomas. 1995. Meaning In Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. USA: Longman.
2 Henry, Guntur Tarigan. 1990. Pengajaran Pragmatik. Bandung: Angkasa.
2
also true that a remarkable sign language has been developed for use by the deaf.
But the fact remains that speech is the primary from of language.3
According to Yule “Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between
linguistic forms and the users of those forms. In this three-part distinction, only
pragmatic allows humans into the analysis. The advantage of studying language
via pragmatics is that one can talk about people intended meanings, their
assumption, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions (for example,
requests) that they are performing when they speak”.4 By this Grace means that
the implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to linguistic
form, and therefore implicature cannot be detached from an utterance simply by
changing the words of the utterance for synonyms.5
Implicit meaning is a part of assessment in linguistics, especially in the
study of pragmatics. The study which discusses the implicit meaning of the
utterance is called implicature. The role of language is very important in
communication. People’s understanding of language is very diverse, depending on
what theory is used. Language can be defined as an arbitrary and conversational
sign system. Regarding the characteristics of the system, language is systematic.
Language are systemic because language is a system or subsystem. Common
language functions are as a means of social communication. Every community is
certain to have and use the social communication tools. There is no society
without language, and there is no language without society.
The role of language is very important in communication. People's
understanding of language is very diverse, depending on what theory is used.
Common language functions are as a means of social communication. Every
community is certain to have and use these social communication tools. There is
no society without language, and there is no language without society.6 Language
with nuances of humor, or language games (words) becomes a trend in the
development of Indonesian today. Language games equipped with cartoons can
3 Barber. Charles. 1993. The English Language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
4 Yule, George and Widdowson, H.G. 1996. Pragmatic. New York: Oxford University Press.
5 Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
6 Soeparno. 2002. Dasar Dasar Linguistik Umum. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya.
3
provide other nuances and tend to provide certain content, sharp criticism, and
easy to understand. Without having to directly discuss the object of the problem,
then the message that can be conveyed easily can be understood. Talking words
that are given pictures sometimes seem funny, smart and even entertaining, and
able to give a certain impression of the object.7
The writer use of the conversation from the movie because the writer finds
some problems about the implicit meaning in utterances that are used by the
characters. This movie tells about a prince cursed by a witch being a scary Beast
and then he meets a beautiful woman named Belle who initially hates Beast for
having imprisoned her father in a castle. One day Beast die in a fight against
Gaston just as the last petals of the flower given by a wizard fall and Belle
immediately reveals her love to the Beast and change the situation in an instant.
The wizard also canceled his curse and returned the Beast and the circumstances
around and changed the Beast back into a gallant prince and they celebrated the
party and were happy. Beauty and the Beast movie are supported by many unique
characters. The characters use many implicit utterances which can be analyzed by
using Conversational Implicature.
Here is an example of conversational implicature from the movie:
Gaston : Belle is the most beautiful girl in the village. That makes
her the best.
Lefou : But, she’s so well read. And you’re so. Athletically
inclined.
Gaston : I know. Belle can be as argumentative as she is beautiful.
Lefou : Exactly! Who needs her when you’ve got us?
(This utterance takes from the “Beauty and The Beast movie” 2017).
The conversation above takes place in the hills in the village. The
participants in this conversation are Lefou and Gaston. They are best friend and
often hanging out together everywhere. On the hillside of the corner, Gaston sees
Belle with her activities through his binoculars on his favorite horse. Gaston tells
7 Wijana, I. D. Putu. 2004. Linguistic, Sosiolinguistic, Pragmatic. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah
Mada.
4
to Lefou about Belle and he wants Belle to be his wife because she is very
beautiful and also a genius. After seeing Belle from his binoculars, Lefou
suddenly says “But she’s so well-read. And you’re so. Athletically inclined”. He
says that statement because he thinks that Gaston is different with Belle in
hobbies. And then, Gaston responds with this utterance “I know. Belle can be as
argumentative as she is beautiful”. Naturally, Gaston realizes that what Lefou talk
is true. After hearing Gaston’s response to Lefou’s statement, Lefou assumes that
Gaston violates the Quantity maxim. The utterance of Gaston means more than
what is he said. From his utterance, it can be assumed that Lefou wants to show
how Gaston is different with Belle in their hobbies. He is a man of temperament
and quite different from Belle who has a good heart as her beauty. He makes sure
to Gaston if he cannot have Belle because they are so much different in every
way. He believes that Gaston can’t be Belle’s husband. From Lefou’s expression,
it can be seen that he looks underestimate to Gaston by playing his hand about
Gaston’s ability to have Belle.
This utterance also can be meant that Gaston's in a problem and does not
anyone to share, so without a good effort, he will not be able to be Belle's
husband. When the implicature of Gaston’s utterance that is “I know. Belle can be
as argumentative as she is beautiful” is analyzed with Grice’s theory of 4
conversational implicature; the implicature is organized as particularized
conversational implicature. The implicature of Gaston’s utterance is, he believed
that he can have Belle in every way and Belle will choose him to be her husband.
The additional meaning is calculated with special knowledge of any particular
context and not said in a literal way to get the message of the utterance.
Therefore, the utterance of the characters in Beauty and the Beast movie is
analyzed by using conversational implicature. The writer analyzes the implicit
meaning in the scene of the characters utterances in Beauty and the Beast movie.
The writer hopes that it can help show the hearer to understand the reason why the
implicit meaning is used in a protective manner. To understand the speaker
meaning the hearers used it to make a good response to the speaker. In this
research, the researcher is going to do a research on types of conversational
5
implicature based on Grice’s theory. The writers choose this movie as the data
because the movie is one of movie that famous in the world, and addition it tells
about some words that implied by the speaker in the daily conversation between
closed people. It is necessary to study how the implicature is working, in order to
understand what implied meaning that is found by the utterance in the movie.
B. Formulation of the problem
Based on background of the problem above, this research aims to find the
answer of the following questions:
1. What are the types of conversational implicature in Beauty and The Beast
Movie?
2. What are the functions of conversational implicature in Beauty and The
Beast Movie?
3. What are the maxim violations of conversational implicature in Beauty
and The Beast Movie?
C. Limitation of the problem
In this research, the researcher analyzes conversational implicature which
are taken from Beauty and The Beast movie. The researcher only explores on the
dialogues containing implicature, in this research focused on analyzes types
conversational implicature in the conversation in main character (Belle, Beast,
Gaston) in Beauty and the Beast Movie.
D. Purpose of the problem
The research hopes the problems above can be accomplished by these
objectives:
1. To identify the type of conversational implicatures in Beauty and The
Beast Movie.
2. To determine the function of conversational implicature in Beauty and The
Beast Movie.
3. To determine the maxim of conversational implicature in Beauty and The
Beast Movie.
6
E. The significance of the research
This research provides theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically,
this research can be used by film to better understand the field of pragmatics,
especially implicature. Practically, this research can add to the readers' insight into
the types of conversational implicatures in Beauty and The Beast Movie. And to
enlarge the readers attention to analyze linguistic work not only by one side but
also from other side as the writer will. The writer hopes that the result of this
research could give some contributions for the literature field especially to the
English Literature in Adab Faculty of State Islami University Sulthan Thaha
Saifuddin (UIN STS) Jambi. Furthermore, the writer hopes this research could
encourage the readers to be more care, interesting and never bored in studying and
researching the linguistic field, pragmatic field, especially implicature. And
especially which have correlation with the daily communicate with the other
people, because basically linguistic work were very rich of linguistics elements
which could be researched.
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Pragmatics
Pragmatics can be interpreted as a knowledge of understanding the
meaning of words in certain situations. According to Yule "The branch of science
that studies what is desired by speakers is called pragmatics."8 Pragmatics also
examines the meaning of speech and meaning that are bound by context and
analytical approaches in linguistics include consideration of contexts in language
studies.9
Context has a strong enough influence on the interpretation of the meaning
of words spoken by speakers. Pragmatics are born as an attempt to overcome the
semantic needs in interpreting all the utterance meanings in sentences. Basically
between semantics and pragmatics is the same because it deals with meaning.
Purwo explains pragmatics is the study of all aspects of meaning that are not
included in semantic theory, the meaning of which is examined by pragmatics is
the meaning after being reviewed by semantics. Semantics is reviewing the
meaning of the sentence (sentence) while pragmatics is the study of utterance.10
B. Implicature
A mutual understanding is inevitably needed by a speaker and a hearer in
order to construct a good communication. Understanding an utterance
syntactically and semantically is not sufficient since the meaning of utterance is
not only stated but it also implied. The notion of implicature was first introduced
by Grice (1967), who defined it essentially as what is communicated less what is
said. Gadzar (1979)11
defines Implicature is anything that is inferred from an
utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of utterance. A. Davis (1998)
defines Implicature is Grice’s term for what a speaker does not say but rather
8 Yule, George and Widdowson, H.G. 1996. Pragmatic. New York: Oxford University Press.
9 Lubis, H.H. 1991. Analisis Wacana Pragmatik. Bandung: Angkasa.
10 Kaswanti Purwo, Bambang. 1990. Pragmatik dan Pengajaran Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
11 Gadzar, Gerald 1979 Pragmatics, Implicature, Presupposition and Logical Form. Florida
Academis Press. INC.
8
communicates, suggests, implies, etc, in virtue of saying what he does. It also
refers to the fact of something’s being so communicated.12
Grundy (2000)13
states the contribution of notion of implicature is that it
provide some explicit account of how it is possible to mean (in some general
sense) more than what is actually ‘said’ (more than what is literally expressed by
conventional sense of linguistic expression uttered). Levinson adds that
implicature is a primary example of more being communicated than is said but in
order for them interpreted, some basic cooperative principle must first be assumed
to be in operation. Furthermore, Grice as quoted by Levinson explain that the term
of implicature to be a general cover term to stand in contrast to what is said or
expressed by the truth condition of expression, and to include all kinds of
pragmatics.
Levinson states that implicature are inferred based on the assumption that
the speaker observes or flouts some principle of cooperation. Grice divides
implicature into conventional implicature and nonconvensional implicature
(conversational implicature).14
C. Conversational Implicature
In pragmatics, conversational implicature is an indirect or implicit speech
act: what is meant by a speaker's utterance that is not part of what is explicitly
said. The term is also known simply as implicature; it is the antonym (opposite)
of explicature, which is an explicitly communicated assumption.
"What a speaker intends to communicate is characteristically far richer
than what she directly expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the
message conveyed and understood," says L.R. Horn.15
Example
Dr. Gregory House: "How many friends do you have?"
Lucas Douglas: "Seventeen."
12
Wayne, A. Davis. 1998. Implicature: intention, convention and principle in the failure Gricean
Theory (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy). Camridge: Camridge University Press. 13
Grundy, P. 2000. Doing Pragmatics. London: Arnold. 14
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 15
Laurance, R. Horn. 2004. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.
9
Dr. Gregory House: "Seriously? Do you keep a list or something?"
Lucas Douglas: "No, I knew this conversation was really about you, so I
gave you an answer so you could get back to your train of thought."
Grice introduces a distinction between two types of conversational
implicature: Generalized Implicature and Particularized Implicature.
1. Generalized Implicature
Grice (1975) distinguished conversational implicature into generalized and
particularized implicature. He asserts that generalized conversational implicature
is implicature that arise without any particular context or special scenario being
necessary. Grice (1975) add that generalized implicature is a conversational
implicature that is inferable without to a special context, for example:
John walked into a house yesterday and saw a tortoise.
This expression implies that the house is not John’s house.
In generalized implicature, a speaker can use the maxim of quantity to invite the
inference that no more can be said, as in:
A : "I wish you by a bag and shoes."
B : "I buy a bag."
By the illustration above, it means that the speaker B do not buy shoes and
it can be understood that the utterance is informative as required for the speaker.
Generalized implicature are inferred on the basis inferential heuristics which are
derived from (some of) Grice’s Maxim. Grice (1975) defines heuristics act as
guides to speakers on how to formulate their utterances and hearers on how to
process the utterance.
2. Particularized Implicature
Grice (1975) Particularized conversational implicature is a conversation
takes place in a very specific context in which locally recognized inferences are
assumed.16
For example:
A : "What on earth has happened to the roast beef?"
B : "The dog is looking very happy. "
16 Grice, H.P 1975. Logic and Conversation. New York: Oxford University Press.
10
In the above exchange, A will likely derive the implicature ‘’the dog ate
the roast beef’’ from B’s statement. This is due to A belief that B is observing the
conversational maxim of relation or relevance in the specific context of A’s
question.
In short the implicature that rely much on the special context, it is can be
classified into particularized conversational implicature Cummings (1999). For
example:
A : "I’m sorry for making you wait in a long time."
B : "That’s fine, it just like waiting for one year."
In this context of situations shows that the speaker A request an
apologizing since making B waiting for him in a long time. But in particular
context, the hearer B is getting angry even says ‘’that’s fine’’ and he extremely
bored as he says ‘’it just like waiting for one year’’. Because there are basically
most common, the particularized conversational implicature are typically just
called implicature.
D. Speech Act
Utterances produced in the process of communication consist of some
certain different functions. They cannot only be seen structurally, but other ossible
functional uses of language are also involved. People, however, may express their
thought using similar literal utterances containing different functions in order to
inform one another such as warning, apology, bet, and promises. Therefore, Mey
(1994, p.110) states that each utterances includes some particular functional uses
of language.17
Speech act are words that do things. When an utterance in produced
it is not merely a combination of words. It has deeper intention. There are
numerous speech acts in people’s utterances and Searle (1975) classifies them
info five groups.
1. Representatives/Assertives
Assertive speech acts are statements of fact. This speech acts carry the
values of true and false. In this point, the utterance must match the world in
17 Mey, J. L. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
11
order to be true. In other word Assertives (representatives) is speech acts
which commit the speaker to the truth of something (i.e.asserting, claiming,
reporting). English verbs that function as assertive includes report, predict,
inform, accuse, testify, confess, state, swear, criticize, act.
2. Directives
A directives speech act occurs when the speaker expects the listener to
do something as a response. These speech acts embody an effort on the part of
the speaker to get the hearer to do something or to ‘dirrect’ him or her towards
some goal. Diectives: which are attempts of the speaker to get the hearer to do
something (ordering, commending, requesting, begging).
3. Commissives
Like directives, commissives operates a change in the world by means
of creating an obligation, however, this obligation is created in the speaker,
not in the hearer, as in the case of directives. Commissives commit the speaker
to do some future action. The point of commissive speech act is to commit
speaker to perform some future action. This kind of speech act even called
intended act. In conversation, common commissive speech acts are threats,
promising, vowing, refusing, threatening, pledging, guaranteeing act.
4. Expressives
The point of expressive is to express the psychological state about
some affairs. By expressisve, the speaker should express his psychological
state about some affairs. It expresses an inner state of the speaker which,
insofar as it is essentially subjective, says nothing about world. Typical cases
are when the speaker curses, praises, congratulates, thanking, apologizing,
complimenting, complaining.
5. Declarative
These speech acts are the declarations that change the state of affairs in
the world, which bring out the correspondence between the propositional
content and reality (i.e, appointing a chairman, nominating a candidate,
marrying a person, christening).
12
In communication the process of conveying message in communication
can be in form verbal and implied. When speaker conveys the message (whether
verbally or implicitly) of course there is purpose behind uttering something. The
Searle speech acts classification is helpful to determine the purpose of the
utterance that being uttered by speaker toward hearer in communication. The type
of utterance’s function can be determined by identifying the context or situation of
communication.
E. Cooperative Principle
The success of conversation depends on the various speakers approach to
the interaction. The way which people try to make conversations work is called
Cooperative Principle. The Cooperative Principle is a basic underlying
assumption we make when we make when we speak to one another is that we are
trying to cooperate with one another to construct meaningful conversations. Grice
(1975) proposes the cooperative principle which states “make your conversational
contribution such is required, as the stage at which it occurs by the accepted
purpose or the direction of the talk exchange which you are engaged”. In other
words, we as the speakers should contribute meaningful, productive utterance to
further the conversation. It then follows that, as listeners we assume that our
conversational partners are doing the same. Concerning with his cooperative
principle, Grice divides cooperative principle into four basic conversational
maxims.18
1. Maxim of Quantity
Maxim of quantity as one of the cooperative principle is primarily
concerned with giving information as it is required and that not giving the
contribution more informative than it required. Therefore, each participant’s
contribution to conversation should be just as informative as it requires, it
should not be less informative. And say as much as helpful but not more
informative or less informative. Finnegan (2004, p.93) defines that the maxim
of quantity provides that in normal circumstance, speakers say just enough,
18 Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. New York: Oxford University Press.
13
that they supply no less information and no more than is necessary for the
purpose of the communication, for example:
A : “Where is the hospital?”
B : “In the next of that store.”
It can be seen that B information is informative and give enough
contribution towards A’s question about the exact location of hospital.
2. Maxim of Quality
The maxim of Quality proposes that the speaker should tell the truth in a
conversation in order to communicate cooperatively. Grice (1975, p.44) states
that when engaged in conversation, the maxim of quality requires that you, for
example:
A : “Where is Eiffel tower located?”
B : “In Paris.”
Here, B gives the correct answer which shows about the true fact.
3. Maxim of Relation
Maxim of relation means that the utterance must be relevant which the
topic being discussed. Fineegan (2004) states that this maxim directs speakers
about their utterance such a way that they are relevant to ongoing context: Be
relevant at the time of the utterance. The maxim of relevance is fulfilled when
the speaker gives contribution that is relevant to the topic of preceding
utterance. Therefore, Grundy (2000, p.74) says that each participant’s
contribution should be relevant to the subject of conversation, for example:
A : “How about your score Jane?”
B : “Not too bad.”
Here, Jane’s utterance fulfilled the maxim of relevance, because her
answer is relevant with the questions.
4. Maxim of Manner
Maxim of manner obligates speaker’s utterance to be perspicuous which is
not be ambiguous, obscure, or disorderly and unnecessary prolixity.
Therefore, each participant’s contribution should be reasonably direct, that is,
it should not be vague, ambiguous or excessive wordy. For example:
14
A : “What did you think of that drama?”
B : “I really like of the action of each player. They can play their role
as good as possible.”
The answer of B is categorized as maxim of manner, he can answer
the question from his partner about the drama clearly. From the
explanation mentioned above, we can conclude that although it is very
difficult to obey and use all of the cooperative principles and its maxims in
uttering or writing the sentences, but it is essential to follow the
cooperative principle in order communication run more effectively.
F. Beauty and the Beast Movie
This movie tells about a prince cursed by a witch being a scary Beast and
then he meets a beautiful woman named Belle who initially hates Beast for having
imprisoned her father in a castle. One day Beast die in a fight against Gaston just
as the last petals of the flower given by a wizard fall and Belle immediately
reveals her love to the Beast and change the situation in an instant. The wizard
also canceled his curse and returned the Beast and the circumstances around and
changed the Beast back into a gallant prince and they celebrated the party and
were happy.
This film was produced by recording images from the world with cameras,
or by creating images using animation technique or special effects. Beauty and
The Beast movie is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by
Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan
Spiliotopoulos. Producer by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. It was
filmed in the UK with predominantly British principal actors. The film received
four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at
the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy
Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at
the 90th Academy Awards. A spin-off/prequel TV series, Little Town, is in
development. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and
15
Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh
Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha Raw, Ian
McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles.
G. Review of Related Research
The research uses five researches papers which correlate with the
conversational implicature to develop her thesis. First, Zahrul Fauzi Makin
(2015), the student of State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. He
writes the paper entitled “The Analysis of Conversational Implicature and Its
Violation Maxim in the Movie Grownups 2 2013” he uses Grice’s theory, and he
uses qualitative method. The data are explained by showing the context of
situation, the implicature of utterances, and the maxim. He finds three point as the
result. The first, he finds 12 data of generalized and 13 of particularized. The
second, he finds the most violation maxim is maxim of quantity. The last, the
implied meaning of conversational implicature types are to imply the opposite,
previous event, other of similar kinds, contradiction with actual condition and
general knowledge inferences.19
Second, Muhammad Vikry (2014), the student of State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. He writers the paper entitled “An Analysis of
Conversational Implicature in Iron Man 3” he uses Grice’s theory for analyzing
the conversational implicature found in the dialogue of the characters in the
movie. He uses descriptive qualitative method to describe and to identify the
conversational implicature without using any statistical procedure in the analysis.
The data are collected by watching the movie and by talking notes dialogues that
estimate as implicature in data cards. Then he selected data are analyzed one by
one using relevant theory about the research. He finds conversational implicature
rising because the utterances of the characters non observance maxims, and he
19 Fauzi, Zahrul Makin. 2015. “The Analysis of Conversational Implicature and Its
Violation Maxim in the Movie Grownups 2 2013”. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam
Sunan Kalijaga.
16
also finds generalized conversational implicature and particularized
conversational implicature. 20
The third paper is “The Implicature in Romantic Scenes of Yes Man Movie
as seen in Carl’s and Allison’s Dialogues”. It is written by Rawuh Yuda Yuwana
(2014), the student of State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. He
uses Grice’s theory. He analyzes about the types of implicature used in a romantic
situation in Yes Man movie. He explain the data by showing the semantic
meaning. The maxims, the context, and the implicature of utterances. He
concludes two points for his analysis. First, implicature that can make a romantic
situation is formulated by following all maxims of breaching some maxims.
Second, the implicature has benefit in a romantic situation. It can be used to show
respect, exception, suprice, and emphasizing of feeling to other. The implicature
also can be used to test feeling of the targerts.21
The fourth paper is An Analysis of “Conversational Implicature Found in
Movie Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter”. It is written by Tuy Eni Wijayanti
(2013). She is the student of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University. She analyzes utterances of
three main characters and the type of conversational implicatures that are
produced by the three main characters of that movie. She uses Grice’s theory of
conversational implicature as the basic of the analysis of the study. She uses
qualitative research which the data of study are taken from the movie. She has
some result of her research. Majority, she finds more frequently generalized
conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. She
20
Vikry, Muhammad. 2014. “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in Iron Man 3”. Jakarta:
Universitas Syarif Hidayatullah.
21 Yuwana, Rawuh Yuda. 2014. “The Implicature in Romantic Scenes of Yes Man Movie
as seen in Carl’s and Allison’s Dialogues”. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Sunan
Kalijaga.
17
finds more frequenly generalized conversational implicature than particularized
conversational implicature.22
The last is The “Conversational Implicature that is used by Three Main
Characters in Hotel Transylvania Movie”. It is written by Asrorul Nur Muvida
(2015), the student of State Islamic Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. She uses Grice’s
theory in research. Data are explained by showing the context of situation, the
types of conversational implicature, the maxim that can be considered, and the
implicature of the utterance. She finds two points as the result, they are three main
characters use both generalized and particularized but they use generalized
implicature more frequently than particulariezed implicature. She also finds about
how the hearer respond generalized conversational implicature utterances.23
Based on five researches above, this research has different point and
similar point. The same point of five researches is similar in the theory. This
research uses implicature theory by Grice. This research entitled “Conversational
Implicature in Beauty and The Beast Movie” has differences from other
researches. Furthermore, this research has two differences of five papers above.
First, the difference of movie genre is fantasy. It is different point because
movie genre of first “Grownups 2 2013” is comedy, genre of second paper “Iron
Man 3” is action, genre of third paper “Yes Man” is romantic comedy, and genre
of fourth paper “Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter” is horror.
Second is different of target analysis. This analysis focuses on each
conversation in the characters. Then, this research has some research question to
get result of implicature that it also different with them. Among of them, first,
types of conversational implicature, and the second is function of each
conversational implicature, and the last is maxim violation in the conversation.
22 Wijayanti, Tuy Eni. 2013. “Conversational Implicature Found in Movie Abraham Lincoln:
Vampire Hunter”. Jawa Tengah: Universitas Muria Kudus.
23 Muvida, Asrorul Nur. 2015. “Conversational Implicature that is used by Three Main Characters
in Hotel Transylvania Movie”. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Sunan Kalijaga.
18
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Design of Research
Based on the formulation of the problem, the writer uses qualitative
research and descriptive method in this research. It suitable with the aim of this
research qualitative research procedure which result in descriptive method. The
data were collected in the form of the words as a descriptive explanation than a
number. Descriptive method is done by describing in the fact then follows with
the further analysis. According to Ary “The research is analyzed as descriptive, it
is described by words of figures if necessary, and it does not describe the
numerical analysis.”24
This study was carried out by formulating the problem,
collecting the data, classifying, and explaining the result. Nazir states “Descriptive
method is a method in examining the status of human groups, an object, a
collection, a system of thought, a category of events in the present.”25
According
to Denzin and Lincoln.
Denzin and Lincoln (via Moleong, 2011)26
explain that qualitative
research is research that uses natural settings, with the intention of
interpreting phenomena that occur and are carried out by involving various
methods in the form of interviews, observations, and utilization of
documents. The data collected in this method is in the form of words, and
not numbers.
Based on statement, Qualitative research uses the document, pictures and
observes to describe to analyze. Qualitative research focuses in natural object and
meaning to people brings them and takes its data forms certain sources.
Qualitative research method involved all aspect in human life variety of
phenomena or case which occurred in human experience. The data in qualitative
24 Donal, Ary. 2002. Introduce To Research In Education. USA: Wadsworth Group A Division Of
Thomspson Learning. 25
Nazir, Moh. 2002. Metode Penelitian. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia. 26
Moleong, L.J. 2011. Metodelogi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi.Bandung: PT Remaja
Rosdakarya.
19
research can express by words, phrases, clauses, sentences and pictures. Based on
Sugiono’s book states that:
According to Sugiyono (2009)27
“Qualitative research methods are
research used to investigate, discover, describe, and explain the quality or
idiosyncrasy of social influence that cannot be explained, measured or illustrated
through a quantitative approach.” Based on the statement, Qualitative research
method is a research method that is descriptive in nature, uses analysis, refers to
data, uses existing theories as supporting material, and produces a theory.
According to Creswell (2016)28
qualitative is an inquiry process of
understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a
social or human problem. The research builds a complex, holistic picture,
analyzes word, report detailed views of information, and conducts the study in a
natural setting. Qualitative research is a type of research that explores and
understands meaning in a number of individuals or groups of people who stem
from the problem social. Qualitative research in general can be used for research
about people's life, history, behavior, concepts or phenomena, social problems,
and others. Based on statement, Qualitative research is a type of social science
research that collects and works with non-numerical data and which seeks to
interpret the meaning of this data so that it can help us understand social life
through the study of targeted populations or places.
B. Source of Data
According to Hornby (2011) data is information of fact. In research, the
data is very essential in finding and solving the problem. It is very necessary for
researcher because the data is the basic element needed in research.29
In this
research, the writes takes the data from the Beauty and The Beast movie and from
the script that writer take from internet in transcripts.fandom.com. The film is
a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself
27 Sugiono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Kuantitaif dan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
28 Creswell, John W. 2016. Research Design: Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan
Campuran. Edisi keempat (Cetakan Kesatu). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar. 29
Hornby, A. S. 2005. Oxford Advanced Learne’s Dictionary. Oxford: University Press.
20
an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 1756 version of the fairy
tale. This movie has duraction 2 hour 19 minutes.
The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and
two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also
received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best
Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A spin-off/prequel TV
series, Little Town, is in development.
C. Technique of Collecting Data
Technique is an activity to find data needed in order to achieve social
research objectives. The writer uses the documentation technique. Data collection
has a very vital role in a research like Siswantoro said:
“Data collection activities are an important part of the research process.”30
Sugiono stated that "The document is a record of events that have passed
and the document is every written material, film or record that has been prepared
because of a request from an investigator.” Documentation is a method used to
provide documents by using accurate evidence from recording specific sources of
information from essays / writings, testaments, books, laws, and so on.
Documentation according to Sugiyono (2015: 329) is a method used to
obtain data and information in the form of books, archives, documents, numbers
and written images in the form of reports and information that can support
research. Documentation is used to collect data and then be reviewed.31
Documentation is a systematic activity or process in collecting, searching,
investigating, using, and providing documents to obtain information, informing
knowledge and evidence and distributing it to users. That writer matches the
dialogue with the film script, after that the writer takes the data based on dialogue
in movie.
There were some ways of collecting the data in order to complete the
study:
30
Siswantoro. 2010. Metode Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar. 31
Sugiyono. 2015. Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mix Method). Bandung: Alfabeta
21
1. The writer downloads movie and script Beauty and The Beast Movie
in Google. Writer chose that website provides free movies with good
quality picture and sound which can support the accurateness of data.
The writer downloads the film in cinema21.com and the script in
transcripts.fandom.com.
2. Watching Beauty and The Beast movie to check the accurateness of
English transcription with the motion picture.
3. Continue to selecting data from the result of watching Beauty and The
Beast movie.
4. Classifying data in forms of conversational implicature.
5. Arranging the obtainable data systematically.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
According to Lexy J. Moleong (2000) data analysis is the process of
organizing and sorting data into basic patterns, categories, and description units so
that themes can be found and work hypotheses can be formulated as suggested by
the data.32
Based on statement above data analysis is the process of searching and
arranging systematically data obtained from interviews, field notes, and other
material, so that it could be easily to understood, and findings could be informed
to formulation of problem through interview, field notes and other materials and
the organizing them systematically to be easily understood and informed to others.
In technique of data analyzing the writer conclude all the data has complete to
understand the data that were collected. The writer analyzes the data
will use content analysis.
According to Holsti (1969: 28), content analysis is a technique of making
conclusions by identifying the characteristics of certain messages objectively and
systematically. Klaus Krippendorff defines content analysis as a research
32 Moleong, Lexy J. 2000. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
22
technique in making conclusions from the context data.33
Content analysis is a
research which has the character of in-depth discussion of the content of written
or printed information in the mass media.
According to Riffe, Lacy and Fico (1998: 20) Content analysis is a
systematic and replicable test of communication symbols, where these symbols
are given a numerical value based on valid measurements and analysis uses
statistical methods to describe communication, draw conclusions and also
provides context, both production and consumption.34
Content analysis is a
research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from texts.
To find the answer the formulation of problem that had been formulated.
There are four steps of technique data analysis:
1. Identifying
In this step, the writer identifies refers to the process of selecting,
focusing, simplifying, abstracting, transforming the data. The writer
identified the data which has the conversational implicature.
2. Classification.
After identify the data, the writer classified data based on the utterance that
has conversational implicature.
3. Analysis, describing, and explaining.
The writer analyzed, described and explained the data based on the theory
which support this research about conversational implicature in Beauty
and The Beast movie. So, the result of this research has been present in
analytic descriptive, that described the facts and after that analyzed it.
4. Conclusion
Finally, after all the data had been analyzed, describe and explained in the
research, the writer made the conclusion of the research based on the
theory.
33 Holsti, Ole R. 1969. Content Analysis for the Social Science and Humanities. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison, Westley Publishing. 34
Riffie, D., Lacy, S.,& Fico, F.G. 1998. Analysis Media Massage: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers.
23
A. Finding
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
This sub heading illustrates the findings is derived from the research
problems in which the first question concern on the forming type of
conversational implicature based on Grice’s theory of implicature (1975) and the
second one concern on the function of utterances based on speech acts theory
which is proposed by Searle (1994), then the third problem concern on the maxim
violation based on cooperative principle by Grice’s (1975).
The results of this study indicate that there are two types of conversational
implicature. The first, generalized conversational implicature and the second,
particularized conversational implicature. There are 16 data included type of
conversational implicature. The type of conversational that most commonly
occurs in the film Beauty and The Beast movie is generalized conversational
implicature, there are four types of implied conversational functions,
representative, directive, commisive, and expressive. There are 23 data included
function of conversational implicature. The conversational implicature function
that is common in Beauty and The Beast movie is the implicature conversational
function of representative. The last there are four maxim that are violated in the
film Beauty and The Beast movie, maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim
of relation and maxim of manner, there are 15 data included maxim violation. The
most-violated maxim in the film Beauty and The Beast movie is the maxim of
quantity.
B. Analysis
Types of Conversational Implicature
To analyze about the type of conversational implicature that exist in
Beauty and The Beast movie, the writers must really understand and learn what is
meaning of the types conversational implicature. Conversational implicature is
divided into two types: generalized conversational implicature and particularized
conversational implicature.
24
a. Generalized Conversational Implicature
There are 13 data include generalized conversational implicature.
Datum 1
Monsieur Jean : “Good morning Belle!”
Belle : “Good morning monsieur Jean. Have you lost
something again?
Monsieur Jean : “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I can’t
remember what. Oh well, I’m sure it will come to
me.
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when Belle meets Jean in front of Jean’s house,
This conversation took place in the morning and Belle sang happily, greeting
everyone in her village.
Datum 2
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is about two
lovers in Fair Verona”
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds Boring”
Context of Situation
Analysis
From the questions that given by Belle as if indicating that Belle already
know the habit of Jean who often lost his goods. To calculate additional
meaning “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I can’t remember what”
that is conveyed by Monsieur Jean it is may imply that actually he did not lost
his goods. Belle does not need special knowledge to understand the meaning
of the sentence. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that this
conversation included in Generalized Conversational Implicature.
25
The conversation took place when Belle sang and met Monsieur Jean in
front of his house, occurs when Belle wants to go to the Pere Robert’s place,
in the library, which was where Belle went every day.
Analysis
Jean conveys additional meaning via implicature “Sounds Boring” which
imply that Monsieur Jean does not like to read a book about two lovers in Fair
Verona. To understand the implicature provided by Jean, Belle does not
require any special knowledge to interpret the implicature because Belle has
read the book. In this conversation Jean gives the opinion that the book about
two lovers in Fair Verona Jean sounds boring it is because maybe Jean does
not like the book and therefore be stated that the book is boring, but not for
Belle because as known that Belle love reading books. Thus the conversation
is classified into Generalized Conversational Implicature.
Datum 3
Robert : “Ah if it isn’t, the only bookworm in town, So, where did
you run off this week?”
Belle : “Two cities in Northern Italy. I didn’t want to come back!
Have you got any new places to go?”
Robert : “I’m afraid not. But you may reread any of the old ones
that you’d like.”
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when Belle and Robert were in Robert’s place.
Robert called Belle a bookworm. and in this conversation Belle tells her that
she is going somewhere, and she doesn't want to come back.
Analysis
The implicature occurred when Belle asked about new places Robert
would visit, then Robert replied with “I’m afraid not” which means that he
does not yet have a new place to visit. To calculate the additional meaning of
the implicature, Belle does not require any special knowledge to understand its
implicature. Thus, it is classified into Generalized Conversational Implicature.
26
Datum 4
Belle : “It is a small village Gaston. I’ve met them all.”
Gaston : “Well, maybe you should take another look, some of hus
have changed, ”
Belle : “Gaston , we could never make each other happy. No
one can changed that much.”
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when Gaston meets Belle, it is known that
Gaston is obsessed by Belle and wants to marry her soon. Knowing if Belle is
having trouble with Head master in their village, it is used by Gaston to
seduce Belle. But it does not work because Belle is very dislike Gaston.
Analysis
Belle states implicature through the phrase “We could never make each
other happy, no one can changed that much.” Which can be interpreted as a
rejection that Belle does not like Gaston and will not marry him. To
understand the implicature that conveyed by Belle, Gaston does not require
any special knowledge to understand it. Thus, this conversation is classified
into the generalized conversational implicature.
b. Particularized Conversational Implicature.
There are 3 data included particularized conversational implicature.
Datum 1
Belle : “I don’t understand why you’re all being so kind to me.
Surely, you are as a trapped here as I am. Don’t you ever
want to escape?”
Mrs. Pots : “The master’s not as terrible as he appears. Somewhere
deep in his soul, there’s a prince of a fellow who just
waiting to be set free.”
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when after Belle had dinner with beasts, then
walked in the castile and talked about Beasts with Mrs. Pots.
27
Analysis
In the conversation Mrs. Pots conveys additional meaning via implicature
“The master’s not as terrible as he appears.” to understand the additional
meaning, Belle must know the Beast longer then Belle knows how the original
character of the Beast is, and she will find the reason why all the people in the
palace did not leave Beast. Then Belle will need a special knowledge to
understand it. Thus, it is classified into particularized conversational
implicature.
Datum 2
Gaston : “You are the wildest most gorgeous thing I have ever
seen. Nobody deserves you. But at least I know our
children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you at a bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress”
Gaston : “Ah, it’s hero time”
Context of Situation
The conversation occurs when Belle is expelled from the laudering palace.
Lefou finds out immediately report the incident to Gaston.
Analysis
The phrase “A certain damsel is in distress” was used by Lefou to report
the incident to Gaston, it implies that there is a girl who needs the help of a
Gaston. Gaston is very fond of Belle, then without knowing who is in a certain
damsel by Lefou. Gaston immediately helped her, because they had the same
knowledge or special knowledge that someone who called certain damsel was
Belle. From the explanation it can be concluded that conversation is included
in particularized conversation implicature.
Datum 3
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Lumiere : “Do not be alarmed, this is just your wardrobe. Meet
Madame de Garderobe, a great singer.”
Cogsworth : “When she can stay awake,”
Madame : “Cogsworth! A diva needs her beauty rest”
Lumiere : “Stay with us Madame, we have someone for you to
dress.”
Context of Situation
The conversation happens when Belle has arrived in the room that will be
her room later. There she met a huge wardrobe named Madame de Gaderobe.
Madame de Gaderobe was a great singer at the palace, but because of magic
she turned into a huge wardrobe.
Analysis
Through the words spoken by Cogsworth “When she can stay awake,”,
he implies that Madame is very fond of sleeping and if Madame is asleep
usually takes a long time. To understand a conversation above Belle requires
special knowledge of Madame, so that phrase is included in the particularized
conversational implicature.
2. Function of Conversational Implicature
In this part, the data is put into table based on the function of implicature
which correlate with Speech Act theory which proposed by Searle in order to
make them easy understandable.
a. Representative/Assertive
Datum 1
Robert : “Ah if it isn’t, the only bookworm in town, So,
where did you run off this week?”
Belle : “Two cities in Northern Italy. I didn’t want to
come back! Have you got any new places to go?”
Robert : “I’m afraid not. But you may reread any of the
old ones that you’d like.”
Context of Situation
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This conversation happened when Belle and Robert were in Robert’s
place.
Analysis
The implicature occurred when Belle asked about new places Robert
would visit, then Robert replied with “I’m afraid not” which means that he
does not yet have a new place to visit. Thus, it is classified representative
function because the conversation included commits speaker about the truth of
something.
Datum 2
Belle : “I don’t understand why you’re all being so kind to
me. Surely, you are as a trapped here as I am.
Don’t you ever want to escape?”
Mrs. Pots : “The master’s not as terrible as he appears.
Somewhere deep in his soul, there’s a prince of a
fellow who just waiting to be set free.”
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when after Belle had dinner with beasts, then
walked in the castile and talked about Beasts with Mrs. Pots.
Analysis
In the conversation Mrs. Pots conveys additional meaning via implicature
“The master’s not as terrible as he appears.” to understand the additional
meaning, Belle must know the Beast longer then Belle knows how the original
character of the Beast is, and she will find the reason why all the people in the
palace did not leave Beast. Then Belle will need a special knowledge to
understand it. Thus, it is classified representative function because the
conversation included commits speaker about the truth of something.
Datum 3
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is
about two lovers in Fair Verona.
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Monsieur Jean : “Sounds boring.”
Context of Situation
The piece of the conversation above happened when Belle wanted to
return the book to Pere Robert on the way Belle meets Monsieur Jean. Pere
Robert is a man who has quite a collection, so Belle often borrows a book of
collections from Pere Robert to read.
Analysis
In the conversation Belle was violated maxim of quantity trough the
sentence “It is about two lovers in Fair Verona”. Thus, it is classified
representative function because the conversation included commits speaker
about the truth of something.
Datum 4
Belle : “You know Shakespare?”
Beast : “I had an expensive education,”
Belle : “Actually, Remeo and Juliet’s my favorite play.”
Context of Situation
After a few days inside the palace Belle and Beast had started to get used
to interacting with each other. Belle has also started to get used to interacting
with the items inside the palace, especially Lumiere and Cogsworth who first
greeted Belle while she was still in Prison.
Analysis
The statement “I had an expensive education,” which delivered by Beast
felt less appropriate for the conversation at the time. Thus, it is classified
representative function because the conversation included commits speaker
about the truth of something.
b. Directives
Datum 5
Gaston : “Oh, Belle do you know what happens to spinter in this
village, after their father is die?”
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Agatha : “Coins? Got any spare coins?”
Gaston : “They beg for scarps. Like poor Agathe. It is our world
Belle.”
Belle : “For simple folk like us, it doesn’t any better. I might
be a farm girl, but I’m not simple. And I’m never
going to marry you Gaston, I’m sorry!”
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when Gaston meets Belle, it is known that
Gaston is obsessed by Belle and wants to marry her soon. Knowing if Belle is
having trouble with Head master in their village, it is used by Gaston to
seduce Belle. But it does not work because Belle is very dislike Gaston.
Analysis
In the conversation to calculate additional meaning of “For simple folk
like us, it doesn’t any better.” That is conveyed by Belle. It does not special
knowledge to understand the implicature. By talking like that Belle makes it
clear that if she married Gaston she would not have any effect on his life,
followed by the next sentence that makes it clear that Belle will never marry
Gaston. Thus, it is classified directive function because commits hearer to do
something, it involves asking and commending.
Datum 6
Gaston : “Picture it, Lefou! A rustic cabin, my latest kill roasting
on the fire adorable children running around us as my love
rubs my tired feet. But what does Belle say? “I will never
marry you, Gaston!”
Lefou : “You know, there are other girls.”
Gaston : “A great hunter doesn’t waste his time on rabbits”
Context of Situation
The conversation is between Gaston and Lefou, they are talking about a
Belle who does not want to marry Gaston. Lefou offers another woman to be
Gaston’s wife, but Gaston refuses and will still fight for Belle.
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Analysis
This is delivery by Gaston via the phrase “A great hunter doesn’t waste
his time on rabbits” which can be interpreted that Gaston will not seek
another woman, and he does not want to waste time with other women. Thus,
it is classified directive function because commits hearer to do something, it
involves asking and commending.
Datum 7
Belle : “I never thanked you for saving my life”
Beast : “Well, I never thanked you for not leaving me to be eaten
by the wolves.”
Belle : “They know how to have a good time.”
Beast : “Yes, but when I enter the room, laughter dies”
Belle : “Me too”
Context analysis
The conversation happened while Belle and Beast talking in the palace’s
garden. They are remembering when the two are helping each other in the
woods. Beast help Belle and his horse as he is interrupted by wolves. Belle
also helped the Beast who run out of power and was slightly hurt by the wolf
bites.
Analysis
To calculate additional meaning “They know how to have a good time.”
That was conveyed by Belle. Thus, it is classified directive function because
commits hearer to do something, it involves asking and commending.
Datum 8
Gaston : “Belle wonderful book you have there.”
Belle : “Have you read it?”
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Gaston : “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for
you dinner table (giving bunch of flower) shall I
join you this evening?”
Belle : “Sorry, not this evening.”
Context of situation
This conversation took place in the market when market when Belle and
Gaston met. Gaston is always trying to get close to Belle and trying to seduce
her by giving her a bunch flowers and invites her to dinner together. But Belle
refuses him because she does not want to give a hope to Gaston who can
finally make Gaston who can finally make Gaston think that Belle opens a
chance for Gaston to approach her.
Analysis
The conversation above contains violation maxim of relation through the
sentence “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for you dinner table
(giving bunch of flower) shall I join you this evening?” it is because Gaston
tried to divert the conversation that was initially discussing the book and then
suddenly the gave a bunch of flowers and invited Belle to dinner together.
Thus, it is classified directive function because commits hearer to do
something, it involves asking and commending.
c. Commisives
Datum 9
Belle : “It is a small village Gaston. I’ve met them all.”
Gaston : “Well, maybe you should take another look, some of hus have
changed, ”
Belle : “Gaston, we could never make each other happy. No one can
changed that much.”
Context of Situation
It is known that Gaston is obsessed by Belle and wants to marry her soon.
Knowing if Belle is having trouble with Head master in their village, it is used
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by Gaston to seduce Belle. But it does not work because Belle is very dislike
Gaston.
Analysis
Belle states implicature through the phrase “We could never make each
other happy, no one can changed that much.” Which can be interpreted as a
rejection that Belle does not like Gaston and will not marry him. Thus, it is
classified commisives function because commits speaker to do some future
action.
Datum 10
Chip : “What is it? What’s there?”
Mrs. Pots : “I’ll tell you when you are older”
Chip : “Okay, I’m older.”
Context of Situation
The conversation happened when Mrs. Pots and Chip walked out of the
library in the palace.
Analysis
When Chip asked Mrs. Pots something about what happened, her mother
refused to answer it by saying “I’ll tell you when you are older” which
means Mrs. Pots refuses to answer it because, according to Mrs. Pots Chip not
old enough to know about what is going on. Thus, it is classified commisives
function because commits speaker to do some future action.
Datum 11
Lumiere : “Do not be alarmed, this is just your wardrobe. Meet
Madame de Garderobe, a great singer.”
Cogsworth : “When she can stay awake,”
Madame : “Cogsworth! A diva needs her beauty rest”
Lumiere : “Stay with us Madame, we have someone for you to
dress.”
Context of Situation
35
The conversation happens when Belle has arrived in the room that will be
her room later. There she met a huge wardrobe named Madame de Gaderobe.
Madame de Gaderobe was a great singer at the palace, but because of magic
she turned into a huge wardrobe.
Analysis
Through the words spoken by Cogsworth “When she can stay awake,”,
he implies that Madame is very fond of sleeping and if Madame is asleep
usually takes a long time. Thus, it is classified commisives function because
commits speaker to do some future action.
d. Expressives
Datum 12
Monsieur Jean : “Good morning Belle!”
Belle : “Good morning monsieur Jean. Have you lost
something again?
Monsieur Jean : “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I can’t
remember what. Oh well, I’m sure it will come to
me.
Context of Situation
This conversation occurs when Belle meets Jean in front of Jean’s house
from the questions that given by Belle as if indicating that Belle already know
the habit of Jean who often lost his goods.
Analysis
To calculate additional meaning “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I
can’t remember what” that is conveyed by Monsieur Jean it is may imply
that actually he did not lost his goods. Thus, it is classified expressives
function because commits speaker to express his inner state toward something
in the world.
Datum 13
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
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Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is about two
lovers in Fair Verona”
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds Boring”
Context of Situation
The conversation occurs when Belle wants to go to the Pere Robert’s
place.
Analysis
Jean conveys additional meaning via implicature “Sounds Boring” which
imply that Monsieur Jean does not like to read a book about two lovers in Fair
Verona. Thus, it is classified expressives function because commits speaker to
express his inner state toward something in the world.
Datum 14
Lumiere : “Look Congsworth! A beautiful girl”
Cogsworth : “Yes, I can see it’s a girl. I lost my hands not my eyes.”
Context of Situation
As known in the movie that everyone who was in the palace at the party
night, at the magic and the were transformed into goods that could move and
and speak. So the conversation between Lumiere and Cogsworth are started
when Belle antered the palace to find her father.
Analysis
To calculate meaning additional meaning of ” I lost my hands not my
eyes.” Thus, it is classified expressives function because commits speaker to
express his inner state toward something in the world.
Datum 15
Gaston : “You are the wildest most gorgeous thing I have ever
seen. Nobody deserves you. But at least I know our
children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you at a bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
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Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress”
Gaston : “Ah, it’s hero time”
Context of Situation
The conversation occurs when Belle is expelled from the laudering palace.
Lefou finds out and the incident to Gaston. The conversation occurs when
Belle is expelled from the laudering palace. Lefou finds out immediately
report the incident to Gaston.
Analysis
The phrase “A certain damsel is in distress” was used by Lefou to report
the incident to Gaston, it implies that there is a girl who needs the help of a
Gaston. Thus, it is classified expressives function because commits speaker to
express his inner state toward something in the world.
3. Maxim Violation
In this paper, the writer will discuss about maxims violation that occurred in
the film Beauty and The Beast Movie that uses the theory Grice about
Cooperative Principle and Maxim. There are four maxims; the maxim of quality,
the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner.
a. Maxim of quality
Datum 1
Lumiere : “You must forgive first impressions, I hope
you are not too starled.”
Belle : “Why would I be starled? I’m talking to a candle.”
Lumiere : “Candlelabra please, Enormous different, but
consider me at your service. The castle is your
home now, so feel free to go anywhere you like.”
Cogsworth : “Except the west wing… which we do not
have,”
Belle : “Why? What’s in the west wing?”
Lumiere : “Nothing…”
Cogsworth : “Nothing”
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Context of Situation
This conversation consist of three people, they are Belle, Lumiere, and
Cogsworth. Lumiere and Cogsworth invite Belle to get out from the prison to
move to the room which they had prepared, to go to the room they had to pass
the bridge which being a link between a palace and the prison. From above the
bridge they can see some side of the palace, and then the maxim violation
happened.
Analysis
In accordance with the theory that Grice made about maxim of quality
which requires the speaker to speak the truth. In the conversation Cogsworth
states there is no west wing in the palace trough the sentence “Except the
west wing… which we do not have,” in fact there is, but west wing is the
secret palace that cannot be known by strangers. West wing is secret palace
that used by Beast to save the curse rose that were given by the fairy on that
night after she condemned the palace and everyone in that palace. Lumiere
and Cogsworth are two people get the curse, they turn into the explanation
above it can be concluded tha Cogsworth has violated maxim of quality
because he does not tell the trurth about the west wing.
Datum 2
Beast : “Who are you? What are you doing here?”
Maurice : “I was lost in the woods and…”
Context of Situation
The dialog occurred when Maurice was sitting on Beast chair while warm
himself by the fair. He was get caught in the rain. Beast was upset because
there is a stranger on his castle. He came to fireplace and asked Maurice
angrily. As shown in the dialogue above, the conversation occurred between
Beast and Maurice. Beast was upset because there is stranger on his castle. So,
he asked Maurice what he was doing on his castle.
Analysis
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Maurice responds Beast’s question by saying “I was lost in the woods
and…” but Beast did not believe what Maurice said and interrupted it before
he was finished speak about. Maurice utterance indicates the maxim of quality
because he was telling the truth that he was lost in the woods.
Datum 3
Beast : “So, you’ve come to stare at the beast, have you?”
Maurice : “Please, I mean no harm. I just needed a place
to stay”
Context of Situation
The conversation happened in the fireplace of the castle. Beast was upset
because he found stranger over there. He directly asked Maurice with accuse
question. Maurice was frightened because there is a beast in front of him.
Analysis
In the dialogue above, Maurice gives such a truthful information. So, his
utterance contained maxim of quality. He was telling the truth that he come
the castle just because he needed a place to stay.
Datum 4
Someone in tavern : “Gaston, did you try to kill Maurice?”
Gaston : “Maurice, thanks heaven! I’ve spent the
last five days trying to find you.”
Maurice : “You try to kill me. You left me to the
wolves.”
Context of Situation
Maurice is the Belle’s father, who was trying to find help because help her
daughter is locked in the prison in the palace. That night Maurice tried to find
help in the village tavern where the villagers used to gather. As known that is
a man who loves Belle but not vice versa. Gaston is interested to help Maurice
because his thinks that through this may be he can get a love from Belle, and
40
the end they go together to help Belle. That travel at night, on the way to the
palace Lefou, Gaston and Maurice through a forest.
In the forest that heard the roar of wolves. Hearing the roar of the wolf,
Maurice became more convinced that they were near from the palace,
unfortunately Maurice forgot the way to the palace. Evidently Maurice and
Gaston argue because Gaston proposes to return to the village, but Maurice
still wants to continue the journey to palace. Eventually Gaston and Lefou left
Maurice in the woods, tied to a tree. The next day Maurice was found by
Agathe and brought back to the tavern. Gaston was surprised that he saw
Maurice in the tavern with the other villagers. As he recalled, he is leaving
Maurice in a forest tied to a tree and how could he escape from the bond.
Analysis
To keep his good name Gaston answered a question from someone in
tavern with a lie through the phrase “Maurice, thanks heaven! I’ve spent the
last five days trying to find you.” In fact Gaston is trying to kill Maurice and
leave him in the forest with the thought that Belle will fall in his arms because
she already has no one else in the village to guard her and of course Belle will
think about it. However, in the movie Maurice is saved by Agathe, a woman
who relases Maurice from the tree ties in the forest as she searches for
firewood and brings him back to the village. Based on the explanation Gaston
violates the theory of the maxim of quality which requires the speaker to tell
the truth.
b. Maxim of quantity
Datum 5
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is
about two lovers in Fair Verona.
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds boring.”
Context of Situation
41
Belle is a girl who likes to read book, she is often spelled out odd by the
village. The piece of the conversation above happened when Belle wanted to
return the book to Pere Robert on the way Belle meets Monsieur Jean. Pere
Robert is a man who has quite a collection, so Belle often borrows a book of
collections from Pere Robert to read.
Analysis
In the conversation Belle was violated maxim of quantity trough the
sentence “It is about two lovers in Fair Verona”. In accordance with the
theory that made by Grice about maxim of quantity; make your contribution as
informative as is required, but in the conversation Belle give more information
about the book that should not be delivered, because may be the additional
information that Belle give is not important or not needed.
Datum 6
Lefou : “So moving on?”
Gaston : “No, Lefou! It’s the ones who play hard to ge
that are always the sweetest prey. That was
makes Belle so appealing, she hasn’t made a
fool of herself just to gain my favor. What would
you call that?
Context of Situation
This conversation happened when Gaston get the rejection from Belle, as
known that Gaston is really in love with Belle and always trying to get her.
Gaston is a handsome main the village, for some reason he is very in love with
Belle an ordinary girl who is often spelled out odd by other villagers. Gaston
is a little arrogant and someone who does not give up on reality, the fact that
Belle does not like him at all.
Analysis
In accordance with the theory that made by Grice about maxim of quantity
which states that the speaker and the hearer have to give the contribution
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because he explained why he does not want to moving on from Belle with
sentence “It’s the ones who play hard to get that are always the sweetest
prey. That is what makes Belle attractive. She hasn’t made a fool of
herself just to gain my favor.” The explanation was made to let Lefou
understand that Gaston would not give up to get quantity because Gaston
provides excessive information to Lefou.
Datum 7
Beast : “What are you doing here?”
Belle : “I’ve come for my father”
Context of Situation
The dialogue occurred in the castle when Belle was found her father in a
cell. Suddenly Beast was coming to her. Beast was curious about what is
stranger do in his castle. Belle gives such informative information.
Analysis
As shown in the dialogue above, the conversation happened between Belle
and the Beast. He do not like stranger come into his castle. So, he was curious
about what is she doing in the castle. Belle gives such informative respond to
Beast’s question. Belle said that she was coming for her father. It indicates
that her utterance contained maxim of quantity. Because she give informative
information Beast’s question.
Datum 8
Belle : “Who’s there? Who are you?”
Beast : “The master of his castle.”
Context of Situation
The dialogue occurred in the jail of the castle. When Belle was found his
father trapped in a cell but suddenly Beast comes over. The condition was less
of lighting, so it creates Belle did not see clearly and she was curious about
who is he at the same time. Beast gives such informative responds about the
question being asked.
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Analysis
In the dialogue above, the conversation occurred between Belle and Beast.
He gives informative respond related to the question being asked. It indicates
that Beast’s utterance contained the maxim of quantity because the
information was informative, not less or more informative than it was required
which is he the master of the castle.
c. Maxim of relation
Datum 9
Gaston : “Belle wonderful book you have there.”
Belle : “Have you read it?”
Gaston : “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for
you dinner table (giving bunch of flower) shall I
join you this evening?”
Belle : “Sorry, not this evening.”
Context of Situation
This conversation took place in the market when market when Belle and
Gaston met. Gaston is always trying to get close to Belle and trying to seduce
her by giving her a bunch flowers and invites her to dinner together. But Belle
refuses him because she does not want to give a hope to Gaston who can
finally make Gaston who can finally make Gaston think that Belle opens a
chance for Gaston to approach her. In maxim of relation the speaker and the
hearer were asked to be relevant in communication.
Analysis
The conversation above contains violation maxim of relation through the
sentence “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for you dinner table
(giving bunch of flower) shall I join you this evening?” it is because Gaston
tried to divert the conversation that was initially discussing the book and then
suddenly the gave a bunch of flowers and invited Belle to dinner together. The
offense was done because Gaston did not want Belle to know that he did not
like reading books at all.
44
Datum 10
Belle : “You know Shakespare?”
Beast : “I had an expensive education,”
Belle : “Actually, Remeo and Juliet’s my favorite play.”
Context of Situation
After a few days inside the palace Belle and Beast had started to get used
to interacting with each other. Belle has also started to get used to interacting
with the items inside the palace, especially Lumiere and Cogsworth who first
greeted Belle while she was still in Prison. Beast is a prince who is cursed to
be a person from his appearance. As is known that every prince must have a
good education, but it is also owned by Belle although she is not from the
royal family. Belle is very fond of reading books, therefore she has extensive
knowledge.
Analysis
The statement “I had an expensive education,” which delivered by Beast
felt less appropriate for the conversation at the time. In accordance with the
theory that made by Grice about maxim of relation which requires the speaker
and the hearer must be relevant in communicate so the conversation was
violated maxim of relation because the conversation is not talking about the
education that Belle and Beast have.
Datum 11
Belle : “By the way, thank you for saving my life”
Beast : “You’re welcome”
Context of Situation
The dialogue occurred in the castle when Belle was treated Beast because
he was getting bruise on his arm. It happens because Beast was helped Belle
form wolf’s attacked. So, Belle express her relief by saying thanks to Beast
because he saving her life.
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Analysis
As shown in the dialogue above, the conversation happened in the castle
when Belle was treated Beast. She said “By the way, thank you for saving my
life”. Beast responds with such relevant information. It indicates that the
dialogue contained the maxim of relation which is Beast said you’re welcome
to responds the expression of Belle.
d. Maxim of manner
Datum 12
Gaston : “Look, at her Lefou. My future wife. Belle is the
most beautiful girl in the village that makes her the
best.”
Lefou : “She’s so well read.. and you are so athlectically
inclined.”
Gaston : “I know.”
Context of Situation
Lefou is a Gaston’s friend, a man who loves Belle very much. The
conversation took place on the hill while they are riding their horse. Gaston
opened the conversation with a discussion about Belle, Gaston deeply admired
Belle because of her beauty and also her ingenuity. The personality of Gaston
is very different with the personality of Belle, if Belle is really likes to read
books but Gaston refers to exercise, horse riding and so on. Gaston always
hope that someday he can get Belle’s love.
Analysis
The conversation that violates the maxim of manner. In 1976 Grice stated
that in Maxim of manner the speaker must avoid obscurity expression.
Obscurity expression occurs when Lefou conveys Gaston’s personality which
very different from Belle’s personality, seen through Lefou’s slightly hesitant
way and pauses in the sentence he wants to convey.
46
Datum 13
Gaston : “You are the wildest.. most gorgeous thing I have
ever seen. Nobody deserves you. But at least I
know our children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress.”
Context of Situation
Belle gets a reprimand from the Head master in the village because she
teaches a little girl to read. Head master gave a warning to Belle and the other
villagers put out her clothes from the laundry place. The event is known by
Lefou, and Lefou immediately report it to Gaston, because he thinks that
Gaston can take the advantages of the incident.
Analysis
In accordance with the theory that made by Grice about maxim of manner
which requires the speaker to avoid ambiguity. Ambiguity damsel is in
distress.” To Gaston. Lefou should be able to convey that Belle is in bad
condition, but because Gaston and Lefou have the same knowledge then
Gaston can directly to go to the place that means by Lefou.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the finding and analysis in chapter four, the writer draws the
following conclusion.
A. Conclusion
1. Based on the type of the conversational implicature in Beauty and The
Beast movie were two types, they were generalized conversational
implicature and generalized conversational implicature. There are 16 data
included types conversational implicature. There are 13 data included
generalized conversational implicature. Then, 3 data about particularized
conversational implicature. The type of conversational that most
commonly occurs in the film Beauty and The Beast movie is generalized
conversational implicature.
2. Based on the function, there are five types of function of implicature, they
are assertive/representative, directive, commisive, expressive and
declarative. There are 23 data included function of conversational
implicature. There are 9 implicatures which has assertive/representative
function involving criticizing, stating, confessing and predicting. Then 5
implicatures which have directive function involving asking and begging,
then 6 implicatures which have expressive function involving praising
and mocking, then 3 implicatures which have commisive function
involving refusing and warning, and nothing included declarative
function. The conversational implicature function that is common in
Beauty and The Beast movie is the implicature conversational function of
representative.
3. Then, based on the maxim violation, there are five types of maxim, they
are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of
manner. There are 15 data included maxim violation. There are 4 data
included maxim of quality, 6 data included maxim of quantity, data
included maxim of relation, then 2 data included maxim of manner. The
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result shows the most-violated maxim in the film Beauty and The Beast
movie is the maxim of quantity.
Based on the findings above, the writer conclude that in the conversational
implicature in the Beauty and The Beast movie, there are many meanings
contained in conversation, as well as in everyday life we must pay attention to the
conversational implicature, because sometimes the implicature can imply satire or
praise. Conversational implicature is very important in our daily life, therefore we
have a lot to learn about conversational implicature, especially the function of
conversational implicature and maxim violation.
B. Suggestion
The writer suggests to the reader or the next research, Beauty and The
Beast Movie was very interesting film to watch. There were a lot of things could
be discussed not only about conversational implicature but also there were many
topics to discuss. Other than that in the film teaches us that we should not judge
people only by the cover, but first get to know them more deeply. The writer
expects this research can enrich the reader’s knowledge about the concept of
conversational implicature.
For the student, it is suggest to be understand what types of maxim based
on Cooperative Principle which is they will find in in the learning English
especially in communicative skill such as, speaking and listening. By
understanding the materials, it would enrich their ability to understand
communication in English perfectly and to make a good conversation.
49
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52
APPENDIX
Generalized Conversational Implicature
Datum 1
Monsieur Jean : “Good morning Belle!”
Belle : “Good morning monsieur Jean. Have you lost
something again?
Monsieur Jean : “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I can’t
remember what. Oh well, I’m sure it will come to
me.
Datum 2
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is about two
lovers in Fair Verona”
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds Boring”
Datum 3
Robert : “Ah if it isn’t, the only bookworm in town, So,
where did you run off this week?”
Belle : “Two cities in Northern Italy. I didn’t want to
come back! Have you got any new places to go?”
Robert : “I’m afraid not. But you may reread any of the
old ones that you’d like.”
Datum 4
Lefou : “So, moving on?”
Gaston : “No, Lefou. The ones who play hard to get that
are always the sweetest prey. That’s what makes
Belle so appealing, she hasn’t made a fool of
herself just to again my favor. What would you
call that?”
Lefou : “Dignity?”
Gaston : “It’s outrageously attractive, isn’t it?”
Datum 5
Gaston : “I heard you had trouble with the Headmaster.”
Belle : “He never liked me either.”
Gaston : “Can I give you a little advice about the villagers
though?”
53
Belle : “They’re never going to trust the kind of change
you’re trying to bring. All I wanted was to teach a
child to read.”
Gaston : “The only children you should concern yourself
with .. are your own.”
Belle : “I’m not ready to have a child”
Gaston : “May be you have not met the right man”
Datum 6
Belle : “It is a small village Gaston. I’ve met them all.”
Gaston : “Well, maybe you should take another look, some
of hus have changed, ”
Belle : “Gaston , we could never make each other
happy. No one can changed that much.”
Datum 7
Gaston : “Oh, Belle do you know what happens to spinter in
this village, after their father is die?”
Agatha : “Coins? Got any spare coins?”
Gaston : “They beg for scarps. Like poor Agathe. It is our
world Belle.”
Belle : “For simple folk like us, it doesn’t any better. I
might be a farm girl, but I’m not simple. And I’m
never going to marry you Gaston, I’m sorry!”
Datum 8
Lumiere : “Look Congsworth! A beautiful girl”
Cogsworth : “Yes, I can see it’s a girl. I lost my hands not my
eyes.”
Datum 9
Lumiere : “You must forgive first impression, I hope you are
not too startled.”
Belle : “Why would I be startled? I’m talking to a candle”
Lumiere : “Candleabra, please. Enormous different, but
consider me at your service. The castle is your
home now so fell free to go
anywhere you like.”
Belle : “Except the west wing. Which we do not have”
54
Datum 10
Gaston : “Picture it, Lefou! A rustic cabin, my latest kill
roasting on the fire adorable children running
around us as my love rubs my tired feet. But what
does Belle say? “I will never marry you, Gaston!”
Lefou : “You know, there are other girls.”
Gaston : “A great hunter doesn’t waste his time on
rabbits”
Datum 11
Belle : “I want to help you; there must be some way to
break the curse.”
Cogsworth : “Well, there is one”
Belle : “It’s not for you to worry about, lamb. We’ve
made our bed and we must lie in it.”
Datum 12
Chip : “What is it? What’s there?”
Mrs. Pots : “I’ll tell you when you are older”
Chip : “Okay, I’m older.”
Datum 13
Belle : “I never thanked you for saving my life”
Beast : “Well, I never thanked you for not leaving me to
be eaten by the wolves.”
Belle : “They know how to have a good time.”
Beast : “Yes, but when I enter the room, laughter dies”
Belle : “Me too”
Particularized Conversational Implicature.
Datum 14
Belle : “I don’t understand why you’re all being so kind to
me. Surely, you are as a trapped here as I am.
Don’t you ever want to escape?”
Mrs. Pots : “The master’s not as terrible as he appears.
Somewhere deep in his soul, there’s a prince of a
fellow who just
waiting to be set free.”
Datum 15
55
Gaston : “You are the wildest most gorgeous thing I have
ever seen. Nobody deserves you. But at least I
know our children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you at a bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress”
Gaston : “Ah, it’s hero time”
Datum 16
Lumiere : “Do not be alarmed, this is just your wardrobe.
Meet Madame de Garderobe, a great singer.”
Cogsworth : “When she can stay awake,”
Madame : “Cogsworth! A diva needs her beauty rest”
Lumiere : “Stay with us Madame, we have someone for you
to dress.”
Function of Conversational Implicature
Representative/Assertive
Datum 1
Robert : “Ah if it isn’t, the only bookworm in town, So,
where did you run off this week?”
Belle : “Two cities in Northern Italy. I didn’t want to
come back! Have you got any new places to go?”
Robert : “I’m afraid not. But you may reread any of the
old ones that you’d like.”
Datum 2
Belle : “I don’t understand why you’re all being so kind to
me. Surely, you are as a trapped here as I am.
Don’t you ever want to escape?”
Mrs. Pots : “The master’s not as terrible as he appears.
Somewhere deep in his soul, there’s a prince of a
fellow who just waiting to be set free.”
Datum 3
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is
about two lovers in Fair Verona.
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds boring.”
56
Datum 4
Belle : “You know Shakespare?”
Beast : “I had an expensive education,”
Belle : “Actually, Remeo and Juliet’s my favorite play.”
Datum 5
Lefou : “So, moving on?”
Gaston : “No, Lefou. The ones who play hard to get that
are always the sweetest prey. That’s what makes
Belle so appealing, she hasn’t made a fool of
herself just to again my favor. What would you
call that?”
Lefou : “Dignity?”
Gaston : “It’s outrageously attractive, isn’t it?”
Datum 6
Gaston : “I heard you had trouble with the Headmaster.”
Belle : “He never liked me either.”
Gaston : “Can I give you a little advice about the villagers
though?”
Belle : “They’re never going to trust the kind of change
you’re trying to bring. All I wanted was to teach a
child to read.”
Gaston : “The only children you should concern yourself
with .. are your own.”
Belle : “I’m not ready to have a child”
Gaston : “May be you have not met the right man”
Datum 7
Lumiere : “You must forgive first impression, I hope you are
not too startled.”
Belle : “Why would I be startled? I’m talking to a candle”
Lumiere : “Candleabra, please. Enormous different, but
consider me at your service. The castle is your
home now so fell free to go anywhere you like.”
Belle : “Except the west wing. Which we do not have”
Datum 8
Belle : “I want to help you; there must be some way to
break the curse.”
57
Cogsworth : “Well, there is one”
Belle : “It’s not for you to worry about, lamb. We’ve
made our bed and we must lie in it.”
Datum 9
Lumiere : “You must forgive first impressions, I hope
you are not too starled.”
Belle : “Why would I be starled? I’m talking to a candle.”
Lumiere : “Candlelabra please, Enormous different, but
consider me at your service. The castle is your
home now, so feel free to go anywhere you like.”
Cogsworth : “Except the west wing… which we do not
have,”
Belle : “Why? What’s in the west wing?”
Lumiere : “Nothing…”
Cogsworth : “Nothing”
Directives
Datum 10
Gaston : “Oh, Belle do you know what happens to spinter in
this village, after their father is die?”
Agatha : “Coins? Got any spare coins?”
Gaston : “They beg for scarps. Like poor Agathe. It is our
world Belle.”
Belle : “For simple folk like us, it doesn’t any better. I
might be a farm girl, but I’m not simple. And I’m
never going to marry you Gaston, I’m sorry!”
Datum 11
Gaston : “Picture it, Lefou! A rustic cabin, my latest kill
roasting on the fire adorable children running
around us as my love rubs my tired feet. But what
does Belle say? “I will never marry you, Gaston!”
Lefou : “You know, there are other girls.”
Gaston : “A great hunter doesn’t waste his time on
rabbits”
Datum 12
Belle : “I never thanked you for saving my life”
Beast : “Well, I never thanked you for not leaving me to
be eaten by the wolves.”
Belle : “They know how to have a good time.”
58
Beast : “Yes, but when I enter the room, laughter dies”
Belle : “Me too”
Datum 13
Gaston : “Belle wonderful book you have there.”
Belle : “Have you read it?”
Gaston : “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for
you dinner table (giving bunch of flower) shall I
join you this evening?”
Belle : “Sorry, not this evening.”
Datum 14
Gaston : “Belle wonderful book you have there.”
Belle : “Have you read it?”
Gaston : “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for
you dinner table (giving bunch of flower) shall I
join you this evening?”
Belle : “Sorry, not this evening.”
Commisives
Datum 15
Belle : “It is a small village Gaston. I’ve met them all.”
Gaston : “Well, maybe you should take another look, some
of hus have changed, ”
Belle : “Gaston, we could never make each other
happy. No one can changed that much.”
Datum 16
Chip : “What is it? What’s there?”
Mrs. Pots : “I’ll tell you when you are older”
Chip : “Okay, I’m older.”
Datum 17
Lumiere : “Do not be alarmed, this is just your wardrobe.
Meet Madame de Garderobe, a great singer.”
Cogsworth : “When she can stay awake,”
Madame : “Cogsworth! A diva needs her beauty rest”
Lumiere : “Stay with us Madame, we have someone for you
to dress.”
Expressives
59
Datum 18
Monsieur Jean : “Good morning Belle!”
Belle : “Good morning monsieur Jean. Have you lost
something again?
Monsieur Jean : “Well, I believe I have, the problem is I can’t
remember what. Oh well, I’m sure it will come to
me.
Datum 19
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is about two
lovers in Fair Verona”
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds Boring”
Datum 20
Lumiere : “Look Congsworth! A beautiful girl”
Cogsworth : “Yes, I can see it’s a girl. I lost my hands not my
eyes.”
Datum 21
Gaston : “You are the wildest most gorgeous thing I have
ever seen. Nobody deserves you. But at least I
know our children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you at a bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress”
Gaston : “Ah, it’s hero time”
Datum 22
Someone in tavern : “Gaston, did you try to kill Maurice?”
Gaston : “Maurice, thanks heaven! I’ve spent the
last five days trying to find you.”
Maurice : “You try to kill me. You left me to the
wolves.”
Datum 23
Gaston : “Look, at her Lefou. My future wife. Belle is the
most beautiful girl in the village that makes her the
best.”
Lefou : “She’s so well read.. and you are so athlectically
inclined.”
Gaston : “I know.”
60
Maxim Violation
Maxim of quality
Datum 1
Lumiere : “You must forgive first impressions, I hope
you are not too starled.”
Belle : “Why would I be starled? I’m talking to a candle.”
Lumiere : “Candlelabra please, Enormous different, but
consider me at your service. The castle is your
home now, so feel free to go anywhere you like.”
Cogsworth : “Except the west wing… which we do not
have,”
Belle : “Why? What’s in the west wing?”
Lumiere : “Nothing…”
Cogsworth : “Nothing”
Datum 2
Beast : “Who are you? What are you doing here?”
Maurice : “I was lost in the woods and…”
Datum 3
Beast : “So, you’ve come to stare at the beast, have you?”
Maurice : “Please, I mean no harm. I just needed a place
to stay”
Datum 4
Someone in tavern : “Gaston, did you try to kill Maurice?”
Gaston : “Maurice, thanks heaven! I’ve spent the
last five days trying to find you.”
Maurice : “You try to kill me. You left me to the
wolves.”
Maxim of Quantity
Datum 5
Monsieur Jean : “Where are you off to?”
Belle : “To return this book to Pere Robert, it is
about two lovers in Fair Verona.
Monsieur Jean : “Sounds boring.”
61
Datum 6
Lefou : “So moving on?”
Gaston : “No, Lefou! It’s the ones who play hard to ge
that are always the sweetest prey. That was
makes Belle so appealing, she hasn’t made a
fool of herself just to gain my favor. What would
you call that?
Datum 7
Beast : “What are you doing here?”
Belle : “I’ve come for my father”
Datum 8
Belle : “Who’s there? Who are you?”
Beast : “The master of his castle.”
Datum 9
Belle : “Who is it?”
Mrs. Potts : “Mrs. Potts, dear.”
Datum 10
Beast : “I thought I told you come down to dinner!”
Belle : “I’m not hungry”
Maxim of relation
Datum 11
Gaston : “Belle wonderful book you have there.”
Belle : “Have you read it?”
Gaston : “Well, not that one. But you know books.. for
you dinner table (giving bunch of flower) shall
I join you this evening?”
Belle : “Sorry, not this evening.”
Datum 12
Belle : “You know Shakespare?”
Beast : “I had an expensive education,”
Belle : “Actually, Remeo and Juliet’s my favorite play.”
Datum 13
Belle : “By the way, thank you for saving my life”
62
Beast : “You’re welcome”
Maxim of manner
Datum 14
Gaston : “Look, at her Lefou. My future wife. Belle is the
most beautiful girl in the village that makes her the
best.”
Lefou : “She’s so well read.. and you are so athlectically
inclined.”
Gaston : “I know.”
Datum 15
Gaston : “You are the wildest.. most gorgeous thing I
have ever seen. Nobody deserves you. But at
least I know our children will be beautiful.”
Lefou : “Am I catching you bad time?”
Gaston : “What is it, Lefou?”
Lefou : “A certain damsel is in distress.”