Combining multispectral and thermal infrared Combining multispectral and thermal infrared
airborne remote sensing and airborne flux airborne remote sensing and airborne flux
measurement for atmosphere-biosphere measurement for atmosphere-biosphere
interaction studiesinteraction studies
WORKSHOP ON
CLIMATIC ANALYSIS AND MAPPINGFOR AGRICULTURE (14-17 June 2005, Bologna, Italy)
B. Gioli, F. Miglietta (IBIMET CNR, Italy)
Summary:
SKYARROW ERA PLATFORM
Airborne eddy covariance flux measurements
Airborne IR and multispectral remote sensing
PRODUCTS
Surface fluxes at the regional scale
Vegetation indexes and surface temperature maps
APPLICATIONS
Multispectral remote sensing coupled with CO2 fluxes
IR remote sensing coupled with sensible heat fluxes
CONCLUSIONS
Sky Arrow ERA
Attitude GPS Net Radiation
PAR Radiation
IR camera
Multispectral camera
Laser altimeter
Pressure Sphere
T Fast Response
T Low Response
Novatel GPS
IRGA
GPS
ElectronicsSwitch BOX
The platform: NOAA Mobile Flux Platform The platform: NOAA Mobile Flux Platform
(MFP)(MFP)
Measurement of 3D winds @ 50 Hz
CO2, H2O, T fast sensors
The platform: Airborne Digital Mapping The platform: Airborne Digital Mapping
System - DFRSystem - DFR
Multispectral Digital Camera Duncan MS 4100 3 band - 550 (Green), 680 (Red), 780 (NIR) nm Dicroic Prisma 3CCD 1920 x 1080
Flir IR SC500 Camera Spectral range 7500 – 13000 nm CCD 320 x 240 microbolometer
Range fighter Riegl LD90 e LD90-3300HR
Measure range (without reflector) 1000 m - 100 Hz
GPS attitude 4 antennas Measure of position and attitude Trigger to synchronize the acquisition of instruments
Industrial PC
DFR is a digital multispectral remote sensing system (3 CIR and 1 thermal bands) for mapping, thermography, maps of temperature and water monitoring.
The productsThe products
3D wind + scalar (T, H2O, CO2) fast measurements (50 Hz)
(eddy covariance tecnique)
Surface fluxes along flight track(u*, H, LE, fCO2)
The productsThe products
Multispectral images to derive vegetation indexes
NDVI = (IR-Rd) / (IR+Rd)
IR images to derive surface temperature
maps
The projects:The projects:
• RECAB: (European Commission, V FP) 2001-2003
• CARBIUS ((Italy and USA Gov.) 2003-2005
• CarboEurope IP (European Commission, VI FP) 2004-2008
The goal: The goal: upscaleupscale directly measured directly measured
airborne fluxes along a track to the airborne fluxes along a track to the
regionregion
Aircraft track
3Km
x90
Wind direction
NDVI of the footprint area
• Airborne remote sensing (NDVI)
• Surface flux measurements
• Vertical PBL profiles
Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2
• Flight route
NDVI
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Forest
Cropland
C-f
lux
(u
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2
ND
VI
LON
y = -13.847Ln(x) - 13.645
R2 = 0.6821
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
NDVI
CO2 flux
Applications: NDVI Vs fCO2
Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE
Use Tsfc to estimate T0 in the flux footprint area
Use direct H measurements to parametrize ra
Apply parametrization at regional scale
Bulk formulation of sensible heat flux
cp is the volumetric heat capacity
•T0 is the aerodynamic temperature at canopy source/sink height
•Ta is air temperature
•ra is the atmospheric resistance between canopy source/sink height and the
ambient environment above the canopy
Experimental strategy
• 1 aircraft measuring surface fluxes and Tsfc over a small footprint
• 2 aircraft measuring surface fluxes and Tsfc in the entire flux footprint
Tsfc from IR imagesH, LE direct measurement
Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sensible Heat Flux [W m-2]
Tair -
Tsfc
[deg
]
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Sensible Heat Flux [W m-2]
Tair
- Ts
fc [d
eg]
Applications: Tsfc Vs H & LE
• Rice and lake areas, Spain
• Evergreen forest, The Netherlands
ConclusionsConclusions
Acknowledgments:
RECAB, 2001-2003
(European Commission, V FP)
CARBIUS (2003-2005)
(Ministero Ambiente e Territorio)
CarboEurope IP (2004-2008)(European Commission, VI FP)
• Airborne eddy covariance is a valuable tool for direct surface flux measurements at the regional scale
• Airborne remote sensing within the flux footprint area has been used to develop upscale schemes
• Potential for using satellite products to further bridge the gap between local airborne measurements and complete coverage