Unit 2: The Biosphere and Energy Flow. Biosphere & Ecosystem Biosphere: Organisms and their environments (Includes living and dead organic matter) Biosphere:

Unit 2: The Unit 2: The Biosphere and Biosphere and Energy FlowEnergy Flow

Biosphere & EcosystemBiosphere & Ecosystem

BiosphereBiosphere: Organisms and their : Organisms and their environments (Includes living and environments (Includes living and dead organic matter)dead organic matter)

Ecosystem:Ecosystem: A community of A community of organisms (biotic/ living things) and organisms (biotic/ living things) and their nonliving (abiotic) environment their nonliving (abiotic) environment (what we learned about in Unit 1)(what we learned about in Unit 1)

An ecosystem is a smaller part of the An ecosystem is a smaller part of the overall biosphereoverall biosphere

I. EnergyI. EnergyA. All A. All organismsorganisms need energy to carry need energy to carry

out bodily functions like growing, out bodily functions like growing, moving around, breathing, moving around, breathing, keeping our blood circulating, keeping our blood circulating, etc.etc.

-The ultimate source of energy for life -The ultimate source of energy for life on earth is the sun.on earth is the sun.

--EnergyEnergy is the ability to cause change. is the ability to cause change.

II. How Organisms Obtain II. How Organisms Obtain EnergyEnergy

1.1. Autotrophs:Autotrophs: The producers. The producers.

Producers turn light energy from the Producers turn light energy from the sun into food through a process sun into food through a process called called photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Ex: Trees, plants, algae.Ex: Trees, plants, algae.

Quick Questions (CFU)Quick Questions (CFU)What provides energy for life on earth?What provides energy for life on earth?-the sun-the sun

What is energy?What is energy?-the ability to cause change-the ability to cause change

Is a producer and an autotroph the same Is a producer and an autotroph the same thing?thing?

-yes-yes

What is an example of a producer?What is an example of a producer?-a plant-a plant

III. HeterotrophsIII. Heterotrophs

Heterotrophs: Heterotrophs: The consumers.The consumers.

A consumer can’t make it’s own A consumer can’t make it’s own food so it has to eat other food so it has to eat other organisms.organisms.

Ex: Lions, Humans, Rabbits.Ex: Lions, Humans, Rabbits.

IV. IV. Examples of Examples of heterotrophs:heterotrophs:

1. 1. HerbivoreHerbivore-eats only plants (autotrophs).-eats only plants (autotrophs).Ex: RabbitsEx: Rabbits

2. 2. CarnivoreCarnivore-eats only animals (heterotrophs).-eats only animals (heterotrophs).Ex: LionsEx: Lions

3. 3. OmnivoreOmnivore-eats plants and animals. -eats plants and animals. Ex: HumansEx: Humans

4. 4. ScavengerScavenger-eats dead animals and garbage.-eats dead animals and garbage.Ex: VulturesEx: Vultures

5. 5. DecomposerDecomposer-breaks down dead or dying -breaks down dead or dying material.material.

Ex: Bacteria, fungiEx: Bacteria, fungi

Questions (CFU)Questions (CFU)

What is a consumer?What is a consumer?-an organism that cannot make its own -an organism that cannot make its own

food.food.

What is an example of a consumer?What is an example of a consumer?-humans-humans

Is a consumer the same thing as a Is a consumer the same thing as a heterotroph?heterotroph?

-yes-yes

What kind of heterotroph What kind of heterotroph is this?is this?

-carnivore-carnivore

What kind of heterotroph What kind of heterotroph is this?is this?

-decomposer-decomposer

What kind of heterotroph What kind of heterotroph is this?is this?

-herbivore-herbivore

What kind of heterotroph What kind of heterotroph is this?is this?

-scavenger-scavenger

Most Humans:Most Humans:

OmnivoresOmnivores

V. Flow of Matter and V. Flow of Matter and EnergyEnergy

Energy in a Food ChainEnergy in a Food Chain The arrows in a food chain or food web The arrows in a food chain or food web

show the transfer of energy from one show the transfer of energy from one organism to another.organism to another.

B. B. Food chainFood chain - a model - a model that shows how that shows how mattermatter and and energyenergy moves through an ecosystem. moves through an ecosystem.

berries → mice → black bear

VI. Flow of Matter and VI. Flow of Matter and Energy in EcosystemsEnergy in Ecosystems

Food Web-aFood Web-a model which shows all model which shows all possible feeding relationships at possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a communityeach trophic level in a community..

***A food web is more realistic ***A food web is more realistic than a food chain because than a food chain because organisms depend on more than organisms depend on more than one other species for food.one other species for food.

VII Trophic LevelsVII Trophic Levels

In this class, we will think of these food In this class, we will think of these food webs in webs in _levels_________._levels_________.

Level 1: Level 1: Producers (plants)Producers (plants) Level 2: Level 2: Primary Primary Consumers (who eat Consumers (who eat

producers) Ex: Caterpillar, Giraffeproducers) Ex: Caterpillar, Giraffe Level 3: Level 3: Secondary Secondary Consumers (who Consumers (who

eat Primary Consumers) Ex: Large catseat Primary Consumers) Ex: Large cats Level 4: Level 4: TertiaryTertiary Consumers (who eat Consumers (who eat

Secondary Consumers) Ex: HawkSecondary Consumers) Ex: Hawk

Autotrophs

First-order heterotrophs

Third-order heterotrophs Second-order

heterotrophs

Decomposers

In your notes write In your notes write examples for the following:examples for the following:

1. A producer: 1. A producer: A Tree, Algae, Grass, PlantsA Tree, Algae, Grass, Plants

2. A primary consumer:2. A primary consumer:Caterpillar, deer, antelope, cowCaterpillar, deer, antelope, cow

3. A secondary consumer:3. A secondary consumer:LionsLions (feed on antelope, which feed on plants) (feed on antelope, which feed on plants)Seeds (producer) Seeds (producer) →→ Mice Mice →→ SnakesSnakes

4. A tertiary consumer:4. A tertiary consumer:Seeds (producer) Seeds (producer) →→ mice mice →→ snakes snakes → → EaglesEagles

II. Flow of Matter and II. Flow of Matter and EnergyEnergy

-Each organism in a food chain is a -Each organism in a food chain is a feeding step, or feeding step, or trophic leveltrophic level in the in the movement of matter and energy.movement of matter and energy.

-Only 10% of energy is passed up -Only 10% of energy is passed up each trophic level!!! (Rule of 10)each trophic level!!! (Rule of 10)

-Because so much energy is lost at -Because so much energy is lost at each trophic level, there can only be each trophic level, there can only be 3-4 steps in a food chain.3-4 steps in a food chain.

You will now practice with You will now practice with these terms with the these terms with the worksheet providedworksheet provided 1. Heterotroph1. Heterotroph

2. Autotroph2. Autotroph 3. Heterotroph3. Heterotroph 4. Heterotroph4. Heterotroph 5. Autotroph5. Autotroph 6. Heterotroph6. Heterotroph 7. Heterotroph7. Heterotroph 8. Autotroph8. Autotroph 9. Autotroph9. Autotroph 10. Heterotroph10. Heterotroph

More Answers:More Answers:

1. Decomposer1. Decomposer 2. Herbivore2. Herbivore 3. Omnivore3. Omnivore 4. Carnivore4. Carnivore 5. Decomposer5. Decomposer 6. Scavenger or Omnivore6. Scavenger or Omnivore 7. Decomposer7. Decomposer 8. Carnivore8. Carnivore 9. Herbivore9. Herbivore 10. Scavenger 10. Scavenger

11 and 12: Producers 11 and 12: Producers → → Primary Primary Consumer Consumer →→ secondary consumer secondary consumer →→ tertiary consumertertiary consumer

4.2.A.a Illustrate and 4.2.A.a Illustrate and describe the flow of energy describe the flow of energy

within a food web within a food web

Example Food Chain:Example Food Chain:

Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles)

Pronghorn antelope

Gambel quail

JackrabbitDesert tortoise

Prickly pear cactus

Long-tail weasel

Coyote (top carnivore)

RoadrunnerKangaroo rat (seed eater)

antsTexas horned lizard

Red spotted toad

Mexican whiptail lizard

Mojave rattlesnake

Example

Food Web

Questions (Questions (fill the answers on WS fill the answers on WS

#2#2))What does flow mean?What does flow mean?-to move-to moveEnergy flows from _______ to _______ in an ecosystem.Energy flows from _______ to _______ in an ecosystem.-Energy flows from -Energy flows from producerproducer to to consumerconsumer in an in an

ecosystem.ecosystem.What is a food chain?What is a food chain?-a -a modelmodel that shows how that shows how energyenergy flows in an ecosystem. flows in an ecosystem.What is a food web?What is a food web?-a -a modelmodel which shows all the which shows all the feedingfeeding relationships in an relationships in an

ecosystemecosystem..Which is more realistic, a food web or a food chain?Which is more realistic, a food web or a food chain?-a food -a food webweb is more realistic than a food is more realistic than a food chainchain b/c is b/c is

shows all possible feeding relationships.shows all possible feeding relationships.What is a trophic level? -What is a trophic level? -a feeding step.a feeding step.How much energy can be passed up each trophic level? -How much energy can be passed up each trophic level? -

10%10%Why can there only be 3-4 trophic levels?Why can there only be 3-4 trophic levels?-There can only be 3-4 trophic levels b/c only -There can only be 3-4 trophic levels b/c only 10%10% of the of the

energy is passed up each level, which means that after energy is passed up each level, which means that after 3 or 4 levels, 3 or 4 levels, energyenergy will run out. will run out.

Food Web Example #2Food Web Example #2 What are the producers?What are the producers?

Algae and PlantsAlgae and Plants How can you tell?How can you tell?

Are at the bottom of food webs; are Are at the bottom of food webs; are greengreen

What three organisms does the fish eat?What three organisms does the fish eat? Annelids, Mollusks, and ArthropodsAnnelids, Mollusks, and Arthropods

What gives the birds of prey its energy?What gives the birds of prey its energy? Mammals and BirdsMammals and Birds

What are Bacteria and fungi known as?What are Bacteria and fungi known as? DecomposersDecomposers What do the Bacteria and fungi do?What do the Bacteria and fungi do? Breakdown dead organismsBreakdown dead organisms

Where are the plants getting inorganic Where are the plants getting inorganic nutrients from?nutrients from? Bacteria and fungiBacteria and fungi

What are the two top carnivores?What are the two top carnivores? Birds of prey and HumansBirds of prey and Humans

Answers to WS #3Answers to WS #3 1. Produce own food through 1. Produce own food through

photosynthesis.photosynthesis. 2. Eat other organisms for food.2. Eat other organisms for food. 3. Eat other organisms for food.3. Eat other organisms for food. 4. Break down dead material for energy.4. Break down dead material for energy. 5. 10% is passed up each level.5. 10% is passed up each level. 6. They are using it for life processes 6. They are using it for life processes

such as moving and breathing and some such as moving and breathing and some energy is lost as heat as it is transferred energy is lost as heat as it is transferred to different trophic levels.to different trophic levels.

Food Webs:Food Webs: 1. Phytoplankton1. Phytoplankton 2. Smaller toothed whales2. Smaller toothed whales 3. Leopard Seals3. Leopard Seals 4. Krill4. Krill 5. Phytoplankton and zooplankton5. Phytoplankton and zooplankton 6. other birds, fish, penguins6. other birds, fish, penguins 7. penguins, leopard seals, zooplankton, 7. penguins, leopard seals, zooplankton,

baleen whales, elephant sealsbaleen whales, elephant seals

1. Which organisms are the top 1. Which organisms are the top carnivores? Foxes, hawks and owls, carnivores? Foxes, hawks and owls, snakes.snakes.

2. snakes2. snakes 3. rabbits, squirrels, mice, seed-eating 3. rabbits, squirrels, mice, seed-eating

birdsbirds 4. Plants4. Plants 5. rabbits, squirrels, mice, seed-eating 5. rabbits, squirrels, mice, seed-eating

birdsbirds

WWBAT explain why there are generally WWBAT explain why there are generally more producers than consumers in an more producers than consumers in an energy pyramid.energy pyramid.

WWBAT explain how energy distribution WWBAT explain how energy distribution will change due to changes in the food will change due to changes in the food web.web.

The last couple of days we have learned The last couple of days we have learned about the terminology of unit 2 and all about the terminology of unit 2 and all about food webs. Today we are learning about food webs. Today we are learning about energy pyramids.about energy pyramids.

A. Types of Food Pyramids:A. Types of Food Pyramids:

1. 1. Ecological Pyramids-a Ecological Pyramids-a model which shows model which shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Pyramid of Energy

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

0.1% Consumers

1% Consumers

10% Consumers

100% Producers

Parasites, scavengers, and

decomposers feed at each

level.

-Pyramid of Energy-shows how energy decreases at each trophic level. Only 10% of the energy is passed up each level!

Pyramid of Numbers

Fox (1)

Birds (25)

Grasshoppers (250)

Grasses (3000)

--Pyramid of Pyramid of NumbersNumbers -shows the -shows the number of organisms number of organisms eaten by the animal eaten by the animal above it on the above it on the pyramid.pyramid.

--Pyramid of Pyramid of Biomass-Biomass-shows the weight at shows the weight at each trophic leveleach trophic level. . (________ (________ means how means how many living plants many living plants and animals)and animals)

Pyramid of Biomass

1 kg of human tissue

10 kg of beef

100 kg of grain

That means for every 1000 kg of grass only enough biomass is transferred to make 1 kg of human tissue.

Biomass

You will now finish the You will now finish the backs of WS #3!backs of WS #3!

You will work on the worksheet for You will work on the worksheet for 20 minutes and then we will discuss 20 minutes and then we will discuss it as a group.it as a group.

Stay on Task!Stay on Task!

Dixie Cup Food Pyramid Dixie Cup Food Pyramid (10 cups)(10 cups)

Use the cups provided to build and label Use the cups provided to build and label your own food pyramid with the your own food pyramid with the following:following:

1.1. Autotroph OR Heterotroph?Autotroph OR Heterotroph?

2.2. Producers/Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Producers/Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Consumers?Consumers?

3.3. Carnivore/Herbivore/Omnivore?Carnivore/Herbivore/Omnivore?

4.4. Percentage of Energy from the Sun?Percentage of Energy from the Sun?

5.5. Example Organism? (A picture would be Example Organism? (A picture would be nice)nice)

STOP: STOP: You are going for You are going for an interview!an interview!

You are going for an interview and must You are going for an interview and must become an expert on the following become an expert on the following questions in the next 3 minutes. questions in the next 3 minutes.

Row 1 answer questions 1-5Row 1 answer questions 1-5 Row 2 answers questions 6-10Row 2 answers questions 6-10 Row 3 answers questions 11-14Row 3 answers questions 11-14 We will share out our answers in 3 We will share out our answers in 3

minutes.minutes. Ready, Set, Go!Ready, Set, Go!

Questions: In your notes answer the Questions: In your notes answer the

following questionsfollowing questions::1. 1. What is the Pyramid of Energy?What is the Pyramid of Energy?-shows how much energy is in each trophic level.-shows how much energy is in each trophic level.

2. 2. Does the amount of energy increase or decrease as you go up Does the amount of energy increase or decrease as you go up each trophic leveleach trophic level? ?

-decrease-decrease

3. 3. Why does the amount of energy decreaseWhy does the amount of energy decrease??-energy is lost to the environment as heat.-energy is lost to the environment as heat.

4. How much energy is transferred up each level? 4. How much energy is transferred up each level? 10%10%

5. 5. What is the Pyramid of Numbers?What is the Pyramid of Numbers?-shows how many organisms exist at each trophic level.-shows how many organisms exist at each trophic level.

6. 6. What is the Pyramid of Biomass?What is the Pyramid of Biomass?-shows how much weight exists at each trophic level.-shows how much weight exists at each trophic level.

7. What is biomass?7. What is biomass?-amount of living material-amount of living material8. Which trophic level has the most biomass?8. Which trophic level has the most biomass? The producers or the bottom of the pyramidThe producers or the bottom of the pyramid

9. Which trophic level has the least amount of 9. Which trophic level has the least amount of biomass?biomass?

The tertiary consumersThe tertiary consumers

10. Give 2 examples for the organisms living at 10. Give 2 examples for the organisms living at the lowest tropic level.the lowest tropic level.

Plants, Trees, Algae, GrassPlants, Trees, Algae, Grass

11. Give two examples of organisms at the 11. Give two examples of organisms at the trophic level that has the most biomass?trophic level that has the most biomass?

The top, the tertiary consumersThe top, the tertiary consumers

12. If all of the producers were removed 12. If all of the producers were removed from a food web, all the ______________ from a food web, all the ______________ would eventually starve to death. would eventually starve to death.

13. If organism A was organism B’s food, 13. If organism A was organism B’s food, and organism A was removed, the and organism A was removed, the population of organism B would… population of organism B would…

12. If tarantulas eat crickets and crickets 12. If tarantulas eat crickets and crickets eat plants, what will happen to the eat plants, what will happen to the number of plants if all the tarantulas are number of plants if all the tarantulas are removed?removed?

Consumers

Decrease

Decrease