Cleaning Up Existing Diesel Engines in
CaliforniaKathleen Mead
California Air Resources Board
NAMVEC ConferenceNovember 2003
California Identified Diesel PM as a Toxic Air Contaminant
• Increases Cancer Risk, primarily Lung Cancer
• Increases Hospital Admissions & Premature Deaths– 2000 - 2500 premature deaths*
– 3,600 annual hospital admissions for pneumonia, CV disease, asthma,bronchitis*
**Year 2000Year 2000
California Diesel PM Emissions - 2000
66%
27%
7%
OffOff--RoadRoadOnOn--RoadRoad
Stationary/PortableStationary/Portable
California Diesel Risk Reduction Plan
• Goals adopted 2000– 75% reduction in diesel PM by 2010– 85% reduction in diesel PM by 2020
• Multiple strategies– On- and off-road vehicles and equipment– New engine standards - 98+% reduction– Cleaner diesel fuel - <15 ppm S – Retrofit of existing engines with filters– Ensure in-use compliance
Schedule for Regulations:In-use Vehicles
• 2000 (amended 2002)– Transit buses - adopted
• adding MHDD in 2004• 2003
– Refuse trucks - adopted– Stationary engines – TRUs
Schedule for Regulations:In-use Vehicles
• 2004– Fuel delivery trucks – Portable engines – Public on-road vehicles– Public off-road equipment
• 2005– Private on-road vehicles– Private off-road equipment
Proposed Proposed Stationary Source EnginesStationary Source Engines
• Emergency (new)– 0.15 g PM/bhp-hr/ < 50 hrs of operation– 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr/ 51-100 hrs of operation
• Prime (new)– 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr or – off-road CI certification std. of equal hp
• Agriculture (new)– 0.15 g PM/bhp-hr– off-road CI certification std. of equal hp
ProposedProposedTransportation Refrigeration Transportation Refrigeration
UnitsUnits• In-use
– Phased in performance standards• Replace with new engine• Retrofit with DECS• Alternative technology
• New– Harmonize with U.S. EPA’s Tier 4 Std.
Urban Transit Bus RuleUrban Transit Bus Rule• Choose Diesel or Alternative-Fuel Path• NOx Fleet Average
– 4.8g/bhp-hr by 1 Oct 2002• PM Total Reduced 85% of Baseline
– By 2007 (Diesel) or 2009 (Alt-Fuel)• Low Sulfur (<15 ppm) Diesel, 1 Jul 02• Zero-Emission Bus Requirements• More Stringent New Engine Standards
Solid Waste Collection Solid Waste Collection Vehicles (SWCV)Vehicles (SWCV)
• Use best available control technology• Phase-in: 2004-2010
– Start with 1988-2002 engines - retrofits available (filters; oxidation catalysts)
– Old engines next - re-engine or replacement– Newer engines last - filters ?– Option to retire oldest vehicles
SWCV Compliance FlexibilitySWCV Compliance Flexibility• Flexibility
– Delay if verified retrofit controls not available to allow time to re-engine
– Smallest fleets (<4) no phase-in required– No requirement if <1 year to retirement – Smaller fleets (<15) may use oxidation
catalysts on older vehicles (pre-88)• Early Compliance Credit
– 50% compliance early = 2 year delay in full compliance
SWCV Regulation Benefits SWCV Regulation Benefits 20202020
• Prevents 80 Premature Deaths At $900,000 per Premature Death Prevented
• Reduces Cancer Risk• Eliminates 2,260,000 Pounds PM• Eliminates 30,600 Tons NOx + HC • Cost per Household <$1 per Year
SWCV SWCV PM Emissions BenefitsPM Emissions Benefits
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
YEAR
PM (t
pd)
Baseline Inventory
Inventory (current)
Inventory (potential1)
Inventory (potential2)
SWCV SWCV NOx Emissions BenefitsNOx Emissions Benefits
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
YEAR
NO
x (tp
d)
Baseline Inventory
Inventory (current)
Inventory (potential1)
Inventory (potential2)
SWCV Technology SWCV Technology Feasibility EvaluationFeasibility Evaluation
• ARB Studies – Engine Inventory – Fleet Maintenance Practices
• 60 companies surveyed– Engine Exhaust Temperature
• 5 Companies, >60 vehicles datalogged
SWCV Engine Category% by PM Standard
19881988--1990: 0.6 1990: 0.6 g/bhpg/bhp--hrhr18%18%
19911991--1993: 0.25g/bhp1993: 0.25g/bhp--hrhr16%16%
19601960--1987: unregulated1987: unregulated21%21%
19941994--2002: 0.1 2002: 0.1 g/bhpg/bhp--hrhr45%45%
SWCV Fleet Maintenance SWCV Fleet Maintenance Study Overall ResultsStudy Overall Results
0.97
0.440.67
1 0.93
4.01
0.94
0.27
0.63
10.79
3.63
0.88
0.23
0.540.74
3.21
0.82
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Smoke Opacity Mechanics perVehicles
Training Forms Shop Cleanliness Overall
Mea
sure
men
t (in
per
cent
age)
Public
Large Private
Small Private
SWCV Exhaust Temperature SWCV Exhaust Temperature Analysis by Vehicle TypeAnalysis by Vehicle Type
50%
8%
52%
69%71%
48%
35%
10%
15%
10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Front EndLoader
Rear Loader Rolloff Side Loader Total
Refuse Truck Type
%V
ehic
les
Ach
ieved R
equir
ed
Engin
e E
xhaust
Tem
pera
ture
s
CRT
DPX
SWCV Demonstrations & SWCV Demonstrations & InIn--Use ExperienceUse Experience
• Demonstrations– BP-ARCO– ARB-Directed
• In-Use Experiences– City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation– New York City Sanitation
Results: Results: Characteristics for DPF UseCharacteristics for DPF Use
• Post-1993 Heavy-Duty engine• High Average Exhaust Temperature• Good Engine Maintenance Program • Backpressure Monitoring System• Low Sulfur (<15 ppm) Diesel Fuel
Best Available Control Best Available Control Technology ApproachTechnology Approach
• Retrofit– Highest level in-use strategy applicable
• Repower– Newer engine
• Replacement– New Diesel or Alternative Fuel Vehicle
• Retire– Reduce fleet size
Verification LevelsVerification LevelsLevel 1 ( > 25% Reduction)
– Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Level 2 ( > 50% Reduction)– Emulsified Diesel Fuels
Level 3 ( > 85 % Reduction, < 0.01 g/bhp-hr )– Active and Passive Diesel Particulate Filters– Fuel Borne Catalysts and Diesel Particulate
Filters
Diesel Emission Control Diesel Emission Control Strategy Verification ProcedureStrategy Verification ProcedureRequired PM Reduction - 25% Minimum
• Optional NOx Reduction - 15% Minimum• Emission Testing• Durability Demonstration• Emission Control Group/Applicability• Warranty• In-Use Compliance Testing
– Consistent with U.S. EPA Requirements
Current Verifications*Current Verifications*• Level 3:• Johnson Matthey CRT DPF • Engelhard DPX DPF • Cleaire Flash and Catch CRT (25% NOx Reduction)• Cleaire Flash and Catch DPX (25% NOx Reduction)• Cleaire Longview DPF + Lean NOx (25% NOx Reduction)• Clean Air Partners DPF • CleanAIR Systems
• Level 1:• Cleaire Flash and Match (25% NOx Reduction)• Donaldson DOC Spiracle • Donaldson DOC + Spiracle • Donaldson DOC Spiracle + USLD *As of August 2003*As of August 2003
Future Verifications?Future Verifications?Near Future Assumptions:• Alternative Diesel Fuels• Fuel-Borne Catalysts• More Diesel Particulate Filters• More Diesel Oxidation CatalystsLong-Term Assumptions:• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Verification IssuesVerification Issues
• NO2 Emissions• Liability• Engine Warranty• EPA vs. CARB Programs
Implications for Other Mobile Source Rules
• General Framework• Old Engines:
– Re-engine/Retirement is BACT– Achieves NOx reduction, too
• Risk Reduction Goal Is Feasible• Rules Need to “Fit” Fleets Affected
– More flexibility for ‘more diverse’ fleets?– More opportunity for credits?– Performance standard vs. BACT?
In-Use PM Reduction Regulations Issues
• Cost per Vehicle or Equipment– Who pays?– State Incentives?
• Technology feasibility– Not all vehicles/equipment can use filters– Oxidation catalysts less effective, so
requiring engine replacement on older trucks
• Can We Implement Faster?
For Further Information:For Further Information:General Information:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/dieselrrpVerifications:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/verdev.htmRefuse Truck Rule:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/SWCV/SWCV.htmPublic Transit Rule:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/bus/bus.htmKathleen Mead