Chapter 11 – Chapter 11 – CarbonCarbon
Chapter 11 Goals:
1.Classify organic compounds.2. Recognize structural isomers and
steroisomers. 3. Name and draw structures of common
organic compounds.4. Know the common reactions of organic
functional groups.5. Identify common polymers.
IsomerismIsomerism
Isomers have identical ___________ but different ______________
Two forms of isomerismConstitutional (or structural)Stereoisomerism
ConstitutionalSame empirical formula but different atom-to-atom connections
StereoisomerismSame atom-to-atom connections but different _______________________.
Structural IsomersStructural Isomers
Stereoisomers: geometricalStereoisomers: geometrical
Cis-2-buteneCis-2-butene Trans-2-buteneTrans-2-butene
Stereoisomers: opticalStereoisomers: optical
• Optical isomers are molecules with non-superimposable mirror images.
• Such molecules are called _________• Pairs of chiral molecules are
_______________.• Chiral molecules in solution can
rotate the plane of plane polarized light.
StereoisomersStereoisomers
Chirality generally occurs when a C atom has 4 different groups attached.
Lactic acid
ChiralityChirality
These molecules are non-These molecules are non-superimposable mirror superimposable mirror
images.images.
ChiralityChirality
Right- and left-Right- and left-handed seashellshanded seashells
The DNA here is The DNA here is right-handedright-handed
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
•Compounds of C and H•Subgroups:
–Alk____: C-C single bonds–Alk____: C=C double bonds–Alk____: carbon-carbon triple bonds
–________: based on benzene
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Trans Fatty Acids
tend to raise total blood cholesterol
CHCH33(CH(CH22))77CH=CH(CHCH=CH(CH22))77COCO22H H
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
AmidesAmides
Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAcids + Amines --> AMIDES
N-methylacetamideN-methylacetamide
Peptides and ProteinsPeptides and Proteins
H3NOŠ
O
HHOCH2H3N OŠO
CH3H
NOŠ
O
CH3H
H
H3N
O
HHOCH2
peptide bondSerineAlanine
+
PolymersPolymers
• Giant molecules made by joining many small molecules called monomers
• Average production is 150 kg per person annually in the U.S.
Polyamide: Nylon-6,6Polyamide: Nylon-6,6
PolyamidesPolyamides
•Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.•A polyamide link forms on elmination of HClA polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl•Result = nylon 66Result = nylon 66•Proteins are Proteins are polyamidespolyamides
RememberRemember
• OWL end-of-chapter assignment is required.
