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An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9eDianne Hales
Major Diseases
10
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After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
• List the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
• Summarize the risks and signs of metabolic syndrome
• Explain the impact and treatment of diabetes
Objectives
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• Discuss the risk factors and management of hypertension
• Specify the effects and management of blood cholesterol levels
• Outline the patterns and consequences of cardiovascular diseases
Objectives (cont’d.)
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• Identify the risk factors and common causes of strokes
• Review the causes, risk factors, and types of cancer
• Describe the agents of infection and their effects on human health
Objectives (cont’d.)
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• Risk factors– Overweight/obesity
– Body fat
– Waist circumference
– Physical inactivity
– Tobacco use
– High blood pressure
– Blood glucose and cholesterol
– Family history, race, and age
Your Cardiometabolic Health
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• Cluster of disorders of body’s metabolism
• Risk factors– Large waist circumference
– High triglyceride level
– Lower than normal HDL level
– Higher than normal fasting blood sugar
• Obese people who lose seven to ten percent of body weight– May reverse metabolic syndrome risk
Metabolic Syndrome
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• Insulin secretion deficient or nonexistent– Result: glucose unable to enter body cells
– Unused glucose passes through kidneys and out of the body in urine
• Insulin resistance– Body produces insulin but does not use it
properly
• Prediabetes– Indicated by higher than normal blood glucose
Diabetes
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• Elevated blood pressure over time– Stage 1
• Systolic pressure from 140 to 159
• Diastolic pressure from 90 to 99
– Stage 2• Systolic pressure 160 or higher
• Diastolic pressure 100 or higher
• Can cause deterioration of the heart, brain, and kidneys– Family history has an influence
Hypertension
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• Total cholesterol
• LDL (bad) cholesterol– Builds up plaque in the arteries
• HDL (good) cholesterol– Helps prevent cholesterol buildup
• Triglycerides– Blood fats released into the bloodstream after
a meal
Your Lipoprotein Profile
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• Reduction of blood flow to the heart
• Affects more than 65 million Americans
• Young athletes face special risk– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Excessive heart muscle thickness that causes dangerous irregularities
• Psychological risk factors for heart disease– Depression, anger, and “type A” personality
Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease
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• Coronary artery disease– Impairment of blood flow through the vessels
• Atherosclerosis– Plaque buildup in arteries
– Can produce angina (chest pain)
• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)– Affects 1.5 million Americans yearly
– Symptoms include chest pain, anxiety, sweating, and shortness of breath
Crises of the Heart
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• Blocked blood supply to the brain
• Ranks as third most prevalent cause of death in the U.S.– 80 percent are preventable with lifestyle
modification
• Many risk factors exist
• Types of stroke– Ischemic
– Hemorrhagic
Stroke
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• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells– Without treatment, cancer cells crowd out and
replace healthy cells
• Cancer cells may metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body
• One-third of cancers related to tobacco use
• Heredity is a factor
Cancer
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• Triggered by various pathogens– Countered by body’s natural defenses
• Viruses– Cause colds, flu, herpes, hepatitis and AIDS
• Bacteria– Most plentiful in the body but can also be
most pathogenic
• Fungi– Example: athlete’s foot caused by fungus
Infectious Diseases
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• Skin– Keeps out most potential invaders
• White blood cells (lymphocytes)– Consume antigens
• Human body produces antibodies against specific antigens– After a vaccine or fighting an infection
• Stress response dampens immunity
How Your Body Protects Itself
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• Common cold– Can strike any time of year
– Rhinoviruses tend to cause more symptoms above the neck
– Adenoviruses tend to affect trachea and bronchi
• Cold viruses spread by coughs, sneezes, and touch
• Antibiotics not effective against colds
Upper Respiratory Infections
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• Attacks membranes around brain and spinal cord– Can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and
brain damage
– Most common in first year of life
• Can be prevented by vaccination
• Symptoms– Sudden, high fever
– Severe, persistent headache
Meningitis
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• Five different viruses
• Hepatitis A– Less serious
– Transmitted by poor sanitation
• Hepatitis B– Potentially fatal disease
– Transmitted through blood and body fluids
• Hepatitis C– Blood transfusion or drug use
Hepatitis
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• Lyme disease– Spread by ticks
– Treated with antibiotics
• West Nile virus– Transmitted by mosquitos and other methods
– Causes inflammation of brain tissue
• MRSA– Resistant to antibiotics
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections