Chapter 10 power point

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An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9eDianne Hales

Major Diseases

10

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After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

• List the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

• Summarize the risks and signs of metabolic syndrome

• Explain the impact and treatment of diabetes

Objectives

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• Discuss the risk factors and management of hypertension

• Specify the effects and management of blood cholesterol levels

• Outline the patterns and consequences of cardiovascular diseases

Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Identify the risk factors and common causes of strokes

• Review the causes, risk factors, and types of cancer

• Describe the agents of infection and their effects on human health

Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Risk factors– Overweight/obesity

– Body fat

– Waist circumference

– Physical inactivity

– Tobacco use

– High blood pressure

– Blood glucose and cholesterol

– Family history, race, and age

Your Cardiometabolic Health

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• Cluster of disorders of body’s metabolism

• Risk factors– Large waist circumference

– High triglyceride level

– Lower than normal HDL level

– Higher than normal fasting blood sugar

• Obese people who lose seven to ten percent of body weight– May reverse metabolic syndrome risk

Metabolic Syndrome

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• Insulin secretion deficient or nonexistent– Result: glucose unable to enter body cells

– Unused glucose passes through kidneys and out of the body in urine

• Insulin resistance– Body produces insulin but does not use it

properly

• Prediabetes– Indicated by higher than normal blood glucose

Diabetes

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• Elevated blood pressure over time– Stage 1

• Systolic pressure from 140 to 159

• Diastolic pressure from 90 to 99

– Stage 2• Systolic pressure 160 or higher

• Diastolic pressure 100 or higher

• Can cause deterioration of the heart, brain, and kidneys– Family history has an influence

Hypertension

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• Total cholesterol

• LDL (bad) cholesterol– Builds up plaque in the arteries

• HDL (good) cholesterol– Helps prevent cholesterol buildup

• Triglycerides– Blood fats released into the bloodstream after

a meal

Your Lipoprotein Profile

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• Reduction of blood flow to the heart

• Affects more than 65 million Americans

• Young athletes face special risk– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

• Excessive heart muscle thickness that causes dangerous irregularities

• Psychological risk factors for heart disease– Depression, anger, and “type A” personality

Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease

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• Coronary artery disease– Impairment of blood flow through the vessels

• Atherosclerosis– Plaque buildup in arteries

– Can produce angina (chest pain)

• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)– Affects 1.5 million Americans yearly

– Symptoms include chest pain, anxiety, sweating, and shortness of breath

Crises of the Heart

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• Blocked blood supply to the brain

• Ranks as third most prevalent cause of death in the U.S.– 80 percent are preventable with lifestyle

modification

• Many risk factors exist

• Types of stroke– Ischemic

– Hemorrhagic

Stroke

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• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells– Without treatment, cancer cells crowd out and

replace healthy cells

• Cancer cells may metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body

• One-third of cancers related to tobacco use

• Heredity is a factor

Cancer

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• Triggered by various pathogens– Countered by body’s natural defenses

• Viruses– Cause colds, flu, herpes, hepatitis and AIDS

• Bacteria– Most plentiful in the body but can also be

most pathogenic

• Fungi– Example: athlete’s foot caused by fungus

Infectious Diseases

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• Skin– Keeps out most potential invaders

• White blood cells (lymphocytes)– Consume antigens

• Human body produces antibodies against specific antigens– After a vaccine or fighting an infection

• Stress response dampens immunity

How Your Body Protects Itself

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• Common cold– Can strike any time of year

– Rhinoviruses tend to cause more symptoms above the neck

– Adenoviruses tend to affect trachea and bronchi

• Cold viruses spread by coughs, sneezes, and touch

• Antibiotics not effective against colds

Upper Respiratory Infections

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• Attacks membranes around brain and spinal cord– Can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and

brain damage

– Most common in first year of life

• Can be prevented by vaccination

• Symptoms– Sudden, high fever

– Severe, persistent headache

Meningitis

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• Five different viruses

• Hepatitis A– Less serious

– Transmitted by poor sanitation

• Hepatitis B– Potentially fatal disease

– Transmitted through blood and body fluids

• Hepatitis C– Blood transfusion or drug use

Hepatitis

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• Lyme disease– Spread by ticks

– Treated with antibiotics

• West Nile virus– Transmitted by mosquitos and other methods

– Causes inflammation of brain tissue

• MRSA– Resistant to antibiotics

Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections