Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood
Transports: oxygen from the lungs to Transports: oxygen from the lungs to parts of the body, Carbon dioxide parts of the body, Carbon dioxide from body to lungsfrom body to lungs
Carries nutrients, ions and water Carries nutrients, ions and water from the digestive tract to all cells of from the digestive tract to all cells of the bodythe body
Regulates body temperature, pHRegulates body temperature, pH Protection – clotting, immunityProtection – clotting, immunity
Blood cell typeBlood cell type
Blood cells make up about 45% of blood
55% is plasma
8% of body weight is blood
5-6 litters for humans
How blood cells are formed-How blood cells are formed-HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
They’re produced in red bone They’re produced in red bone marrowmarrow
They develop from undifferentiated They develop from undifferentiated mesenchyma cells, called stem cells mesenchyma cells, called stem cells or or hematocytoblasts.
Components of bloodComponents of blood
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC)Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC) Leukocytes – White Blood Cells Leukocytes – White Blood Cells
(WBC)(WBC) Thrombocytes – platelets – fragments Thrombocytes – platelets – fragments
with clotting, Disk shaped, no with clotting, Disk shaped, no nucleus, Lives 5 to 9 daysnucleus, Lives 5 to 9 days
Plasma – 55%, liquid, contains Plasma – 55%, liquid, contains dissolved substancesdissolved substances
Anatomy of ErythrocytesAnatomy of Erythrocytes Erythrocytes-red blood cells that are biconcave. It contains Erythrocytes-red blood cells that are biconcave. It contains
hemoglobin (280 million molecules) ( Heme- takes oxygen hemoglobin (280 million molecules) ( Heme- takes oxygen to the cell) ( Globin- takes carbon dioxide from the cell)to the cell) ( Globin- takes carbon dioxide from the cell)
Non iron – converted to bilirubin – yellow, jaundiceNon iron – converted to bilirubin – yellow, jaundice Red pigment lasts 120 days, Erythropoiesis Red pigment lasts 120 days, Erythropoiesis
.
Leukocytes-white blood Leukocytes-white blood cellscells
GranularGranular Eosinophils- combat irritants such as: Eosinophils- combat irritants such as:
pollen, or cat hair, antihistaminepollen, or cat hair, antihistamine Basophils- involved in allergic Basophils- involved in allergic
reactions, they release heparin, reactions, they release heparin, histamine, and serotonin.histamine, and serotonin.
Neutrophils-most common, move into Neutrophils-most common, move into tissues where they phagocytize foreign tissues where they phagocytize foreign substances, and secrete the enzyme substances, and secrete the enzyme lysozyme which destroys bacterialysozyme which destroys bacteria
Leukocytes-white blood cellsLeukocytes-white blood cellsAgranularAgranular
Lymphocytes – T and B (antibodies)Lymphocytes – T and B (antibodies) Monocytes – Macrophage breakdownMonocytes – Macrophage breakdown
PlasmaPlasma
Albumins – 58 %, proteins maintain Albumins – 58 %, proteins maintain water balance between blood and water balance between blood and tissuetissue
Globulins -38%, (antibodies)Globulins -38%, (antibodies) Fibrogen – 4% blood clottingFibrogen – 4% blood clotting
Clotting Mechanism - Clotting Mechanism - ThrombosisThrombosis
Damage to blood vessel contracts, vascular Damage to blood vessel contracts, vascular spasmspasm
The roughened surface causes platelets to The roughened surface causes platelets to clump together and stick to surfaceclump together and stick to surface
Prothrombin, a plasma protein, is converted Prothrombin, a plasma protein, is converted into thrombin.into thrombin.
Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble Soluble fibrinogen converts into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms long threads that act like fibrin. Fibrin forms long threads that act like a fish net. The fibrin tightens (syneresis)a fish net. The fibrin tightens (syneresis)
Serum – clear yellowish liquid after clot formsSerum – clear yellowish liquid after clot forms
Blood TypesBlood Types
Allele from Allele from Parent 1Parent 1
Allele fromAllele fromParent 2Parent 2
Genotype ofGenotype ofoffspring offspring
Blood types ofBlood types ofoffspring offspring
A A A A AA AA A A
A A B B AB* AB* AB AB
A A O O AO AO A A
B B A A AB* AB* AB AB
B B B B BB BB B B
B B O O BO BO B B
O O O O OO OO O O
The different Blood GroupsThe different Blood Groups
Type AType A Only AOnly A Antigen AAntigen A Antibody Antibody BB
Type BType B Only BOnly B Antigen BAntigen B Antibody Antibody AA
Type AB Type AB Both A&B Both A&B Antigen Antigen A&BA&B
NoneNone
Type OType O Neither A Neither A or Bor B
NoneNone Both Both AntibodiesAntibodies
Principles of the ABO Blood Principles of the ABO Blood group compatibilitygroup compatibility
The ABO blood group consists of those The ABO blood group consists of those individuals who have the presence or individuals who have the presence or absence of two major antigens. The RBC absence of two major antigens. The RBC membrane, Antigen A and Antigen B.membrane, Antigen A and Antigen B.
Agglutination – reaction between antigen Agglutination – reaction between antigen and antibody, causing clumping of RBC’sand antibody, causing clumping of RBC’s
Type O blood – universal donor, no Type O blood – universal donor, no antigensantigens
Type AB – universal recipientType AB – universal recipient RH – (+ or -), Protein identified in Rhesus RH – (+ or -), Protein identified in Rhesus
monkey, Erythroblastosis fetalis – monkey, Erythroblastosis fetalis – hemolytic diseasehemolytic disease
The HEART -thoracic CavityThe HEART -thoracic Cavity
Between lungs, obliquely Between lungs, obliquely with most to the left with most to the left side, cone shaped, side, cone shaped, closed fist, inside closed fist, inside pericardial sacpericardial sac
Cardiology – study of the Cardiology – study of the heartheart
Heart Wall LayersHeart Wall Layers
Pericardium – parietal part Pericardium – parietal part around heartaround heart
Epicardium-visceral part, thin-Epicardium-visceral part, thin-serous tissue, on heart surfaceserous tissue, on heart surface
Myocardium-cardiac muscle, Myocardium-cardiac muscle, intercalated disc, gap junctionsintercalated disc, gap junctions
Endocardium- endothelium, Endocardium- endothelium, inner most lininginner most lining
The Chambers and valvesThe Chambers and valves
Atria - Upper chambers of the Atria - Upper chambers of the heart ,Divided into left atrium & right heart ,Divided into left atrium & right atrium, Separated by the atrium, Separated by the interatrial interatrial septumseptum, both have thin, flexible walls, both have thin, flexible walls
Ventricles - Lower chambers of the heart, Ventricles - Lower chambers of the heart, Separated by the Separated by the interventricular septuminterventricular septum, , more muscle, greater pumping power more muscle, greater pumping power neededneeded
Valves – prevent back flow. Valves – prevent back flow.
Flow of blood through heart Flow of blood through heart
Vena cavaVena cava R. AtriumR. Atrium Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve R. VentricleR. Ventricle Pulmonary Pulmonary
Semi lunar Semi lunar valvevalve
Pulmonary Pulmonary artery artery
LungsLungs Pulmonary VeinPulmonary Vein L. AtriumL. Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) valveBicuspid (Mitral) valve L. VentricleL. Ventricle Aortic semi lunarAortic semi lunar
SeptumSeptum
Conduction System – Conduction System – stimulates contractionstimulates contraction
Sinoatrial (SA) node – “pacemaker” Sinoatrial (SA) node – “pacemaker” starts & sets heart rate (modified by starts & sets heart rate (modified by autonomic system) Impulse spreads autonomic system) Impulse spreads over atria causing contraction. over atria causing contraction. Depolarize the atrioventricular (AV) Depolarize the atrioventricular (AV) node. Bundle of His runs in node. Bundle of His runs in interventricular septum & around interventricular septum & around ventricle (bundle branch) to Purkinje ventricle (bundle branch) to Purkinje fibers that contract ventricles.fibers that contract ventricles.
Cardiac Cycle – 1 heart beatCardiac Cycle – 1 heart beat
Systole-contract: Systole-contract: top number in B.P.top number in B.P.– 1 second1 second
Artia contractArtia contract Ventricle relaxVentricle relax ““Lub” cuspid (AV) Lub” cuspid (AV)
valvesvalves
– 3 seconds3 seconds Artia relaxArtia relax Ventricle contactVentricle contact ““Dub” semi lunar Dub” semi lunar
valvevalve
Diastole-Relax: Diastole-Relax: bottom number in bottom number in B.P.B.P.– 4 seconds4 seconds
Heart relaxesHeart relaxes
Heart rate average : 72 beats/minute
Average blood pressure 120 / 80 using Sphygmomanometer
Other termsOther terms
Electrocardiogram – electrical changes Electrocardiogram – electrical changes that accompany the heart beatthat accompany the heart beat
Fibrillation – disturb action potential on Fibrillation – disturb action potential on heart, cessation of an effective heart, cessation of an effective heartbeatheartbeat
Stroke volume – amount of blood Stroke volume – amount of blood ejected by the left ventricleejected by the left ventricle
Cardiac output – Stroke volume (70 ml Cardiac output – Stroke volume (70 ml aver.) X Pulse (beats per minute)aver.) X Pulse (beats per minute)
BLOOD VESSELS: BLOOD VESSELS: Vein, Artery, & CapillaryVein, Artery, & Capillary
Artery/ArteriolesArtery/Arterioles– Thicker, stronger (more muscle), 3 coats Thicker, stronger (more muscle), 3 coats
around hollow center (lumen), Elasticity, around hollow center (lumen), Elasticity, ContractilityContractility
CapillaryCapillary– 1 cell thick, microscopic, diffusion, pass single 1 cell thick, microscopic, diffusion, pass single
file file Vein/VenulesVein/Venules
– Less tissue (tunica media), 3 coats, walls of Less tissue (tunica media), 3 coats, walls of smallest do not contain smooth muscle, valves, smallest do not contain smooth muscle, valves, blood to heartblood to heart
Major VesselsMajor Vessels
Superior (anterior) Vena Cava – blood Superior (anterior) Vena Cava – blood into R. atrium from head / armsinto R. atrium from head / arms
Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava – blood into Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava – blood into R. atrium from body / legsR. atrium from body / legs
Great saphenous vein – longest vein, legsGreat saphenous vein – longest vein, legs Coronary sinus – blood from heartCoronary sinus – blood from heart Coronary arteries – blood supply to heartCoronary arteries – blood supply to heart Ascending aorta - to bodyAscending aorta - to body
Major Blood Circulatory Major Blood Circulatory RoutesRoutes
Systemic-L. Ventricle-Aorta-Arteries-Systemic-L. Ventricle-Aorta-Arteries-Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins-Vena Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins-Vena CavaCava
Coronary-myocardium of heartCoronary-myocardium of heart Hepatic-liver intestinesHepatic-liver intestines Pulmonary-R. Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary-R. Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery
(blue)-Lungs-Pulmonary Vein (red) -L. Atrium(blue)-Lungs-Pulmonary Vein (red) -L. Atrium Cerebral-brainCerebral-brain Fetal- temporary route between fetus & Fetal- temporary route between fetus &
mothermother
Other vessels termsOther vessels terms
Vasoconstriction – muscle constriction, Vasoconstriction – muscle constriction, decrease lumen sizedecrease lumen size
Vasodilatation – increase lumen sizeVasodilatation – increase lumen size Normal blood volume – 5 LitersNormal blood volume – 5 Liters Pulse – expansion and recoil of an artery Pulse – expansion and recoil of an artery
with each contractionwith each contraction Venous return – pumping action of heart / Venous return – pumping action of heart /
velocity of blood flow (peripheral velocity of blood flow (peripheral resistance), skeletal muscle contractions, resistance), skeletal muscle contractions, valves, breathingvalves, breathing
Conditions / disorders of Conditions / disorders of bloodblood
Hemophilia – inherited expression on X Hemophilia – inherited expression on X chromosome, lack clotting factorschromosome, lack clotting factors
Leukemia – cancer of white blood cellsLeukemia – cancer of white blood cells Hemolytic anemia – RBC rupture faster than Hemolytic anemia – RBC rupture faster than
normal ratenormal rate Iron defiency anemia – excessive iron loss; lower Iron defiency anemia – excessive iron loss; lower
RBC productionRBC production Septicemia – blood poisoningSepticemia – blood poisoning Embolism – clot lodge in a vessel, obstructing Embolism – clot lodge in a vessel, obstructing
blood flowblood flow Mononucleosis – Epstein – Barr virus; sore throat, Mononucleosis – Epstein – Barr virus; sore throat,
lymph nodes swollenlymph nodes swollen
Conditions / disorders of heart Conditions / disorders of heart and vesselsand vessels
Pericarditis – inflammation of Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardiumpericardium
Congenital heart – heart not developed Congenital heart – heart not developed properly at birthproperly at birth
Rheumatic heart – untreated strep Rheumatic heart – untreated strep infectioninfection
Heart failure – weakening of Heart failure – weakening of myocardium, failure to pump bloodmyocardium, failure to pump blood
Coronary artery – reduced blood flow in Coronary artery – reduced blood flow in arteries to myocardiumarteries to myocardium
Conditions / disorders of heart Conditions / disorders of heart and vessels con’tand vessels con’t
Angina pectoris – pain in chest, left Angina pectoris – pain in chest, left arm and shoulder (reduced blood flow)arm and shoulder (reduced blood flow)
Infarction – death due to interrupted Infarction – death due to interrupted blood flow (myocardium – heart attack)blood flow (myocardium – heart attack)
Atherosclerosis – plaque (cholesterol) Atherosclerosis – plaque (cholesterol) masses inside of arterial wallmasses inside of arterial wall
Hypertension – high blood pressureHypertension – high blood pressure Varicose vein / hemorrhoids – leaky Varicose vein / hemorrhoids – leaky
valves over stretched vein walls.valves over stretched vein walls.