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BABESIA GLBSONINFECTIONS7N DXS
notdbysomeinvesLigatorsPatton1910Seneviratna1953Kiharaetl1964
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icerWeun0ImOninβinfedSnat196G Dennk1972
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and711days wih Otsuka1974 There was eonsiderable variationin the
prepatent periods observed whcn dogs wer
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eryhr∝yhadprephtpedsramgfrom229daysmean85day5and48
dd8SgivenaSCi1umhadprepatetpe∫iodsof940daymean15dayS Ray
andIdnatni1943Prepatent periodswere similarin spleenintact arLd
middotWereg1VenaSimilarhDCt11mofinederythrocytes
bytIlameroulVorIPGrovesId Demis72Botrosetal1975Anderson
eal199
PyreXia was oberVed before parasiles re deteed 50m
perlmenallyinddognevira19aHara197In8urXpmemtal
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Sdie5′lhere was naPPantmIiorlbetwee¶PyreXia and theleve18f
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etal19 Manyd5iftedbyimoculationof8gpfed
ylesfeporledlyfailedtodevelopmarkedpyrexiaPan1910Nodaetal
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Botrosetql1975InsevereinEectiqnsthebodytemperatureofinEeteddog
maydeαeetO360CpriortodeatbPatton1910Hara1971kahashietal 19
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pIAGNOSTICMTHODS Definitive diagnosis of Babesia inlectians is most
often based on the
identificationoLparasitesonthinbl00dmearSStainedwithaRomanowskyin
Pat10rL191ORao1926Mahortey1977Fowlereta1970reportedthatFieJd’
tainhadadvanlaSOVerCimsa£taiIorthedetectinOgi5∂fkcau5ethe
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beeausetheparasitesaTtSmallandthepossibilitythatseverearLemiaandEaality
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Anularforrns135mirOn5h1udiIlgrlng5andovals′are themost mmQn
mOrPhoIogie forms ofgibsoTiinperipheralbloodMaronpotand
Guilldy197Roller etal19 Othermorphoog‡⊂foTmSirdudeeloated long
formCOmmadotsanaplasmoidbodiesbandrod′ameboidpaired
pyriforms and quadrupletmalteserOSS′tetrad orpetaloidformsThe
proportionofeachmorphologiforrrtmayvaryaecordingtothestageofthe
infectionForexamplerNamikawaetal1988observedthatringformswere more
common attheinitialstageoftheinfectionandother formsSu⊂h as
eotmaameboid′PairedpyriEorrnandmaltaseformsappearedseveraldayslate
1zeki1925alsoreportedthatelongatedorbarEormsWhichrangedfroml245
micronsinlength′Wererareandusua11yappearedonlyattheteTmina15tageOf
infeetionIzeki1925AlthoughTnOStinfeetederythr∝yteSeOntainonlylor2Zl
gparaSitestheproportionofyhrocyteswithmullipleparasilesm
iSeSthepercentinfectedcellsparasilemiai5e5ltohandltoh19
resuling1naSmnyaS5Roheret1985or1630Palton1910parasiteswiin
anerythr∝yte
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usedfordiagnosisParticularlylnChronicallyinfecteddogsthatmayhavelowoT
nodetetabIeparasitemiasTheindire⊂tEluorescerLtantibodyIFAtestluSirLg
infeetederythrocytesasantigen′isthemostextensivelyutilizedserodiagnostic
teslforgfbsfAndersonetal1980welletal1982Ohetal1987Conrad
etaI1991Yarnaneetal1993bNaturaIlyinfeeteddogsinlapanshowedtiters
rangingfroTrt40toIOJ240usingtheIFAtestFarwelletal1982ItohetaL1987
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babesiosisinCaliforniawasl′280and70f12dogshadtitersoflO240T20480
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weredeteLedwithin25r35daysofinoeulatingZL
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198
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thesera ofall18infeeted dogs testedandidentifying68uninfected
dogsas
negativeTo1989Nonetheles5thepotentialusefulnessoEthistestmaYbe
reduedbythefindingthatserafromBCanfsirLfeteddogsalsoreactedpo5ilivelY
toBgtbsoniantigensTb1989Antigeni”rOSSrea⊂itybetweenthetwocanine
BabesiaspedeshasalsobeenreportedwiththeIFAndersonetaL1980Yhmane
etal1993bandindireethemagglutinationtestsRisticetal1971andshouldbe
takenintoconsideraLionwheninterpretingtheTeSultsoEtheseseroIogicte5tSIn
ourstudies′OnedogthatwasexperimentallyirLfeetedwjhZ3developedarL
IFAtiterof16010BgibsonftIoweveTldogsthatwereexperirnenta11yinfected
withBgEbso”idevelopedrOreaCtivetitersof320to640tocqnLsandtiters
rangingfroml′2801010′240to T gdif andgβr C
Yamaneetal1993bTheseTeSulLsindieatethaIsomedogswithgfbsoTL
infectionsm8ydevelopfalsepositivereactionsir1FAteststothesccIoselyrelated
CaninepaTaitesmeyalsosuggestha15erOdiagnosisoesepara5ite5maybe
improved by theidentification and
utilizationofparasriteSPe⊂iianLigen5in tlterdefinedELISSIs
TbappropriatelylnterPretBgfbsonEIFAandl∃LISAtestresultsfurther
inEormaLionis needed about thepersistenceofantibody titersin
ehrorLically infe⊂tedanimalsThepersisEen⊂eOftiLersindogs
thathaverecoveredfrom
gEbsoTZiinfectionshasnotbeenwe11documentedTwoexperimentallyinLected
dogsinourstudiesdevelopedpeaktitersof4D960and81920toBgibso”iwithin
thefirst120dayspostTirFcctionandtheirtiterspersistedat1O240for268to284
daysmaneetal1993bSimil1y′theikrsof3aturallyinfecleddoa Were
mOitoredrera618mons period persisted at10′240Thomford′
unpubli5heddata
meapplicatioOfmole⊂ularbiolbglCaltechniquesWhichdonpIrqulTe
thedetedionofantdiesmayalsoprovetobeusefubrpisof ginfecio
ganbegenolyplCallydi5timishedm
dermOrPhoIoglaIlysimilarbabeialparasite5uSlnatjNprobethtWa
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rRN′genqueneNAiromrffDNConradetal1998asedoIl
thisuα′aPCRdtionstemWaSdevplopedandsu∝e5Ilymployed
reidemtificationof∴kbloodofinfe⊂ledhumaSpSietal
1992AtpTeSentWeafeWOrkingtoidenlifygfirDNAsuenC
ahddevelopaSimiIaTPCRba′5eddenStemfortpa5iteinaead
Cbronia1yinfe⊂teddqgs
TREATMtNT
ThemostpromiirlgdruforthetreatmentofBglbsonLinLe∈tionsarethe
diamidine derivativesPeeifieallydiminaene aCeturale′ phenamidine
isethionateandpentamidirLeisgthionateHoweveTlauthetherapetlticdnlgtrials
nalurallyinfecteddogsdidnothaveeonlroldSWlhwereinftedWi
5adwereuntfealedTherefore′alevaluationofdrefa⊂y
rertSisdirultbecau5einEecteddogsmighthaLVereOVeredwithouttretmtnt
Further1ihi1trialswhichiIICludelfeadaldnontreaddogareIleededb
prQγideoeedataondrugeffia⊂
1969Okuda1969OkuyamaandOkuda1970S00tLetal1971Farwelletal1982
hal1987Conradetall1andexperimentalicionBauer19
wleret∂119Rue1973kahashietal1984in1een1nactdSIIl the
experimentalinfectionsmOStOL the treaEed dogs survived whallth
etrOldSdiedn5foreadlgTOFowlereal1972Rurfet193ora
lowefatalitywrepOrledimtt05ancrOl2grollpSkabashe al198
Howevediminaeneratelreatmetdid noIprevendeatin
AABESIA GIBSONI INFECTIONS IN WGS
experimentallyinfected splenectomized dogsILoh et al1988Conrad′
unpublisheddataFornaturallyinfecteddogsPentamidineisethionateat165
mgkgtwicein4hours was aseipus a5treatmeWith diminaene
aeturaehowever′itsefficacymaybeques′tionablesin⊂einfeeddogswith8ut
treatmentcontrolgroupwerenotincludedinthisstudyFarwe11etal1982
Fhenamidineisethionate admimitered at165mgkg twicein24hoursalso
pTOVedemaiousagainstmentallyinfecteddhowever′therelVaSOnly one
controldogiJl1udedin this study and this dogalsoIrVived without
treatmentPCrove5and Vanniasingham1970Ruffetal1973reportedhal
experimentallyinfe⊂ted dogs which re⊂eivedintramus⊂uLarlnJeetiorLS
OE phenamidineisethionale10mgkgand5mgkg′3daysapartordiminazene
aceturateon⊂eatllmgkghadreducedfatarity1owerparasitemiasandhigher
packedcellvolumesaftertreamentthndiduntreateddogsortho5etreatedwith
niridaOlequininesulfateordapsonen5foreachgTOuPAlthoughrecovery
generallybegan5hortlyaftertheinitiationoftreatmenwithal130fthese
diamidine derivativesParaSites5fi11persisEed atlowlevels andor
relapse
parasitemiaso⊂urredwitln2mDnthstolyearposLLreaLmentGrovesand
Vanniasingham1970Scottetal1971Farwelletal1982Ttohetal1987Conrad
etal91
Niridazole′metrOnidazole and parvaquorte haveshown some efTieay
agaitgβ owleretal19showedredu⊂edfatalityratesidogs
treatedwithniridazoIesingleoraldoseof5OOmgormetronidazole250mg
daily forlO daYSJalthough the bestclinicalresponses were obLained
with
diminalCneaCeturateIna1Other⊂OmParativedrugtrial′niridazolewasfoundto
haveminimalaetivityainstBgLbso”fRuffetal19731Thkahashietal1984
reportedthatdogsexperlmePtallyinLectedwith8gibOniWhichweretreated
withparvaquone20mgkg′OnCeSChadabeLterclinicalresponsethandiddogs
lhat were treated with diminazene aceturate1O mgkgSCtWicein24h
imidocarbdiproprionate2O mgkgSCtWicein24hor aOmbinationof
5ulphadiazine25mgkgandtrimethoprim5mgkggivenorallyfor7day5and
nofttreatmenLOntrOldogsn5EoreachgroupParVaquOnehasprovenefficaey
againstTgfrgrf PγandTOfcat1eMoanandMcHaTdyl2
Unsurnetal1988The⊂losephylneticrelationshipofBAgEbsqnttothese
eilerlalspeciesThomford′PerSOnalcOmmunicationmaY eXPlain why
ParVaquOneiseffeetiveagalnSt Blgonibutisminimallyeffe⊂tiveagalnSt
melaTgeβbgsspedes
1n additiort to chemotherapyreOVerY from canine babesiosis may be
failitaled bY the administration of supportive treatmenEs
sudla5blood
transfusionstorepla⊂elo5terythrocytesandnuidtherapytocorrectdehydration
aidosis and azotemiaNoda1977Breitschwerdt1984Itoh et al1987
AdminstratiorL