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BAB 3
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
Bab 3 Linepipe Material SelectionBab 3 Linepipe Material Selection
sign
Parameter Design Enviromental DataRouteSurvey
Pip
eline
De
PIPELINE DESIGN
Route
Buckling
Wall Thickness
Cathodic
Fatigue
ThermalExpansion
Pipeline Codes & StandardsPipeline Codes & Standards
MaterialSelection
On Bottom-Stability
e ec on
Spanning
ro ec on
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe
z The following properties :
9 Strength9 Toughness
9 Ductility
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
9 e a y
9 Corrosion Resistance
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe (cont)1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe (cont)
z Steel pipe are manufactured to particular
specifications :
Chemical composition
Strength data
Tolerance
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
z The well-known spec. for pipeline = API 5L
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe2. Linepipe Metallurgy and PipeGradesGrades
HISTORY
9Mid 1950 API 5LA, B and 5L X42, X52, and X56.
Wall thickness less than 0.50
The ield stren th of the X52/X56 steel were
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
obtained by use of relatively rich alloy content,
and cold working.
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades(cont)(cont)
9 Late 1950 The importance of good weldability become recognized
because of frequent of hydrogen cracking in the HAZ ingirth weld.
Increased strength from microalloying addition ofNiobium (0.04%) and/or Vanadium (0.08%).
The strength of first fine grained High Strength Low Alloy
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
of grain size control and normalizing after hot rolling.
The normalized steel plates contained :
Level of Nb & V with C = 0.2
Carbon Equivalent = 0.45
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades(cont)(cont)
9 1960 : The steel plate process route develop from normalizing to
controlled rolling (CR). This practice consisted of low temperature finishing of the
plates during hot rolling on the plate mill and thus producinga finer ferrite pearlite microstructure
The implementation of CR can reduce cost, because :
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
CR was being practiced from 1968 to produce pipe havingSMYS up to X65 (1968)
Avoiding normalizing
Reduction in C level, from 0.20 % to 0.12%
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades(cont)(cont)
9 Mid 1960s : The early higher steel pipes, as the strength increased,
failure resulted in fractures over long distance.
Research showed that the distance a fracture wouldpropagate was a function of temperature and toughness
The requirement designed The fracture wasductile at operating temperature or operating temperature
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
was higher than brittle-ductile toughness transition
temperature of the steel Research showed that a reduction of pearlite fraction and
additional grain refinement was needed to meet thetransition temperature requirement
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades(cont)(cont)
9 1970 Laboratory and industrial investigation showed that with a
proper choice of chemical composition & CR schedules,finer-grained acicular ferrite (AF) steel, could be producedwith guaranteed superior weldability & yield strength levelsup to X70
In the development of the accelerated cooling (AC)
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
ec no ogy, ue o e g er coo ng ra es nrolling, leaner compositions can be used to obtain finestructure
Low sulphur (S) contents (
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades(cont)(cont)
9 1980
This finding together with the need of lower C
level (Weldability and SCC) influenced the steel
making and rolling practice
This led to steelmaking practices with very strict
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
con ro o res ua e emen s , , , , an
and a gradual switch from Controlling Rolling(CR) to Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Rolling
(TMCP)
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe2. Linepipe Metallurgy and PipeGrades (cont)Grades (cont)
9 For thick wall thickness (t>30 mm), homogeneous
through thickness properties cant met by TMCP,
met by quenching and tempering process (Q &T).
9 Q & T pipe steel have both high yield strength and
good toughness without necessity for high
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
.
9 Currently, For strength up to X52, rolled normalized
carbon-manganese steel is commonly used.
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
z The fundamental criteria for the selection of
material :
9 Mechanical properties
9 Corrosion resistance
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
9 Cost
9 Availability
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z The basic information to evaluate pipelinematerial selection :
1) Maximum operating pressure
2) Preliminary determination diam. & wallthickness
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
3) Material strength requirements to containpressure
4) Max & min design temperature
5) Method of production in special condition
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
6) Composition of gasses and fluids
7) Erosion problems (i.e. the presence of
sand)
8) Corrosive media (i.e. H2S, CO2, O2, etc)
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.1. Material Selection Based on Corrosion
Resistance :1) Low Alloy Steels
2) High Alloy Steels
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Low Alloy Steel
Basis for low alloy steels:
Maximum hardness limitation
Maximum nickel content of 1%
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
ea rea men con on
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Low Alloy Steel
Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is a further formof hydrogen sulphide corrosion which may occur,
especially in low alloy material.
Today, considered only to be a problem at partial
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
pressure o 2 over . ps w en precau on
against SSC must be adopted.
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Low Alloy Steel
Precaution to minimize the risk of corrosion:
1) Material compositional control
2) Specialized corrosion testing
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
3) omp ance w - -
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z High Alloy Steel
A chloride containing environment, the finalchoice of Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA)
should be on the basis of its resistance to pitting
and crevice corrosion.
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
s can e es a s us ng e ng es s ance
Equivalent (PRE)
NMCPREOR
%16%3.3% ++=
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Application of High Alloy Material
1) Duplex Stainless Steel Austenite : Ferrite = 50 : 50
There are 2 types : one based on 22% chromium, and theother based on 25% chromium (called super duplexstainless steel)
=
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
,
resistant to pitting up to 30 C, but susceptible to crevicecorrosion at lower temperatures
25 % chromium super duplex stainless steel has a PRE >34, resistant to pitting & crevice corrosion up to T = 60 C.
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
2) Austenitic Stainless Steel (typically 316 L)
Excellent corrosion resistance to CO2 dan H2S PRE = 27
At T > 60 C, austenitic stainless steel are liable
to stress corrosion cracking by chloride.
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3) High Nickel Alloys Containing up to 25-65 % Ni
No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determineby nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 % tem erature
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
limitation are 160 C 275 C Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 are
probably most widely used in pipeline
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
4) High Nickel Alloys
Containing up to 25-65 % Ni No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,
whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determineby nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 % tem erature
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
limitation are 160 C 275 C
Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 areprobably most widely used in pipeline
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
5) CRA Clad Carbon Steel
Where high nickel alloys are selected,
consideration should be given to the use of clad
materials due to high cost of solid alloy pipes
The use of duplex stainless steel clad pipes is
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
m e ue o e cu y n ma n a n ng e
required duplex structure of the cladding duringheat treatment of carbon steel pipe following
pipe manufacture.
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2. Selection Based on Mechanical Requirement :
1) Yield Strength2) Fracture Control Design Requirement
3) Weldability requirement
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.1. Yield Strength :
Low Al loy Steels
Yield Strength of 70 ksi are now feasible provide that installation
& operation condition are satisfied.
Controlled rolled steels and normalized steel used additions of
Titanium, Vanadium, and/or Niobium to give enhanced yield
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
strength capability through precipitation hardening & grain
refinement
Satisfactory properties have been obtained for pipe grades up to
X65, using controlled rolled steel & normalized steels,
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
Low Alloy Steels (cont)z For higher strength steel (i.e. X70 & X80) development have
been centered around the use of thermomechanical treatmentcoupled with accelerated cooling
z These process have enabled the production of higher strengthsteels with reduced quantities of alloying elements, in particularwith low carbon contents (less than 0.01%)
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
z For optimum strength/toughness combination, acceleratedcooling should be started around Ac3 transformationtemperature.
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
High Alloy Steels Only duplex (austenitic/ferritic) stainless steel can be used
for high strength requirement
Duplex stainless steel is normally supplied in the following
form solution annealed (typically at 1050 C).
High nickel stainless steels & austenitic stainless steel
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
have to be used in the clad form, as they have limited yield
strength used as internal cladding o conventionalhigh strength low alloy steel.
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement
In large diameter pipe, fracture control must consider not
only base material but also weld seam and Heat Affected
Zone (HAZ)
The principal demands placed on pipe materials for gas
transmission lines is that toughness properties remain
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
Fracture mechanics has been constantly improved andupdated as research and testing have highlighted the
controlling parameters.
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)
This is true as long as welds and base material are virtuals
free from defects, the weld treating cycle has not affected
the transition temperature, and large stress concentration
factor dont exist.
For high strength ductile material, these condition dont
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
,
developed.
Full scale experiment have led to the development of
semi-empirical formulae for determining the critical flaw
size in pipelines
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)For fracture initiation, if the pipe material is ductile with anestablish minimum toughness level and the crack go throughwall. Formula is given by :
E
ARC C
2
HV
=
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
i
Where :
CV = Charpy energy at 100% shear(ft/lbs)H = nominal hoop stress (ksi)
R = Pipe radius (inch)
AC = Cross sectional area of Charpy
impact specimen (inch2)
E = Youngs modulus (103 ksi)
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)
It has been long known that for very toughmaterials crack can propagate over large distance
in gas transmission pipelines.
From semi-empirical formulae developed by the
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
a e e emor a ns u e, corre a on as ma e
between Charpy energy & the arrest of fracture
propagation.
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
Where :
CV = Charpy energy required
(ft/lbs)H = nominal hoop stress (ksi)
R = Pipe radius (inch)t = Wall thickness (inch)
z Formula :
C3
1
t
2
HV A)(R0.0873C =
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
AC = Cross sectional area of
Charpy impact specimen(inch2)
NOTE : These formula werent developed using
The high strength pipeline materials (i.e. X65)
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.3. Weldability Requirement :
1) Low Alloys Steels2) High Alloy Steels
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
3.2.3. Weldability Requirement :
A pre-requisite of competent pipeline construction &
installation, which can often be undertaken in adverse
weather condition, is that the pipeline steels show good
weldability
The following welding processes available for field welding
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
z Shield manual metal arc welding, using cellulosic electrodesz Shield manual metal arc welding, using basing, low hydrogen
electrodes.
z Fully mechanised gas shielding arc welding
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Low Alloy Steels Field weldability of high strength low alloy steels is greatly
enhanced by the use of low carbon content :
++
+++
+=
1556
NiCuVMoCrMnCCE
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
,weldable the steel
This formula was originally developed for higher carbonsteel (i.e. above 0.12 %) which achieved strength mainly bycarbon & manganese and by heat treatment
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z Low Alloy Steels The quantitative statements given using this formula to
calculate weld hardenability cant really be considered
accurate for modern large diameter pipe steel with low
carbon, vanadium, and nickel addition.
E uation should be considered for determinin if
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
preheating is necessary:
BVNiMoCrCuCrSi
CPcm
51060152030
+
+
+
+
+++
+=
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z High Alloy Steels
High alloy steels are weldable using:
a) Gas tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
b) Shielding Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
c) Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Thermal conductivity of high alloy steels (e.g. duplex
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
stainless steel) = 1.5 carbon steel
Problem of carbide precipitation & sigma phase formation
caused by heat retention, can lead to enhanced
susceptibility to corrosion & embrittlement
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection3. Philosophy of Materials Selection(cont)(cont)
z High Alloy Steels Microalloying with V and Nb to achieve a more
fine grained structure is used for strength classesup to X60.
Thermomechanically treated low-carbon steel isused for strength classes X60 X70 and above
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
For strength above X70, quenched & tempered,or in certain cases, TMCP steel may be used toobtain necessary toughness while maintainingweldability
EDCEDC-- ITBITB
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
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EDCEDC-- ITBITB
Linepipe Material SelectionLinepipe Material Selection
Non Metallic PipeNon Metallic Pipe
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Non Metallic PipeNon Metallic Pipe
Thermoplastic (PVC) :Thermoplastic (PVC) : Corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance
m e pressure an empera urem e pressure an empera ure
Shall be buried or supportedShall be buried or supported
Resistance to UVResistance to UV
Composite (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)Composite (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)
Higher pressure resistance than PVCHigher pressure resistance than PVC Resistance to vibrationResistance to vibration
Resistance to ultravioletResistance to ultraviolet
Fitting methods ?Fitting methods ?
NDT methods ?NDT methods ?
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LIMITATION OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPELIMITATION OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
Limited P and TLimited P and T
,,
PE : T < 40 C, Stress < 625 psiPE : T < 40 C, Stress < 625 psi
Shall be buried (to protect from sunlight, fire, mechanicalShall be buried (to protect from sunlight, fire, mechanical
damage)damage)
Low resistance to vibrationLow resistance to vibration
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) PipeFiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Pipe
Excellent corrosion resistance propertiesExcellent corrosion resistance properties
Ease of installationEase of installation
Low maintenance costLow maintenance cost
Applications : Freshwater, potable water, chilled water,Applications : Freshwater, potable water, chilled water,
seawater, chlorinated seawaterseawater, chlorinated seawaterHigher tensile strength than HDPE pipeHigher tensile strength than HDPE pipe
T < 95T < 95 ooC.C. P < 20 barP < 20 bar (LR)(LR)
Not recommended for depressurized systemsNot recommended for depressurized systems
, ,, ,damage)damage)
Low resistance to vibrationLow resistance to vibration
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Linepipe Material Selection
Case Study
MethodologyPreliminary study & Data Collection
Establish Material Criteria
Choose Material Alternatives
Generate material type-properties-operational
criteria matrix
Material
Accepted
?
Material Recommendation
NO
YES
Unrecommended
Material
Back
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Fluid Composition
z Fluid system flow inside the line pipe consist of :
Hydrocarbon
Water
Gas
Impurities
Wax.. etc
Linepipe Material Alternatives
Stainless Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
Internally Clad Pipe, Carbon Steel
Outer Material
304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Stainless Steel 316
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu - Ni Alloy Ni Alloy
Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Composite Pipe
316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe CuNi Alloy - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
Internally Coated Carbon Steel
Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE)
(GFRP)
Carbon / Epoxy Composite
High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE)
Coating
Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Carbon Steel
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Stainless Steel
Stainless steel type: Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
a n ess ee
Material Type Duplex Stainless Steel Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel 316
Excelent Corrosion Resistance
High Strength
Weldable by all standard methods
Better stress-corrosion cracking
resistanceExcellent forming
Susceptible to stress cracking Susceptible to stress cracking
Advantages
Excellent in a range of
atmospheric environments and
many corrosive media -
generally more resistant than
304.
Excellent in a wide range of
atmospheric environments
and many corrosive media.
Has lower stiffness comparedto Polypropylene
Susceptible to sensitisation
(grain boundary carbideprecipitation) when heated
until 425-860 0C
High mould shrinkage and
poor UV resistance
Cannot be hardened by
thermal treatment.
ExpensiveDisadvantages
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu Ni alloy type:
90Cu - 10Ni
80Cu - 20Ni
Ni alloy type:
70Ni 30Cu
Inconel
- 70Cu - 30Ni
Material
Type
90Cu - 10Ni 80Cu - 20Ni 70Cu - 30Ni 70Ni - 30Cu Inconel
Aluminum -
Magnesium
Alloy
excellent corrosion
resistance in
reducing chemical
environments and in
sea water
excellent
mechanical
properties and
presents the
desirable
typically
displays
excellent
electrical andAdvantag
excellent electrical and thermal conductivities,
outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of
fabrication, and good strength and fatigue
resistance . Can be readily soldered and
brazed. Can be welded by various gas, arc,
Alloy
Good resistance to
corrosion and heatLow density
Expensive
Lower strength
than
ferousbased
Metal
com na on o g
strength and good
workability.
erma
conductivity,
exce en uc y an
can be readily
fabricated and
formed into a variety
of shapes.
Very expensivesometimes have limited usefulness in certain environments because
of hydrogen embrittlement or stress-corrosion cracking (SCC).
esand resistance methods. Can be plated,
coated with organic substances, or chemically
colored to further extend the variety of
available finishes.
Disadvan
tages
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Composite Pipe
Composite type: Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
Carbon / Epoxy Composite
Hi h Densit Pol eth lene HDPE
Aliphatic
Amine Cured
Epoxy
Anhydiride
Cured
Epoxy
Aromatic
Amine Cured
Epoxy
Good mechanical
properties
Good low temperature impact
resistance
Good chemicalExcellent chemical resistance
GFRP
Material
Type
Carbon / Epoxy
CompositeHDPE
Advantag
Corrosion Control - Resists corrosion
caused by CO2, H2S and salt water
Reduced cost of the piping and reduced
res s ance
Lowest shrinkage(highest stability).
Exceptional resistance to rapid-crack propagation
Disadvan
tagesExpensive
May react with oxygen and strong
oxidizing agents, such as chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, etc.
Low performance in high temperature
es man enance cos s
Reduced weight on the platform deck
Internally Clad Pipe, Carbon Steel Outer Material
Internally Clad type:
304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad
pe
316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
-
PipeMaterial Type
-
Carbon Steel
-
Carbon Steel
-
Carbon Steel
-
Carbon Steel
Advantages Combining the features of metallurgical & mechanical
DisadvantagesExpensive
Need High Level on joining
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n erna y oa e ar on
Steel Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Material Type FBE Coating Coa l Tar Epoxy Coating Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Advantages
ease of application,Suitable for intermittent exposure to
300FHoliday (pinhole) testing per applicable ASTM, NACE, And
SSPC Industry standards
less waste of
material,Excellent chemical resistance
Can be applied to the bell and spigot of ductile iron pipe for
total "Wet Area" protection
rapid appl icat ion, Excel lent adhesion
Field repairs are completed with the same product as is
applied at the factory, not coal tar epoxy or "Pipe Joint
Compound
cure schedules,
which means faster
production rates.
Convenient 2A to 3B mix ratio by
volume
Can be stored outside indefinitely without disbondment from
the substrate (some chalking will occur)
Finished coatedpieces can be moved
to the storage area
within minutes after
the application
High build to 40 mils per coatxce ent a ras on res stance p a ase a um na ceram cs -
Hardness just below s diamond)
100% solids, 0.0 lbs. VOC
Superior bonding to the substrate (three times that of any other
ceramic epoxy or polyethylene product)Sprayable, Tough and flexible
Moisture insensitive and Low
temperature curing
Disadvantages
Do not use below 40F
Store material under dry conditions
For best results, applied condition
material to 70F or higher.
Carbon Steel
Material Type Carbon Steel
Advantages
Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially
adaptable to low-cost techniques of mass production.
Ease of fabrication
adequate strengthexcellent finishing characteristics to provide attractive
appearance after fabrication
compatibility with other materials and with various coatings and
processes.
Not expensive
Disadvantages
Low corrosion resistance
Back
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General Matrix
SelectedChemical/corrosion
Resistance
DegradationResistance Construction/Joinability Maintainability
Availability
No Materi al
Resistance
to injection
Fluid
External
Corrosion/
Degradation
Resistance
Stren
gth
Pressure
Containment
Tough
ness
Construction
/ Joinability
Expansion
/ Flexibility
Damage
Due To
Accidental
Load
Maintaina
bility
Life
time
Availabil
ityCost
Final
Score
20% 5% 10% 5% 5% 10% 5% 3% 7% 5% 10% 15% 100%
1 X1 B A A A A C C A A A D E 72
2 X2 C A A A A B A A A A B C 82
3 X3 B A A A A B A A A A B D 83
a e r aMechanical
Strength Cost
5 X5 A A C C C C A C C B D B 74
6 X6 A A C C C B A C C B D B 767 X7 A A B B B C C B C B D B 76.6
8 X8 A A A A A E A A A A E E 72
9 X9 E C C C C C B C C C C C 53
10 X10 B C E E E B A E A D B A 68.6
Note: A: Very good; B: Good; C: Fair; D: Bad; E: Very bad