Applying the Human Views for MODAF to the conception of
energy-saving work solutions
Dr Anne Bruseberg Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, UK
on behalf of the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre (HFI DTC)
16 June 2008INCOSE 08, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Objectives
• What is tele-working?– People are allowed / encouraged to work from home for large parts
of their working time
• Why? … It reduces: – Costs for office-based facilities– Time and effort needed for travelling to offices– Greenhouse gases – Use of fossil fuels
• Effects– Human-related concerns play an important role– Creates distributed working practices– Need for technologies – to enable:
• Remote communication • Information sharing for collaboration and cooperation activities.
– Need for organisational and procedural implementation
What is HFI?
HFI domains
Human FactorsEngineering
System Safety
Manpower
Training
Personnel
Health Hazards
HFI
Organisational & Social
HFI Functions
Design activities
(activity cost)
Design features
(savings potential)
Problem prevention
(impact cost saving)
Lack of design activities (activity cost saving)
Design flaws(cost potential)
Problem occurrence(impact cost)
Risk preventionactivity
Likelihood ofrisk prevention
Risk causeLikelihood of
risk occurrenceProblemeffects
HFI Objectives
Design activities
(activity cost)
Design features
(savings potential)
Problem prevention
(impact cost saving)
Lack of design activities (activity cost saving)
Design flaws(cost potential)
Problem occurrence(impact cost)
Risk preventionactivity
Likelihood ofrisk prevention
Risk causeLikelihood of
risk occurrenceProblemeffects
HFI Objectives
Design activities
(activity cost)
Design features
(savings potential)
Problem prevention
(impact cost saving)
Lack of design activities (activity cost saving)
Design flaws(cost potential)
Problem occurrence(impact cost)
Risk preventionactivity
Likelihood ofrisk prevention
Risk causeLikelihood of
risk occurrenceProblemeffects
HFI Design Decision Areas
DLODs
Concepts/Doctrine
OrganisationLogistics
Equipment
MODAF Overview
What is MODAF?
• MoD Architectural Framework• Based on DoDAF• Conceive complex systems• Achieve Interoperability• Support requirements specifications• Model current and future systems (static)
– Separation of component concerns– Several levels of abstraction
MODAF layers
Architecture characteristics
• Generic: Conceptual Data Model / Meta Model• Instantiation: Logical and Physical Data Model • View: window/snapshot onto model• Architectural products• Viewpoints
MODAF v. 1.1 (6 Viewpoints, 38 Views)
MODAF SV-1 (v 1.1)
MODAF Human Views – overview
What are Human Views (HVs)?
• Objectives– Express (high-level) HFI/HSI concerns in a
Systems Engineering language– Capture human-related components of Enterprise models
– Helps HFI/HSI to relate to SE concepts/methods
– Ensures common modelling approach
• HFI design decision areas that can generally be perceived as formal definitions. – Not:
• the ‘soft’ issues that may be observed • Informal dependencies and behaviours
(they are constraints and results)• Methods
• Functional definitions– extending traditional meaning of ‘functional’ to HFI design areas
The Human Views
HV-A:PersonnelAvailability
HV-B: QualityObjectives and
Metrics
HV-C: HumanInteractionStructure
HV-D:Organisation
HV-E: HumanFunctions and
Tasks
HV-G: DynamicDrivers of Human
Behaviour
HV-F:Roles and
Competencies
HVs and MODAF
OV-4
OV-2
OV-3
OV-6
SV-10
OV-1a,b
SV-7
OV-5
OV-1c
SV-2
SV-3
SV-8
SV-9SV-6
SV-5
SV-1
StV-3,5
StV-2
StV-4
SV-4
HV-A:PersonnelAvailability
HV-B: QualityObjectives and
Metrics
HV-C: HumanInteractionStructure
HV-D:Organisation
(designed)
HV-E: HumanFunctions and
Tasks
HV-G: DynamicDrivers of Human
Behaviour
HV-F:Roles and
Competencies
HV-D:Organisation
(present)
HV-C: HumanInteractionStructure
HV-G: DynamicDrivers of Human
Behaviour
HV-A:PersonnelAvailability
HV-B: QualityObjectivesand Metrics
Outlook
• Issue 1 of HV Handbook• Applications • Guidance
– Process – Methods
• Harmonisation with NATO HVs• Further alignment with MODAF developments• Issue 2 of HV Handbook (release early 2009)
MODAF Human Views – details & examples
StV-6 for tele-working
Requirements: Operational Activity to Capability Mapping
HV-E: Human Functions and Tasks
Information access,transmission and
sharing
Systems
Enable
Fulfill
Human-computerInterface
Have
System Functions
Behaviours
HCI Team work Task work
HV-ERoles/
Responsibilities
OperationalFunctions
Human Functions/Tasks
Interaction withEquipment
Teamwork/InteractionTaskwork
(decomposition)
Require
Interfacewith
Require
Conduct
Define
NodesPerform
Structure
Tele-working concerns: HV-E
• OV-5: Relevant types of work– Research; Design; Consultancy; Business Management
(i.e. activities of ‘Knowledge Workers’)
• HV-E: describes human activities– for research:
• Project planning, information gathering, document writing
– the practice of tele-working itself may introduce new tasks, e.g.• Work monitoring – through more extensive project planning
– fosters sense of accountability
• AoF: Options for tool support:– Automated time and activity logging – to support monitoring – OR: remote workers may be trusted and organisational
mechanisms used
Human Functions and Tasks
HV-F: Roles and Competencies
HumanFunctions/Tasks
Information access,transmission and sharing
Roles/Responsibilities
RelatethroughConduct
Interactionwith
Equipment
Teamwork/Interaction
Taskwork(decom-position)
HV-F
Consistof
Competency Requirements
Skills Attributes Knowledge
PersonnelDevelopment
Need
Organisational Units
Units Teams Posts
Require
Define Personin Post
Have
Require
Needs
Peopleavailability
Tele-working roles/tasks/skills
Function:Method Development
specific skill requirements - able to: take responsibility for own results work independently log own working hours plan and control work progress use communication technologies collaborate remotely organise highly constrained meeting schedules operate time & activity logging tools
Role:Research & Consultancy
Job:Senior Consultant
project planning
information gathering
information synthesis
document writing
project management
business development
collaboration
Function:Interface Design
Role:Design & Development
consult users
interpret requirements
use case study & review
produce design drafts
manage review process
document design
Function:Remote Working
additional pre-planning
accessing data remotely
phone & email use
teleconferencing
document exchange
progress monitoring
meeting organisation
Role:Other
Function:Other
Interactions affected by tele-working
Role Interaction Requirements for tasks organised through tele-working
Con
sulta
ntM
anag
erC
olla
bora
tor
projectplanning
ideaformingprogress
monitoring
meetingorganisationdocument
search
activitycoordination
projectplanning
projectplanning
ideaforming
progressmonitoring
meetingorganisation
ideasharing
ideasharing
activitycoordination
meetingorganisation
documentsearch
HV-C: Human Interaction Structure
Organisational Units
Units Teams Posts
HumanFunctions/Tasks
Interactionwith
EquipmentTeamwork/Interaction
Taskwork(decom-position)
FormalDependencies
Facilities
Informationaccess,
transmissionand sharing
Consistof
Systems
Locations
actual virtual
Roles/Responsibilities
Enable
Relatethrough
At
At
Fulfill
Human-computerInterface Have
SystemFunctions
Environment
With
Conduct
Require
RequireRequire
HV-C
Interface with
Aredefinedthrough
InteractionPurpose
OperationalFunctions
Nodes
Perform
Structure
Have
Affect
Affect
Determine
Require
Moving
Tele-working (as-is situation)
On the Move
Office - Hot Desk
Home X
OfficeVoice Communication
Data Exchange
Home
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Broadband
Mobile (Phone)Company Intranet
Shared WorkingEnvironment (Data)
Phone (landline)
Secure network
World Wide Web
Mobile (Modem)
Documents
Information
passwordaccess
secureaccess
application
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Researcher 1(hot-desking)
Researcher 2
Mobile (Phone)
Networkedworkstation
Company Network
CompanyDocuments
ManagementData
Manager
Researcher 4
password
Laptop
Laptop
Laptop
Mobile (Phone)
Researcher 3
Landline Network
Mobile Network
TeleconferencingDesk
Chair
Lamp
Shelf
Wireless
Mail ServicesLetters, packages
Tele-working (as-is situation)
On the Move
Office - Hot Desk
Home X
OfficeVoice Communication
Data Exchange
Home
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Broadband
Mobile (Phone)Company Intranet
Shared WorkingEnvironment (Data)
Phone (landline)
Secure network
World Wide Web
Mobile (Modem)
Documents
Information
passwordaccess
secureaccess
application
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Researcher 1(hot-desking)
Researcher 2
Mobile (Phone)
Networkedworkstation
Company Network
CompanyDocuments
ManagementData
Manager
Researcher 4
password
Laptop
Laptop
Laptop
Mobile (Phone)
Researcher 3
Landline Network
Mobile Network
TeleconferencingDesk
Chair
Lamp
Shelf
Wireless
Mail ServicesLetters, packages
Tele-working (as-is situation)
On the Move
Office - Hot Desk
Home X
OfficeVoice Communication
Data Exchange
Home
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Broadband
Mobile (Phone)Company Intranet
Shared WorkingEnvironment (Data)
Phone (landline)
Secure network
World Wide Web
Mobile (Modem)
Documents
Information
passwordaccess
secureaccess
application
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Researcher 1(hot-desking)
Researcher 2
Mobile (Phone)
Networkedworkstation
Company Network
CompanyDocuments
ManagementData
Manager
Researcher 4
password
Laptop
Laptop
Laptop
Mobile (Phone)
Researcher 3
Landline Network
Mobile Network
TeleconferencingDesk
Chair
Lamp
Shelf
Wireless
Mail ServicesLetters, packages
Tele-working (as-is situation)
On the Move
Office - Hot Desk
Home X
OfficeVoice Communication
Data Exchange
Home
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Broadband
Mobile (Phone)Company Intranet
Shared WorkingEnvironment (Data)
Phone (landline)
Secure network
World Wide Web
Mobile (Modem)
Documents
Information
passwordaccess
secureaccess
application
Researcher 1(tele-working)
Researcher 1(hot-desking)
Researcher 2
Mobile (Phone)
Networkedworkstation
Company Network
CompanyDocuments
ManagementData
Manager
Researcher 4
password
Laptop
Laptop
Laptop
Mobile (Phone)
Researcher 3
Landline Network
Mobile Network
TeleconferencingDesk
Chair
Lamp
Shelf
Wireless
Mail ServicesLetters, packages
HV-C elements for tele-working
Requirements focus
Manager(office) Consultant
(home)
Externalcollaborator
Reporting
Tasking /Advice
Share insight/coordinateactivities
Tele-worker
Tele-worker
Tele-worker
Peoplein office
Tele-workerTele-
worker
Tele-worker
Tele-worker
Tele-worker
People inoffice
Small network Large network
OfficeHomes
productiveresearch activities
face-to-facediscussions
remote groupcommunication
data & emailaccess
remote groupcommunication
data & email access(public and company)Fast Internet connection
Ergonomic workingspace
Tele-conferencing facilities
Sufficient hot-desks
Wireless for internet
Extensive meetingrooms
Tele-working concerns: HV-C
• New travelling and office attendance patterns • Distributed working environment with
– remote communication– data sharing
• Equip employees with the necessary tools, e.g. – light laptop, mobile phone, remote email access– home-based infrastructures (e.g. networking facilities, furniture).
• Central office spaces receive different functions, e.g. – hot desks combined with mobile document lockers– many meeting rooms, teleconferencing facilities– catering shared with other companies – separate wireless networks outside secure company network
Human Interaction Structure
HV-B: Quality Objectives and Metrics
HumanFunctions/Tasks
Detailedthrough
Human PerformanceCriteria & Metrics
Methods ofCompliance
Mappedto
TargetMeasures
Specifiedwith
Mapped to
Behaviours
HCITeamwork
Taskwork
Assessedthrough
HFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValuedefinitionsLevel 1...n
HV-B
At
Define
Time/Epoch
HV-B: Tele-working example
GenericValue
Objectives
Health &Safety issues
minimised
EffectiveCollabo-
ration
Efficientuse of
resources
Qualitypriorities
Low absenceand accident
ratesReducedcar use
Externalrecognition
high
Increasedtime
efficiency
Health & Safetylegislationfollowed
consistently
Behaviouralobjectives
HFIMetrics
TargetMeasures
Incomethrough
successful bidsincreased
by 5%
Successfulbid rate high
Projects to90% on timeand budgetaccording to
plans
Time andbudget
efficienyAbsence ratedecreased by
10% over3 year
timescale
Health-relatedunavailability
reducedQuestionnairereturns 30%increase inemployee
satisfaction
Securitylevels
maintained
Minimisedstressand
fatigue
Effectiveproject
planning
Customerfeedbackpositive
Many effectivebusinesscontacts
maintained
High workermotivation &
satisfaction rating
‘Greener’travel
behaviours
Car travelreduced by 30%
per yearlyaverage use
Number ofemployeesusing cars
Peopleturnover
reduced by30%
High retentionof experienced
employees
Employeeperformanceconsistency
Maintainmarketshare
Less timespent
traveling
Highemployee
commitment
High-qualityprojectresults
Reducedinterruptions
and increasedfocus
‘Green’company
image
EffectiveIT toolsupport
Toolusability
Averageacceptabilityratings above
70%
Tool assessmentquestionnaire with
pass/fail criteria
The complete HV meta-model
Behaviours
HCI Team Task
FormalDependencies
Part-whole
Rank
Conditions
OperationalConfigurations/States 1...n
HumanFunctions/Tasks
Facilities
Detailedthrough
Human PerformanceCriteria & Metrics
Methods ofCompliance
Mappedto
TargetMeasures
Specifiedwith
Mappedto
Informationaccess,
transmissionand sharing
Systems
Locations
actual virtual
Roles/Responsibilities
Competency RequirementsSkills Attributes Knowledge
PersonnelDevelopment
Need
OrganisationalUnits
Units Teams Posts
FormalProcesses/
Procedures/Values
Enable
Relatethrough
At
At
Aredefinedthrough
Define
Define
Needs
Require
Trends/Forecasts
Fulfill
Human-computerInterface
Have
SystemFunctions
Affect
ActualPeople
Personin Post
Has
Environment
With
Use
HFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValuedefinitionsLevel 1...n
Conduct
Require
Interactionwith
Equipment
Teamwork/Interaction
Taskwork(decom-position)
RequireRequire
Peopleavailability
Define
Numbers Characteristics
Have
Person(throughPost) in
Role
Define
Have
Ensures Have
At
Time/Epoch
Assessedthrough
Define
Affect
StateChanges
TimeUnits
Have
For
Scenario 1...n(representative)
For
Describe
Define
At
Dynamic properties
Have Interfacewith
Havestatus
of
Display
Display
DisplayDisplay
Consist of
HV-AHV-G
HV-E
HV-D
HV-F
HV-C
HV-B
FormalTask-BasedOrganisationAffect
Affect
Experiences
• Comprehensive framework – capturing breadth of HF concerns
• Clarified effects of change on other design aspects• Scrutiny – clarified open questions and raised issues• Graphical versions – facilitate communication between
experts• ‘To-Be’ models need to be grounded in ‘As-Is’ models• Representation options need further development
Benefits of using HVs
• HVs model the human side of transformations needed for energy-saving work solutions, including:– HV-A: Who could be made available for tele-working?
– HV-B: How may human-related benefits be expressed and measured?
– HV-C: What are the human interaction structures to be supported by technology solutions?
– HV-D: What are the required changes to formal organisational structures?
– HV-E: Which human activities are to be supported by technology functions, and how should human and systems complement each other?
– HV-F: Which human roles and skills need to be supported?
– HV-G: What are the time structures, conditions, and scenarios to be supported for different configurations?
• HVs enable an overarching approach to manage change by embedding HVs in an existing Architectural Framework