Applying the Human Views for MODAF to the conception of energy-saving work solutions Dr Anne Bruseberg Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, UK on behalf.

Applying the Human Views for MODAF to the conception of

energy-saving work solutions

Dr Anne Bruseberg Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, UK

on behalf of the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre (HFI DTC)

16 June 2008INCOSE 08, Utrecht, The Netherlands

[email protected]

Objectives

• What is tele-working?– People are allowed / encouraged to work from home for large parts

of their working time

• Why? … It reduces: – Costs for office-based facilities– Time and effort needed for travelling to offices– Greenhouse gases – Use of fossil fuels

• Effects– Human-related concerns play an important role– Creates distributed working practices– Need for technologies – to enable:

• Remote communication • Information sharing for collaboration and cooperation activities.

– Need for organisational and procedural implementation

What is HFI?

HFI domains

Human FactorsEngineering

System Safety

Manpower

Training

Personnel

Health Hazards

HFI

Organisational & Social

HFI Functions

Design activities

(activity cost)

Design features

(savings potential)

Problem prevention

(impact cost saving)

Lack of design activities (activity cost saving)

Design flaws(cost potential)

Problem occurrence(impact cost)

Risk preventionactivity

Likelihood ofrisk prevention

Risk causeLikelihood of

risk occurrenceProblemeffects

HFI Objectives

Design activities

(activity cost)

Design features

(savings potential)

Problem prevention









HFI Objectives

Design activities

(activity cost)

Design features

(savings potential)

Problem prevention









HFI Design Decision Areas

DLODs

Concepts/Doctrine

OrganisationLogistics

Equipment

MODAF Overview

What is MODAF?

• MoD Architectural Framework• Based on DoDAF• Conceive complex systems• Achieve Interoperability• Support requirements specifications• Model current and future systems (static)

– Separation of component concerns– Several levels of abstraction

MODAF layers

Architecture characteristics

• Generic: Conceptual Data Model / Meta Model• Instantiation: Logical and Physical Data Model • View: window/snapshot onto model• Architectural products• Viewpoints

MODAF v. 1.1 (6 Viewpoints, 38 Views)

MODAF SV-1 (v 1.1)

MODAF Human Views – overview

What are Human Views (HVs)?

• Objectives– Express (high-level) HFI/HSI concerns in a

Systems Engineering language– Capture human-related components of Enterprise models

– Helps HFI/HSI to relate to SE concepts/methods

– Ensures common modelling approach

• HFI design decision areas that can generally be perceived as formal definitions. – Not:

• the ‘soft’ issues that may be observed • Informal dependencies and behaviours

(they are constraints and results)• Methods

• Functional definitions– extending traditional meaning of ‘functional’ to HFI design areas

The Human Views

HV-A:PersonnelAvailability

HV-B: QualityObjectives and

Metrics

HV-C: HumanInteractionStructure

HV-D:Organisation

HV-E: HumanFunctions and

Tasks

HV-G: DynamicDrivers of Human

Behaviour

HV-F:Roles and

Competencies

HVs and MODAF

OV-4

OV-2

OV-3

OV-6

SV-10

OV-1a,b

SV-7

OV-5

OV-1c

SV-2

SV-3

SV-8

SV-9SV-6

SV-5

SV-1

StV-3,5

StV-2

StV-4

SV-4


HV-B: QualityObjectives and

Metrics


HV-D:Organisation

(designed)

HV-E: HumanFunctions and

Tasks


Behaviour

HV-F:Roles and

Competencies

HV-D:Organisation

(present)



Behaviour


HV-B: QualityObjectivesand Metrics

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/PovCone.jpg

Outlook

• Issue 1 of HV Handbook• Applications • Guidance

– Process – Methods

• Harmonisation with NATO HVs• Further alignment with MODAF developments• Issue 2 of HV Handbook (release early 2009)

MODAF Human Views – details & examples

StV-6 for tele-working

Requirements: Operational Activity to Capability Mapping

HV-E: Human Functions and Tasks

Information access,transmission and

sharing

Systems

Enable

Fulfill

Human-computerInterface

Have

System Functions

Behaviours

HCI Team work Task work

HV-ERoles/

Responsibilities

OperationalFunctions

Human Functions/Tasks

Interaction withEquipment

Teamwork/InteractionTaskwork

(decomposition)

Require

Interfacewith

Require

Conduct

Define

NodesPerform

Structure

Tele-working concerns: HV-E

• OV-5: Relevant types of work– Research; Design; Consultancy; Business Management

(i.e. activities of ‘Knowledge Workers’)

• HV-E: describes human activities– for research:

• Project planning, information gathering, document writing

– the practice of tele-working itself may introduce new tasks, e.g.• Work monitoring – through more extensive project planning

– fosters sense of accountability

• AoF: Options for tool support:– Automated time and activity logging – to support monitoring – OR: remote workers may be trusted and organisational

mechanisms used

Human Functions and Tasks

HV-F: Roles and Competencies

HumanFunctions/Tasks

Information access,transmission and sharing

Roles/Responsibilities

RelatethroughConduct

Interactionwith

Equipment

Teamwork/Interaction

Taskwork(decom-position)

HV-F

Consistof

Competency Requirements

Skills Attributes Knowledge

PersonnelDevelopment

Need

Organisational Units

Units Teams Posts

Require

Define Personin Post

Have

Require

Needs

Peopleavailability

Tele-working roles/tasks/skills

Function:Method Development

specific skill requirements - able to: take responsibility for own results work independently log own working hours plan and control work progress use communication technologies collaborate remotely organise highly constrained meeting schedules operate time & activity logging tools

Role:Research & Consultancy

Job:Senior Consultant

project planning

information gathering

information synthesis

document writing

project management

business development

collaboration

Function:Interface Design

Role:Design & Development

consult users

interpret requirements

use case study & review

produce design drafts

manage review process

document design

Function:Remote Working

additional pre-planning

accessing data remotely

phone & email use

teleconferencing

document exchange

progress monitoring

meeting organisation

Role:Other

Function:Other

Interactions affected by tele-working

Role Interaction Requirements for tasks organised through tele-working

Con

sulta

ntM

anag

erC

olla

bora

tor

projectplanning

ideaformingprogress

monitoring

meetingorganisationdocument

search

activitycoordination

projectplanning

projectplanning

ideaforming

progressmonitoring

meetingorganisation

ideasharing

ideasharing

activitycoordination

meetingorganisation

documentsearch

HV-C: Human Interaction Structure

Organisational Units

Units Teams Posts


Interactionwith

EquipmentTeamwork/Interaction


FormalDependencies

Facilities

Informationaccess,

transmissionand sharing

Consistof

Systems

Locations

actual virtual


Enable

Relatethrough

At

At

Fulfill

Human-computerInterface Have

SystemFunctions

Environment

With

Conduct

Require

RequireRequire

HV-C

Interface with

Aredefinedthrough

InteractionPurpose

OperationalFunctions

Nodes

Perform

Structure

Have

Affect

Affect

Determine

Require

Moving

Tele-working (as-is situation)

On the Move

Office - Hot Desk

Home X

OfficeVoice Communication

Data Exchange

Home

Researcher 1(tele-working)

Broadband

Mobile (Phone)Company Intranet

Email

Shared WorkingEnvironment (Data)

Phone (landline)

Secure network

World Wide Web

Mobile (Modem)

Documents

Information

passwordaccess

secureaccess

application


Researcher 1(hot-desking)

Researcher 2

Mobile (Phone)

Networkedworkstation

Company Network

CompanyDocuments

ManagementData

Manager

Researcher 4

password

Laptop

Laptop

Laptop

Mobile (Phone)

Researcher 3

Landline Network

Mobile Network

TeleconferencingDesk

Chair

Lamp

Shelf

Wireless

Mail ServicesLetters, packages


On the Move

Office - Hot Desk

Home X


Data Exchange

Home


Broadband


Email


Phone (landline)

Secure network

World Wide Web

Mobile (Modem)

Documents

Information

passwordaccess

secureaccess

application



Researcher 2

Mobile (Phone)


Company Network

CompanyDocuments

ManagementData

Manager

Researcher 4

password

Laptop

Laptop

Laptop

Mobile (Phone)

Researcher 3

Landline Network

Mobile Network


Chair

Lamp

Shelf

Wireless



On the Move

Office - Hot Desk

Home X


Data Exchange

Home


Broadband


Email


Phone (landline)

Secure network

World Wide Web

Mobile (Modem)

Documents

Information

passwordaccess

secureaccess

application



Researcher 2

Mobile (Phone)


Company Network

CompanyDocuments

ManagementData

Manager

Researcher 4

password

Laptop

Laptop

Laptop

Mobile (Phone)

Researcher 3

Landline Network

Mobile Network


Chair

Lamp

Shelf

Wireless



On the Move

Office - Hot Desk

Home X


Data Exchange

Home


Broadband


Email


Phone (landline)

Secure network

World Wide Web

Mobile (Modem)

Documents

Information

passwordaccess

secureaccess

application



Researcher 2

Mobile (Phone)


Company Network

CompanyDocuments

ManagementData

Manager

Researcher 4

password

Laptop

Laptop

Laptop

Mobile (Phone)

Researcher 3

Landline Network

Mobile Network


Chair

Lamp

Shelf

Wireless


HV-C elements for tele-working

Requirements focus

Manager(office) Consultant

(home)

Externalcollaborator

Reporting

Tasking /Advice

Share insight/coordinateactivities

Tele-worker

Tele-worker

Tele-worker

Peoplein office

Tele-workerTele-

worker

Tele-worker

Tele-worker

Tele-worker

People inoffice

Small network Large network

OfficeHomes

productiveresearch activities

face-to-facediscussions

remote groupcommunication

data & emailaccess

remote groupcommunication

data & email access(public and company)Fast Internet connection

Ergonomic workingspace

Tele-conferencing facilities

Sufficient hot-desks

Wireless for internet

Extensive meetingrooms

Tele-working concerns: HV-C

• New travelling and office attendance patterns • Distributed working environment with

– remote communication– data sharing

• Equip employees with the necessary tools, e.g. – light laptop, mobile phone, remote email access– home-based infrastructures (e.g. networking facilities, furniture).

• Central office spaces receive different functions, e.g. – hot desks combined with mobile document lockers– many meeting rooms, teleconferencing facilities– catering shared with other companies – separate wireless networks outside secure company network

Human Interaction Structure

HV-B: Quality Objectives and Metrics


Detailedthrough

Human PerformanceCriteria & Metrics

Methods ofCompliance

Mappedto

TargetMeasures

Specifiedwith

Mapped to

Behaviours

HCITeamwork

Taskwork

Assessedthrough

HFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValuedefinitionsLevel 1...n

HV-B

At

Define

Time/Epoch

HV-B: Tele-working example

GenericValue

Objectives

Health &Safety issues

minimised

EffectiveCollabo-

ration

Efficientuse of

resources

Qualitypriorities

Low absenceand accident

ratesReducedcar use

Externalrecognition

high

Increasedtime

efficiency

Health & Safetylegislationfollowed

consistently

Behaviouralobjectives

HFIMetrics

TargetMeasures

Incomethrough

successful bidsincreased

by 5%

Successfulbid rate high

Projects to90% on timeand budgetaccording to

plans

Time andbudget

efficienyAbsence ratedecreased by

10% over3 year

timescale

Health-relatedunavailability

reducedQuestionnairereturns 30%increase inemployee

satisfaction

Securitylevels

maintained

Minimisedstressand

fatigue

Effectiveproject

planning

Customerfeedbackpositive

Many effectivebusinesscontacts

maintained

High workermotivation &

satisfaction rating

‘Greener’travel

behaviours

Car travelreduced by 30%

per yearlyaverage use

Number ofemployeesusing cars

Peopleturnover

reduced by30%

High retentionof experienced

employees

Employeeperformanceconsistency

Maintainmarketshare

Less timespent

traveling

Highemployee

commitment

High-qualityprojectresults

Reducedinterruptions

and increasedfocus

‘Green’company

image

EffectiveIT toolsupport

Toolusability

Averageacceptabilityratings above

70%

Tool assessmentquestionnaire with

pass/fail criteria

The complete HV meta-model

Behaviours

HCI Team Task

FormalDependencies

Part-whole

Rank

Conditions

OperationalConfigurations/States 1...n


Facilities

Detailedthrough

Human PerformanceCriteria & Metrics

Methods ofCompliance

Mappedto

TargetMeasures

Specifiedwith

Mappedto

Informationaccess,

transmissionand sharing

Systems

Locations

actual virtual


Competency RequirementsSkills Attributes Knowledge

PersonnelDevelopment

Need

OrganisationalUnits

Units Teams Posts

FormalProcesses/

Procedures/Values

Enable

Relatethrough

At

At

Aredefinedthrough

Define

Define

Needs

Require

Trends/Forecasts

Fulfill

Human-computerInterface

Have

SystemFunctions

Affect

ActualPeople

Personin Post

Has

Environment

With

Use

HFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValueLevel 1...nHFI ValuedefinitionsLevel 1...n

Conduct

Require

Interactionwith

Equipment

Teamwork/Interaction


RequireRequire

Peopleavailability

Define

Numbers Characteristics

Have

Person(throughPost) in

Role

Define

Have

Ensures Have

At

Time/Epoch

Assessedthrough

Define

Affect

StateChanges

TimeUnits

Have

For

Scenario 1...n(representative)

For

Describe

Define

At

Dynamic properties

Have Interfacewith

Havestatus

of

Display

Display

DisplayDisplay

Consist of

HV-AHV-G

HV-E

HV-D

HV-F

HV-C

HV-B

FormalTask-BasedOrganisationAffect

Affect

Experiences

• Comprehensive framework – capturing breadth of HF concerns

• Clarified effects of change on other design aspects• Scrutiny – clarified open questions and raised issues• Graphical versions – facilitate communication between

experts• ‘To-Be’ models need to be grounded in ‘As-Is’ models• Representation options need further development

Benefits of using HVs

• HVs model the human side of transformations needed for energy-saving work solutions, including:– HV-A: Who could be made available for tele-working?

– HV-B: How may human-related benefits be expressed and measured?

– HV-C: What are the human interaction structures to be supported by technology solutions?

– HV-D: What are the required changes to formal organisational structures?

– HV-E: Which human activities are to be supported by technology functions, and how should human and systems complement each other?

– HV-F: Which human roles and skills need to be supported?

– HV-G: What are the time structures, conditions, and scenarios to be supported for different configurations?

• HVs enable an overarching approach to manage change by embedding HVs in an existing Architectural Framework

Applying the Human Views for MODAF to the conception of energy-saving work solutions Dr Anne Bruseberg Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, UK on behalf.

Documents

modaf slide

human views slide

teleworking slide

development slide

situation slide

hfi functions slide

modaf overview slide

capability mapping slide