1. Water Treatment Technologies : An Indian Perspective
2. Our Portfolio APAS WATER SOLUTIONS Pvt. Ltd., specializes in
areas of water and waste water management. The company is manned by
dedicated staffs under the guidance of technocrats with more than
70 years of experience in this field. We have an experience of
working with water treatment pioneers like M/s Ion Exchange (India)
Ltd., Mumbai for more than 20 years . Our experience is wide due to
association with leading industrial groups such as TVS, Ashok
Leyland, Rane, TI, Shakti, Bannariamman etc. We have involved in
many prestigious projects and technology missions. Delivering
quality water treatment systems has been our prime focus.
3. Our Vision We deliver best quality of water treatment
solution to our clients in short time. Our dedicated team members
have been successful in providing customized design setups. We
fabricate water treatment systems on based of our clients need. We
focus on providing a sustainable technology in terms of water
quality and cost of maintenance. We cater to all type of markets
and clients need. Strong belief in after sales service support
forms important part of the value added services we offer.
4. Objectives of the Presentation Necessity of Water Treatment
Technologies Understanding Important Terminologies Studying
Processes
5. Purpose of Treating Water To manage water discharged from
different sectors i.e., Industrial, Households and other Commercial
Sectors. Reduction of threats towards water pollution. Prevention
of toxic chemicals being discharged in water bodies. Reuse them for
different purposes. Channelize waste in such a way that doesnt
contaminates our surroundings. Preserves the physical, chemical and
biological properties of water.
6. Water Parameters Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): It is the
measure of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water
body to breakdown the organic material present in a water sample.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): It is the measure of organic
chemicals present in water. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) : It is a
measure organic and inorganic material present in water sample.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) : It is the measure of solid particles
present in the water sample. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) : It is
the measure of nitrogen and ammonia present in the water
sample.
7. continued Parts Per Million (ppm): The concentration of
solid particles in water is measured in parts per million/ out of a
million. It can also be referred as milligrams/litre (mg/l). pH :
Logarithmic reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous
solution. Carbonate Hardness: The hardness in water caused by the
bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
8. Types of Water Treatment Systems Effluent Treatment Plant
(ETP) For treating waste water from Commercial Sectors Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) For treating waste water from Household,
Foods and Beverages Industries
11. Pre- Treatment Process It primarily occurs in Industrial or
Pharmaceutical Sectors. Prior to the discharge the water is
treated. The water is checked out to have no chemicals or
substances. The organization is needed to process out all the
contaminants. Effluent from the industries containing high chemical
or metal levels contaminates water bodies, aquatic animals and
people residing near water bodies. Effluent from industries are
subjected to treatment according to the norms of water boards.
12. Preliminary Treatment Process Effluents moves in the local
treatment plants primarily by the help of gravity flow. Removal of
large objects and non- degradable materials by using bar screen and
grit chambers. Protects pumps and other materials from getting
damaged or blocked. The grit chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken
glasses etc. The mesh screen traps everything above the size of
6mm. The debris trapped in the bar screen or grit chamber are taken
to the landfills.
13. Figure 2: Preliminary Treatment
14. Primary Treatment Process The waste water flow in this
process is slowed down and suspended solids settles to the bottom
due to gravity. The material settled at the bottom of the clarifier
is now known as sludge or bio-solids. It greatly reduces the
suspended solids and the B.O.D levels from the waste water. In this
process the fats, lipids and foams from the clarifier are skimmed
off from the surface of the water. These floating material can
cause trouble to the water treatment system in later stages.
15. Figure 3: Primary Treatment
16. Secondary Treatment Process The waste water after the
primary treatment is passed on to the trickling filters/ aeration
chambers. Secondary treatment helps in removing B.O.D further to a
greater extent. This level of treatment involves biological
treatment of water. It utilizes bacteria and algae's to metabolize
organic matter in the waste water. After aeration/ trickling
process the water is allowed to settle down further for the removal
of sludge Sludge obtained here is dried and can be used as manure.
The water can be discharged to the water bodies now.
20. Aeration Tank 1. Air Supply Pipeline 2. Fine Bubble
Diffusers/ Air Spargers Figure 6: Aeration Tank
21. Bar Screen Chamber 1. Inlet Pipe 2. Debris 3. Sediments in
Sewage Water 4. Grill 5. Screened Sewage 6. Outlet Pipe 7. Platform
with Weep HolesFigure 7: Bar Screen Chamber
22. Oil and Grease/ Grit Trap 1. T- Joint 2. Minimum Level 3.
Fat and Scum 4. Grit and Solids 5. Baffle Plate 6. Waste Water free
from Fats and Scum 7. Outlet Figure 8: Oil and Grease/ Grit
Tap
25. Desalination and Reverse Osmosis Process of removing salts
and other minerals from water; this process can also be referred as
tertiary treatment. Water is desalinated in order to convert the
salt water to fresh water suitable for human consumption. This
technology is extremely costly as it requires a huge amount of
energy and specialized infrastructure. Uses membrane to desalinate
applying reverse osmosis techniques. Uses semi-permeable membrane
and pressure to separate salts from water. Less energy usage
compared to thermal distillation; provides fresh water to medicals,
industries and household sectors.
26. Differentiating Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Water molecules
are forced to move from a region of lower concentration to a region
of higher concentration by applying a huge amount of pressure is
termed as Reverse Osmosis. Water molecules move from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a
partially permeable membrane is termed as Osmosis.
27. Reverse Osmosis Process Description The solute is retained
on the pressurized side of the membrane, while pure solvent is
allowed to pass on the other side. The membrane is designed only to
allow water molecules to pass through and trap other large
molecules. Pressure applied must overcome the natural osmotic
pressure. 600-1200 psi of pressure must be used for sea water, as
it has natural osmotic pressure of 390 psi. Reverse osmosis has
proved to be quite efficient and is very popular in all segments of
water treatment.
29. Upflow Sludge Blanket Filtration (USBF)TM A latest
technology launched by ECOfluid. Its a modification of conventional
activated sludge process that incorporates an anoxic selector zone
and an upflow sludge blanket filter. Incorporates aeration zone,
clarifier and anoxic zone in a single tank. The only mechanical
equipment involved is blower for aeration and air lifting return
sludge. Requires less space for installation and low power
consumption.
30. Figure 12: USBF Bioreactor
31. References South Carolina Department of Health and
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Bowman, J.J., Lough Ree: an investigation of eutrophication and its
causes, Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Environmental
Protection Agency, Waste Water Treatment Manuals: Preliminary
Treatment, 1995. Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering,
Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, McGraw and Hill Publishing Company,
3' Ed., 1991.