AP Biology 2006-2007
Animal Nutrition
AP Biology
What do animals need to live?
O2
food
ATP
Animals make energy using: food oxygen
Animals build bodies using: food for raw materials
amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides
ATP energy for synthesis
AP Biology
How do animals get their food?
filter (suspension) feeding substrate feeding
fluid feeding bulk feeding
AP Biology
AP Biology
Getting & Using Food Ingest
taking in food
Digest mechanical digestion
breaking up food into smaller pieces chemical digestion
breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells
enzymes (hydrolysis)
Absorb absorb across cell membrane
diffusion active transport
Eliminate undigested extracellular material
passes out of digestive system
intracellulardigestion
extracellulardigestion
AP Biology
Digestive systemsEverybody’s got one!
AP Biology
Human digestive systemAlimentary Canal
AP Biology
Common processes & structures Movement & Control
peristalsis push food along by rhythmic waves of
smooth muscle contraction in walls of digestive system
sphincters muscular ring-like valves, regulate the
passage of material between sections of digestive system
Accessory glands salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gall
bladder secrete digestive juices (enzymes & fluid)
AP Biology
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX500a066365600175060063&t=Digestive-System
AP Biology
Swallowing (& not choking)
Epiglottis problem: breathe & swallow through same orifice flap of cartilage closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus
Esophagus move food along to stomach by peristalsis
AP Biology
Ingestion Mouth
mechanical digestion teeth
breaking up food chemical digestion
saliva amylase
enzyme digests starch mucin
slippery protein (mucus) protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
AP Biology
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
StomachFunctions
food storage can stretch to fit ~2L food
disinfect food HCl = pH 2
kills bacteriabreaks apart cells
chemical digestion pepsin
enzyme breaks down proteinssecreted as pepsinogen
activated by HCl
But the stomach is made out of protein!What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining
Ooooooh!Zymogen!
AP Biology
stomachkills germs store food break up fooddigest proteins
cardiacsphincter
pyloricsphincter
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
Used to think ulcers were caused by stress
tried to control with antacids
Now know ulcers caused by bacterial infection of stomach
Helicobacter pylori now cure with
antibiotics
Ulcers
inflammation of stomach
inflammation of esophagus
Colonized by H. pylori
Free of H. pylori
white blood cells
cytokines
inflammatory proteins(CagA)
cell damaging proteins(VacA)
helper T cells
neutrophil cells
H. pylori
Coevolution of parasite & host
AP Biology
Small intestine Function
major organ of digestion & absorption chemical digestion
digestive enzymes absorption through lining
over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size
of tennis court)
Structure 3 sections
duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
AP Biology
Duodenum 1st section of small intestines
acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from accessory glands:
pancreas liver gall bladder
AP Biology
Pancreas Digestive enzymes
peptidases trypsin
trypsinogen chymotrypsin
chimotrypsinogen carboxypeptidase
procarboxypeptidase pancreatic amylase
Buffers reduces acidity
alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate (HCO3-)
buffers acidity of material from stomach
Explain how this is a molecular example of structure-function theme.
Explain how this is a molecular example of structure-function theme.
Ooooooh!Zymogen!
What stopspancreas
from digesting itself
small intestines
AP Biology
stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & starch
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
Liver Digestive System Functions
produces bile stored in gallbladder until needed breaks up fats
act like detergents to breakup fats
Circulatory System ConnectionCirculatory System Connectionbile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver =iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver =iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
AP Biology
pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & starch
stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
liverproduces bile
- stored in gall bladderbreak up fats
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
The Liver and Pancreas - YouTube
AP Biology
Digestion 2 - YouTube
AP Biology
Absorption by Small Intestines Absorption through villi & microvilli
finger-like projections increase surface area for absorption
Ooooh…Structure-Function
theme!
AP Biology
Absorption of Nutrients Passive transport
fructose
Active (protein pumps) transport pump amino acids, vitamins & glucose
against concentration gradients across intestinal cell membranes
allows intestine to absorb much higher proportion of nutrients in the intestine than would be possible with passive diffusionworth the cost of ATP!
nutrients are valuable…grab all you can get!
AP Biology
Small Intestine - YouTube
AP Biology
small intestinesbreakdown all foods
- proteins- starch- fats- nucleic acids
absorb nutrients
stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & starch
liverproduces bile
- stored in gall bladderbreak up fats
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
Large intestines (colon) Function
re-absorb water use ~9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices > 90% of water reabsorbed
not enough water absorbed back to body
diarrhea too much water absorbed back to body
Constipation http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&
v=cdijh32NiLs&feature=fvwp
AP Biology
Flora of large intestines Living in the large intestine is a rich
flora of harmless, helpful bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli)
a favorite research organism bacteria produce vitamins
vitamin K; biotin, folic acid & other B vitamins generate gases
by-product of bacterial metabolism
methane, hydrogen sulfide
You’ve gotcompany!
AP Biology
Rectum Last section of colon (large intestines)
eliminate feces undigested materials
extracellular waste mainly cellulose from plants roughage or fiber
salts masses of
bacteria
appendix
Tell themabout the rabbits,
George!
AP Biology
Poop Primer | The Dr. Oz Show
AP Biology
stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
small intestinesbreakdown food
- proteins- starch- fats
absorb nutrients
pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & carbs
liverproduces bile
- stored in gall bladderbreak up fats
large intestinesabsorb water
mouthbreak up foodmoisten food digest starchkill germs
AP Biology
Problems of the Digestive System: (P. 368)
ulcer: a hole or sore inside the stomach or small intestine often caused by H-Pylori bacteria
Our stomachs are covered by mucus which protects the lining.
heartburn: is when stomach acids move up the esophagus. We call it "heartburn" but it is from the esophagus which is behind the heart. Eating too much or irritating foods can cause heartburn. (Also called G.E.R.D)
AP Biology
Digestive Disorders Continued! Celiac- cannot tolerate the protein gluten (wheat, rye,
and barley), and the immune system responds by damaging the villi in the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmZczwtsbVc
Constipation - too much water is removed from waste resulting in stools that are too hard and difficult to excrete (Increase fiber in diet and get enough fluids to prevent this )
Choking - food is trapped in windpipe (failure of epiglottis to close the airway when swallowening)
AP Biology
Lactose Intolerance
Is the inability to digest a lot of lactose (sugar found in milk).
Caused by a shortage of the enzyme lactase
AP Biology
Salmonella Salmonella - Bacteria found on raw
chicken and eggs...undercooked meat can cause salmonella poisening which can lead to death
Ecoli - Bacteria that live in the intestinal tracks of animals and birds and is transmitted to humans when we eat food that is contaminated with animal feces.
AP Biology
Colitis
Is a disease involving the inflammation of the colon or other parts of the large intestine.
Chrons disease is a type of inflammatory colitis. It is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting mostly the small and large intestine. Occurs when the body’s immune
system, attack your body’s own tissues
AP Biology
Appendicitis appendix becomes blocked with mucus
causing the bacteria that usually lives in your appendix to become infected and then multiply resulting in inflammation.
AP Biology
Conditions of the digestive system!
Pathology of Crohn's disease – YouTube
Lactose Intolerance | Signs and Symptoms | Video | Veria Living - YouTube
Celiac Disease – YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8Od
jZIw6fA
AP Biology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCFhvE5FVFU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKUSGOB-0V8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4OIL4bkoJ8
AP Biology
-When you lack certain vitamins it can cause diseases: Lack of vitamin A loss of night vision where too much can cause hair
loss. Lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy (P. 189 table 9-1)
Do You Know Your Superfoods? | The Dr. Oz Show
RDA: Recommended daily allowance
%DV: Percent daily value. It is the amount (%) of nutrient found compared to 100% which you need everyday.
If you have eaten food with Vitamin A 85%...then you still need to eat food that contains another 15% to get recommended amount.
How to Read a Food Label - Video - Oprah.com
AP Biology
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/nutrition/cons/interactive-eng.php
The Nutrition Facts Table - Consumers - Nutrition Labelling - Health Canada
Estimate How Long You Will Live: Lifespan Calculator | The Dr. Oz Show
AP Biology
Healthy Eating! Healthy Eating: What to Put on Your
Plate - Watch WebMD Video Healthiest Foods at the Supermarket -
Watch WebMD Video
AP Biology
Food Additives Effects on Kids - Watch WebMD Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1pCyUZW8ys&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZPRNTjrrbY&feature=related
AP Biology
Go to www.neok12.com for quizes and videos….