Responsible Retrofit
George Martin
Professor of Low Impact and Sustainable Buildings
11th July 02013
• 17,000 Students (15% international)
• Average 5:1 applications to places
• Academic & Internal Structure
• Art & Design
• Business, Environment & Society
• Engineering & Computing
• Health & Life Sciences
• Applied Research Institutes
• CUE Ltd, ACUA Ltd, London Campus
Coventry University
Grand Challenge Initiatives
Sustainable
Agriculture
Integrated
Transport &
Logistics
Low Impact
Buildings
Ageing
Society
Digital
Media
Low Carbon
Vehicles
Low Carbon
Vehicles
Sustainable
Agriculture
Integrated
Transport &
Logistics
Ageing
Society
Improving
transport
services and
the movement
of people and
goods
Increasing
innovation in
the sustainable
construction
industry
Addressing
the societal
issues of
supporting an
ageing
population
Developing
viable, and
sustainable
agricultural
methods
Exploiting
digital
systems &
platforms
(innovative
technology &
content)
Designing,
testing &
evaluating
low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Coventry University
Entrepreneurial
University of the year
Outstanding Support
for students
The Department of Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) completed a review of University –
Business interactions last year and released data indicating that Coventry University has
the largest number of SME contracts across all UK universities.
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
About the project
Sustainable Building Futures is a £5 million ERDF funded project that will run until June 2015. The project aims to provide business assistance to SMEs in the West Midlands in sustainable/green technologies.
It is expected that through the Sustainable Building Futures project SMEs will be able to;
• Grow and expand their business • Move into new markets and increase market share• Win contracts that otherwise would have gone outside the region• Increase capability of working on larger scale infrastructure projects (public/private
sector)• Increase investment in new technologies • Reduce the environmental impacts of products• Reduce costs associated with developing and testing environmental products
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
The West Midlands Region
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
What we offer
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Workshops
• The Sustainable Building Futures project will deliver a programme of events aimed to empower SME’s to grow and develop.
• A range of fully funded workshops will be delivered including but not limited to;– Professional ‘design’ organisations– Contractor ‘delivery’ organisations– Trades organisations– Product manufacturers.
• In addition to the workshops, more targeted assistance can be provided, to focus on more specific business requirements.
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Workshops
Professional ‘design’ organisations
– Intellectual Property Rights– Building Information Modelling (BIM)– LEAN Programme– Work Winning– Passivhaus: Principles & Methods– Avoiding the Performance Gap– Low Carbon Energy Strategies for Development– Other ?
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Workshops
Contractors and Trades organisations
– Air tightness testing for builders and housing associations– Effective, affordable ways to monitor the environment from building site to post
occupancy evaluation – Green plastering techniques for improved air-tightness and achieving CSH and
Passiv Haus standards – Specifying SUDs and water management technologies for architects and
surveyors – Fault Finding with a thermal camera for plumbers and electricians– Other?
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Workshops
Product manufacturers
– Intellectual Property Rights– Building Information Modelling (BIM)– LEAN Programme– Work Winning– Solar Power Test System– Product Testing in an Environmental Chamber.
Environmental Chamber
Ful
l hei
ght s
ampl
e se
ctio
n co
nstr
ucte
d or
sa
mpl
e m
ount
ing
fram
e in
sert
ed h
ere
Internal conditions 5 – 45 degrees Celsius
External conditions -20 to 100 degrees Celsius
What does it do?
• Temperature • Humidity• Combined temperature and humidity cycling tests• Weather simulation
By simulating various environmental conditions, the ‘weathering’ process can be accelerated to see how and over what time-scale the weather can damage materials. • Rainfall simulation tests • Solar Degradation testing• Acid rain simulation tests
The simulator is especially useful as it tests a real life section which eliminates the problem of scaling-up from a section and includes interaction with any composite materials.
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
Improving transport services and the
movement of people
and goods
Addressing the societal
issues of supporting an ageing population
Developing viable, and sustainable agricultural
methods
Exploiting digital
systems & platforms
(innovative technology & content)
Designing, testing &
evaluating low carbon
vehicles and
systems
For more information, contact the team [email protected]
www.coventry.ac.uk/[email protected]
Agenda
• It’s The Law
• The Challenge
• Mind the Gap
• Evidence / Measurement
• Tools
• Unintended Consequences
• The Intelligent Client
• Conclusions
Climate Change Act
• Targets:
� 34% cut by 2020;
� 80% by 2050
• 5 year budgets; annual reports to Parliament
from the independent Committee on Climate
Change
Climate Change Act 26th November 2008
Climate Change Act
November 2008
49 Non-domestic energy efficiency
regulations
(1) The Secretary of State must make
regulations for the purpose of securing
that a landlord of a non-domestic
Property-
(c) Which falls below such level of
energy efficiency (as demonstrated
by the energy performance
certificate) as is provided for by the
regulations
May not let the property until the landlord
has compiled with the obligation
mentioned in subsection (2)
(2) The obligation is to make to the property
such relevant energy efficiency
improvements as are provided for by the
regulations
Sectoral Plans.
Low carbon buildings
• By 2050, all buildings will need to
have an emissions footprint close to
zero
The Challenge
Domestic
Retail
Industrial
GovernmentEducation
Hotel
Health
WarehouseLeisure
Commercial
20201990 2050
DEC Facts
• 1.8 million non-dwellings in the UK
• 18% of the total CO2 output
• Average DEC is ‘E’
• For UK to hit the 34% reduction by 2020 average needs to be ‘C’
• By 2050, ALL buildings need to be ‘A’
Source – Carbon Trust 2010
Paul Morrell at Ecobuild 2013
“Modelling in the low carbon plan showed that if the existing policy and regulatory environment continued then only 52% reduction in emissions would be achieved, even if the electricity grid was fully decarbonised.”
Building Magazine 8 th March 2013
Scenarios to 2050
1. A Business-as- Usual Scenario which represents the status quo
2. A Central Scenario which consists of implementation of measures that have a positive return on investment over their lifetime or are reasonably feasible to implement
3. An 80% Carbon Reduction Scenario which reaches the 2050 targets and represents maximum uptake of low carbon technologies from the central scenario, as well as significant uptake of measures that do not have a positive return on investment
Where is the carbon?
1. Operational carbon in buildings
2. Operational carbon in infrastructure
3. Capital carbon
Capital carbon: All GHG emissions associated with construction & demolitionactivities in the UK, including those embodied withinimported construction materials and products, and those associatedwith the provision of professional services
Barriers to progress
• Plethora of policies, reports and initiatives
• Lack of collaborative integration of the
supply chain
• Need for general up skilling of all parts of
the supply chain
• Preoccupation with initial capital cost
instead of appraising projects on a whole life
basis
• Evidential gap between design and
performance in use
40The built environment experts
0
25
50
75
100
125
Ty pi c a l Good
pr a c t i c e
2 0 0 2
R e gul a t i ons
2 5 %
r e duc t i on
i nc l udi ng up
t o 10 % f or
r e ne wa bl e s
2 0 0 6 Ta r ge t
Emi ssi ons
R a t e ( TER )
P ER C ov e r a l l
e mi ssi ons
r e duc t i on
Bui l di ng
Emi ssi ons
R a t e ( B ER)
I n i t i a l
c onsumpt i on
( f i r st y e a r )
B e nc hma r k s B ui l d i ng R e gul a t i ons
kgC
O2/m
2 per
ann
um
Fabric and systems efficiency improvements
Regulatory requirements
Renewables contribution
Actual performance
Benchmarks
Credibility gaps between virtual performance and ac tual performance
CarbonBuzz - energy profiling from design to operation
Courtesy Aedas - Stockley Academy Built in 2005
Retrofit Performance Gap
The report suggests that for non-domestic buildings the gap is set at 35% on average for 2012 and for regulated energy alone it can be as high as 50% in new builds.
Technology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation
Building Performance Evaluation Programme
University of Bath
Retrofit Revealed
Common challenges:
1. Lack of competition, choice and availability of products and
services
2. Supply chain skills, quality and integration
3. Unexpected changes to project team
4. Site issues
5. Planning
Unregulated Energy Use includes: plugload, server r ooms, security, external lighting, lifts etc.Special Functions include: trading floors, server r ooms, cafeteria etc.
Extra occupancy& operating hours
Actual – Real energy use
Specialfunctions
Design forecast
Forecast Regulated COPart L
2 Unregulated CO 2
InefficienciesFrom BMS
Regulated Energy Use includes: fixed building servi ces, heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation, ligh ting
Energy use - the full picture
Reference: Aedas Architects 2010
Unregulated Energy Use includes: plugload, server r ooms, security, external lighting, lifts etc.Special Functions include: trading floors, server r ooms, cafeteria etc.
Extra occupancy& operating hours
Actual – Real energy use
Specialfunctions
Design forecast
Forecast Regulated COPart L
2 Unregulated CO 2
InefficienciesFrom BMS
Regulated Energy Use includes: fixed building servi ces, heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation, ligh ting
Energy use - the full picture
Reference: Aedas Architects 2010
Energy Performance Certificate
Display Energy Certificate
Technology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation
Building Performance Evaluation Programme
University of Bath
Tools and protocols – supported by Technology Strategy Board• Upgrade of TM22 – CIBSE / Verco
• CarbonBuzz Platform
• BUS tool
• Co-heating
• DomEARM – CIBSE / Arup
• Measurement and monitoring protocols
• Embed (Energy Saving Trust)
Reviewing fitness for purpose
Planning of roll-out
A note of Caution: Australian Home Insulation Programme
● The HIP had twin objectives:
� To generate economic stimulus jobs and support jobs and small businesses and:
� to improve the energy efficiency of homes: designed to provide insulation to 2.7 million homes.
Hawke Report 6 th April 2010
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/energy /home-insulation-hawke-report.aspx
A note of Caution: Australian Home Insulation Programme
� Safety/fire hazard issues arose and there were four deaths of young people in the scheme.
� Minister announced that from February 2010 mandatory training requirements would apply to all installers, not just supervisors.
� “ safety and quality concerns were addressed during the course of the program…there was a lag in rolling out a targeted compliance and audit program which would have allowed a more systematic approach earlier”
� The Program was discontinued on 19 February 2010
“ The bungled home insulation program will go down as probably the worst single government initiative in Australian history” Federal Opposition Leader April 2010
The conflicting demands on buildings
• Energy/ Carbon
• Appearance
• Access
• Cost
• Client/ Market Demand
• Comfort
But no one thinks about health, and……
….the unintended consequences of improving the building shell!!
Conflict between health of occupants &
most building practice
• Comfort – temperature, humidity
• Well being
• Mental illness
• Microbiological pollutants
• Chemical and particulate pollutants
• Radiation
• Electro-magnetic fields
• Water
• Light
• Acoustics
• Asthma
Asthma and buildings
• In the UK 1 in 6 people has asthma
• Almost 2000 deaths per annum
• 75,000 hospital admissions
• Cost to date runs into £billions
• Directly linked to dust mite faeces, which are directly linked to relative humidity in houses
Chemical and Particulate Pollution
• From 100 chemicals to 50,000 in a hundred years
• Carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides and PM10
particulates (particles under 10μm in diameter)
• VOCs
• Various and many combinations and concentrations
New Challenges
• Air tightness as we head towards PassivHaus standards
• General thermal performance – windows and doors
• Ventilation systems
What happens in 2, 10 and 50 years time?
Modern ventilation?
Air tightness in new buildings is improving, however…..
Work by AECOM for Part F 2010 showed that ventilation of all
types failed to provide sufficient air changes in majority of cases.
– Out of 22 dwellings assessed with natural ventilation, 70% fail to
have sufficient air changes. 4 exceed safe mould levels and 11
exceed safe VOC levels.
– Out of 9 houses with mechanical ventilation 8 fail to have sufficient
air changes, one by 63%.
Real Dangers of Badly Built Airtight Building
Envelopes
• Increased Cardio-Respiratory illness (Lancet)
• UCL research found an increase in dust mites in beds of 2500 x base case
house when air permeability 10m/hr was decreased to 3m/hr.
• Decreased by 60% at 20m/hr
“Without Whole Life Costing being embedded at the heart of all capital programmes, applied universally not episodically, Ministers should give up on their carbon targets, however worthy, and forget any notion of a sustainable government estate.”
(Jonathon Porritt, October 2004)
The Intelligent Client Recipe
• Procurement
– Whole Life Costing
– DEC
– Guaranteed Energy Performance
• Soft Landings
74The built environment experts
“A process for a graduated handover of a new or ref urbished
building, where a period of professional aftercare by the
project team is a client requirement – planned for a nd carried
out from project inception onwards – and lasting for up to
three years post-completion”
Soft Landings in a sentence
The Intelligent Client Recipe
• Procurement
– Whole Life Costing
– DEC
– Guaranteed Energy Performance
• Soft Landings
• Knowledge Capture Hub
"We cannot solve our problems
with the same thinking we used
when we created them."
Conclusions………………….
Albert Einstein
Technology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation
Building Performance Evaluation Programme
Study findings - knowledge
Programme
• Distillation of findings –
collation and
interpretation
• Case studies
• Access to results
• Benchmarking
Emerging themes
• Commissioning
• Sub-meters and
reconciliation
• BMS
• Lighting – too much and
inability to control
• Fabric performance
• Controls / complexity
• MVHR systems
The Message
• Radical Change to the Procurement Process
– Whole Life Costing
– Evidence of performance - DEC
– Guaranteed Energy Performance
• Soft Landings
• National Knowledge Capture Hub