) esearch es, text, e you poster s, go online K. to the level the authors, o the size of your ure and ame(s) and n insert a d paste or by likely to be ogo will look s. templates ktop, copy one of the tort your hey look good Bad prin)ng quality How You can easil DESIGN menu choice. You c You can also VIEW > SLIDE go to VIEW > Adjust the siz present. The the conferen T c a You can also document. A FORMAT SHAP You can simp Some reform document ha How RIGHT-CLICK column optio be customize If you are wo poster, save a them by goin match the Pa also delete th Save your tem PowerPoint o When you are PosterPresen Choose the p you submit a your approva noon, Pacific day. Next day offered. Go t Stude Go to © 2013 Poster 2117 Fourth S Berkeley CA 94 posterpresent RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2015 www.PosterPresentations.com We currently use over 300 million tones of new plastic every year. Half of that is used just once and used for less than 12 minutes. 8 million tones of plastic waste ends up in the ocean every year. (Jones & Hardin, 2016) Over many years, as this plastic waste is carried along by ocean currents, it breaks up into tiny pieces known as micro plastics. So much is getting into our ocean that in some places these plastic particles outnumber plankton by a ratio of 26:1. (Jones & Hardin, 2016) Over the last ten years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century. Which is not only detrimental to our health, but the overall health of our planet. Plastic debris can be found anywhere, especially near the ocean, and it has many negative effects on the ocean environment. People have found many uses for plastic, whether it is plastic bags for groceries, plastic packaging, or plastic water bottles to drink out of. All of this plastic ends up somewhere, and not all of it ends up on land. Plastic pollution is visible on land, which makes it easy to target and clean up. But, when it comes to the ocean, that plastic is not as easily visible, if at all. If it is out of view, may people do not know that it is there, which alludes to the “out of sight out of mind” idea. There are many ways in which plastic pollutes the ocean environment. Plastics of all kinds directly impact fish, turtles, marine mammals, and other kinds of marine life. Let’s Talk Trash Micro Plastics As currents come together and accumulate trash, there are five gyre locations that people need to be aware of: the Indian Ocean, the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the South Pacific ocean gyre. Many people do not stop to think where plastic on land ends up. Narrowing into the North Pacific Gyre, according to the hydratelife.org, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is “…a patch of trash in the Pacific Ocean that is about 2x the size of Texas… Those small bits of plastic are toxic chemicals.” These plastics come from land sources such as plastic bottles, balloons, plastic bags, etc. These toxins end up inside of animals and washed up on beaches, coming into direct contact with humans. According to nationalgeographic.org, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch “spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan” and is “comprised of the Western Garbage Patch, located east of Japan and west of Hawaii, and the Eastern Garbage Patch, located between the U.S. states of Hawaii and California.” All of the trash that spans over the different areas are connected by a current called subtropical convergence zone that is 6,000 miles long. The span of the patch rotates with the current and traps the plastic waste in the middle of it, called convergence zones. It is a gyre that acts as a vortex, sucking all of the trash and spiraling it into those convergence zones. Most of the debris in the patch is plastic and is not biodegradable, so it breaks down into smaller pieces and is consumed by marine life. According to garbagepatch.net, “in the Great Pacific Ocean Gyre there is 6 times more plastic than plankton, which the main food for many ocean animals.” The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Another area that is greatly affected by plastic pollution is the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is an area with high marine diversity, with approximately 17,000 marine species reported to date, one-fifth of which are considered to be endemic. The highest plastic concentrations were found in regions distant from land as well as in the first kilometer adjacent to the coastline. In this near shore water strip, plastic concentrations were significantly correlated with the nearness to a coastal human population, with local areas close to large human settlements showing hundreds of thousands of plastic pieces per km2. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides were the predominant plastic polymers at all distances from coast (86 to 97% of total items), although the diversity of polymers was higher in the 1-km coastal water strip due to a higher frequency of polystyrene or polycyclic fibers. The ratio of plastic to plankton abundance reached particularly high values for the coastal surface waters. Several surveys have shown the global scale of the marine plastic pollution, with large accumulations of floating debris in distant offshore regions of surface water convergence. However, we still know little about the transport and degradation that the floating plastic pollution undergoes from the sources to the accumulation regions. Maritime activities can scatter important amounts of plastic waste over the sea and it seems evident that a fraction of the marine floating debris can be moved onto the coasts by wind and waves. The Mediterranean Sea is a large enclosed basin that supports a strong demographic pressure, with 466 million inhabitants settled on its coasts. The patchy distribution suggested that the variability in the Mediterranean surface circulation hampers the formation of stable plastic retention areas. It seems that the fragmentation of large plastic manufactured objects was the main source of micro plastics. ‘Low-hanging fruit’ for conservation of marine vertebrate species at risk in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean region is one of the most threatened, mainly due to intense human activity. In 2011, out of the 519 native marine fish and subspecies were estimated to be threatened and another 4% were classified as near threatened. Until now we have heard mainly of the prevalence of plastics in our ocean habitats and the destruction it causes in saltwater environments. The Mediterranean Sea What the Ocean does for us We cannot live without the ocean, it is our life. 70% of the oxygen we breathe comes from marine plants. 97% of the Earth’s water supply is contained in the ocean. 30% of CO2 emissions produced by humans are absorbed by the ocean. Nearly half of the world's human population lives within 50 miles of a coast. Ocean dynamics strongly affect climate and weather patterns, transferring heat from the equator to the poles and moderating carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Per capita consumption of seafood is increasing around the globe. Ocean-related industry provides revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. Seafood has become one of the most exported items in the global market today. The U.S imports 90% of all its seafood, and consumes 4.8 billion pounds annually. Biomedical products that come from marine plants and animal sources provide important medicinal products and health benefits. Bibliography Index, O. H. (2015). Trash pollution. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/trash-pollution Jones, D., & Hardin, T. (2016). Plastic oceans foundation. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.plasticoceans.org Oceanic, N., & Administration, A. (2016, April 13). What are microplastics? Retrieved December 7, 2016, from NOAA, http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html bluenow. (2014, February 6). Home. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.hydratelife.org Society, N. G. (2014, September 19). Great pacific garbage patch. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ Craens, A. (2014, May 9). The great pacific garbage patch and other pollution issues Retrieved from http://garbagepatch.net leaders, & urgency, the. (2013, May 24). The shocking impacts of plastic pollution in our oceans – EIA international. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from Blog, https://eia- international.org/the-shocking-impacts-of-plastic-pollution-in-our-oceans Sounds, S. (2015, September 22). Ocean garbage patches growth terrifying video. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from Human Pollution, http://strangesounds.org/2015/09/ocean-garbage-patches-formation- video.html Micro plastics are tiny pieces of plastic that have slowly broken down from a larger piece of plastic after a good chunk of time drifting around the ocean. There is also the term “Micro Beads” not to confuse them with micro plastics. Micro beads come straight from the factory and are tiny beads of polyethylene frequently put in health and beauty products. The two combined are the most prevalent type of marine debris found in our oceans and great lakes. Biodiversity is a multi-definition concept. It encompasses genetics, species, communities, habitats and ecosystem components. To date, the most commonly available indicator of marine biodiversity is the diversity of vertebrate species, which tend to be more studied than any other group of marine organisms. But with the increase of micro plastics and other plastics in the ocean as well, we find that plankton have become outnumbered in high concentrated areas. It was recently published that plastic particles outnumber plankton by a ratio of 26:1(Jones & Hardin, 2016). As these micro plastics make their way through the food chain, they work their way deeper and deeper into our oceans until they land on the bottom. The sea floor is well covered in debris and plastics. Sometimes our trash reaches places we haven’t even been to yet. When the sediment and coral on the North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Southwestern Indian Ocean floors were surveyed, the micro-plastics were four times more abundant than in the sea-surface waters. Due to the vastness of the ocean floor, the results reveal an un-sampled fraction of plastic that shows where the unaccounted for plastic is at. Because plastic does not biodegrade, it continuously breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces, and becomes increasingly more harmful because along with being consumed by marine life, toxins are released during the breakdown of those plastics. Micro-plastics are the easiest thing to get absorbed by marine creatures, which greatly affects their health. Kalie Isaacs Plastics in the Ocean Image illustrating amount of plastic thrown into ocean in 2010 (Index, 2015) Animals With plastic appearing to be in every crevice of our oceans, its hard to imagine what else does this plastic effect. But it gets much worse. Over 600 species of marine life are known to suffer directly from plastic pollution including some on the IUCN red list list such as the Hawaiian monk seal, loggerhead turtle and sooty shearwater. Birds consume plastic, and an increasing number starve when their stomachs are full of plastic waste. Over 90% of seabirds worldwide have plastic pieces in their stomachs. (Jones & Hardin, 2016) The turtles are in harms way for several reasons. The first is the plastic bag. Leatherback sea turtle’s primary food is jellyfish, which looks a lot like a plastic bag drifting out at sea. The turtle then consumes the plastic bag and then the bag ends up in the stomach. The turtle then thinks its full and will not continue to eat until otherwise. But the problem is, the turtle is receiving no nutrition from this plastic bag, so the turtle then starves to death. Another way plastic pollution harms turtles is soda can carriers. Those plastic rings stuck to a sick pack. The turtles get stuck in those. Their heads frequently lodge in between or their whole bodies. Which can cause defects in the way their body continues to grow and can even lead to death. Whales are also a victim to ocean pollution. They commonly get stuck in fishing nets and then drown. Whales are mammals, which means they need to go to the surface to breath every few minutes. They do not have gills. SO when trapped in a net, they are unable to surface and then receive oxygen. Baleen whales are at high risk as well. Since they eat plankton, they have a high chance of consuming large quantities of micro plastics and cause them either starve or digest chemicals which will make them sick or lead to death. A Gray Whale entangled in a fishing net. (leaders & urgency, 2013) Image displaying the five different garbage patches in out oceans as previously mentioned. (Sounds, 2015)
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We currently use over 300 million tones of new plastic every year. Half of that is used just once and used for less than 12 minutes. 8 million tones of plastic waste ends up in the ocean every year. (Jones & Hardin, 2016)
Over many years, as this plastic waste is carried along by ocean currents, it breaks up into tiny pieces known as micro plastics. So much is getting into our ocean that in some places these plastic particles outnumber plankton by a ratio of 26:1. (Jones & Hardin, 2016)
Over the last ten years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century. Which is not only detrimental to our health, but the overall health of our planet.
Plastic debris can be found anywhere, especially near the ocean, and it has many negative effects on the ocean environment. People have found many uses for plastic, whether it is plastic bags for groceries, plastic packaging, or plastic water bottles to drink out of. All of this plastic ends up somewhere, and not all of it ends up on land. Plastic pollution is visible on land, which makes it easy to target and clean up. But, when it comes to the ocean, that plastic is not as easily visible, if at all. If it is out of view, may people do not know that it is there, which alludes to the “out of sight out of mind” idea. There are many ways in which plastic pollutes the ocean environment. Plastics of all kinds directly impact fish, turtles, marine mammals, and other kinds of marine life.
Let’s Talk Trash
Micro Plastics
As currents come together and accumulate trash, there are five gyre locations that people need to be aware of: the Indian Ocean, the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the South Pacific ocean gyre. Many people do not stop to think where plastic on land ends up.
Narrowing into the North Pacific Gyre, according to the hydratelife.org, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is “…a patch of trash in the Pacific Ocean that is about 2x the size of Texas…Those small bits of plastic are toxic chemicals.” These plastics come from land sources such as plastic bottles, balloons, plastic bags, etc. These toxins end up inside of animals and washed up on beaches, coming into direct contact with humans.
According to nationalgeographic.org, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch “spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan” and is “comprised of the Western Garbage Patch, located east of Japan and west of Hawaii, and the Eastern Garbage Patch, located between the U.S. states of Hawaii and California.” All of the trash that spans over the different areas are connected by a current called subtropical convergence zone that is 6,000 miles long. The span of the patch rotates with the current and traps the plastic waste in the middle of it, called convergence zones. It is a gyre that acts as a vortex, sucking all of the trash and spiraling it into those convergence zones. Most of the debris in the patch is plastic and is not biodegradable, so it breaks down into smaller pieces and is consumed by marine life. According to garbagepatch.net, “in the Great Pacific Ocean Gyre there is 6 times more plastic than plankton, which the main food for many ocean animals.”
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Another area that is greatly affected by plastic pollution is the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is an area with high marine diversity, with approximately 17,000 marine species reported to date, one-fifth of which are considered to be endemic. The highest plastic concentrations were found in regions distant from land as well as in the first kilometer adjacent to the coastline. In this near shore water strip, plastic concentrations were significantly correlated with the nearness to a coastal human population, with local areas close to large human settlements showing hundreds of thousands of plastic pieces per km2. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides were the predominant plastic polymers at all distances from coast (86 to 97% of total items), although the diversity of polymers was higher in the 1-km coastal water strip due to a higher frequency of polystyrene or polycyclic fibers. The ratio of plastic to plankton abundance reached particularly high values for the coastal surface waters. Several surveys have shown the global scale of the marine plastic pollution, with large accumulations of floating debris in distant offshore regions of surface water convergence. However, we still know little about the transport and degradation that the floating plastic pollution undergoes from the sources to the accumulation regions.
Maritime activities can scatter important amounts of plastic waste over the sea and it seems evident that a fraction of the marine floating debris can be moved onto the coasts by wind and waves. The Mediterranean Sea is a large enclosed basin that supports a strong demographic pressure, with 466 million inhabitants settled on its coasts. The patchy distribution suggested that the variability in the Mediterranean surface circulation hampers the formation of stable plastic retention areas. It seems that the fragmentation of large plastic manufactured objects was the main source of micro plastics. ‘Low-hanging fruit’ for conservation of marine vertebrate species at risk in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean region is one of the most threatened, mainly due to intense human activity. In 2011, out of the 519 native marine fish and subspecies were estimated to be threatened and another 4% were classified as near threatened. Until now we have heard mainly of the prevalence of plastics in our ocean habitats and the destruction it causes in saltwater environments.
The Mediterranean Sea What the Ocean does for us We cannot live without the ocean, it is our life. 70% of the oxygen we breathe comes from marine plants. 97% of the Earth’s water supply is contained in the ocean. 30% of CO2 emissions produced by humans are absorbed by the ocean.
Nearly half of the world's human population lives within 50 miles of a coast. Ocean dynamics strongly affect climate and weather patterns, transferring heat from the equator to the poles and moderating carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Seafood is a major food staple and protein source. Per capita consumption of seafood is increasing around the globe. Ocean-related industry provides revenue through fishing, seafood distribution, tourism, recreation and transportation. Seafood has become one of the most exported items in the global market today. The U.S imports 90% of all its seafood, and consumes 4.8 billion pounds annually.
Biomedical products that come from marine plants and animal sources provide important medicinal products and health benefits.
BibliographyIndex, O. H. (2015). Trash pollution. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/trash-pollution
Jones, D., & Hardin, T. (2016). Plastic oceans foundation. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.plasticoceans.org
Oceanic, N., & Administration, A. (2016, April 13). What are microplastics? Retrieved December 7, 2016, from NOAA, http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html
bluenow. (2014, February 6). Home. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.hydratelife.org
Society, N. G. (2014, September 19). Great pacific garbage patch. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/
Craens, A. (2014, May 9). The great pacific garbage patch and other pollution issues Retrieved from http://garbagepatch.net
leaders, & urgency, the. (2013, May 24). The shocking impacts of plastic pollution in our oceans – EIA international. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from Blog, https://eia-international.org/the-shocking-impacts-of-plastic-pollution-in-our-oceans
Sounds, S. (2015, September 22). Ocean garbage patches growth terrifying video. Retrieved December 7, 2016, from Human Pollution, http://strangesounds.org/2015/09/ocean-garbage-patches-formation-video.html Micro plastics are tiny pieces of plastic that have slowly broken down from a larger piece of
plastic after a good chunk of time drifting around the ocean. There is also the term “Micro Beads” not to confuse them with micro plastics. Micro beads come straight from the factory and are tiny beads of polyethylene frequently put in health and beauty products. The two combined are the most prevalent type of marine debris found in our oceans and great lakes. Biodiversity is a multi-definition concept. It encompasses genetics, species, communities, habitats and ecosystem components. To date, the most commonly available indicator of marine biodiversity is the diversity of vertebrate species, which tend to be more studied than any other group of marine organisms. But with the increase of micro plastics and other plastics in the ocean as well, we find that plankton have become outnumbered in high concentrated areas. It was recently published that plastic particles outnumber plankton by a ratio of 26:1(Jones & Hardin, 2016).
As these micro plastics make their way through the food chain, they work their way deeper and deeper into our oceans until they land on the bottom. The sea floor is well covered in debris and plastics. Sometimes our trash reaches places we haven’t even been to yet. When the sediment and coral on the North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Southwestern Indian Ocean floors were surveyed, the micro-plastics were four times more abundant than in the sea-surface waters. Due to the vastness of the ocean floor, the results reveal an un-sampled fraction of plastic that shows where the unaccounted for plastic is at. Because plastic does not biodegrade, it continuously breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces, and becomes increasingly more harmful because along with being consumed by marine life, toxins are released during the breakdown of those plastics. Micro-plastics are the easiest thing to get absorbed by marine creatures, which greatly affects their health.
KalieIsaacs
Plastics in the Ocean
Image illustrating amount of plastic thrown into ocean in 2010 (Index, 2015)
Animals
With plastic appearing to be in every crevice of our oceans, its hard to imagine what else does this plastic effect. But it gets much worse. Over 600 species of marine life are known to suffer directly from plastic pollution including some on the IUCN red list list such as the Hawaiian monk seal, loggerhead turtle and sooty shearwater. Birds consume plastic, and an increasing number starve when their stomachs are full of plastic waste. Over 90% of seabirds worldwide have plastic pieces in their stomachs. (Jones & Hardin, 2016)
The turtles are in harms way for several reasons. The first is the plastic bag. Leatherback sea turtle’s primary food is jellyfish, which looks a lot like a plastic bag drifting out at sea. The turtle then consumes the plastic bag and then the bag ends up in the stomach. The turtle then thinks its full and will not continue to eat until otherwise. But the problem is, the turtle is receiving no nutrition from this plastic bag, so the turtle then starves to death. Another way plastic pollution harms turtles is soda can carriers. Those plastic rings stuck to a sick pack. The turtles get stuck in those. Their heads frequently lodge in between or their whole bodies. Which can cause defects in the way their body continues to grow and can even lead to death.
Whales are also a victim to ocean pollution. They commonly get stuck in fishing nets and then drown. Whales are mammals, which means they need to go to the surface to breath every few minutes. They do not have gills. SO when trapped in a net, they are unable to surface and then receive oxygen. Baleen whales are at high risk as well. Since they eat plankton, they have a high chance of consuming large quantities of micro plastics and cause them either starve or digest chemicals which will make them sick or lead to death.
A Gray Whale entangled in a fishing net. (leaders & urgency, 2013)
Image displaying the five different garbage patches in out oceans as previously mentioned. (Sounds, 2015)
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