RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012 www.PosterPresentations.com The population of the sea otter has not been as good as it was many years ago. There use to be hundreds of thousands to more than a million sea otters roaming this Earth. Sadly, there are very few amounts left, which has cause the sea otters to be put on the endangered species list. Sea otters are not only victims to predation by humans and other species, but also to pollution. Sea otters have the finest fur of all mammals, which causes them to be hunted for their fur. Also, the sea otter’s fur is a very important part of it’s survival. Their fur helps keeps them from getting wet and sick from Hypothermia, but because of oil spills their fur gets ruined and results in them quickly dying. Although there are so many threats to sea otters, there are also many efforts in conserving this species. There are plenty of laws and organizations that are helping to keep this species from becoming extinct and even though the population of sea otters isn’t even close to how many there use to be, they are slowly growing higher. ABSTRACT THREATS: CONFLICT WITH HUMANS Sea otters have very thick fur. They actually have the thickest fur of any mammal. They have two layers of fur, which is the undercoat and long guard hairs. This traps a layer of air next to their skin, which prevents their skin from getting wet. Oil spills from offshore drilling and shipping are a big threat to sea otters. A sea otter’s fur is very crucial to its survival. When otters come into contact with oil it causes their fur to become matted. This prevents their bodies from being insulated and since the water is cold it causes them to quickly die from hypothermia. Sea otters are still threatened by events like this because countries around the northern hemisphere continue to ship and drill for oil throughout the Pacific and along coastal areas that sea otters call home. (http:// www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) THREATS: OIL SPILLS Although there are still very few sea otters, there have been many attempts to try to help the sea otter’s population recover. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) authorizes the determination and listing of a species as endangered and threatened. It also prohibits taking, possesion, transport, and sale of an endangered species. This act helps to stop the extinction of awild animals and has determined the sea otter as threatened. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES is an international treaty to regulate trade for certain wildlife species. The International Fur Seal Treaty has protected sea otters since 1911. This treaty, which is between U.S., Russia, Japan, and Great Britain, was established to ban large-scale commercial hunting of sea otters and fur seals and to allow their population to recover. Sea otter numbers have increased since then. The California population, which was thought to be extinct in 1920, has grown to about 2,800. Sea otters also are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA). The MMPA makes it illegal to hunt, harm, or harass any marine mammal in U.S. waters.The primary objective of the MMPA is to maintain the health and stability of the marine ecosystem and to obtain and maintain an optimum sustainable population of marine mammals. Reintroducing sea otters to different areas has gained some success with the conservation efforts. Zoological parks have also helped in the conservation effort. This helps by creating public awareness and the appreciation of wildlife. Although some people are against these parks, it has still been a help to the conservation of wildlife. In this environment scientists can examine certain aspects of otters that are difficult to study in the wild. SeaWorld parks rescue and rehabilitate orphaned, ill, and injured otters. Scientists from the Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI) coordinated efforts to rescue and treat sea otters affected by the 1989 oil spill. About 360 sea otters were rescued and treated at nearby rehabilitation facilities. 195 of these were successfully rehabilitated and released. Scientists removed the oil from the otters' fur with dishwashing detergent. The otters then required a long rehabilitation period to regain the natural oils that protect their fur and to build up an insulating layer of air. SeaWorld Orlando occasionally rescues orphaned North American river otter pups. Animal experts bottlefeed the pups, then wean them on a diet of fish before they are released. A little goes a long way. Even though there aren’t as many sea otters as there was many years ago, we can always hope for the best. (http://seaworld.org, 12/9/14) (www.fws.gov , 12/9/14) CONSERVATION EFFORTS SEA OTTERS Scientific Name: Enhydra lutris Family: Mustelidae Lifespan: Average 10-12 years Habitat: Coastal, shallow water. The ocean floor and ocean surface Food Habits: Mainly eat benthic invertebrates. Make tools to open food. Eat 25%-35% of body weight Predators: Humans, sharks, bears, eagles, and killer whales For 36 years and counting, California’s Southern sea otter has been listed on the threatened species list under the Endangered Species Act. The population growth of sea otters has come to a halt and they are showing few signs of recovery. (www.seaotter- sealion.org ,12/9/14) THREATS: HABITAT DEGRADATION Pollution jeopardizes sea otter’s food sources, as well as harming them directly. The pollution from land runs into the ocean, which contaminates their habitat. They are often times contaminated with disease causing parasite and also toxic pollutants. More than 40% of otter deaths in California are because of parasites and infectious diseases. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) REFERENCES "Basic Facts about Sea Otters." Sea Otter. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Chen, Ingfei. "Sharks Pose Growing Threat to California Otter Survival." The New York Times. The New York Times, 27 Feb. 2012. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service." Endangered Species Act of 1973. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otter Facts." Sea Otter Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otter." Sea Otter. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otters Face a Growing Threat: Shark Attacks." - San Jose Mercury News. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Sea otters eat the same type of shellfish as us, such as lobster, clams, and crab. It is no surprise that they happen to take a stroll in the same areas as fishermen. These fishermen see the sea otters as competition, which causes them to use their fishing gear to tangle the sea otters and cause them to drown. This isn’t the only way sea otters are harmed by humans. Shootings, fishing entrapment, and fur hunting also affect them. The good news is that since the Endangered Species Act, the amount of sea otter deaths from humans has been slowly decreasing. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) . Janeza Bridges Threats and Conservation Efforts SEA OTTERS CONSERVATION STATUS (IUCN) THREATS: PREDATION Sharks are the sea otter’s number one predators. The amount of sea otter’s becoming victims to sharks has increased by 4 times the rate since the 1980's-1990's. This is one of the biggest reasons for otter deaths. The loss of females has been slowing down the recovery of the sea otter population. The sharks appear to be biting the sea otters, but not eating them. The reason for the increase of shark attacks compared to before is a mystery, but researchers have inferred that the reason could be that the sharks are mistaking the sea otters for sea lions and young elephant seals, which are their favorite foods. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) (www.nytimes.com , 12/9/14) THREATS: IN GENERAL There use to be large amounts of sea otters in the world. Sea otters had a population between several hundred thousand to more than a million. They have been hunted for their fur, which is the finest of any mammal. There have been conservation efforts for sea otters and the numbers of sea otters have slowly been recovering even though it is not even as close to the number of sea otters there use to be. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has determined sea otters as endangered. Sea otter fur is the finest of any mammal’s fur and is wanted by many. The furs in this image are from The Alaskan Fur Project. Orphaned baby sea otter found at 1 week old. She was taken to The Monterey Bay Aquarium’s intensive care unit, where she was embarked in a 4-week program to stabilize her health. She was then moved to the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago. Sea Otter Mortality: The cause of death for 241 sea otters between 1998 and 2003 according to the California Department of Fish and Game’s Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center. A sea otter whose fur is covered in oil.
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The population of the sea otter has not been as good as it was many years ago. There use to be hundreds of thousands to more than a million sea otters roaming this Earth. Sadly, there are very few amounts left, which has cause the sea otters to be put on the endangered species list. Sea otters are not only victims to predation by humans and other species, but also to pollution. Sea otters have the finest fur of all mammals, which causes them to be hunted for their fur. Also, the sea otter’s fur is a very important part of it’s survival. Their fur helps keeps them from getting wet and sick from Hypothermia, but because of oil spills their fur gets ruined and results in them quickly dying. Although there are so many threats to sea otters, there are also many efforts in conserving this species. There are plenty of laws and organizations that are helping to keep this species from becoming extinct and even though the population of sea otters isn’t even close to how many there use to be, they are slowly growing higher.
ABSTRACT
THREATS: CONFLICT WITH HUMANS
Sea otters have very thick fur. They actually have the thickest fur of any mammal. They have two layers of fur, which is the undercoat and long guard hairs. This traps a layer of air next to their skin, which prevents their skin from getting wet. Oil spills from offshore drilling and shipping are a big threat to sea otters. A sea otter’s fur is very crucial to its survival. When otters come into contact with oil it causes their fur to become matted. This prevents their bodies from being insulated and since the water is cold it causes them to quickly die from hypothermia. Sea otters are still threatened by events like this because countries around the northern hemisphere continue to ship and drill for oil throughout the Pacific and along coastal areas that sea otters call home. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14)
THREATS: OIL SPILLS Although there are still very few sea otters, there have been many attempts to try to help the sea otter’s population recover. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) authorizes the determination and listing of a species as endangered and threatened. It also prohibits taking, possesion, transport, and sale of an endangered species. This act helps to stop the extinction of awild animals and has determined the sea otter as threatened. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES is an international treaty to regulate trade for certain wildlife species. The International Fur Seal Treaty has protected sea otters since 1911. This treaty, which is between U.S., Russia, Japan, and Great Britain, was established to ban large-scale commercial hunting of sea otters and fur seals and to allow their population to recover. Sea otter numbers have increased since then. The California population, which was thought to be extinct in 1920, has grown to about 2,800. Sea otters also are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA). The MMPA makes it illegal to hunt, harm, or harass any marine mammal in U.S. waters.The primary objective of the MMPA is to maintain the health and stability of the marine ecosystem and to obtain and maintain an optimum sustainable population of marine mammals. Reintroducing sea otters to different areas has gained some success with the conservation efforts. Zoological parks have also helped in the conservation effort. This helps by creating public awareness and the appreciation of wildlife. Although some people are against these parks, it has still been a help to the conservation of wildlife. In this environment scientists can examine certain aspects of otters that are difficult to study in the wild. SeaWorld parks rescue and rehabilitate orphaned, ill, and injured otters. Scientists from the Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI) coordinated efforts to rescue and treat sea otters affected by the 1989 oil spill. About 360 sea otters were rescued and treated at nearby rehabilitation facilities. 195 of these were successfully rehabilitated and released. Scientists removed the oil from the otters' fur with dishwashing detergent. The otters then required a long rehabilitation period to regain the natural oils that protect their fur and to build up an insulating layer of air. SeaWorld Orlando occasionally rescues orphaned North American river otter pups. Animal experts bottlefeed the pups, then wean them on a diet of fish before they are released. A little goes a long way. Even though there aren’t as many sea otters as there was many years ago, we can always hope for the best. (http://seaworld.org, 12/9/14) (www.fws.gov , 12/9/14)
CONSERVATION EFFORTS SEA OTTERS Scientific Name: Enhydra lutris Family: Mustelidae Lifespan: Average 10-12 years Habitat: Coastal, shallow water. The ocean floor and ocean surface Food Habits: Mainly eat benthic invertebrates. Make tools to open food. Eat 25%-35% of body weight Predators: Humans, sharks, bears, eagles, and killer whales For 36 years and counting, California’s Southern sea otter has been listed on the threatened species list under the Endangered Species Act. The population growth of sea otters has come to a halt and they are showing few signs of recovery. (www.seaotter-sealion.org ,12/9/14)
THREATS: HABITAT DEGRADATION Pollution jeopardizes sea otter’s food sources, as well as harming them directly. The pollution from land runs into the ocean, which contaminates their habitat. They are often times contaminated with disease causing parasite and also toxic pollutants. More than 40% of otter deaths in California are because of parasites and infectious diseases. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14)
REFERENCES "Basic Facts about Sea Otters." Sea Otter. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Chen, Ingfei. "Sharks Pose Growing Threat to California Otter Survival." The New York Times. The New York Times, 27 Feb. 2012. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service." Endangered Species Act of 1973. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otter Facts." Sea Otter Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otter." Sea Otter. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. "Sea Otters Face a Growing Threat: Shark Attacks." - San Jose Mercury News. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
Sea otters eat the same type of shellfish as us, such as lobster, clams, and crab. It is no surprise that they happen to take a stroll in the same areas as fishermen. These fishermen see the sea otters as competition, which causes them to use their fishing gear to tangle the sea otters and cause them to drown. This isn’t the only way sea otters are harmed by humans. Shootings, fishing entrapment, and fur hunting also affect them. The good news is that since the Endangered Species Act, the amount of sea otter deaths from humans has been slowly decreasing. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) .
Janeza Bridges Threats and Conservation Efforts
SEA OTTERS
CONSERVATION STATUS (IUCN)
THREATS: PREDATION
Sharks are the sea otter’s number one predators. The amount of sea otter’s becoming victims to sharks has increased by 4 times the rate since the 1980's-1990's. This is one of the biggest reasons for otter deaths. The loss of females has been slowing down the recovery of the sea otter population. The sharks appear to be biting the sea otters, but not eating them. The reason for the increase of shark attacks compared to before is a mystery, but researchers have inferred that the reason could be that the sharks are mistaking the sea otters for sea lions and young elephant seals, which are their favorite foods. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14) (www.nytimes.com , 12/9/14)
THREATS: IN GENERAL There use to be large amounts of sea otters in the world. Sea otters had a population between several hundred thousand to more than a million. They have been hunted for their fur, which is the finest of any mammal. There have been conservation efforts for sea otters and the numbers of sea otters have slowly been recovering even though it is not even as close to the number of sea otters there use to be. (http://www.defenders.org, 12/8/14)
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has determined sea otters as endangered.
Sea otter fur is the finest of any mammal’s fur and is wanted by many. The furs in this image are from The Alaskan Fur Project.
Orphaned baby sea otter found at 1 week old. She was taken to The Monterey Bay Aquarium’s intensive care unit, where she was embarked in a 4-week program to stabilize her health. She was
then moved to the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.
Sea Otter Mortality: The cause of death for 241 sea otters between 1998 and 2003 according to the California Department of Fish
and Game’s Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center.
A sea otter whose fur is covered in oil.
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