DESIGN GUIDE (—THIS SIDEBAR DOES NOT PRINT—) Bluefin ...faculty.sdmiramar.edu/faculty/sdccd/alowe/StudentPostersFall2018... · Tuna are not the only type of tuna in Japanese markets

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Abstract Overfishing of Bluefin Tuna

Migration for Spawning

Value at Fish Markets and Fisheries Provisions and Conservation Efforts

Literature Cited

Rows upon rows of Bluefin

Tuna are laid in this

Japanese market which is

part of the reason as to why

this species is diminishing

(Alberts, 2017).

Marine Bio 115 Professor Lowe

By: Keale Alfaro

Bluefin Tuna

The Bluefin Tuna was once a well populated species in the ocean. However, they have

unfortunately been an endangered fish for many years due to the value that they hold in markets

and fisheries. Bluefin Tuna are a highly migratory fish that travel long distances for spawning.

They spawn only once a year which makes them more susceptible to being overfished. They are

also commonly overfished because of their high price in markets, fisheries, and auctions. The

value of these fish have raised exponentially over the years because their population has

continued to diminish, making them more desirable. Their current status is in the endangered to

critically endangered zone, but will continue to get worse if no conservation efforts are made.

The inevitable fate of the Bluefin Tuna is trending toward extinction due to them being

overfished and sold for the high prices in fish markets and fisheries.

Bluefin tuna have a variety of migration patterns depending on which ocean waters they are in.

Also, these highly migratory fish have specific spawning grounds where they produce their eggs.

Unfortunately these fish tend to migrate to spawning areas only once a year which has led to the

overfishing of Bluefin Tuna. The Southern Bluefin Tuna occupy the southern parts of the

Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. They produce their eggs around the North-East side of the

Indian ocean, close to Australia. This occurs around the southern hemispheres late spring to late

summer time frame. There has been some indication that the Southern Bluefin Tuna have two

spawning peaks as they have had high numbers in October and January/February (Muhling et

al., 2017).

Pacific Bluefin Tuna are controlled in the Pacific Ocean from the southern waters close to New

Zealand to the northern waters around Russia and Alaska. Due to these tuna controlling almost

all of the Pacific, a lot of the tuna have to make far migrations to their spawning grounds around

the country of Japan. Their spawning time frame is from April to August and can also be linked

to the change in temperatures or the differences between the sizes of the Bluefin Tuna. The

southern Pacific Bluefin Tuna spawn sooner than the northern Pacific Bluefin Tuna. But the

smaller tuna tend to spawn earlier in the northern spawning grounds, while the northern tuna

spawn later in the season in southern spawning grounds (Muhling et al., 2017).

The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna are a little different than Southern and Pacific Bluefin as they are split

into two different populations, which are either the Eastern Atlantic Bluefin or Western Atlantic

Bluefin. Not only do Eastern and Western Bluefin have differences in ages and sizes, but they

also have different spawning grounds (Magnuson et al., 2001). The spawning grounds of the

Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna occur in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The Eastern Atlantic

Bluefin Tuna migrate to their spawning grounds in the Mediterranean Sea. Both Eastern and

Western Bluefin spawn at around the same time between the months of April and June.

Interestingly, the two separate populations have begun to see an increased amount of mixing

between each others populations which has made it harder to manage the site specific Bluefin,

but promises chances of rebuilding. (Cermeno et al., 2015)

All species of the Bluefin Tuna have been at risk of overfishing since as early as the 1960s to the

1970s. The Bluefin Tuna business boom came as a result of Japanese markets and fisheries who

began to use these tuna in many of their fish products. The price paid to fisherman for these

Bluefin Tuna was also very high which increased their incentive to catch more Bluefin Tuna.

The high value of these fish encouraged fisherman to use a variety of methods to maximize their

catch count of the Bluefin Tuna such as seine fishing, which is a big net used to catch multiple

fish at a time (Guillotreau et al., 2017). The increased amount of Bluefin Tuna being caught led

to Japanese imports of Bluefin Tuna to sky rocket dramatically from around 957 metric tons of

Bluefin in 1984 to about 5,235 metric tons a decade later. Bluefin Tuna can not produce enough

offspring to compete with their increased catch rate because they only have one spawning

period. Even as the Bluefin Tuna began to become a scarce species, the catch rate only increased

as the economic incentive to catch them increased with them. Technology got so advanced that

people began to use radar equipment, aboard spotter planes, to help them in their search for these

Bluefin Tuna. Ultimately, the overfishing of Bluefin Tuna is a result from their incredibly high

value and desire at fish markets (McDaniel & Gowdy, 1998).

The population of Bluefin Tuna has been declining at a significant rate over the years, as it is commonly overfished. Bluefin Tuna only spawn once during the year which makes it harder for them to match

the rate of extraction. There have been arguments regarding whether or not the Bluefin Tuna is actually an endangered species and if it is worth the effort to try to conserve them. It is argued that Bluefin

Tuna are not the only type of tuna in Japanese markets as they only account for about 2% all the tuna that is caught. Spanish fisherman also catch these Bluefin Tuna, specifically Eastern Atlantic, very

commonly as they have been doing so for over a century. Many people look at this and immediately believe that the Bluefin Tuna are being overfished, but they are not the only fish that are present in this

area. However, there is enough evidence to prove that Bluefin Tuna are close to extinction. One thing that does not get accounted for is the buying and selling of illegally caught Bluefin Tuna. These

Japanese markets and fisheries may have these low percentages of Bluefin Tuna, but they are unaware of the Bluefin Tuna being illegally caught, sold, and bought which would change their numbers if they

were accounted for (Gordoa et al., 2017). Also the Bluefin Tuna is one of rare cases of an endangered species in the oceans. All the species of Bluefin Tuna vary when looking at endangerment, as the

Southern Bluefin Tuna are the highest on the list as they are labeled as critically endangered and they are followed by the endangered Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and Pacific Bluefin Tuna respectively. When

looking specifically at the Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, their numbers have dropped dramatically from 250,000 in 1975 to about as low as 20,000 in the 1990s (Safina, 1994). The numbers have proven

that the Bluefin Tuna is critically endangered, but little progress has been made due to the Bluefin Tuna migratory patterns and the issue regarding certain policies or provisions..

As more Bluefin Tuna began to be harvested in markets and fisheries, their overall value

increased exponentially as they were highly desirable in sushi and for their taste. In the 1990s,

countries like Spain began to create fattening farms for captured Bluefin Tuna. To maximize

their profits, they raised these Bluefin Tunas to become as large and heavy as possible before

selling them at high prices to different Japanese markets and fisheries (Guillotreau et al., 2017).

During the Bluefin Tuna business boom between the 1960s and 1970s, the prices of a single

Bluefin Tuna started at about $30,000 and reached to a max of about $90,000. Even when the

Bluefin Tuna sales had static selling periods, the creations of auctions helped re-energize the

public into buying the Bluefin Tuna (Bestor, 2001). The high prices of the Bluefin Tuna also

correlates with the prices of the different food products that they are made into, such as sushi.

Bluefin Tuna that is made into sushi is highly regarded as it sells for as much as $75 for only a

couple of bites. Bluefin Tuna is also known as a status food because it is so expensive. Not only

does it taste good, but it also provides the people of Japan a higher social status that only the

Bluefin consumers receive. Unfortunately, the high prices of these tuna is a detriment to its

population because when prices increase, the population decreases. It has decreased so much that

the Bluefin Tuna is critically endangered in the world (McDaniel & Gowdy, 1998).

Close to Extinction

Simply stating that fisherman, markets, and fisheries need to stop overfishing will not solve

anything. Those statements need to be put into actual efforts by governments, activists, and

conservationists. Yet, part of the reason why it is hard to set up provisions and conservation

efforts is because the Bluefin Tuna has highly migratory habits. Due to these fish migrating vast

distances, it puts them in different borders throughout the world in which no one government

can set appropriate laws or impose conservation efforts for these fish. This makes it easier for

more illegal captures, however, as they can get away with it because they are either in

international waters where the laws may not apply to them or they simply do not abide by the

rules. Governments have banded together to create international agreements regarding the

regulation of catching these Bluefin Tuna, but it is hard to actually impose punishments on those

who break the agreements as they commonly go unnoticed. Over the past 15 years, the

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) had been criticized

for their lack luster attempt on trying to preserve the Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna as their was

obvious signs of overfishing. Japan has recently partnered with the ICCAT to regulate and track

the Bluefin Tuna and that all the Atlantic Tuna transported into Japan must be properly tagged

with the correct paperwork (Bestor, 2001). The rest of the world need sto impose regulations like

Japan as it will ultimately help the population of the Bluefin Tuna. Policies such as these will

help with the sustainability of the Bluefin Tuna, but they need to happen sooner than later or else

the Bluefin Tuna will truly become extinct.

The cumulative catch rate

of Bluefin Tuna from 1950

to 2000 has increased

steadily which ultimately

means that the population

of these fish are depleting

(Bulter, 2007).

Regulations are being made for Pacific

Bluefin Tuna as fisherman can only catch

two Bluefin Tunas to help with the

overfishing problem (Nguyen, 2016).

In Japan, they hold an annual auction where they sold this 467 pound Bluefin Tuna to the

highest bidder at about $636,000 back in 2017, showing that the price of Bluefin Tuna has

been increasing over the years (Press, 2017).

Fisherman commonly use the fishing method of purse-seine, which is when they use a big net

to maximize the amount of fish, in this case being the Bluefin Tuna (Guilford, 2014).

The Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific Bluefin Tuna are located all throughout the world in their

native waters, but migrate long distances to specific areas for spawning (Muhling et al.,

2017).

Alberts, E. C. (2017, August 23). Your Sushi Could Be Killing This Endangered Animal. In The Dodo. Retrieved from https://www.thedodo.com/in-the-wild/bluefin-tuna-endangered-sushi Bestor, T. C. (2001). Supply-side sushi: Commodity, market, and the global city.American Anthropologist, 103(1), 76-95. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.76 Butler, R. A. (2007, July 8). How to save the world’s oceans from overfishing. In Mongabay New & Inspiration from Nature's Frontline. Retrieved from https://news.mongabay.com/2007/07/how-to-save-the-worlds-oceans-from-overfishing/ Cermeño, P., Quílez-Badia, G., Ospina-Alvarez, A., Sainz-Trápaga, S., Boustany, A. M., Seitz, A. C., . . . Block, B. A. (2015). Electronic tagging of atlantic bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus, L.) reveals habitat use and behaviors in the mediterranean sea. PLoS One, 10(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/10.1371/journal.pone.01166 Guilford, G. (2014, May 30). 200 tons of illegally caught Atlantic bluefin tuna show how we’re driving these fish to extinction. In Quartz. Retrieved from https://qz.com/215118/200-tons-of-illegally-caught-atlantic-bluefin-tuna-show-how-were-driving-these-fish-to-extinction/ Guillotreau, P., Squires, D., Sun, J., & Compeán, G.,A. (2017). Local, regional and global markets: What drives the tuna fisheries? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 27(4), 909-929. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/10.1007/s11160-016-9456-8 Gordoa, A., Carreras, G., Sanz, N., & Viñas, J. (2017). Tuna species substitution in the spanish commercial chain: A knock-on effect. PLoS One, 12(1) doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/10.1371/journal.pone.0170 Magnuson, J. J., Safina, C., & Sissenwine, M. P. (2001). Whose fish are they anyway? Science, 293(5533), 1267-8. Retrieved from http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/213566855?accountid=38871 McDaniel, C., & Gowdy, J. M. (1998). Markets and biodiversity loss: Some case studies and policy considerations. International Journal of Social Economics, 25(10), 1454-1465. Retrieved from http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/274614365?accountid=38871 Muhling, B. A., Lamkin, J. T., Alemany, F., García, A., Farley, J., Ingram, G. W., . . . Carrion, R. L. (2017). Reproduction and larval biology in tunas, and the importance of restricted area spawning grounds. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 27(4), 697-732. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/10.1007/s11160-017-9471-4 Nguyen, T. (2016, August 5). Reminder: New Tuna Fillet-at-Sea Regulations, Bluefin Tuna Bag Limit In Effect. In CDFW Marine Management News. Retrieved from https://cdfwmarine.wordpress.com/2016/08/05/tuna-reminder/ Press, A. (2017, January 5). Bluefin tuna sold for over $600,000 at Japan auction. In Daily Sabah Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2017/01/05/bluefin-tuna-sold-for-over-600000-at-japan-auction Safina, C. (1994). Where have all the fishes gone? Issues in Science and Technology, 10(3), 37. Retrieved from http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/195912073?accountid=38871