Why China No Inflanation

7/30/2019 Why China No Inflanation

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http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#introductionhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1chttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1chttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3chttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3dhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ehttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3fhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ghttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ghttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ghttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3fhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ehttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3dhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3chttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch3http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch2http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1chttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1bhttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1ahttp://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#ch1http://www.massline.org/PolitEcon/China/Inflation-pamphlet.htm#introduction


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nabebmha pb`hax gel |cn `hfn bf cny pnbp`n%


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_nbp`n Gyn Fynn fybm Hef`g|hbe Tbyyhnq

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|cn hef`g|hbe ygdhed he |cn ne|hyn agph|g`hq| tby`l%

Q|gi`n _yhan @nvn`: Hmpybvhed @hvn`hcbbl

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|cn q|gih`h|x bf pyhanq%

Dybanyhnq Abq| |cn Qgmn

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tbyyxhed gib~| gex nyyby%

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\chq hq qcbte ix g q~yvnx fby Ebvnminy, 784%

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_njhedq abeq~mnyq, qn`` g| pyhanq ~eacgednl qhean 78>6%

_yhanq bf B|cny Lgh`x Enanqqh|hnq Q|gi`n, g Fnt Mgyjnl Lbte

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Zhmmnlhg|n`x in`bt]%


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Ebt, 91 xngyq `g|ny, fby |cn qgmn gmb~e| bf mbenx ben age bi|ghe g`` |cnqn |chedq he |cn qgmn

w~ge|h|hnq, p`~q 9%> jh`bdygmq bf f`b~y%

\cn qxq|nm bf q|g|n p~yacgqhed gel mgyjn|hed bf dyghe tgq qn| ~p he 78>1% Qhean |cne, |b heayngqn |cn

heabmn bf |cn pngqge|q, |cn q|g|n cgq qnvnyg` |hmnq yghqnl h|q p~yacgqn pyhanq fby dyghe, tch`n jnnphed h|q

yn|gh` pyhanq he |cn |bteq g| gppybshmg|n`x |cn qgmn `nvn`% Achegq abeq~mnyq gyn g`qb hmm~en fybm |cn

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abq|q bf q|bygdn gel |ygeqpby|g|hbe gel |cn `bqqnq he |cn ab~yqn bf cgel`hed ix abmmnyahg` lnpgy|mne|q

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#>?,??? mn|yha |beq( bf dyghe%

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bf abmmbe ahdgyn||nq%


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Cb~qncb`l dbblq gel q|g|hbenyx cgvn glvgeanl he w~g`h|x gel qg`nq vb`~mnth|c pyhanq q|gi`n gel

he qbmn agqnq ynl~anl% \cn fb``bthed |gi`n dhvnq qbmn q~ac pyhanq he _njhed;

H|nm Qpnahfhag|hbe ^eh|786> 784? 784 `iq, igmibb

qcn``7 9%>7 9%7? 9%7?

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G`gym a`bajq 7 7>%3? 3%?? 3%??

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Tyh|hed pgpny >? qcnn|q, |che 7 pgl ?%7> ?%7> ?%7>

L~ygi`nq fb``bt |cn qgmn |ynel he w~g`h|x gel pyhan% Gmbed |cnm gyn tyhq| tg|acnq, yglhbq, ihaxa`nq,qnthed mgachenq, agmnygq, n|a% Tgh| fby g fnt mbe|cq, |cnyn mhdc| in acngpny gel in||ny benq be |cn

mgyjn|, xb~ age bf|ne cngy pnbp`n qgx% \cnx mgx in |g`jhed gib~| |ygeqhq|by yglhbq bf vgyhb~q iygelq

tchac abmn b~| he hmpybvnl i~| `nqq nspneqhvn mbln`q ngac xngy% Fby |cnqn, |cn yn|gh` pyhanq cgvn inne

a~| ix ge gvnygdn bf


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Acngpny _ybl~anyq Dbblq fby Gdyha~`|~yn

Infbyn |cn `hinyg|hbe, hmpnyhg`hqm gel |cn lbmnq|ha ynga|hbegyx a`gqqnq y~|c`nqq`x nsp`bh|nl Achegq

pngqge|q ix i~xhed |cnhy pybl~an acngp, gel qn``hed |cnm |cnhy ennlq g| chdc pyhanq% \cn pnbp`nq

dbvnyemne|, ix abe|ygq|, yndgylq g pybpny yg|hb in|tnne |cn pyhanq bf fgym pybl~an gel |cbqn bf

hel~q|yhg` pybl~a|q gq g vh|g` pb`h|hag` hqq~n gffna|hed |cn g``hgean in|tnne |cn tbyjnyq gel pngqge|q% \bacgedn |cn qh|~g|hbe `nf| bvny fybm |cn b`l qbahn|x, h| cgq ynpng|nl`x yghqnl |cn pyhanq pghl |b |cn

pngqge|q qb gq |b ibbq| |cnhy heabmn gel cgq|ne |cn dybt|c bf gdyha~`|~yn% _yba~ynmne| pyhanq fby dyghe,

bh` qnnlq, cbdq, ag||`n gel tbb` cgvn g`` inne glk~q|nl ~ptgyl tch`n |cnhy yn|gh` pyhanq he |cn ah|hnq

ynmghe abeq|ge|% \cn q|g|n q~iqhlh{nq h|q abmmnyahg` nq|gi`hqcmne|q |b mgjn ~p |cn lhffnynean% Fby

vndn|gi`nq, mng| gel nddq q~pp`hnl |b ah|x ltn``nyq, |cn dbvnyemne| q~iqhlhnq y~e he|b qnvnyg` |cb~qgel

mh``hbe x~ge g xngy% \gjn _njhed gq ge nsgmp`n% H|q fb~y mh``hbe ynqhlne|q #nsa`~lhed |cbqn he y~yg`

b~|qjhy|q( gyn q~iqhlh{nl he |cnhy abeq~mp|hbe bf fgym pybl~an g| |cn yg|n bf > x~ge pny pnyqbe pny xngy%

Mngetch`n, |cn q|g|n cgq qnvnyg` |hmnq dyng|`x ynl~anl |cn pyhanq g| tchac h| qn``q pybl~anyq dbblq

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heayngqn bf |cn q|g|n p~yacgqhed pyhan fby fgym pybl~an he |cn qgmn pnyhbl

\cnqn mngq~ynq cgvn egyybtnl lbte |cn lhqpgyh|x ix pny ane|% \cg| hq, g dhvne gmb~e| bf fgym

pybl~an age ebt in nsacgednl fby mbvn hel~q|yhg` pybl~a|q% In`bt hq g |gi`n h``~q|yg|hed |chq |ynel% \cn

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Y~yg`

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G qcnnp \ng iyhaj#phnanq(

7%8 47 44


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Yndhbeg` gel qngqbeg` lhffnyneanq he pyhan ~qnl |b in g mngeq ix tchac |cn ynga|hbegyx y~`hed a`gqqnq

gel qpna~`g|byq nsp`bh|nl |cn tbyjhed pnbp`n, nsga|hed nsanqqhvn pybfh| ix p~yacgqhed g| lhy|-acngp

pyhanq gel qn``hed g| qjx-chdc benq% Qhean |cn `hinyg|hbe, |cn q|g|n abmmnyahg` lnpgy|mne|q cgvn

egyybtnl lbte yndhbeg` pyhan lhffnyneanq q|np ix q|np, gel n`hmheg|nl hyyg|hbeg` qngqbeg` pyhan acgednq

fby mgkby fgym pybl~an, nqpnahg``x he |cn lhq|ge| ibylny gel mhebyh|x eg|hbeg`h|x yndhbeq% _yhanq fby

fny|h`h{nyq, heqna|hahlnq, mnlhahenq, n|a% gyn ~ehfbym |cyb~dcb~| |cn ab~e|yxg |ched heabeanhvgi`n he b`l

Acheg%

Acngp Yne|q gel ^|h`h|hnq

\cn yne| pghl ix |cn Acgednq hq ?%3< x~ge pny mbe|c% \cnx |b`l mn h| cgq eb| acgednl fby fhf|nne

xngyq, nvny qhean |cnx mbvnl he%

\cnhy |tb-ybbm gpgy|mne|, th|c 9< qw~gyn mn|nyq bf f`bby qpgan, cgq ane|yg` cng|hed, dgq gel |cn

~qn bf g jh|acne gel |bh`n|% He |cn ihddny ybbm, |cn mghe f~yehqchedq gyn g lb~i`n inl, acnq| bf lygtnyq,tgylybin, gel lnqj, gel h| qnyvnq g`qb gq g `hvhed ybbm% Gq |cn gpgy|mne| i~h`lhed tgq nyna|nl ix |cnhy

fga|byx fby h|q nmp`bxnnq, |cn yne| hq pyga|hag``x fynn% H| hq `nqq |cge ben pny ane| bf |cn Acgednq

abmihenl heabmn, qb |cnx gyn vnyx qg|hqfhnl%

G mbyn ~q~g` yne| hq |cg| acgydnl fby dbvnyemne|-i~h`| f`g|q tchac gyn `n| lhyna|`x |b |nege|q% G| |cn

X~nc|ge ynqhlne|hg` gyng he |cn tnq|nye qna|hbe bf _njhed, H vhqh|nl g fgmh`x bf fb~y #g enhdcibycbbl

fga|byx tbyjny, cny c~qigel, gel |tb lg~dc|nyq q|h`` he qacbb`( tcb `hvn he g |tb-ybbm gpgy|mne| he g

dbvnyemne| cb~qhed pybkna|% \cn ~eh| th|c 11 qw~gyn mn|ynq bf f`bby qpgan cgq g jh|acne, |bh`n| gel |tb

i~h`|-he a`bqn|q% \cn fgmh`x pgxq g mbe|c`x yne| bf >%6 x~ge, x~ge fby g mbe|c, by

1-> pny ane| bf gvnygdn abmihenl heabmn bf c~qigel gel thfn%

@hjn yne|q, |cn acgydnq fby ~|h`h|hnq cgvn ynmghenl `bt% Fby tg|ny |cnx fn`` ix 11%1 pny ane| he |cn

pnyhbl 786>-4< gel ebt q|gel g| ?%79 x~ge pny |be #7,?76 `h|ynq(% Cb~qncb`l n`na|yhah|x cgq g`` g`bed

inne ih``nl g| ?%7


13/33

Th|c |cn dybt|c bf Achegq bh` hel~q|yx, g dyng| e~miny bf _njhed cb~qncb`lq cgvn qchf|nl |b |cn ~qn

bf dgq fby abbjhed% \cn pyhan fby ib||`nl dgq #7> jh`bdygmq pny ib||`n( tne| lbte ix 9> pny ane| fybm

786> |b 784 x~ge |b g

mhehm~m bf ?%7? x~ge% G`` qacbb` ach`lynepyhmgyx gel he|nymnlhg|npgx ?%?> x~ge fby gex fh`m,

fng|~yn by lba~mne|gyx% \cng|yn glmhqqhbe abq|q ?%1?-?%>? x~ge% Fga|byhnq, ne|nypyhqnq by dbvnyemne|

gdneahnq qbmn|hmnq hqq~nl fynn |hajn|q |b |cnhy tbyjnyq gel q|gff% Glmhqqhbe |b `gydny pgyjq hq ?%?> x~ge:

|b |cn _g`gan M~qn~m gel |cn M~qn~m bf Ynvb`~|hbegyx Chq|byx, h| hq ?%7? x~ge% \cg| cgq inne qb nvny

qhean |cn `hinyg|hbe%

Mgex bydgeh{g|hbeq pybvhln fynn igyinyqcbpq gel ig|ccb~qnq fby |cnhy nmp`bxnnq, tch`n fgmh`x

mnminyq pgx cg`f |cn b~|qhln yg|n% G`` fga|byhnq gel ne|nypyhqnq hqq~n fynn ab~pbeq fby q~ac qnyvhanq gq

pgy| bf |cnhy ab``na|hvn tn`fgyn pybvhqhbeq% \bteqpnbp`n th|cb~| |cnqn inenfh|q pgx g mgshm~m bf ?%


15/33

Ynemheihq _ynq|hdn Dybtq he |cn Tby`l

\cn Igej bf Acheg, qpnahg`h{hed he fbynhde nsacgedn lng`hedq, cgq h|q cnglw~gy|nyq qb~|c bf

\hnegemne Qw~gyn% Infbyn |cn `hinyg|hbe, |chq gyng tgq pgy| bf |cn @ndg|hbe W~gy|ny tcnyn Achenqn

pnbp`n tnyn igyynl fybm ynqhlnean% \cn fnt igejq |cne bpnyg|hed he _njhed g`` cgl |cnhy bffhanq he |cn

gyng%

\cn vg`~n bf YMI he yn`g|hbe |b fbynhde a~yyneahnq cgq inneq|gi`n, Abmygln Acne Ac~ge-jned,

tcb hq he acgydn bf |cn fbynhde nsacgedn lnpgy|mne| bf |cn Igej bf Acheg, |b`l |cn tyh|ny% H| cgq envny

inne ynvg`~nl, ~p by lbte% I~| he ynane| xngyq, th|c nabebmha ayhqnq tbyqnehed he |cn agph|g`hq|

ab~e|yhnq gel mben|gyx ayhqnq yna~yyhed he w~haj q~aanqqhbe, |cn nsacgedn yg|nq in|tnne mgkby

a~yyneahnq he |cn agph|g`hq| tby`l, q~ac gq |cn ^%Q% lb``gy gel Iyh|hqc pb~el q|ny`hed, cgvn f`~a|~g|nl

abe|he~b~q`x, qb m~ac qb |cg| |cnqn dbvnyemne|q cgvn inne abmpn``nl |b gigelbe |cn fhsnl bffhahg`

yg|nq gel `n| |cnm f`bg| th|c |cn lnmgel gel q~pp`x be |cn mbenx mgyjn|% \b gvbhl |cn nffna|q bf

q~ac f`~a|~g|hbeq, |cn nsacgedn yg|n bf YMI cgq inne acgednl |b d~gyge|nn h|q yng` vg`~n he

he|nyeg|hbeg` lng`hedq%

\cn fb``bthed hq g `hq| bf fbynhde nsacgedn yg|nq fby |cn YMI bvny qbmn xngyq%

Fbynhde a~yyneax

Gvnygdn qn``hed gel

i~xhed yg|nq #he x~ge( _nyane|gdn

bf heayngqn

by lnayngqnNel bf

Lna% 7847

Nel bf

Gpyh` 784>

7?? T% Dnymge mgyjq 4?%16 4>%94 * 6%83

7?? Fyneac fygeaq


16/33

Xb~ age qnn ix abmpgyhed |cn nsacgedn yg|nq he |chq |gi`n, Abmygln Acne abe|he~nl, |cg| in|tnne

|cn |tb lg|nq, |cn Fyneac fygea, `hyg, pb~el, lb``gy gel xne tne| lbte he yn`g|hbe |b |cn YMI x~ge,

tch`n |cn mgyj gel Qthqq fygea tne| ~p% \cnqn fhd~ynq ynf`na| |cn heq|gih`h|x he |cn vg`~n bf |cn vgyhb~q

fbynhde a~yyneahnq, he gaabylgean th|c tchac |cn glk~q|mne|q tnyn mgln%

Tcx cgvn |cn Tnq| Dnymge mgyj gel Qthqq fygea dben ~p he |nymq bf YMI2 H gqjnl%

\cg| hq inag~qn bf |cn gppynahg|hbe he |cnhy vg`~n% \cn vg`~n bf YMI cgq eb| acgednl%

Hq |cn ~ptgyl glk~q|mne| cgymf~` |b Acheg2

Eb q~ac pybi`nm hq hevb`vnl% Glk~q|mne|q, ~ptgyl by lbtetgyl, gyn mgln gaabylhed |b |cn

pyheahp`n bf nw~g`h|x gel m~|~g` inenfh|%

\cn q|gih`h|x bf YMI cgq iyb~dc| h| nvny-heayngqhed pynq|hdn% Achegq he|nyeg|hbeg` pgxmne|q ~qnl |b

in a`ngynl he |nymq bf g fbynhde a~yyneax% Ebt, gq |cn a~yyneahnq bf agph|g`hq| ab~e|yhnq gyn eb| q|gi`n he

vg`~n, |yglnyq fybm mgex ab~e|yhnq gel yndhbeq d`gl`x acbbqn YMI fby qn||`hed |cnhy gaab~e|q th|c

Acheg% Qhean 7863, YMI cgq p`gxnl h|q pgy| he pyhahed gel a`ngyhed he |cn he|nyeg|hbeg` mgyjn|, gel hq

~qnl fby q~ac p~ypbqnq ix 3> ab~e|yhnq gel yndhbeq he |cnhy |ygln th|c Acheg% \chq lnvn`bpmne| hq

geb|cny qhde bf |cn `bed-|nym q|gih`h|x bf YMI%

Mgjhed |chq q~yvnx cn`pnl mn |b g lnnpny ~elnyq|gelhed bf tcx |cnyn hq eb hef`g|hbe he Acheg% H| hq

inag~qn |cn ab~e|yxq nabebmha abeq|y~a|hbe hq glvgeahed q|nglh`x g`bed |cn yhdc| ab~yqn |cg|, nvne

|cb~dc |cn q|gelgyl bf `hvhed hq eb| xn| chdc, |cn abq| bf `hvhed hq q|gi`n% Tcne g tbyjny dn|q be chq

ihaxa`n gel |gjnq chq pgx cbmn, cn ennl envny tbyyx gib~| |cn lnvg`~g|hbe bf mbenx a~||hed he|b chq

fgmh`xq `hvhed% Gel g cb~qnthfn dn||hed cny lheeny ynglx ennl eb| in geshb~q gib~| |bmbyybtq dybanyx

pyhanq% Heq|ngl, pnbp`n |chej bf cbt |b tbyj in||ny g| |cnhy kbiq, by cbt |b `ngye mbyn qb gq |b i~h`l

Acheg he|b g q|ybedny gel mbyn pybqpnyb~q qbahg`hq| ab~e|yx% Be`x b`lny pgyne|q, he |ngached |cnhy

ach`lyne |cn chq|byx bf Acheg, age pnyqbeg``x ynag`` |cn ehdc|mgyn bf hef`g|hbe he |cnhy bte xb~|c%


17/33

9

Cbt |cn Abeqnw~neanq bf |cn Hef`g|hbe Tnyn N`hmheg|nl

\B MBQ\ Achenqn pgq| mhll`n gdn, mne|hbe bf hef`g|hbe nvbjnq mnmbyhnq bf |yg~mg|ha nspnyhneanq

infbyn |cn `hinyg|hbe% \cn J~bmhe|ged dbvnyemne|, pb`h|hag``x yb||ne gel nabebmhag``x igejy~p|,glbp|nl |cn pb`hax bf ~e`hmh|nl a~yyneax hqq~n |b mgjn ~p h|q lnfhah|q gel fhegean h|q ayhmheg` tgy gdgheq|

|cn pnbp`n% G ln`~dn bf ent `ndg` |nelny a~yyneahnqfgih, a~q|bmq db`l ~eh|q, db`l any|hfhag|nq,

qh`vny any|hfhag|nqf`bblnl |cn mgyjn|, qn||hed pyhanq dg``bphed `hjn q|gmpnlhed ag||`n qb |cg| |cnx

heayngqnl qnvnyg` fb`l, by nvne lb{neq bf |hmnq bvny, fybm lgte |b l~qj%

Tbyq| Hef`g|hbe he Tby`l Chq|byx

Bpnehed entqpgpnyq p~i`hqcnl he |cn J~bmhe|ged gyngq g| |cg| |hmn, ben hq q|y~aj ix gppg``hed

cngl`henq q~ac gq;

_yhanq Qcbb| ^p Inxbel Abe|yb`: _nbp`n Cbyyhfhnl

^p' ^p' ^p' Yhan _yhan _gqqnq Mh``hbe X~ge Mgyj

Ab||be A`b|c _yhanq Y~e Th`l: Abg` _yhan Abe|he~nq |b Qcbb| ^p

Be |cn nvn bf |cn `hinyg|hbe bf Qcgedcgh he Mgx, 78


19/33

|cnx age `gx |cnhy cgelq be, gaabylhed |b ben gaab~e|% \cnx qpnel |cnhy mbenx gq qbbe gq h| abmnq

infbyn h|q vg`~n lhpq f~y|cny% \cn fhyq| bikna|q bf pgeha i~xhed gyn ng|gi`nq% G`|cb~dc |cnyn tgq g qb-

ag``nl `ndg` |nelny, db`l gel qh`vny abheq by hedb|q gel fbynhde a~yyneahnq ahya~`g|nl bpne`x be |cn

ygmpge| i`gaj mgyjn|% He fga|, he mgex p`ganq, pnbp`n ynkna|nl |cn `ndg` |nelny, gel tgdnq tnyn

pnddnl |b |cn pyhan bf yhan by |b g fbynhde a~yyneax% He |cn ab~e|yxqhln, |ygeqga|hbeq he `gel, cb~qnq by

b|cny abmmblh|hnq tnyn endb|hg|nl he |nymq bf yhan by ab||be, by |cyb~dc igy|ny: `ndg` |nelny tgq

be`x ~qnl fby qmg`` acgedn, gel tgq eb `bedny g mngq~yn bf vg`~n by g mnlh~m bf nsacgedn%

Hef`g|hbe gextcnyn hq g mngeq bf mnyah`nqq xn| abvny| nsp`bh|g|hbe bf |cn tbyjhed pnbp`n: h| hq |cn

tbyq| jhel bf fbyanl dbvnyemne| `bge by |gs hmpbqnl be |cn pnbp`n% Lnvg`~g|hbe bf g a~yyneax ix cg`f

tb~`l mnge lb~i`hed |cn pyhan `nvn`, |cg| hq |b qgx, |cn mbenx he gex pnyqbeq cgelq `bqnq cg`f h|q

p~yacgqhed pbtny, |cn b|cny cg`f qeg|acnl gtgx ix |cn dbvnyemne| |cg| hqq~nq |cn igej-eb|nq% \chq hq

ge nsga|hbe tchac nvne inddgyq ageeb| nqagpn% H| tgq |cyb~dc q~ac ns|by|hbeq |cg| |cn ynga|hbegyx

J~bmhe|ged dbvnyemne| p`~elnynl |cn tng`|c bf |cn Achenqn pnbp`n |b |cn |~en bf 7>,??? mh`` hbe qh`vny

lb``gyq he |cn 79 xngyq infbyn `hinyg|hbe%

Igejnyq gel abmmnyahg` agph|g`hq|q, |bb, pybfh|nl fybm |cn |nmpnq| bf hef`g|hbe% \cnx tbyjnl he

ab``~qhbe, cbgylhed abmmblh|hnq gel mgjhed tge|be pybfh|q |cyb~dc qg`n g| nsbyih|ge| pyhanq%

Tgdn ngyenyq `hjn fga|byx tbyjnyq, |ngacnyq gel pybfnqqhbeg` pnbp`n cn`p`nqq`x tg|acnl |cnhy

mngdyn heabmnq lthel`n ygphl`x he vg`~n ~e|h` |cnx mn`|nl |b eb|ched, `hjn qebt he |cn q~e% \cnhy

q~ffnyhedq tnyn inxbel tbylq%

Mgex q|byhnq a~yyne| g| |cg| |hmn, |cb~dc |cnx qb~el giq~yl |b b~y ngyq |blgx, tnyn eben|cn`nqq

ih||ny fga|q% Ben |b`l bf g |ns|h`n tbyjny g| \qhed|gb he 78


20/33

\cn Achenqn pnbp`n, tcb jent qb tn`` |cn ih||ny |gq|n bf hef`g|hbe, `bednl fby |cn ent dbvnyemne| |b

qb`vn |cn pybi`nm tchac |cnyn cgl inne eb cbpn bf qb`vhed he |cn b`l qbahn|x% Tn m~q| nel |cn

hef`g|hbe, |cn mh``hbeq bf Acheg ag``nl be h|% I~| |cn hmpnyhg`hq|q giybgl gel ynga|hbegyhnq g| cbmn

d`nnf~``x ab~e|nl be |cn hegih`h|x bf |cn Ent Acheg |b fhdc| bff |cnqn b`l nvh`q% \cnx nspna|nl |cg| qcn

|bb tb~`l qhej hyyn|yhnvgi`x he|b |cn mhyn bf hef`g|hbe gel qjxybajn|hed pyhanq%

Ab~`l |cn entibye _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| iyhed gib~| tcg| |cn pnbp`n cgl `bed lyngmnl bf, gel

q|yhjn g ab~e|ny-i`bt g| |cn nenmx q`gelnyq gel g||gajq2 \cg| helnnl tgq g ay~ahg` |nq| fby h|%

Q|yned|cnehed |cn _yb`n|gyhge Lha|g|byqchp

gel Ch||hed |cn Qpna~`g|byq

Gf|ny Qcgedcghq `hinyg|hbe, qh`vny-lb``gy lng`nyq q|h`` ybgmnl |cn q|ynn|q, qcb~|hed gq |cnx a`hejnl |cn

abheq, Cnx, cnyn, db`l fby qh`vny' Qh`vny fby dynneigajq' Gexben2

_h``gdn gel qgib|gdn ix |cn J~bmhe|ged ynga|hbegyhnq infbyn |cnhy f`hdc| cgl pyga|hag``x pgyg`x{nl

Qcgedcghq hel~q|yx, gel abmmblh|hnq tnyn ayh|hag``x qcby|% \cn ne|hyn q|baj bf ab||be abe|yb``nl ix |cn_nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| g| |cn |hmn bf `hinyg|hbe tb~`l q~ffhan be`x fby g mbe|cq q~pp`x |b |cn `bag` |ns|h`n

mh``q: |cnyn tgq abg` fby be`x g tnnj, gel h|q yhan q|bajq |b|g`nl be`x mh``hbe jh`bdygmq, gq abmpgynl

th|c |cn mhehm~m ennl bf >> mh``hbe jh`bdygmq pny mbe|c% Gdgheq| |chq igajdyb~el, |yngacnyb~q

qpna~`g|byq gel ynmege| ynga|hbegyhnq tchppnl ~p g fyne{hnl y~e be db`l, qh`vny abhegdn gel fbynhde

a~yyneahnq, qnelhed pyhanq ~p gdghe%

\cn fhyq| mngq~yn bf |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| tgq |b ch| cgyl g| |cn qpna~`g|byq, igeehed db`l gel

qh`vny abheq gel fbynhde a~yyneahnq fybm |ygffhajhed by ahya~`g|hbe, gel mgjhed YMI |cn be`x mnlh~m bf

nsacgedn% Qcgedcghqentqpgpnyq fby lgxq agyyhnl cngl`henq vbhahed |cn pnbp`nq q|ybed lnmgel; A`ngy

b~| |cn qh`vny-lb``gy lng`nyq' Ch| |cn vhahb~q qpna~`g|byq cgyl' _nbp`n pgyglnl th|c p`gagylqheqayhinl; Q~ppby| YMI' Ibxab||nl ix |cn mgqqnq, |cn abhe pnll`nyq cgl |b w~h|%

I~| |cn ihd-|hmn bpnyg|byq he |cn Q|baj Nsacgedn I~h`lhed tnyn q|h`` |yxhed |b mgehp~`g|n pyhanq gel

q|hyyhed ~p tgvnq he |cn nabebmx% \chq ane|yn bf qpna~`g|hbe bf Qcgedcghq fbymny i~yng~ayg|-agph|g`hq|q

cgl mbyn |cge 1?? iybjnyq he vgyhb~q fhymq lng`hed he qna~yh|hnq, db`l, qh`vny, by abmmblh|hnq% Ngac bf

|cnhy ybbmq cgl g ig||nyx bf pyhvg|n |n`npcbenq fby abefhlne|hg` abmm~ehag|hbeq% Mgehp~`g|nl ix |cnqn

dgmi`nyq, tcb hdebynl |cn ynpng|nl tgyehedq bf |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne|, db`l gel qh`vny pyhanq jnp|

qbgyhed, p~qched ~p g`` b|cny pyhanq% Qb be K~en 7?, 78


21/33

Geb|cny, gel mbyn hmpby|ge| mngq~yn gdgheq| hef`g|hbe tgq |b jnnp q~ffhahne|`x `gydn q|bajq bf

abmmblh|hnq q~ac gq dyghe, ab||be xgye gel phnan dbblq, abg`, qg`|, q~pp`hnq fby hel~q|yx, n|a% he |cn

cgelq bf |cn q|g|n abmmnyahg` lnpgy|mne|q |b d~gyge|nn ebymg` q~pp`hnq |b |cn mgyjn|, gel mgjn h|

hmpbqqhi`n fby qpna~`g|byq |b mgehp~`g|n |cnm% \b lb qb, |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| heq|h|~|nl g eg|hbeg`

p`ge bf lhq|yhi~|hbe fby q~ac q|bajq% Yhan fybm Q{nac~ge he tnq|nye Acheg, qbxingeq fybm |cn

eby|cngq|nye pybvheanq, ab||be fybm Qcneqh he |cn eby|ctnq|, abg` fybm |cn Jgh`~ge ab``hnyhnq he |cn

eby|c f`btnl he|b ihd ah|hnq q~ac gq _njhed, Qcgedcgh gel \hne|qhe%

@nqq |cge |tb tnnjq gf|ny Qcgedcgh tgq `hinyg|nl, |cn ent q|g|n |ygln tgq g`ynglx ga|hvn |cnyn% H|

fnl he|b |cn tcb`nqg`n mgyjn| q|gp`nq `hjn yhan, xgye gel a`b|c, gel |cyb~dc h|q c~elynlq bf yn|gh` q|bynq,

qb`l |cnm lhyna|`x |b abeq~mnyq g| fhsnl pyhanq% ^elnynq|hmg|hed |cn agpgah|x bf |cn q|g|n abmmnyahg`

lnpgy|mne|q, qbmn qpna~`g|byq cbgylnl dyghe |cnx cgl ib~dc| ~p be |cn tcb`nqg`n mgyjn|, |chejhed

|cnx ab~`l nscg~q| |cn dbvnyemne|q ynqnyvnq gel |cne p~qc ~p pyhanq fby |cnhy bte pybfh|% I~| |cn q|g|n

abe|he~nl |b qn``, hmpbqhed eb `hmh|, qb he |cn nel |cn pybfh|nnyq |cnmqn`vnq tnyn qb bvny`bglnl th|c

q|bajq |cg| |cnx cgl |b ind |cn q|g|n abmmnyahg` lnpgy|mne|q |b i~x |cnm igaj% Dyghe pyhanq tnyn |c~q

q|gih`h{nl%

Nq|gi`hqched g ^ehfbym gel Helnpnelne| Mben|gyx Qxq|nm

Be Mgx 93, 787 g`` Acheg tgq a`ngynl bf

mben|gyx abef~qhbe hecnyh|nl fybm |cn pgq| gel g eg|hbeg` a~yyneax tgq nq|gi`hqcnl% \cn be`x


22/33

ynmghehed nsanp|hbe tgq |cn \hin|ge `bag` a~yyneax, tchac tgq nvne|~g``x ynlnnmnl he 78>8 gf|ny |cn

q~ppynqqhbe bf |cn ynin``hbe bf |cn ynga|hbegyx n`nmne|q bf |cn ~ppny q|yg|g he \hin|%

Ane|yg`h{nl gel ~ehfhnl a~yyneax hqq~n pybvhlnl |cn enanqqgyx abelh|hbe fby g ~ehfhnl eg|hbeg` mgyjn|

he tchac |cn q~pp`x bf mbenx ab~`l in p`geenl, gel h|q vg`~n q|gih`h{nl%

Mbyn hmpby|ge| q|h``, |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| indge helnpnelne|`x |b fhs |cn nsacgedn yg|nq fby

YMI he yn`g|hbe th|c fbynhde a~yyneahnq gel |b qn| ~p g qxq|nm bf fbynhde nsacgedn abe|yb`% ^elny |cn

ynga|hbegyx y~`n bf |cn J~bmhe|ged, eb| be`x lhl |cn hmpnyhg`hq| pbtnyq abe|yb` |cn `hfn`henq bf Achegq

nabebmx, |cnx g`qb qna~ynl g q|yged`ncb`lbe cny igejhed gel fhegean%ZMgb \qn |~ed, Qn`na|nl

Tbyjq, Ned% nl%, F@_, _njhed, 7864, Vb` HH, p% 177%] Tcne Acheg tgq be |cn qh`vny q|gelgyl, |cn nsacgedn

yg|nq fby cny qh`vny x~ge lnpnelnl ne|hyn`x be |cn qh`vny mgyjn|q he Iyh|ghe gel |cn ^eh|nl Q|g|nq% Qh`vny

abhegdn f`btnl b~| fybm Acheg he dyng| w~ge|h|hnq, iyhedhed gib~| g qcby|gdn bf mbenx, th|c abeqnw~ne|

lnf`g|hbe |cg| q|y~aj cgyl g| eg|hbeg` hel~q|yx gel |ygln% He 781>, be |cn heq|hdg|hbe bf |cn Iyh|hqc gel

Gmnyhage hmpnyhg`hq|q, |cn ynga|hbegyx J~bmhe|ged dbvnyemne| gigelbenl |cn qh`vny q|gelgyl gel

qchf|nl |b g pgpny q|gelgyl, heq|h|~|hed fgih, g `ndg` |nelny tchac tgq eb| abevny|hi`n he|b qh`vny

abhegdn gel fbyanl be |cn pnbp`n ix dbvnyemne| lnaynn% H| lnpbqh|nl g`` |cn db`l gel qh`vny h| cgl

`bb|nl fybm |cn pnbp`n he igejq he @belbe gel Ent Xbyj, pnddnl fgih |b |cn Iyh|hqc pb~el, `g|ny |b

|cn ^%Q% lb``gy, gel yn`hnl be |cnqn fbynhde a~yyneahnq fby q|gih`h{hed |cn fgih, tchac he |cn nel tgq

|~yenl he|b g mnyn gppnelgdn bf |cn ^%Q% lb``gy% Achegq fbynhde nsacgedn abe|yb` |c~q abmp`n|n`x fn``

he|b |cn cgelq bf |cn hmpnyhg`hq| pbtnyq gel |cnhy igejq he Acheg% He fga|, |cn Iyh|hqc, Gmnyhage gel b|cny

hmpnyhg`hq|q cgl |~yenl |cn ab~e|yx he|b g l~mphed dyb~el |b tchac |cnx ab~`l qchf| |cn i~ylne bf |cnhy

bte nabebmha ayhqnq% He |cn pnyhbl 781>-14, Achenqn pyhanq qcb| ~p he |cn tgjn bf f`~a|~g|hbeq he |cn

^%Q% gel Iyh|ghe% Tcne |cn pyhan helns he Iyh|ghe tne| ~p ix 99 pny ane|, he Acheg |cnhy yg|n tgq

q~ypgqqnlh| tgq 1< pny ane|%

Be |cn nvn bf |cn ihy|c bf Ent Acheg, |cn `hinyg|nl gyngq nspgelnl ygphl`x gel dygl~g``x `hejnl ~p

he|b ben% He ge|hahpg|hbe bf |cn eg|hbethln vha|byx bf |cn Tgy bf @hinyg|hbe, |cn _nbp`nq Igej bf Acheg

tgq fb~elnl he Lnanminy 78


23/33

G ehfhnl Fhqag` _b`hax

\cn hmig`gean he dbvnyemne| fhegean cgl abe|yhi~|nl |b pyhan f`~a|~g|hbeq hmmnlhg|n`x gf|ny |cn

fb~elhed bf |cn _nbp`nq Ynp~i`ha bf Acheg% \cn tgy bf `hinyg|hbe tgq q|h`` inhed tgdnl% Qnvnyg` mh``hbe

|ybbpq tnyn glvgeahed he|b |cn qb~|cnye gel qb~|ctnq|nye yndhbeq |b abmp`n|n |cn `hinyg|hbe bf |cn

ab~e|yx% Qb mh`h|gyx nspnelh|~yn tgq q|h`` |ynmnelb~q% He |cn mnge|hmn, th|c |cn ygphl gllh|hbe bf ent`x`hinyg|nl gyngq, |cn glmhehq|yg|hvn b~|`gxq bf |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| dynt, i~| th|cb~| gex

abeabmh|ge| heayngqn bf ynvne~ngq hel~q|yhg` gel fgym pybl~a|hbe cgl xn| |b ynabvny% Qb |cnyn tgq

q|h`` ge bvnyq~pp`x bf mbenx%

\cn Abmm~ehq| _gy|x gel |cn _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne|, tch`n mgjhed dyng| nffby|q |b q|gih`h{n pyhanq,

lhl nvnyx|ched pbqqhi`n |b yghqn pybl~a|hbe gel pyga|hanq nabebmx% H| tgq ln|nymhenl envny |b ynqby| |b

igej-eb|n hqq~n gq g qb`~|hbe fby fhqag` pybi`nmq%

Gmbed |cn mngq~ynq |gjne, |cn mbq| hmpby|ge| tgq |cn eg|hbethln ~ehfhag|hbe bf fhqag` gel

nabebmha glmhehq|yg|hbe% Yhdc| gf|ny |cn nq|gi`hqcmne| bf|cn Ane|yg` _nbp`nq Dbvnyemne| he 78


24/33

1

Tcg| Hq |cn Qnayn| bf Ynemheihq @bed-\nym Q|gih`h|x2

GF\NY \CN |yh~mpc bvny |cn `nf|-bvny hef`g|hbe he 78>?, Ynemheih#a~yyneax( ~elnytne| b|cny ay~ahg`

|yhg`q; |cn Tgy |b Ynqhq| ^%Q% Gddynqqhbe gel Ghl Jbyng #78>?->1(, |cn |cynn xngyq bf qnvnyn eg|~yg`

ag`gmh|hnq #78>8-67( gel abe|he~b~q lhqy~p|hbe gel qgib|gdn ix a`gqq nenmhnq fybm th|che gel th|cb~|%

H| hq w~h|n ~q~g`, he tgy by he nabebmha |yb~i`nq, fby g dbvnyemne| |b yn`x cngvh`x be |cn hqq~n bf pgpny

mbenx fby h|q qpnelhed, th|c |cn ynq~`| |cg| h|q a~yyneax lnpynahg|nq% Eb| qb th|c Ent Acheg, eby th|c

Ynemheih, tchac cgq th|cq|bbl g`` beq`g~dc|q, mghe|ghenl h|q vg`~n, gel gaw~hynl dybthed tby`l-thln

pynq|hdn%

H| tgq lhffha~`| neb~dc fby Ent Acheg |b gaabmp`hqc |cn fng| bf nelhed |cn 79-xngy-b`l hef`g|hbe, gel

ge nvne mbyn gyl~b~q |gqj |b gf|nytgylq jnnp cny a~yyneax q|gi`n fby g m~ac `bedny pnyhbl% Cbt cgq

qcn lben h|2 \cn fga|byq gyn mgex% Tn qcg`` lhqa~qq be`x g fnt igqha benq cnyn%

\cn Qbahg`hq| Qxq|nm Hq |cn Qgfnd~gyl

Gq hq jebte, q|gih`h|x he |cn p~yacgqhed pbtny bf mbenx hq a`bqn`x yn`g|nl |b |cn q~pp`x bf dbblq%

Tcne mbenx hq he bvnyq~pp`x he yn`g|hbe |b dbblq he |cn mgyjn|, h|q vg`~n hq ib~el |b fg``: tcne |cn

mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe gel |cn q~pp`x bf dbblq gyn he ig`gean, mbenx |nelq |b ynmghe q|gi`n he vg`~n%

^elny agph|g`hqm, |cn mngeq bf pybl~a|hbe gyn btenl ix helhvhl~g` agph|g`hq|q gel pybl~a|hbe hq

gegyacha% Be |cn ben cgel, a~yyneax hqq~n hq eb| gmnegi`n |b p`geehed% Be |cn b|cny cgel, |cn q~pp`x bf

dbblq hq abe|yb``nl ix agph|g`hq|q tcb qnnj |cn mgshm~m pybfh|, gel qb |yx nvnyx mngeq |b jnnp

mbebpb`hq|ha pyhanq chdc, pynfnyyhed |b lnq|ybx |cnhy q|bajq bf dbblq, hf enanqqgyx, yg|cny |cge qn`` |cnm

|b |cn tbyjhed pnbp`n g| `bt, q|gi`n pyhanq% \cnynfbyn, hef`g|hbe hq ge hea~ygi`n lhqngqn he agph|g`hq|

qbahn|x%

He abe|ygq|, Acheg hq g qbahg`hq| ab~e|yx ~elny |cn lha|g|byqchp bf |cn pyb`n|gyhg| He |cnhy vha|byhb~q

ynvb`~|hbe, |cn Achenqn pnbp`n, `nl ix Acghymge Mgb gel |cn Achenqn Abmm~ehq| _gy|x, bvny|cynt

hmpnyhg`hqm, fn~lg`hqm gel i~yng~ayg|-agph|g`hqm|cn |cynn ihd mb~e|gheq |cg| cgl `ghe ~pbe |cnm

`hjn g lngl tnhdc|% G`` fga|byhnq, ne|nypyhqnq gel igejq btenl ix i~yng~ayg|-agph|g` tnyn eg|hbeg`h{nl%\cne agmn |cn qbahg`hq| |ygeqfbymg|hbe bf gdyha~`|~yn, cgelhaygf|q gel agph|g`hq| hel~q|yx gel abmmnyan,

abevny|hed |cnm fybm pyhvg|n |b qbahg`hq| ne|nypyhqnq ~elny q|g|n by ab``na|hvn btenyqchp% \chq lben, |cn

q|g|n inagmn lbmhege| he |cn nabebmha `hfn bf |cn eg|hbe% Qbahg`hq| p~i`ha btenyqchp |bbj |cn p`gan bf

agph|g`hq|, pyhvg|n btenyqchp, gel |cn nabebmha igqhq bf nsp`bh|g|hbe bf mge ix mge tgq lben gtgx

th|c%


25/33

\cn i~h`lhed bf g qbahg`hq| qxq|nm negi`nq Acheg |b abel~a| |cn pybl~a|hbe, ahya~`g|hbe gel

lhq|yhi~|hbe bf abmmblh|hnq, gq tn`` gq a~yyneax hqq~n, ~elny g ~ehfhnl q|g|n p`ge% _ybl~a|hbe hq eb `bedny

ghmnl g| mgjhed pybfh|q by abefhenl |b tcg| hq pybfh|gi`n% Heq|ngl, h| qnyvnq qbahg`hq| abeq|y~a|hbe gel

qg|hqfhnq |cn ennlq bf |cn pnbp`n% \cn gmb~e| bf dbblq |b in pybl~anl ix |cn fga|byhnq, |cn gmb~e| |b

in p~| be qg`n he |cn qcbpq, |cn vb`~mn bf a~yyneax hqq~ng`` gyn qn| ix gee~g``x-mgln q|g|n p`geq gel

jnp| he bvnyg`` ig`gean% \cn q|g|n |c~q ynd~`g|nq |cn q~pp`x bf mbenx be |cn ben cgel gel p`geq |cn

mgyjn|hed gel pyhahed bf dbblq be |cn b|cny% \cn gachnvnmne| bf |chq nw~h`hiyh~m q|gih`h{nq a~yyneax gel

~pybb|q hef`g|hbe g| h|q vnyx qb~yan%

\cn Jnx; G Dybthed Qbahg`hq| Nabebmx

G q|gi`n a~yyneax ennlq |b in igajnl ix ge gmp`n q~pp`x bf dbblq% \cn `g||ny, he Acheg, lnpnelq be

|cn dybt|c bf |cn qbahg`hq| nabebmx% \cg| hq |b qgx, ge heayngqhed vb`~mn bf dbblq hq mgln gvgh`gi`n

|cyb~dc |cn dybthed pybl~a|hvh|x bf qbahg`hq| hel~q|yx gel gdyha~`|~yn% Be`x |c~q age |cn q|gih`h|x bf g

a~yyneax in d~gyge|nnl%

Ynemheih hq igajnl ix g any|ghe gmb~e| bf db`l gel fbynhde nsacgedn ynqnyvnq th|che Acheg, i~| h|q

q|yned|c ynq|q mghe`x ~pbe |cn dyng| vb`~mn bf dbblq he |cn cgelq bf |cn q|g|n% Cnean, |cn jnx fga|by hq

|cn abe|he~b~q lnvn`bpmne| bf hel~q|yx gel gdyha~`|~yn|cn nspgeqhbe bf |cn qbahg`hq| nabebmx%

Tch`n pybmb|hed pybl~a|hbe bf pybl~anyq dbblq q~ac gq q|nn`, abg`, pn|yb`n~m, n|a%, Acheg |gjnq

dyng| agyn |b heayngqn |cn q~pp`x bf abeq~mny dbblq q~ac gq a`b|c, nlhi`n bh`, q~dgy, n|a% gel jnnpq |cn

b~|p~| bf q~ac dbblq he ig`gean th|c |cn bvnyg`` lnmgel bf qbahn|x, |cnynix mghe|ghehed ge nw~h`hiyh~m

in|tnne |cn w~ge|h|x bf mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe gel |cn q~pp`x bf abeq~mny dbblq be |cn mgyjn|% \cyb~dc|cn qg`n bf |cnqn dbblq, |cn q|g|n ynag``q |cn mbenx lhqi~yqnl fby fgym pybl~a|q gel tgdnq% Mngetch`n,

qhean abeq~mny dbblq gyn pybl~anl mghe`x ix |cn qna|byq bf gdyha~`|~yn gel `hdc| hel~q|yx, gel

pybl~anyq dbblq ix |cn cngvx hel~q|yx qna|by, g pybpny pybpby|hbe m~q| in mghe|ghenl gmbed |cnqn

qna|byq, |bb%

Gdyha~`|~yn hq |cn fb~elg|hbe bf Achegq nabebmx gel |cn mgheq|gx bf cny a~yyneax inag~qn |cn i~`j

bf |cn ygt mg|nyhg`q fby |cn q|gp`n abeq~mny dbblq #nlhi`nq, a`b|ched, gy|ha`nq bf lgh`x ~qn( gel fby `hdc|

hel~q|yx abmnq fybm |cn gdyha~`|~yg` qna|by% Th|c g f`b~yhqched gdyha~`|~yn, |cnyn hq g dyng|ny w~ge|h|x bf

dyghe be |cn mgyjn| gel |cn ygt mg|nyhg`q fby `hdc| hel~q|yx gyn mbyn gi~elge|% G`` |chq neq~ynq ge

gmp`n q~pp`x bf dbblq |b igaj |cn a~yyneax gel gachnvn g ig`gean in|tnne |cn w~ge|h|x bf mbenx gel

|cn vb`~mn bf dbblq he ahya~`g|hbe%

Qhean |cn fb~elhed bf |cn _nbp`nq Ynp~i`ha, Acheg cgq fb``btnl |cn pb`hahnq bf|gjhed gdyha~`|~yn gq

|cn fb~elg|hbe gel hel~q|yx gq |cn nglhed fga|by gel lnvn`bphed |cn nabebmx gel neq~yhed

q~pp`hnq% Cny nabebmx cgq abe|he~g``x dybte% Dyghe b~|p~| cgq heayngqnl 9%< |hmnq, fybm 77?,???,???

|beq he |cn ngy`x pbq|-`hinyg|hbe xngyq |b 9>?,???,??? |beq |blgx% Hel~q|yhg` aybpqab||be, vndn|gi`n bh`,

q~dgy, cnmp, |bigaab, |ng, n|a%cgvn g`qb heayngqnl dyng|`x% Be |cn igqhq bf |cn ygphl dybt|c bf


26/33

gdyha~`|~yg` pybl~a|hbe, hel~q|yx, |bb, cgq lnvn`bpnl q|yhjhed`x% B`l Acheg cgl g`mbq| eb cngvx hel~q|yx

|b qpngj bf, nsanp| fby qbmn `hdc| hel~q|yx, ab`behg` by qnmh-ab`behg` he eg|~yn, he |cn abgq|g` pybvheanq%

Qhean `hinyg|hbe, Acheg cgq i~h`| ~p gel nspgelnl cny mn|g``~ydhag`, pn|yb`n~m, abg`, mgachenyx,

acnmhag`, abeq|y~a|hbe-mg|nyhg` gel b|cny hel~q|yhnq, gq tn`` gq f~y|cny lnvn`bpnl cny `hdc| hel~q|yx%

Qhean |cn indheehed bf |cn A~`|~yg` Ynvb`~|hbe, |cn dybt|c bf cny hel~q|yhnq cgq inne nqpnahg``x mgyjnl,

gel he 784< |cn dybqq vg`~n bf |cnhy b~|p~| tgq 9%8 |hmnq |cg| bf 786% \c~q gex heayngqn he |cn w~ge|h|x bf mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe hq igajnl ix g abeabmh|ge| heayngqn he

|cn mgyjn| q~pp`x bf dbblq, |cnynix neq~yhed |cn `bed-|nym q|gih`h|x bf |cn Ynemheih%

\cn Ahya~`g|hbe bf Mbenx Hq _`geenl

\b gachnvn ig`gean in|tnne |cn p~yacgqhed pbtny bf qbahn|x gel |cn q~pp`x bf dbblq, a~yyneax hqq~n

hq p`ganl ~elny ane|yg`h{nl, ~ehfhnl abe|yb` ix |cn q|g|n% Ynemheih hq hqq~nl be`x ix |cn q|g|n igej: eb

yndhbe, ~eh| by pnyqbe hq g``btnl |b hqq~n a~yyneax% Fby in||ny abe|yb` bvny mbenx ahya~`g|hbe, g``

dbvnyemne| gdneahnq, bydgeh{g|hbeq, fga|byhnq gel ne|nypyhqnq gyn ynw~hynl |b lnpbqh| |cnhy agqc he |cn

igej, `ngvhed be`x g q|hp~`g|nl gmb~e| he cgel% Ihd |ygeqga|hbeq gmbed |cnm gyn a`ngynl |cyb~dc |cn

igej: |cn ~qn bf agqc he q~ac |ygeqga|hbeq hq eb| g``btnl% Eb eb|nq by qna~yh|hnq mgx ahya~`g|n, qb q|baj-

mgyjn| qpna~`g|hbe, abmmbe he agph|g`hq| ab~e|yhnq, lbnq eb| nshq| he Acheg%

\cn q|g|n igej ynd~`g|nq |cn q~pp`x bf mbenx gaabylhed |b p`ge |b neq~yn h|q ebymg` ahya~`g|hbe%

\cn qpnelhed, tchac hq abe|yb``nl ix |cn q|g|n gel ag`a~`gi`n, fg``q he|b fb~y mghe ag|ndbyhnq; #7(

pgxmne| bf tgdnq: #9( pgxmne|q fby fgym pybl~a|q: #1( glmhehq|yg|hvn gel tn`fgyn nspneqnq bf

dbvnyemne| gdneahnq, qbahg` bydgeq, ne|nypyhqnq, n|a%: #


27/33

\cn q|g|n abe|yb`q |cn f`bt bf mbenx he|b |cn mgyjn| gel h|q ynabvnyx, gel cgq |cn yn`nvge| fhd~ynq g|

cgel% \cnynfbyn, h| age ~qn p`geehed |b mghe|ghe g yb~dc ig`gean in|tnne |cn mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe

#p~yacgqhed pbtny bf qbahn|x( gel |cn vb`~mn bf dbblq gvgh`gi`n% Fby nsgmp`n, ngac xngy infbyn |cn

q|g|n lnahlnq be |cn e~miny bf ent tbyjnyq gel nmp`bxnnq, ge nq|hmg|n bf |cn gllh|hbeg` tgdn-b~|`gx

hq mgln% Tcne |chq hq gllnl |b |cn nshq|hed b~|`gx fby tgdnq, |cn q|g|n qnnq |b h| |cg| ge glnw~g|n q~pp`x

bf dbblq hq mgln gvgh`gi`n qb |cg| |cn gllh|hbeg` mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe hq yn|yhnvnl |cyb~dc |cn qg`n bf

dbblq%

Qhmh`gy`x, |b ynag`` |cn mbenx nspnelnl he |cn p~yacgqn bf ix-pybl~a|q fybm |cn ab~e|yxqhln by he

fgym `bgeq, |cn q|g|n pybvhlnq |cn y~yg` gyngq th|c glnw~g|n mge~fga|~ynl abeq~mny dbblq gel

pybl~anyq dbblq fby gdyha~`|~yn%

Glk~q|mne|q gyn mgln fby gex |nmpbygyx hmig`geanq in|tnne |cn q~pp`x gel ynag`` bf mbenx%

Mngq~ynq |b |chq nel gyn; #7( Hf |cnyn hq g |nmpbygyx bvnyq~pp`x bf mbenx, |cn q|g|n |yglhed gdneahnq p~|

mbyn dbblq he|b |cn mgyjn| b~| bf |cnhy q|bajq |b cgq|ne |cn igajf`bt bf mbenx% #9( Hf |cn gmb~e| bf

dbblq be |cn mgyjn| ag``q fby g dyng|ny w~ge|h|x bf mbenx, |cn q|g|n igej nspgelq h|q aynlh|q gel p~|q

mbyn mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe% He |cn abe|ygyx agqn, |cn igej a~|q lbte h|q `bgeq gel ynag``q pgy| bf |cn

mbenx he ahya~`g|hbe% #1( Q|g|n fhqag` pb`hax hq geb|cny `nvny% H| ynd~`g|nq |cn `bgegi`n f~elq bf |cn igej qb

|cg| |cn `g||ny age heayngqn by abe|yga| h|q aynlh| bpnyg|hbeq |b glk~q| |cn q~pp`x bf mbenx%

Eg|~yg``x, ~efbynqnne qh|~g|hbeq abeq|ge|`x nmnydn% Ig`gean hq yn`g|hvn gel hmig`gean hq giqb`~|n%

Tcne |nmpbygyx hmig`gean gyhqnq he qbmn lnpgy|mne|q, |cn q|g|n mgjnq ge hmmnlhg|n ynglk~q|mne| he

h|q p`geehed |b gachnvn g ent ig`gean%

^ehfhnl _yhan Mgegdnmne|

He Acheg, pyhan mgegdnmne| hq nsnyahqnl ix |cn `bag` g~|cbyh|hnq g| vgyhb~q `nvn`q ~elny |cn ~ehfhnl

`nglnyqchp bf |cn ane|yg` dbvnyemne|%

He agph|g`hq| qbahn|x, |cn qag`n bf pyhanq gel pybfh|q ln|nymhenq pybl~a|hbe gq tn`` gq

abeq~mp|hbe% _ybl~a|hbe bf q~yp`~q-vg`~n hq |cn giqb`~|n `gt bf |chq mbln bf pybl~a|hbe, gq Jgy`

Mgys ynvng`nl% ZJgy` Mgys, Agph|g`, Ned% nl%%, Fbynhde @ged~gdnq _~i`hqched Cb~qn, Mbqabt, 78>


28/33

btenl ix |cn tbyjhed pnbp`n tchac hea`~ln |cn y~yg` pnbp`nq abmm~enq% \cn ghm bf pybl~a|hbe hq eb

`bedny pyhvg|n neyhacmne| i~| |cn dybt|c bf |cn qbahg`hq| nabebmx gel |cn qg|hqfga|hbe bf |cn pnbp`nq

ennlq% _ybl~a|hbe hq eb| i`hel i~| abel~a|nl gaabylhed |b |cn p`ge bf |cn q|g|n% \cn q|g|n abe|yb`q |cn

i~`j bf |cn pybl~a|q inag~qn h| bteq g`` |cbqn mgln ix |cn q|g|n ne|nypyhqnq, gel p~yacgqnq g``

mgyjn|gi`n fgym pybl~an fybm |cn y~yg` pnbp`nq abmm~enq g| ~ehfhnl, yngqbegi`n pyhanq tchac h| qn|q%

Qb, dbblq g| g`` q|gdnq, fybm pybl~a|hbe |b lhq|yhi~|hbe, gyn q~ikna| |b ~ehfhnl q|g|n p`geehed%

Fby |cn abmmblh|hnq vh|g` |b |cn eg|hbeg` he|nynq| gel |b |cn `hvn`hcbbl bf |cn pnbp`n, q~ac gq q|nn`,

abg`, pn|yb`n~m, dyghe, ab||be phnan dbblq, n|a%, |cn gppybpyhg|n glmhehq|yg|hvn bydgeq bf |cn ane|yg`

dbvnyemne| qn| |cn pyhanq g| nvnyx q|gdnpyba~ynmne|, |ygeqfny by yn|gh` qg`n%

_yhanq fby bylhegyx pybl~a|q gyn `bag``x fhsnl gel ynd~`g|nl he gaabylgean th|c y~`nq hqq~nl ix |cn

ane|yg` dbvnyemne|, qbmn g| |cn pybvheahg`, m~ehahpg` by g~|bebmb~q yndhbe `nvn`, gel b|cnyq g| |cn

`nvn` bf |cn pynfna|~yn by ab~e|x%

Fby chdc`x pnyhqcgi`n dbblq q~ac gq vndn|gi`nq gel fy~h|, |cn ane|yg` by pybvheahg` bydgeq abeanyenl

qn| be`x |cn dnenyg` pyhan `nvn` fby pyba~ynmne| gel qg`n, |cn ygedn bf qngqbeg` pyhan lhffnyne|hg`q, |cn

ygedn bf pyhan lhffnyne|hg`q igqnl be w~g`h|x, gel |cn dnenyg` pyheahp`nq he pyhan glmhehq|yg|hbe% Gq |b |cn

ga|~g` fhshed bf pyhanq, qngqbeg` lhffnyne|hg`q gyn lnahlnl g| |cn ab~e|x `nvn`, gel glk~q|mne|q fby w~g`h|x

lhffnyneanq gyn mgln ix qcbpq g| |cn dygqq-ybb|q `nvn`%

\chq hq cbt, he Acheg, ge nel cgq inne p~| |b i`helenqq he pybl~a|hbe gel |b |cn f`~a|~g|hbe bf mgyjn|

pyhanq%

Tcne, gq qbmn|hmnq cgppneq, |cn q~pp`x gel lnmgel fby any|ghe lgh`x enanqqh|hnq dn| b~| bf dngy,

|cn q|g|n envny yghqnq pyhanq qhean |cg| tb~`l in gdgheq| |cn he|nynq|q bf |cn tbyjhed pnbp`n% Heq|ngl h|

yn`hnq be yngqbegi`n yg|hbehed tch`n g~dmne|hed |cn q~pp`x bf |cn dbblq abeanyenl |b ynq|byn |cnig`gean gq w~haj`x gq pbqqhi`n%

Th|c yndgyl |b ebe-nqqne|hg` dbblq, hf g |nmpbygyx hmig`gean in|tnne q~pp`x gel lnmgel baa~yq,

gyygednmne|q |b heayngqn |cnhy pybl~a|hbe gyn g`qb mgln, i~| pyhanq gyn qbmn|hmnq yghqnl%

Xn|, nvne tcne pyhanq fby |cnqn dbblq gyn mgyjnl ~p, |cbqn bf b|cny dbblq gyn `btnynl% \cn yngqbe

hq |cg|, qhean |cn |b|g` bf dbblq p~| be |cn mgyjn| hq jnp| he ig`gean th|c |cn |b|g` p~yacgqhed pbtny g| g

dhvne |hmn, |cn heglnw~g|n q~pp`x bf qbmn dbblq hq gaabmpgehnl ix ge bvnyq~pp`x bf qbmn b|cnyq%

Cnyn, |cn |tb-tgx pyhan glk~q|mne|q, ~p gel lbte, gyn abmihenl |b mghe|ghe g q|gi`n dnenyg` pyhan

`nvn` gel q|gih`h|x bf |cn vg`~n bf a~yyneax%

Q|nglfgq| _b`hax bf Fhqag` Ig`gean

Fhqag` ig`gean hq |cn abeqhq|ne| pb`hax he |cn pnyhbl bf qbahg`hq| abeq|y~a|hbe he Acheg, ix abe|ygq| th|c

|cn qh|~g|hbe ~elny |cn ynga|hbegyx J~bmhe|ged dbvnyemne| tchac yn`hnl be |cn pyhe|hed pynqq |b abvny

h|q lnfhah|q%


29/33

\cne, |cn Achenqn pnbp`n tnyn inhed qw~nn{nl lyx ix |cn abmiheg|hbe bf hmpnyhg`hqm, fn~lg`hqm gel

i~yng~ayg|-agph|g`hqm% Fybm |cn mhll`n bf |cn 78|c ane|~yx be, |cn hmpnyhg`hq|q bf|ne hevglnl gel

p`~elnynl Acheg% He |cn Qheb-Kgpgenqn Tgy bf 738< gel |cn gymnl hevgqhbe ix |cn g``hnl fbyanq bf |cn

nhdc| pbtnyq he 78?? g`ben, |cnx ybiinl cny bf 9?,??? |beq bf qh`vny tchac Acheg tgq fbyanl |b pgx he

helnmeh|hnq% Gel he |cn 99 xngyq fybm 7894 |b 78,??? |beq bf db`l% Mbynbvny, pyhby |b 78 mh``hbe |beq bf dyghe g xngy b~| bf |cn pngqge|q he `gel yne|% G`` |chq, _`~q |cn dnenyg` abyy~p|hbe gel

|cn tgq|nf~`, ns|ygvgdge| `hvhed bf |cn ynga|hbegyx J~bmhe|ged y~`nyq pgyg`x{nl |cn eg|hbeq nabebmx

gel iyb~dc| nvny-dybthed i~ldn|gyx lnfhah|q, tchac he 7816 cgl yhqne |b 4< |hmnq |cn 7894 fhd~yn% Gel

fybm 7814 |b 789, p% 4%] Cn q|ynqqnl |cynn `hejq he gachnvhed |chq; dybt|c he pybl~a|hbe,

|cn pyga|han bf nabebmx, gel gmp`n ynqnyvnq% Ngy`hny, cn cgl qghl; \b heayngqn b~y ynvne~n ix

lnvn`bphed |cn nabebsex hq g igqha pyheahp`n bf b~y fhegeahg` pb`hax%+B~y Nabebmha _b`hax,Qn`na|nl

Tbyjq, Vb`% H, p% 7


31/33

Ig`gean bf Aynlh|

\cn _nbp`nq Igej bf Acheg hq |cn qb`n qb~yan bf `bgeq he Acheg% Mghe`x, h| pybvhlnq qcby|-|nym aynlh|

fby hel~q|yhg` gel abmmnyahg` nq|gi`hqcmne|q, by fby |cn lnvn`bpmne| bf |cn ab``na|hvn nabebmx bf y~yg`

pnbp`nq abmm~enq% \cn f~elq bf |cn igej fybm tchac `bgeq gyn mgln abmn fybm |cynn qb~yanq; #7(

lnpbqh|q ix fga|byhnq, ne|nypyhqnq, dbvnyemne| gdneahnq, bydgeh{g|hbeq gel ab``na|hvn`x-btenl ~eh|q: #9(pnyqbeg` qgvhedq lnpbqh|q he |bte gel ab~e|yx: gel #1( |cn igejq bte gaa~m~`g|hbeq%

\cn gmb~e| bf `bgeq mgln hq ln|nymhenl ix |cn ennl gyhqhed fybm |cn dybt|c bf pybl~a|hbe gel |cn

nspgeqhbe bf |cn mgyjn|% Tcne |cn ennl fby `bgeq hq chdcny |cge |cn igej h|qn`f age mnn|, |cn q|g|n

fhegeahg` bydgeq mgx mgjn ent gppybpyhg|hbeq |b iyhldn |cn dgp%

^elny Achegq qbahg`hq| qxq|nm, g`` `bgeq, qn||`nmne|q bf gaab~e| gel `gydny agqc pgxmne|q in|tnne

vgyhb~q ne|nypyhqnq m~q| db |cyb~dc |cn q|g|n igej, gel eb `nelhed gel ibyybthed, qg`nq be aynlh| by

fbytgyl i~xhed by qn``hed gyn g``btnl in|tnne |cnqn ~eh|q% \cn q|g|n igej ns|nelq be`x qcby|-|nym `bgeq

ennlnl fby pybl~a|hbe gel ahya~`g|hbe bf dbblq% \cn ibyybtnyq gyn eb| g``btnl |b ~qn |cn mbenx fby

agph|g` abeq|y~a|hbe by |cn p~yacgqn bf q~ac nw~hpmne| gq tb~`l |hn ~p |cn f~elq fby g `bed |hmn% He |chq

tgx, |cyb~dc lnpbqh|q gel `bgeq, |cn q|g|n igej abe|yb`q |cn mbenx q~pp`x, jnnphed h| yb~dc`x he

ig`gean th|c |cn vb`~mn bf |cn f`bt bf dbblq, gel neq~yhed g q|gi`n a~yyneax%

Lhffnyne|hg` _yhahed fby Lbmnq|ha gel Fbynhde Mgyjn|q

\cn `bed-|nym q|gih`h|x bf Ynemheih gel h|q aynlh| q|gelhed he |cn tby`l mgyjn|q g`qb q|nm fybm

Achegq q~aanqq he ig`geahed cny fbynhde |ygln gel he|nyeg|hbeg` pgxmne|q%

Achegq fbynhde |ygln tgq fbymny`x mbebpb`h{nl ix hmpnyhg`hq| pbtnyq gel |cnhy `gajnxq, |cn

i~yng~ayg|-ib~ydnbhqhn% \cn hmpnyhg`hq|q nekbxnl pyhvh`ndnq igqnl be |cn ~enw~g` |yng|hnq |cyb~dc

tchac |cnx cgl fbyanl Acheg |b bpne ~p |yglhed pby|q, gel g`qb be |cnhy abe|yb` bf Achegq a~q|bmq

qnyvhan gq tn`` gq nq|gi`hqcmne|q lng`hed th|c heq~ygean, egvhdg|hbe, tcgyfgdn, tgyncb~qhed, n|a% \cnx

p`~elnynl Acheg ix i~xhed ~p cny fgym pybl~a|q g| giq~yl`x `bt pyhanq gel qn``hed hel~q|yhg` dbblq |b

cny g| nsbyih|ge|`x chdc pyhanq% Ix q~ac ~enw~g` |ygln, |cnx mgln nsanqqhvn pybfh|q, ag~qhed acybeha

glvnyqn hmig`gean he Achegq he|nyeg|hbeg` pgxmne|q gel fbynhde |ygln, tchac tgq vhy|~g``x ynl~anl |b g

q~a|hbe-p~mp lyghehed |cn Achenqn pnbp`n bf |cnhy i`bbl%

He Ent Acheg, fbynhde |ygln hq abe|yb``nl ix |cn q|g|n% G`` hmpby|q gel nspby|q gyn q~ikna| |b |cn q|g|n

p`ge, gel g`` |ygeqga|hbeq, fybm lgx-|b-lgx bpnyg|hbe |b |cn a`ngyhed bf gaab~e|q, gyn cgel`nl ix |cn

fbynhde-|ygln gdneahnq bf |cn dbvnyemne|%

Dhvhed nffna| |b |cn pb`hax bf helnpnelnean gel qn`f-yn`hgean, Acheg p`geq cny hmpby|q gel nspby|q be

|cn igqhq bf |cn ennlq bf |cn eg|hbeq nabebmx gel bf tcg| hq a~yyne|`x fngqhi`n% \cn pyheahp`n bf

mghe|ghehed ig`gean he fbynhde |ygln gel he|nyeg|hbeg` pgxmne|q hq q|yha|`x glcnynl |b% Dben fbynvny hq

|cn |hmn tcne |cn ab~e|yx tgq f`bblnl th|c fbynhde dbblq gel |cn Achenqn pnbp`n q~ffnynl fybm

y~|c`nqq nsp`bh|g|hbe ix |cn hmpnyhg`hq| pbtnyq |cyb~dc ~enw~g` |ygln% \cnyn hq eb |ygan ebt bf |cn b`l

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