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#SocialScienceLive
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When Science
and Politics
Collide
#SocialScienceLive
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Elizabeth Suhay
Co-editor of the Politics of Science issue of
ANNALS and Assistant Professor of
Government at the School of Public Affairs,
American University
#SocialScienceLive
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While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints
may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding.
Send us your questions!
Send in your questions
via the Question Box on your screen. →
Using Twitter? Use
the hashtag
#SocialScienceLive.
#SocialScienceLive
Page 5
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Dan M. Kahan
Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of
Law and Professor of Psychology,
Yale Law School
Francis X. Shen
McKnight Land-Grant Professor and Associate Professor of Law,
University of Minnesota
#SocialScienceLive
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Science is inevitably political
• Science helps us to understand the world around us,
including …
• What problems we face
• Who is responsible for those problems
• Efficient ways to solve those problems
• For these reasons, science informs public policy and law
#SocialScienceLive
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Science is inevitably political
• Because of science’s ability to direct human activity
through policy and law, people fight over it
• Coalitions seek to …
• Discredit science that undermines their values / interests
• Promote science that bolsters their values / interests
• Interpret, frame, spin science (where implications
ambiguous)
• Sometimes conscious, often not
• Let’s make the ubiquity of science bias better known!
#SocialScienceLive
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Outline of today’s webinar
• Introduction
• Dan Kahan presentation
• Francis Shen presentation
• Panelist discussion
• Audience Q&A
#SocialScienceLive
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Dan M. Kahan
Yale University
& many x 103 others
www.culturalcognition.net
Belief in Climate Change: What We Know
vs. Who We Are
Research Supported by:
National Science Foundation, SES-0922714
Annenberg Center for Public Policy
Skoll Global Threats Fund
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What am I talking about?
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What am I talking about?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
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What am I talking about?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
#SocialScienceLive
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What am I talking about?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate
change
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What am I talking about?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate
change doesn’t reflect what they know;
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What am I talking about?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate
change doesn’t reflect what they know; ; it expresses who they
are.
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“Belief” in evolution
#SocialScienceLive
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston#SocialScienceLive
“Ordinary Science Intelligence”
Assessment
OSI_1.0 OSI_2.0
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Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
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Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 21
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
#SocialScienceLive
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Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 23
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 24
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 25
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 26
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 27
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
“Belief” in global warming
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
“Belief” in global warming
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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“Belief” in global warming
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Very low Very highScience comprehension
None at all
Extremely highrisk
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21Ordinary Science Intelligence
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 210
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
glo
ba
l w
arm
ing r
isk
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel,
G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate
change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012).
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r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
“Belief” in global warming
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Very low Very highScience comprehension
None at all
Extremely highrisk
glo
ba
l w
arm
ing r
isk
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
“Belief” in global warming
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Very low Very highScience comprehension
None at all
Extremely highrisk
glo
ba
l w
arm
ing r
isk
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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“Belief” in global warming
glo
bal w
arm
ing r
isk
0.1
.2.3
.4.5
.6.7
.8.9
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Very low Very highScience comprehension
None at all
Extremely highrisk
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
glo
ba
l w
arm
ing r
isk
Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel,
G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate
change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012).
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
“Belief” in global warming
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
-2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile
Pro
bab
ility
of
corr
ect
resp
on
se
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.”
Ordinary Science Intelligence
LiberalDemocrat
ConservativeRepublican
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 210
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 210
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Science ComprehensionVery low Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 210
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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“Belief” in global warming
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
-2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile
Pro
bab
ility
of
corr
ect
resp
on
se
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.”
Ordinary Science Intelligence
LiberalDemocrat
ConservativeRepublican
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957.
Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95
level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
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Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
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This measures who we are . . .
Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Page 40
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This measures who we are . . . so measure what we know
instead
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Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
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Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Page 43
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Page 44
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Page 45
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The climate science communication measurement problem:
What we know Who we arevs.
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What we know Who we are
How to disentangle
from
The climate science communication measurement problem:
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Disentangling knowledge & identity: a lab experiment
Page 48
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Cultural Cognition Project SE Fla. evidence-based science
communication initiative
Disentangling knowledge & identity: field studies
Page 49
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“How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health,
safety, or prosperity?”
United States as a whole (summer 2013)
Southeast Florida (Fall 2013)
no risk at all
Egalitarian communitarian
Hierarch individualist
A polluted science communication environment . . .
An unpolluted one . . .
no risk at all
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
None at all
Extremely high
risk
Very low
Low
Between low
and moderate
Moderate
Between moderate
and high
High
Very liberal
Strong Democrat
Very Conservative
Strong Republican
Liberal
Democrat
Conservative
Republican
Moderate
Independent
r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
Left_right
“How much risk do you believe fluoridated water poses to human
health, safety, or prosperity?”
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
r = 0.07, p < 0.010
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
“How much risk do you believe medical x-rays poses to human
health, safety, or prosperity?”
None at all
Extremely high
risk
Very low
Low
Between low
and moderate
Moderate
Between moderate
and high
High
Science Comprehension
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
Extremelyhigh risk
no risk at all
Extremelyhigh riskno risk
at all
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
None at all
Extremely high
risk
Very low
Low
Between low
and moderate
Moderate
Between moderate
and high
High
Science Comprehension
> avg. Left_right
< avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 210
12
34
56
7
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Extremelyhigh risk
“How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health, safety,
or prosperity?”
N = 2,306. Monroe, Miami-Dade, Broward & Palm Beach Counties. Sept. 2013. Subjects “color coded” based on response to risk-perception outcome variable. X-axis reflects subject score on NSF “Science indicators” science literacy scale.
4 SE Fla. Counties
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
None at all
Extremely highrisk
Very liberalStrong Democrat
Very ConservativeStrong Republican
ModerateIndependent
r = 0.07, p < 0.01
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Global warming
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
Very liberalStrong Democrat
Very ConservativeStrong Republican
LiberalDemocrat
ConservativeRepublican
ModerateIndependent
r = - 0.60, p < 0.01
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
None at all
Extremely highrisk
Very liberalStrong Democrat
Very ConservativeStrong Republican
ModerateIndependent
r = 0.07, p < 0.01
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
Science ComprehensionVery low
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
< avg. Left_right
> avg. Left_right
01
23
45
67
-1.6 -1 0 1 1.6
r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
Very high
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
01
23
45
67
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Global warming
Page 50
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4 SE Fla. Counties
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Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Page 52
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What is to be done? You tell me!
Page 53
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Communicate normality
Page 54
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Not “us vs. them”
just us, using what we know
Communicate normality
Page 55
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Proselytizing the normality of climate science
Page 56
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Not “us vs. them”
just us, using what we know
Communicate normality
Page 57
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Just us, using what we know!
Page 58
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Just us, using what we know!
Page 59
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Communicate normality
Page 60
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
New data: shame & critical reasoning!
www.culturalcognition.net
Page 61
Science Narratives and the Law: The Link from Lab to Legislature
Francis X. Shen
University of Minnesota Law SchoolMacArthur Foundation Research Network on Law & Neuroscience
May 12, 2015
Page 65
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy
Science Narrativesand the Link from Lab to Legislature
The Brain Takes Center Stage
Page 66
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy
Science Narrativesand the Link from Lab to Legislature
The Brain Takes Center Stage
Page 73
Source: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Neuroscience In The Courtroom, 304 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 54 (2011).
Page 75
Neuroscientific Evidence In Court
:: Culpability and Mitigation
Page 77
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy
Science Narrativesand the Link from Lab to Legislature
The Brain Takes Center Stage
Page 78
Motivation
:: We see similar issues arising in statehouse as in courthouse
Page 79
Lab Neuroscience
Law,Legislation
LawyerNeuroscience
LayNeuroscience
LegislatorNeuroscience
LobbyistNeuroscience
Enabling (or hindering) research
Media Schools Outreach
Neuroscience Narratives
:: Constructing a narrative: from lab to legislation
Page 80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Number of Proposed Brain-Related Bills, by Year(All state legislatures, 1997-2009)
Page 81
Neuroscience Narratives
:: Topics covered by brain bills
Alzheimer’s * Autism * Brain Death * Brain Injury * Civil Commitment * Crime Victims * Criminal
Defense * Early Childhood * Education * End of
Life * Foster Care * Health Care * Juvenile Justice * Mental Health * Military Veterans *
Neonatal * Parkinson’s * Parole * Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * Privacy * Sex Offenders * Shaken Baby
Syndrome * Special Education * Sports Concussions * Toxins * Veterans Courts
Page 82
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy
Science Narrativesand the Link from Lab to Legislature
The Brain Takes Center Stage
Page 83
The Public
:: Self-reported knowledge in national sample, N = 814
How knowledgeable would you say you are about science?How knowledgeable would you say you are about neuroscience?
2%
6%
11%
34%
24%
14%
8%
19%
25%
23%
17%
10%
5%
0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Not at all knowledgeable Somewhat knowledgeable Very knowledgeable
Science Knowledgge
Neuro Knowledge
Page 84
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Strongly
Disapprove
Disapprove Neither
Approve Nor
Disapprove
Approve Strongly
Approve
Democrat Independent Republican
The Public
:: Approval of neuroscience-based legal reforms, N = 1,004 (National CARAVAN sample)
Page 85
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Democrat Independent Republican
Appro
val
of
Neu
rola
w
(1 =
Str
ongly
Dis
appro
ve,
5 =
Str
ongly
Appro
ve)
Control Prosecution Defense
*** p = .001
*** p < .001
The Public
:: Effect of issue framing, by political party
Page 87
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Panelist Discussion
#SocialScienceLive
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While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints
may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding.
Send us your questions!
Send in your questions
via the Question Box on your screen. →
Using Twitter? Use
the hashtag
#SocialScienceLive.
#SocialScienceLive
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Webinar recording, slides, and follow-up Q&A will be emailed to you and available on socialsciencespace.com.
Thank you!
Be sure to check our website for updates on our webinar series!
#SocialScienceLive