What is Foreign Policy

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

WHATISFOREIGNPOLICY?

Foreign policy dictates how a country will act with respect to other countries politically, socially,economically and militarily. Foreign policy can also be known as international relations policy or simplydiplomacy. It seems likely that foreign policy, in some form, has been around since the early days ofhumanity on the plains of Africa, when large tribes would presumably interact from time to time withoutengaging in all-out war. Today, foreign policy is handled by foreign ministers, ambassadors, and theSecretary of State. No country, in the modern world, can survive independently and in total seclusion ofothers. The policy a state adopts in the process of establishing relations with other states is calledForeign policy, it has been defined thus:

The general plan of one country concerning its relations with other countries.

PAKISTANSFOREIGNPOLICY:

Pakistan's foreign policy has been marked by a complex balancing process the result of its history,religious heritage, and geographic position. The primary objective of that policy has been to preservePakistan's territorial integrity and security, which have been in jeopardy since the state's inception. A newera began with the partition of British India in 1947 and the formation of two independent, sovereignstates India and Pakistan. Both nations searched for their place in the world order and aspired toleadership roles beyond the subcontinent. India and Pakistan became adversaries at independence andhave so remained. The two countries fought each other shortly after partition, in 1965, and in 1971,causing the dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of still another new sovereign entity--Bangladesh. India-Pakistan rivalry intensified rather than diminished after the Cold War, and the Kashmir

territorial dispute remains dangerous and recurrent. Pakistan sought security through outside alliances.The new nation painstakingly worked on building a relationship with the United States, in which theobligations of both sides were clearly defined. The Western-oriented, anticommunist treaties and alliancesPakistan joined became an important part of its foreign policy. Pakistan also saw itself as a vanguard ofindependent Muslim states.

FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESOFFOREIGNPOLICYOF PAKISTAN:

Our foreign policy is based on the following five fundamental principles.

1. Cooperation with the United Nations and other international agencies in maintaining world peace.2. Friendly relations with all nations of the world.3. Non-alignment4. Fraternal relations with the Muslim countries.5. Regional cooperation.

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AIMSANDOBJECTIVESOFOURFOREIGNPOLICY:

Following are the aims and objectives of our foreign policy:

1. Preservation of national independence:

The Muslims of south Asia struggled hard against the British and Hindu hegemony, solely because theywanted to live like an independent and a free nation. In order to safeguard her independence Pakistan hadto fight two wars against India in 1965 and 1971. Preservation of national independence has alwaysremained the paramount principle of the foreign policy of our country.

2. Support for the right of self determination for all nations:

In international forums Pakistan always rendered full support to the cause of the nations fighting for theirright of self determination and freedom from foreign subjection. Pakistan successfully supported theindependence movements of the countries Kampuchea, South Africa, Bosnia, Libya, Indonesia, Eritreaand a number of other Asian and African countries.

Pakistan has been giving unflinching and consistent support to the cause of independence of the people ofKashmir and Palestine.

3. Promotion of international cooperation:

Pakistan came the member of United Nation Organization in the very next month after its independence.As a member of the UN, Pakistan always supported the policy of resolving international disputes throughnegotiation. Pakistan used her good offices for conciliation among different countries of the world atmany occasions. In this respect Pakistans efforts to bring about cease-fire between Iraq and Iran duringtheir long drawn out war needs special mention.

4. Non-alignment:

We are living in a bi-polar world, generally divided into the Socialist n Capitalist blocks. Since Pakistanfought its way to freedom on the basis of an ideology, based on the principles of Islam, it is not possiblefor us to become the blind camp-followers of either of the two ideological blocks. We have always triedto establish cordial relations with all countries of the world, irrespective of their ideological affiliations. In1979 Pakistan joined the NAM (Non-aligned movement) as regular member.

5. Regional cooperation:

Pakistan has always strived hard to establish good neighborly relations with the countries of region.

Pakistan entered to a pact with Iran and Turkey, which was known as RCD (Regional cooperation fordevelopment). This pact has now been renamed as ECO (Economic cooperation organization) and hasbeen expanded to accommodate Central Asian Muslim States. Pakistan has always maintained idealfriendly relation with the Peoples Republic of China which is strategically the most important country ofour region.

We are trying to improve our relations with our problem neighbor India. India, unfortunately, has not sofar responded positively to Pakistans offer of a no-war-pact.

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6. Unity of Muslim world:

Strengthening fraternal ties with the Muslim countries of the world forms an essential part of the PakistanIdeology. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (RA) was a great protagonist of the unity of the Muslimworld. Principles of State Policy in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan proclaim that the state of Pakistanshall make efforts for the improvement of its relations with the Muslim world. Pakistan maintains verycordial relations with all the Muslim countries. Pakistan is an important member of the OIC (IslamicConference) and all other international Islamic forums. Pakistan has a brilliant record of upholding andpleading the cause of the Muslims fighting for their independent in Palestine, Kashmir, Cyprus, Eritreaand Bosnia. This support was moral as well as diplomatic.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

A country looking forward to a successful and honorable existence in the comity of nations is bound toframe its foreign policy on the basis of the objective conditions it is faced with. In order to achieve thehighest ideals we have, and the value structure we cherish, we should frame our foreign policy on thebasis of ground realities. Given below is a brief survey of the guiding principles that are supposed to

determine the course of our foreign policy:

1. Pakistan Ideology:

Our country has an ideological basis. Pakistan was established with the sole objective of providing theSouth Asian Muslims with a homeland where they could live with dignity and honor and in the light ofdemocratic principles enunciated by Islam. The founders of Pakistan believed that the Muslims shouldinvoked separate Muslim identity as a positive sentiment. This did not imply hatred for any other nation.The Pakistan ideology demands that Pakistan should establish friendly relations with all its neighboringcountries. The peace covenant of Hudaibia established the principle that in the case of a dispute, if one of

the warring factions refuses to fall back, the other party should make unilateral concessions for theattainment of peace. History bears witness that a times, nations are able to achieve through peacefulmeans what they otherwise could not have achieved through war.

2. Regional Factors:

The area which was later demarcated as the state of Pakistan had become an arena of the power strugglebetween the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Fall of the Soviet Empire brought about far-reaching changes in the world politics, but this change did not affect Pakistans position as the mostimportant country of the region.

The Peoples Republic of China, which is the emerging economic super power of the world, has veryclose friendly relations with Pakistan. Afghanistan has undergone rapid changes during the last twodecades. Pakistans western neighbor Iran is struggling hard to come out of its internal strife betweenconservatism and modernism, set in after the revolution of 1979. Landlocked Central Asian States dependupon Pakistan for access to hot water sea ports. These states are overwhelming Muslim and have religiousties with Pakistan. These are the facts that should guide our policy makers towards the formation of abalanced and fruitful foreign policy.

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3. Islamic Identity:

As a part of the global Muslim community, Pakistan occupies a central place in the chain of Muslimcountries stretching from Africa to Far East. The Quaid-e-Azam (RA) attached great importance toPakistans relations with the Muslim countries, so did his successors.

On the other side, all Muslim countries of the world, Arab and non-Arab alike, look forward to Pakistanfor guidance in their cherished case of establishing international Muslim brotherhood.

FOREIGN MINISTERS OF PAKISTAN FROM 1947-2010:

N

o.Name of Foreign Minister Entered Office Left Office

1 Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan December 27, 1947 October 24, 1954

2 Muhammad Ali Bogra October 24, 1954 August 11, 1955

3 Hamidul Huq Choudhury September 28, 1955 September 12, 1956

4 Feroz Khan Noon September 14, 1956 October 7, 1958

5 Manzur Qadir October 29, 1958 June 8, 1962

6 Muhammad Ali Bogra June 13, 1962 January 23, 1963

7 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto January 24, 1963 August 31, 1966

8 Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada July 20, 1966 April 25, 1968

9 Mian Arshad Hussain April 25, 1968 April 4, 1969

10 Yahya Khan April 5, 1969 December 20, 1971

11 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto December 20, 1971 March 28, 1977

12 Aziz Ahmed March 30, 1977 July 5, 1977

13 Agha Shahi January 14, 1978 March 9, 1982

14 Sahabzada Yaqub Khan March 21, 1982 November 1, 1987

15 Sahabzada Yaqub Khan June 9, 1988 March 20, 1991

16 Abdul Sattar (caretaker) July 23, 1993 October 19, 1993

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17 Farooq Leghari October 19, 1993 November 14, 1993

18 Aseff Ahmad Ali November 16, 1993 November 4, 1996

19 Sahabzada Yaqub Khan (caretaker) November 11, 1996 February 24, 1997

20 Gohar Ayub Khan February 25, 1997 August 7, 1998

21 Sartaj Aziz August 7, 1998 October 12, 1999

22 Abdul Sattar November 6, 1999 June 14, 2002

23 Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri November 23, 2002 November 15, 2007

24 Inam-ul-Haq (caretaker) November 15, 2007 March 24, 2008

25 Shah Mehmood Qureshi March 31, 2008 Incumbent

PAKISTANS FOREIGN RELATIONS

PAKISTANS RELATIONSHIPS WITH CHINA

INTRODUCTION:

Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1951, China and Pakistan haveenjoyed a close and mutually beneficial relationship. Pakistan's desire formaximum balance and diversification in its external relations has also ledto close relations with China--a valuable geopolitical connection. Pakistanwas one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of Chinain 1950 and remained a steadfast ally during Beijing's period of

international isolation in the 1960s and early 1970s. The deterioration in Sino-Indian relations thatculminated in the 1962 border war provided new opportunities for Pakistan's relations with China. Thetwo countries reached agreement on the border between them, and a road was built linking China'sXinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region with the Northern Areas of Pakistan. China supported Pakistandiplomatically in both its 1965 and 1971 wars with India and provided Pakistan with economic andmilitary assistance. Pakistan's China connection enabled it to facilitate the 1971 visit of United Statessecretary of state Henry Kissinger to that country, and in the 1980s China and the United States suppliedmilitary and economic assistance through Pakistan to the Afghan mujahidin fighting the Sovietoccupation forces. Pakistan's ties with China remain strong, and friendly relations between the twocountries continue to be an important factor in Pakistan's foreign policy. China has long providedPakistan with major military, technical, and economic assistance, including the transfer of sensitivenuclear technology and equipment. Some experts predict growing relations between the United States and

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rival India will ultimately prompt Pakistan to push for even closer ties with its longtime strategic securitypartner, China. Others say China's increased concern about Pakistan-based insurgency groups may causeBeijing to proceed with the relationship in a more cautious manner.

THE INDIA QUESTION:

China and Pakistan have traditionally valued one another as a strategic hedge against India. "For China,Pakistan is a low-cost secondary deterrent to India,"current Pakistani ambassador to the United StatesHusain Haqqani told CFR.org in 2006, when he was a visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace."For Pakistan," he said, "China is a high-value guarantor of security against India."Mutual enmity between India and Pakistan dates to partition in August 1947, when Britain relinquishedits claim over the Indian subcontinent and divided its former colony into two states. Since then Pakistanand India have fought three wars and a number of low-level conflicts. Tensions remain high over thedisputed territory of Kashmir with periodic military posturing on both sides of the border.India has long been perturbed by China's military aid to Pakistan. K. Alan Kronstadt, a specialist in SouthAsian affairs at the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service, writes (PDF)that observers in India seeChinese support for Pakistan as "a key aspect of Beijing's perceived policy of 'encirclement' or constraintof India as a means of preventing or delaying New Delhi's ability to challenge Beijing's region-wideinfluence." China and India fought a border war in 1962, and both still claim the other is occupying largeportions of their territory. "The 1962 Sino-Indian border conflict was a watershed moment for the region,"says John W. Garver, professor of international relations at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "BothChina and India incurred heavy costs on their economic development, and both sides shifted their policyover time to become more accommodating to growth."

A DEEPENING MILITARY BOND:

China's role as a major arms supplier for Pakistan began in the 1960s and included assistance in buildinga number of arms factories in Pakistan and supplying complete weapons systems. "Until about 1990,"write South Asia experts Elizabeth G. M. Parker and Teresita C. Schaffer in a July 2008 CSIS newsletter

(PDF), "Beijing clearly sought to build up Pakistan to keep India off balance." After the 1990 impositionof U.S. sanctions on Pakistan, China became the country's leading arms supplier.Collaboration now includes personnel training, joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, andcounterterrorism efforts. While the relationship is not quite balanced, it has been critically important toPakistan. "Pakistan needs China more than China needs Pakistan," saysHuang Jing, a China expert at theNational University of Singapore. Pakistan has benefited from China's assistance with the followingdefense capabilities:

MISSILE: Pakistan's army has both short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, such as theShaheen missile series, that experts say are modifications of Chinese imports.

AIRCRAFT: The current fleet of the Pakistani Air Force includes Chinese interceptor and

advanced trainer aircraft, as well as an Airborne Early Warning and Control radar system used to detectaircraft. Pakistan is producing the JF-17 Thunder multi-role combat aircraft jointly with China. The K-8Karakorum light attack aircraft was also coproduced.

NUCLEAR PROGRAM: China supplies Pakistan with nuclear technology and assistance,including what many experts suspect was the blueprint for Pakistan's nuclear bomb. Some news reportssuggest Chinese security agencies knew about Pakistani transfers of nuclear technology to Iran, NorthKorea, and Libya. China was also accused of having long-standing ties with Abdul Qadeer Khan (A.Q.

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Khan), known as the father of the Pakistani nuclear program and head of an international black marketnuclear network.

BOLSTERING TIES:

Since the late 1990s, economic concerns have gained prominence alongside the military-strategic aspect

of the relationship; specifically, trade and energy have taken precedence. Over the years, frequentexchanges of high-level visits and contacts between the two countries have resulted in a number of bilateral trade agreements and investment commitments. Trade relations began shortly after theestablishment of diplomatic ties in the early 1950s, and the two countries signed their first formal tradeagreement in 1963. A comprehensive free trade agreement was signed in 2008, giving each countryunprecedented market access to the other. Trade between Islamabad and Beijingnow hovers around $7billion a year, and both sides are set on raising the figure to $15 billion by 2010.The two countries have cooperated on a variety of large-scale infrastructure projects in Pakistan,including highways, gold and copper mines, major electricity complexes and power plants, and numerousnuclear power projects. With roughly ten thousand Chinese workers engaged in 120 projects in Pakistan,total Chinese investment--which includes heavy engineering, power generation, mining, andtelecommunications--was valued at $4 billion in 2007 and is expected to rise to $15 billion by 2010. One

of the most significant joint development projects of recent years is the major port complex at the navalbase of Gwadar, located in the Pakistani province of Balochistan. The complex, inaugurated in December2008 and now fully operational, provides a deep-sea port, warehouses, and industrial facilities for morethan twenty countries. China provided much of the technical assistance and 80 percent of the funds for theconstruction of the port. In return for providing most of the labor and capital for the project, China gainsstrategic access to the Persian Gulf: the port is just 180 nautical miles from the Strait of Hormuz, throughwhich 40 percent of all globally traded oil is shipped. This enables China to diversify and secure its crudeoil import routes and provides the landlocked and oil and natural gas-rich Xinjiang Province with accessto the Arabian Sea.

As Pakistan continues to face economic woes with falling foreign investment, a weakening currency, andan underperforming stock market, securing closer economic cooperation with Beijing is seen as vital.

Pakistan currently faces a growing balance of payments deficit and China's capacity as a creditor may beable to correct Islamabad's urgent predicament. "China's huge foreign-exchange reserves," writesKronstadt, "are a potential source of a major cash infusion."

THE BALANCING ACT:

Despite increased cooperation between the United States and Pakistan since 2001, Islamabad placesgreater value on its relationship with Beijing than vice versa, say analysts. "Pakistan thinks that bothChina and the United States are crucial for it," said Haqqani. "If push comes to shove, it would probablychoose China--but for this moment, it doesn't look like there has to be a choice." Pakistan considers China

a more reliable ally than the United States, citing years of diplomatic manipulation and neglect on the partof Washington. As this interactive timeline explains, Pakistan and China grew closer in the 1960s asWashington and Islamabad began to part ways over the handling of regional issues. In particular, Pakistanfelt betrayed when Washington cut off aid to Islamabad during its 1965 and 1971 wars with India.Pakistan played a pivotal role as an intermediary during the U.S.-China rapprochement in the early 1970s,but Pakistanis are still stung by what they see as U.S. indifference toward their country after using it tofunnel aid to the Afghan mujahadeen to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan.

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REGIONAL COOPERATION:

Experts say all countries in the region are reevaluating their traditional positions. "Everyone in the regionhas learned to [develop] a relatively non-ideological set of policies," says Kenneth G. Lieberthal, a notedChina expert and professor at the University of Michigan. As CSIS's Parker and Schaffer note, China hastaken a more neutral position on India-Pakistan issues such as Kashmir in the past decade and a half, and

has "begun to take the relationship with India more seriously." A case in point, they say, was China'sdissatisfaction with Pakistani military action across the Line of Control, which separates India- andPakistan-controlled Kashmir, during the 1999 Kargil conflict.Pakistan is also not the only South Asian nation China is interested in strengthening ties with: Beijing hasexpanded its relations with Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and the Maldives. "Chinahas a clear-cut strategy for using its leverage in the region," says Ganguly of Indiana University. They'regoing to continue to work with India's neighbors as a strategic hedge against New Delhi, but Pakistan willremain central to this strategy.Experts believe that any confrontation between India and Pakistan is not in China's interest and would putBeijing in the position of having to choose between the two countries and draw the United States furtherinto the region. "In this sense," writes Kronstadt,"Peace between India and Pakistan is in China's interest."

PAKISTANSRELATIONSHIPSWITH INDIA:

According to some people, including former president Bill Clinton, South Asia is the most dangerousplace on earth. Certainly there is the possibility of conflict, but actually, the region is by no means themost dangerous place on earth.

Telling of how Sir Cyril Radcliff was sent to fix the borders of the new countries, it begins:

Unbiased at least he was when he arrived on his mission, Havingnever set eyes on the land he was called to partition between two peoples fanatically at odds,With their different diets andincompatible gods. Time, they had briefed him in London, is short.Its too late for mutual reconciliation or rational debate:

The only solution now lies in separation.

Many efforts were made to establish peace between Pakistan andIndia. Indias first nuclear testing Rajasthan in the year 1974 sent awave of insecurity throughout Pakistan. Pakistans nuclear programmed was its direct corollary. Gandhi openly blamedPakistan for maneuvering his mothers murder. The two countries

seemed to be at daggers drawn with each other in 1987.after the revival of democracy in Pakistan in 1988,relationships between Pakistan and India started improving. The most important breakthrough camewhen the Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee came to Pakistan and attend the SAARC conference in2004.ihe Indian prime minister and Pakistans president discussed issues of mutual concern in detail.Since that time exchange of artists, intellectuals, and leaders of public opinion between the two countrieshas gone a long way to improving the general atmosphere.

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Business Relations between India and Pakistan: It is known that peace between India and Pakistan canonly come through trade and commerce. It is rather difficult to adhere to this realization since there aremany obstacles in the midst. One primary problem is the visa procedures for both countries. For examplePakistani citizens need a separate visa for each separate state in India. And each time they visit a state inIndia they have to report to a police department that controls the particular jurisdiction. This is a very bigdeparture from international visa procedures (www.bbc.co.uk). Truck drivers delivering trading goods

have also been bombed, seized, and harassed (Thibodeaux, 2008). Regardless of setbacks and obstacleslike these the leaders of India and Pakistan have continuously sought to mend their distraught ties,primarily through trade, however there have been numerous other ventures also.

In the beginning of 2008 there was a danger threatening the farmers of Basmati rice fields that grow onboth sides of the border. India and Pakistan applied for joint registration for the rice fields, a step towardthe unanimous goal of an India-Pakistan somewhat similar to the European Union.

There has been talk of an Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both India and Pakistan face the problem ofinsufficient natural gas for their growing domestic needs and demands. The three countries are soonexpected to sign an agreement for building a 1724 mile long natural gas pipeline extending from Iran to

Pakistan to India (Hasan, 2008).

In 2005 nine trading areas were identified for consideration tohelp develop economic cooperation between India and Pakistan.These joint ventures were considered to stimulate a healthierpolitical relationship and increase bilateral trade. If bilateral tradeincreased between the two countries both could provide lowercosts to each other producing price efficiencies (The Hindu,2005).

India and Pakistan opened up a trading route through Kashmir.This endeavor was created to bolster a 2004 peace agreementbetween the South Asian rivals (Mughal, 2008). Twenty one items

were identified for trading between the two countries. For Kashmir this means more trade and more jobsfor the population in Kashmir (Thibodeaux, 2008).

Finally, the most vexed issue is the question of Kashmir. One might assume there must be vast mineraldeposits, that it must a region of great strategic significance. Otherwise, surely states couldnt go to warthree times over that piece of territory and expend so much blood and treasure over this conflict. But alas,there are no great mineral deposits there, and its of no great strategic significance.Pakistans ForeignMinister Khurshid Mahmood Kasuri cites a sea change in India-Pakistan relations, agreements have beenforged requiring a pre-notification of missile testingThe Muslims of south Asia struggled hard against theBritish and the Hindu hegemony, solely because they wanted to live like an independent and free nation.Preservation of national independence has always remained the paramount principle of the foreign policyof our country.

RELATIONSOF PAKISTANWITH AMERICA:

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United States established diplomatic relations with Pakistan that started on October 20, 1947. Therelationship since then was based primarily on U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.Pakistan is a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.

The long and checkered Pakistan-U.S. relationship had itsroots in the Cold War and South Asia regional politics of

the 1950s. Pakistan joined the US led military alliancesSEATO and CENTO. In 1954 the United States signed aMutual Defense Assistance Agreement with Pakistan.

U.S. concerns about Soviet expansionism and Pakistansdesire for security assistance against a perceived threat fromIndia prompted the two countries to negotiate a mutualdefense assistance agreement in 1954. By 1955, Pakistanhad further aligned itself with the West by joining two regional defense pacts, the South East Asia TreatyOrganization and the Central Treaty Organization. As a result of these alliances, Islamabad receivednearly $2 billion in U.S. assistance from 1953 to 1961, including $508 million in military aid. PakistaniEmbassy in the United States was built in Washington, D.C. in 28 August 1947, when Pakistan attained

independence from Great Britain and separated from India to form the Dominion of Pakistan. Therelations were soured because of subsequent Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, but again blossomeddue to 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the ensuing covert war of 1980-88.

U.S. policy interests in Pakistan encompass a wide range of issues, includingCounter terrorism, nuclear weapons and missile proliferation, South Asian regional stability,Democratization and human rights, economic reform and market opening. These concerns have beenaffected by several key developments over the years, including proliferation- and democracy-relatedsanctions.Pakistan-India conflict over Kashmir and a continuing bilateral nuclear standoff and the September 2001terrorist attacks against the United States. Before 9/11, the relationship was driven by American attemptsto enable a democratic transition in Pakistan. The relationship changed drastically after the September

11th attacks on the United States.The United States and Pakistan have experienced several military confrontations on the Durand Line.These skirmishes took place between American forces deployed in Afghanistan, and Pakistani troopsguarding the border. These incidents ended and reportedly caused no casualties.

ISRAEL AND PAKISTAN RELATION:

Both Israel and Pakistan are former British possessions that were

established as states shortly after World War II. Both experienced large

population exchanges following the partitions which established their

states. Some Israeli leaders believe that should diplomatic relations with

Pakistan be established then Pakistan could serve as a bridge between

Israel and the Muslim. Although the governments of Israel and Pakistan do

not officially have relations with each other, there have been a number of

contacts between the two states.

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AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS :

AfghanistanPakistan relations began in 1949 after BritishIndia was partitioned into the Republic of India and the

state of Pakistan. Afghanistan and Pakistan are usuallydescribed as inseparable states due to their sharing of samehistory, religion, culture, linguistic, and ethnic ties, as wellas sharing of multiple trade and economic ties. Bothneighboring states are Islamic Republics and part of theSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.However, the relationship between the two has been affected by the Durand Line, the issues ofPashtunistan and Balochistan, the 1980s Soviet war, the rise of the Taliban, the 2001-present war inAfghanistan, and Afghanistan's relations with India and Shia Iran.

Southern and eastern Afghanistan is predominately a Pashto speaking region like the adjacent Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and northern Balochistan in Pakistan. This entire

area is inhabited by the indigenous Pakhtuns who belong to different Pashtun tribes (Afghan tribes)

BOREDR LINE :

Pakistan shares a long border of 2250 km with Afghanistanknown as Durand line demarcated in 1883. The Afghangovernment does not recognize the Durand Line as the officialborder between the two states, claiming that the Durand LineAgreement has been void in the past due to violations byPakistan as well as other reasons. Pakistan, on the other side,issued a warning to Afghanistan that it would not "tolerate any

violations of its borders"

OTHER CONTEMPORARY ISSUES :

Relations have continued to be strained, as several top Afghan officials stated that they are weary ofPakistan's negative influence in the country. The Afghan government usually accuses Pakistan of using itsintelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in aiding the Taliban militants. Pakistan hasdenied the allegations but has said it does not have full control of the actions of the ISI. Relations becameeven more strained as the United States supports an Afghan invasion of rogue tribal regions.

Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the Pakistani government played a vital role insupporting the Mujahedeen and assisting Afghan refugees. Pakistan absorbed an estimated 3 millionrefugees and provided shelter, education, and places to work. After the Soviet withdrawal in February1989, Pakistan, with cooperation from the world community, continued to provide extensive support fordisplaced Afghans.

The overthrow of the Taliban regime in November 2001 has seen somewhat strained relations betweenAfghanistan and Pakistan. The present Karzai administration in Kabul feels that the remnants of theformer Taliban government are being supported by factions within Pakistan for the same above reasons

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In October 2010, Afghanistan and Pakistan finally inked together the long-awaited trade ATTPAagreement between the two states. The landmark agreement was signed by Pakistani Commerce MinisterMakhdoom Amin Fahim and Anwar-ul-Haq Ahady, Afghan Ministry of Commerce

In July 2010, a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) wasreached between the two states, which were observed by U.S.

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. It would allow each nation'sshipping trucks into the others. Afghan slipping containers will beallowed to drive inside Pakistan to the Wagah border with India,including to the port cities of Karachi and Gwadar. Also in July2010, the two states signed a MoU for going ahead with thelaying of rail tracks in Afghanistan so it gets connected withPakistan Railways (PR). Work on the proposed project is set tostart in the next four months, which has been in the making since at least 2005.

PAK-IRAN RELATIONS

Historically, Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan. Since then, Pakistan has had closegeopolitical and cultural-religious linkages with Iran Relationsbetween the two countries have existed since ancient times whenthe Pakistani region was part of the large Persian Empire. Persianis still considered the cultural language of Pakistan and most ofPakistan's national anthem is written in that language. Relationsbetween Iran and Pakistan peaked in the 60's and 70's under theShah with considerable joint ventures and assistance provided byIran to Pakistan. Iran is also a popular tourist spot for Pakistan'sMuslims, notably its Shia population which represents about 20%of Pakistan population of 170 million people.

Quaid-e-Azam said:

Iran was on the top of the countries Pakistan would look

forward to, for friendship and cooperation.

OTHER ISSUES :

Low period have occurred, however, strains in the relationship appeared in the 1980s, when Pakistan andIran supported opposing factions in the Afghan conflict. Also,

some Pakistanis suspect Iranian support for the sectarianviolence which has plagued Pakistan. Furthermore, manyPakistani's were disappointed when much of Iran's nuclearresearch was stated as having originated from Pakistan, thisdespite the fact that Iran's nuclear program was started some 20years before that of Pakistan's. Nevertheless, Pakistan

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pursues an active diplomatic relationship with Iran, including recent overtures to seek a negotiatedsettlement between Afghanistan's warring factions.

Relations between Iran and Pakistan improved after the removal of the Taliban in 2002, but regionalrivalry continues. Sunni-majority Pakistan sides with fellow Sunni Muslim Saudia Arabia in itscompetition with shiite majority Iran for influence across the broader Islamic world, although Pakistan is

far less ideological than either country, and is more concerned with influence in Central Asia rather thanin the Arab world.

TRADE & ECONOMY:

Both countries are endeavoring to improve andstrengthen bilateral trade and commerce between them, both the countries joined theEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO), a

derivative of Regional Co-operation forDevelopment (RCD), which was established in1964. Trade between the two countries hasincreased by 1.4 billion in 2009.In order topromote economic cooperation between the twocountries, Pak-Iran Economic Commission wasestablished in 1973.under this commission, Iranestablished textile, fertilizer, sugar, tyre andagricultural equipment factories in Pakistan, andalso under took the projects of expandingrailways facilities. After the fall of East PakistanIran helped Pakistan meets her foreign exchange deficits. In 1979 Iran provided help for the rehabilitation

of the people affected by earthquake in the northern areas of Pakistan.

MILITARY RELATIONS :

Both nations were part of a Cold war alliance called the Central Treaty Organization. Iran has activelysupported Pakistan when it went to war with India, often sending over squadrons of airplanes and extratanks as well as other arms to support it. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the prominent Pakistani nuclearscientist, is popular in Iran. In 1965 war Pakistani fighter jets were often sent to Iran for protection,fueling and other tactical purposes. In 1971 war Pakistani planes were sent to Iranian bases in Zahedanand Mehrabad for protection since Russian radar jamming and early Airborne warning An-12 blindedPakistani fighters and hence the decision to send the aircrafts for protection in Iranian Bases was taken.

BORDER :

In south-west a, 950 km long border is shared by Pakistan and Iran

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Relations of Pakistan with Saudi Arabia

Bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and theKingdom of Saudi Arabia are historic. From the Middle Ages whenArab traders were the main supply chain ofsilk, saffron, spices,cottonand other goods between Pakistan andEurope through the silk route,over centuries of history exist in relations between the two lands. TheKingdom of Saudi Arabia has invested Pakistan in many Industries.Since the inception of Pakistan, Pakistan has been playing a major andimportant role in the development of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan has

provided assistance in the field of Science & Technology, infrastructure development and many morefields; Pakistan is providing training facilities to Saudi Armed forces. Most famous example of SaudiArabia's relationship with Pakistan is the Faisal Mosque that was dedicated to King Faisal of SaudiArabia theNational Mosque of the country inIslamabad, Pakistan.

Due to the Kingdom's continuing support, many places in Pakistan are named after Saudi Kings and SaudiArabia in general. For example, the city previously named Lyallpurwas renamedFaisalabad in honor ofthe late Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Also, inKarachi, Pakistan, there are neighborhoods named Saud Colony,Saudabad, Faisal Colony. Also in Karachi, there is an air force base Faisal Airbase named afterKingFaisaland also, in the honor ofKing Faisal, the main business street ofPakistan is called Sharah-e-FaisalinKarachi.

Saudi Arabia also hosted former Pakistani Prime MinisterNawaz Shariffor 8 years while he was in exile. During hisstay there, Kingdom held talks with Sharif and even provided him with license to operate business in theKingdom. It is believed that it was Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia which held talks with President Pervez MusharrafofPakistan to foster their relationship and to allow NawazSharif back in Pakistan

Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigrationamongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in SaudiArabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million. Saudi Arabia was a major supporter of the "Islamisation"program of the military ruler Gen. Zia-ul-Haq in the 1970s.

Saudi Arabia is the largest source ofpetroleum for Pakistan. It also supplies extensive financial aid toPakistan and remittance from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major source of foreigncurrency. In recent years, both countries have exchanged high-level delegations and developed plans to

expand bilateral cooperation in trade, education, real estate, tourism, information technology,communications and agriculture. Saudi Arabia is aiding the development of trade relations with Pakistanthrough the Gulf Cooperation Council, with which Pakistan is negotiating a free trade agreement; thevolume of trade between Pakistan and GCC member states in 2006 stood at USD11 billion.

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RELATIONSHIPOF PAKISTANWITH TURKEY:

Pakistan -Turkish relationships are foreign relations between theIslamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Turkey. OneNation Two States is the phrase that best describes the relationsbetween Turkey and Pakistan. The people of both countries havebrotherly relations which date back to centuries. These relationshave been traditionally strong. Relations between Pakistan andTurkey are exemplary. Both nations maintain extensive cultural,commercial, strategic and military cooperation both countries havea deep bond of brotherhood Moreover, Turkish Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Endogen has called Pakistan his second home.

Economic co-operation development (E.C.O):

RCD was the old name of ECO. It is the only brotherly agreement between Pakistan Turkey and Iran aswell. It was signed on 12 th July 1964. Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the EconomicCooperation Organization and part of the Developing 8 Countries (D-8) organization. Both nations haveworked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade andinvestments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than$1 billion by 2010.

Relationship in Zia and Bhuttos period:

In both periods the Industrial trade system between Pakistan and Turkey took progress that led to a good

and deep co-operation between two. Turkey bought rice from Pakistan and Pakistan took advantage overtheir industrial development.

In the session of E.C.O 2002, General Pervaiz Musharraf visit Turkey. On this visit the agreement ofeconomic co-operation was assigned. in 2003 Turkish foreign minister.Abdaal gull visit Pakistan ,bothcountries decided to help for the development of Iraq. On 17 th august 2008 Turkey assigned an agreementto up-grade 42 old aero planes of Pakistan. Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing militaryties, with Turkey supplying arms, military equipment and training Pakistani officers

Both countries are also members of the Organization o Both Nation were part ofCold Waralliance calledthe Central Treaty Organizationof the Islamic Conference.

In short, Pakistan has not only relationship with in the field of trade but as a cultural, political and defenseas well.

Hence, Islam became a strong bond of unity between the two regions. Relations between countries aregenerally guided by national and diplomatic considerations, but relations between Pakistan and Turkeytranscend all these considerations these are based on based on feelings of real fraternity and Islamicbrotherhood.

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RELATION OF PAKISTAN WITH MUSLIM COUNTRIES

Following are the Muslim countries and its relations with Pakistan.

1. PAKISTAN-PALESTINE RELATIONS :

Relations between Pakistanis and Palestinians are considered to be very close and warm as Islamabadadvocates for an independent Palestinian state and an end to the on-going illegal Israeli occupation of itsterritories. As its official stance that it does not consider to recognize the so-called State of Zionistregime, which is advocated for a two state solution as the best solution to the conflict and if it wasacceptable to the plan by its own peoples of that country. Pakistan is one of the 100 countries to recognizePalestine as a Nation-state since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence on November 15, 1988.

2. PAKISTAN-UNITED ARAB EMIRATES RELATIONS :

Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to UAE on its achieving independence.Bilateral relations and mutually beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since. These

relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and havesince evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in variousfields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistanceto Pakistan. UAE has been appreciative of Pakistan'scontribution to the evolution of key institutions in theEmirates such as armed forces, police, health and education,and has reciprocated in the same friendly manner to the fullsatisfaction of Pakistan. The two countries have commonperceptions on all international and regional issues of mutualconcern. Frequent exchanges of high level visits and regular

bilateral consultations between the two countries arereflective of the fact that Pakistan and UAE have laid strongfoundations of mutually beneficial relations, friendship and peaceful cooperation over the years, UAE hasemerged as one of Pakistan's major economic and trading partners. A large number of Pakistaniexpatriates, numbering nearly 400,000 are gainfully employed in UAE. The Pakistani expatriates in UAEhave contributed in a significant manner to promotion of bilateral understanding and to the economy ofPakistan through their home remittances.

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3. BANGLADESH-PAKISTAN RELATIONS :

Relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh are influenced by the factthat Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan until 1971, when it

achieved independence after the Bangladesh Liberation Warand the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. As part of ShimlaAgreement, India sought to make sure that Pakistan wouldtake steps to recognize Bangladesh. Pakistan sought China'shelp in blocking Bangladesh's entry into United Nations till1974. Behind the scene India rallied behind Bangladesh tohelp gain international recognition. By end of March 1973, 98countries had recognized Bangladesh. Pakistan eventually recognized Bangladesh in 1974 after beingpressured from other Muslim nations particularly from the Arab states as Mujib stated he would only goto the OIC conference in Lahore if Pakistan recognized Bangladesh.[citation needed] Pakistan establishedfull diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on January 18, 1976 and relations improved in the followingdecades.

4. BAHRAIN-PAKISTAN RELATIONS:

Islamabad and Manama enjoy close co-operations in many fields. Joint initiatives between Pakistani andBahraini governments have started to further their bilateral trades, which reached to $250 million in 2007.Pakistani businessmen are eyeing on Bahrain's property market while Bahrain is seeing Pakistan as agood agricultural potential investment country.

5. KUWAIT-PAKISTAN RELATIONS:

KuwaitPakistan relations are the relations between Kuwait and Pakistan. After the end of the first GulfWar in 1991 Pakistani army engineers were involved in a program of mine clearance in the country. Thetwo countries maintain cordial relations. The ties are based on common cultural and religious ties. Trade

between Pakistan and Kuwait dates back to pre-independence era. The sheikhs of Kuwait also preferredto come to Pakistan for rest, recreation and hunting. Kuwait was also the first country to send aid toisolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005, also offering the largest amount of aid inthe aftermath of the earth quake.

RELATIONOF PAKISTANWITH USSR

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EMERGENCE OF USSR :

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established as a federation onDec. 30, 1922. The death of Lenin on Jan. 21, 1924, precipitated an intrapartystruggle between Joseph Stalin, general secretary of the party, and Trotsky,who favored swifter socialization at home and fomentation of revolutionabroad. Trotsky was dismissed as commissar of war in 1925 and banishedfrom the Soviet Union in 1929. He was murdered in Mexico City on Aug. 21,1940, by a political agent. Stalin further consolidated his power by a series ofpurges in the late 1930s, liquidating prominent party leaders and military officers. Stalin assumed theprime ministership on May 6, 1941.

The term Stalinism has become defined as an inhumane, draconian socialism. Stalin sent millions ofSoviets who did not conform to the Stalinist ideal to forced-labor camps, and he persecuted his country'svast number of ethnic groupsreserving particular vitriol for Jews and Ukrainians. Soviet historian RoyMedvedev estimated that about 20 million died from starvation, executions, forced collectivization, andlife in the labor camps under Stalin's rule.

Soviet foreign policy, at first friendly toward Germany and antagonistic toward Britain and France andthen, after Hitler's rise to power in 1933, becoming anti-Fascist and proLeague of Nations, took anabrupt turn on Aug. 24, 1939, with the signing of a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany. The nextmonth, Moscow joined in the German attack on Poland, seizing territory later incorporated into theUkrainian and Belorussian SSRs. The Russo-Finnish War (19391940) added territory to the KarelianSSR set up on March 31, 1940; the annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina from Romania became part ofthe new Moldavian SSR on Aug. 2, 1940; and the annexation of the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia,and Lithuania in June 1940 created the 14th, 15th, and 16th Soviet republics. The Soviet-Germancollaboration ended abruptly with a lightning attack by Hitler on June 22, 1941, which seized 500,000 sqmi of Russian territory before Soviet defenses, aided by U.S. and British arms, could halt it. The Sovietresurgence at Stalingrad from Nov. 1942 to Feb. 1943 marked the turning point in a long battle, ending inthe final offensive of Jan. 1945. Then, after denouncing a 1941 nonaggression pact with Japan in April1945, when Allied forces were nearing victory in the Pacific, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan onAug. 8, 1945, and quickly occupied Manchuria, Karafuto, and the Kuril Islands.

DISSOLUTION OF USSR:

Gorbachev's promised reforms began to falter, and he soon had a formidable political opponent agitatingfor even more radical restructuring. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian SSR, began challenging theauthority of the federal government and resigned from the Communist Party along with other dissenters in1990. On Aug. 29, 1991, an attempted coup d'tat against Gorbachev was orchestrated by a group of hard-

liners. Yeltsin's defiant actions during the couphe barricaded himself in the Russian parliament andcalled for national strikesresulted in Gorbachev's reinstatement. But from then on, power hadeffectively shifted from Gorbachev to Yeltsin and away from centralized power to greater power for theindividual Soviet republics. In his last months as the head of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev dissolved theCommunist Party and proposed the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which,when implemented, gave most of the Soviet Socialist Republics their independence, binding themtogether in a loose, primarily economic federation. Russia and ten other former Soviet republics joinedthe CIS on Dec. 21, 1991. Gorbachev resigned on Dec. 25, and Yeltsin, who had been the driving forcebehind the Soviet dissolution, became president of the newly established Russian Republic.

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At the start of 1992, Russia embarked on a series of dramatic economic reforms, including the freeing ofprices on most goods, which led to an immediate downturn. A national referendum on confidence inYeltsin and his economic program took place in April 1993. To the surprise of many, the president andhis shock-therapy program won by a resounding margin. In September, Yeltsin dissolved the legislativebodies left over from the Soviet era.

The president of the southern republic of Chechnya accelerated his region's drive for independence in1994. In December, Russian troops closed the borders and sought to squelch the independence drive. TheRussian military forces met firm and costly resistance. In May 1997, the two-year war formally endedwith the signing of a peace treaty that adroitly avoided the issue of Chechen independence.

Russia:

The Russian Federation is the largest of the 21 republics that make up theCommonwealth of Independent States. It occupies most of eastern Europe and

north Asia, stretching from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean inthe east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and theCaucasus in the south. It is bordered by Norway and Finland in the northwest;Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania in the west; Georgiaand Azerbaijan in the southwest; and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and North

Korea along the southern border.

GOVERNMENT :

Constitutional federation.

HISTORY OF RUSSIA :

Tradition says the Viking Rurik came to Russia in 862 and founded the first Russian dynasty inNovgorod. The various tribes were united by the spread of Christianity in the 10th and 11th centuries;Vladimir the Saint was converted in 988. During the 11th century, the grand dukes of Kiev held suchcentralizing power as existed. In 1240, Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols, and the Russian territory wassplit into numerous smaller dukedoms. Early dukes of Moscow extended their dominion over otherRussian cities through their office of tribute collector for the Mongols and because of Moscow's role as anadministrative and trade center.

In the late 15th century, Duke Ivan III acquired Novgorod and Tver and threw off the Mongol yoke. Ivan

IVthe Terrible (15331584), first Muscovite czaris considered to have founded the Russian state. Hecrushed the power of rival princes and boyars (great landowners), but Russia remained largely medievaluntil the reign of Peter the Great (16891725), grandson of the first Romanov czar, Michael (16131645).Peter made extensive reforms aimed at westernization and, through his defeat of Charles XII of Sweden atthe Battle of Poltava in 1709, he extended Russia's boundaries to the west. Catherine the Great (17621796) continued Peter's westernization program and also expanded Russian territory, acquiring theCrimea, Ukraine, and part of Poland. During the reign of Alexander I (18011825), Napolon's attempt tosubdue Russia was defeated (18121813), and new territory was gained, including Finland (1809) and

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Bessarabia (1812). Alexander originated the Holy Alliance, which for a time crushed Europe's risingliberal movement.

Alexander II (18551881) pushed Russia's borders to the Pacific and into central Asia. Serfdom wasabolished in 1861, but heavy restrictions were imposed on the emancipated class. Revolutionary strikes,following Russia's defeat in the war with Japan, forced Nicholas II (18941917) to grant a representative

national body (Duma), elected by narrowly limited suffrage. It met for the first time in 1906 but had littleinfluence on Nicholas

President:

Dmitry Medvedev (2008)

Prime Minister:

Vladimir Putin (2008)

Land area:

6,592,812 sq mi (17,075,400 sq km)

Total area:6,592,735 sq mi (17,075,200 sq km)

Population (2010 EST.):

139,390,205 (growth rate: 0.5%)

Birth rate:

11.1/1000

infant mortality rate:

10.3/1000

Life expectancy:

66.1; density per sq mi: 21

Capital and largest city (2003 EST.):

Moscow, 10,672,000 (metro. area),10,101,500 (city proper)

Monetary unit: Russian ruble (RUR)

CENTRAL ASIANCOUNTRIES

USSR was divided into following states:

Armenia

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Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Mongolia

Tajikistan Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Some are explained below:

AZERBAIJAN

Azerbaijan is a largest country in the South Caucasus

region of Eurasia.Azerbaijan was the first successfulattempt to establish a democratic and secular republicin the Muslim world. Azerbaijan has diplomaticrelations with 158 countries so far and holdsmembership in 38 international organizations.

PAKISTANAZERBAIJANRELATIONS:

Pakistan-Azerbaijan relations are the foreign relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and theIslamic Republic of Pakistan. Relations date back when both nations were part of the Persian Empire and

the countries have the same cultural traditions in common especially because of deep Turanian andPersian influences in the two countries. Between the two states were established when the republic ofAzerbaijan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadilygrown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve trade between thetwo nations.

UZBEKISTAN

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of

the six independent Turkic states. It is a doubly landlockedcountry in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union. Itshares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north,Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan andTurkmenistan to the south. Pakistan-Uzbekistan relations arethe foreign relations between Pakistan and Uzbekistan.Relations between the two states were established when the

republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the

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two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as theysupported different factions Afghan factions.

TAJIKISTAN

Tajikistan is a mountainous landlocked country inCentral Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south,Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, andPeople's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan alsolies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistanregion, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.PakistanTajikistan relations are the foreignrelations between Pakistan and Tajikistan. Relationsdate back when both nations were part of the PersianEmpire at one time, so much to an extent that both areSunni and the countries have the same cultural traditions in common especially because of deep Turanianand Persian influences in the two countries. Between the two states were established when the republic ofTajikistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadilygrown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve trade between thetwo nations. Although relations between the two countries had been strained by the situation inAfghanistan which shares a border with both countries. It has further strained by the establishment ofIndian military base at Ayni Air Base in Tajikistan.

TURKMENISTAN

Turkmen is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the

Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR).Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. Itis bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to thesouth and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast,Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Seato the west.PakistanTurkmenistan relations are therelations between Turkmenistan and Pakistan. Relations between the two countries were established afterTurkmenistan became independent from the Soviet Union.

Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Turkmenistan in December 1991.Formal diplomatic relations were established on 10 May 1992, close links have been established betweenthe two nations. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of Turkmenistan's independence in 2001 Pakistan

issued stamps bearing the flag of Turkmenistan.

ARMENIA

Armenia is a landlocked mountainous country in theCaucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture ofWestern Asia and Eastern Europe.A former republic of

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the Soviet U nion, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historiccultural heritage

Armenia-Pakistan relations are extraordinarily poor owing to numerous disagreements. The main issue is

Armenia's invasion and occupation of Azerbaijan territories including Nagorno-Karabakh. Pakistan has

supported territorial integrity of Azerbaijan during and after the Nagorno-Karabakh War. Pakistan alsoopposes Armenian irredentist claims against Turkey and Azerbaijan. Pakistan's do not recognize the 1915

Genocide and maintains that during the war large number of Armenians and Muslims were killed.

Armenia's has friendly relations with India, and its recognition of Kashmir belonging to India has also

damaged the relations with Pakistan. Pakistan is also the only country that does not recognize Armenia.

Pakistan has cultural, ethnic, historical and religious ties with Azerbaijan and Turkey. Pakistan has close

military ties with Azerbaijan, trains Azerbaijani armed forces and plans to sell its JF-17 fighters to

Azerbaijan.

EUROPEAN UNION

The European Union (EU) is an economic and politicalunion of 27 member states which are located primarily inEurope. Committed to regional integration, the EU wasestablished by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon thefoundations of the European Communities With over500 million citizens ,the EU generated an estimated 28%share (US$ 16.5 trillion) of the nominal and about 21%(US$14.8 trillion) of the PPP gross world product in2009.

The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all memberstates, and ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital including the abolition ofpassport controls by the Schengen Agreement between 27 EU states.It enacts legislation in justice andhome affairs, and maintains common policies on trade agriculture, fisheries and regional developmentSixteen member states have adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the eurozone.Althoughthere has been a large degree of integration between European Union member states, foreign relations isstill a largely inter-governmental matter, with the 27 members controlling their own relations to a largedegree. However with the Union holding more weight as a single bloc, there are at times attempts tospeak with one voice, notably on trade and energy matters. The High Representative of the Union forForeign Affairs and Security Policy personifies this role.

Pakistan has also good foreign relations with many countries such as Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,

Oman, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Sirilanka,Vietnam, Egypt, Romania, Serbia, Cuba, New Zealand, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Malta, Hungry, Ireland andmany other countries.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan in 2010

In modern times no state can avoid its participation in International arena. Every state have to proceed

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with certain policies and these policies are discussed in foreign policy of the state.

Pakistan, after passing 62 years, is unable to compose a perfect foreign policy. Since the inception of

Pakistan, the foreign policy of the state has been revolving around the ambitions of India. Pakistan signed

many pacts with U.S.A to increase her power to tackle Indian hegemony in the region. Additionally, she

tasted the conditional friendship ofU.S.A and made a bond with time-tested friend, China. The relations

with Muslim states remained constant whereas Pakistan kept on acquiring the membership of many

regional organizations. The current democratic regime of Pakistan is carrying hopes of the masses for the

better future. Thus the foreign policy should not clash with the sentiments of masses. The government of

Pakistan should keep it in mind that every country, great or small, is supposed to keep its national interest

supreme over its international relationship. In 2010 Pakistan should ponder on following issues.

1- She should balance national interest with public sentiments.

2- She should enhance strategic and pragmatic ties with China.

3- A dignified peace with India should be ensured.

4- Pakistan must adopt an external agenda especially driven out by economic interests.

5- She should play positive role in the matters of Muslim world.

It is impossible to make an overnight change in the foreign policy as it is made on the bases of

long term strategic interests by keeping in view the regional and global conditions.